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Sonnleitner CM, Park S, Eckl R, Ertl T, Reiser O. Stereoselective Synthesis of Tropanes via a 6π-Electrocyclic Ring-Opening/ Huisgen [3+2]-Cycloaddition Cascade of Monocyclopropanated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18110-18115. [PMID: 32627302 PMCID: PMC7589232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of tropanes via a microwave-assisted, stereoselective 6π-electrocyclic ring-opening/ Huisgen [3+2]-cycloaddition cascade of cyclopropanated pyrrole and furan derivatives with electron-deficient dipolarophiles is demonstrated. Starting from furans or pyrroles, 8-aza- and 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are accessible in two steps in dia- and enantioselective pure form, being versatile building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets, especially for new cocaine analogues bearing various substituents at the C-6/C-7 positions of the tropane ring system. Moreover, the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core (isoquinuclidines), being prominently represented in many natural and pharmaceutical products, is accessible via this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Sonnleitner
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Saerom Park
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Robert Eckl
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
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2
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Sonnleitner CM, Park S, Eckl R, Ertl T, Reiser O. Stereoselektive Synthese von Tropanen über eine 6π‐elektrocyclische Ringöffnung/ Huisgen‐[3+2]‐Cycloadditionskaskade von monocyclopropanierten Heterocyclen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Sonnleitner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Saerom Park
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Robert Eckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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3
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Alonso-Fernández J, Benaiges C, Casas E, Alibés R, Bayón P, Busqué F, Álvarez-Larena Á, Figueredo M. Synthetic studies on Stemona alkaloids. Construction of the sessilifoliamides B and C and 1,12-secostenine skeleton. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Xu R, Luo M, Xia R, Meng X, Xu X, Xu Z, Cheng J, Shao X, Li H, Li Z. Seven-membered azabridged neonicotinoids: synthesis, crystal structure, insecticidal assay, and molecular docking studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11070-11079. [PMID: 25347284 DOI: 10.1021/jf504014y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To study the influence of the ring sizes, 37 novel seven-membered azabridged neonicotinoid analogues were synthesized by reactions of nitromethylene analogues, succinaldehyde, and aniline hydrochlorides. Most of the title compounds presented higher insecticidal activities than that of imidacloprid (IMI), cycloxaprid (CYC), and eight-membered compounds against cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), armyworm (Pseudaletia separata Walker), and brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), which indicated that introducing the structure of a seven-membered azabridge could significantly improve the insecticidal activities of neonicotinoid analogues. Docking study and binding mode analysis also revealed that introducing methyl group into position 2 of phenyl ring could increase the hydrophobic interactions with receptor, which implied that position 2 might be the key site to get high insecticidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Torun L, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2762-72. [PMID: 22398259 PMCID: PMC3345971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stille cross coupling protocols were utilized for the synthesis of 3-(biaryl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters, which furnished products in high yields where in some cases Suzuki coupling under the conditions utilized provided complex reaction mixture. Samarium iodide reduction of the resulting coupling products produced both of the 2β-carbomethoxy-3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane diastereomers and the 2α-carbomethoxy-3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane diastereomers. Among the series synthesized, the benzothiophene substituted compounds demonstrated significant binding profiles of inhibition of WIN 35,438 with 177-fold selectivity for DAT versus SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Torun
- TUBITAK MAM Chemistry Institute P. K. 21 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey 41470
| | - Bertha K. Madras
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and New England Regional Primate Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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6
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Abrecht S, Adam JM, Bromberger U, Diodone R, Fettes A, Fischer R, Goeckel V, Hildbrand S, Moine G, Weber M. An Efficient Process for the Manufacture of Carmegliptin. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrecht
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Adam
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Bromberger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Diodone
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alec Fettes
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Fischer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Goeckel
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hildbrand
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Moine
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Weber
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Purushotham M, Sheri A, Pham-Huu DP, Madras BK, Janowsky A, Meltzer PC. The synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(3-methyl or 3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl)-3-aryl-8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:48-51. [PMID: 21146984 PMCID: PMC3015105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a potent stimulant of the central nervous system, owes its reinforcing and stimulant properties to its ability to inhibit monoamine uptake systems such as the Dopamine Transporter (DAT), and the Serotonin Transporter (SERT) located on presynaptic neurons in the striatum. The search for pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction has focused on the design of compounds that bind selectively to the DAT and manifest slow onset of stimulatory action with long duration of action. We had reported that 3-aryl-2-carbomethoxy-8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are potent and selective inhibitors of the DAT. In this Letter we report on the effects of replacement of the 2-carbomethoy group by a 2-isoxazole. This new class of 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes provides potent and selective inhibitors of the DAT. The 3β-aryl compounds are particularly potent inhibitors of DAT (IC(50) = 7-43 nM) with substantial selectivity versus inhibition of SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bertha K. Madras
- Harvard Medical School and New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- VA Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Yu W, Williams L, Camp VM, Malveaux E, Olson JJ, Goodman MM. Stereoselective synthesis and biological evaluation of syn-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid as a potential positron emission tomography brain tumor imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1982-90. [PMID: 19216081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid syn-1-amino-3-fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid (syn-FACBC) 12, the isomer of anti-FACBC, has been selectively synthesized and [(18)F] radiofluorinated in 52% decay-corrected yield using no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride. The key step in the synthesis of the desired isomer involved stereoselective reduction using lithium alkylborohydride/zinc chloride, which improved the ratio of anti-alcohol to syn-alcohol from 17:83 to 97:3. syn-FACBC 12 entered rat 9L gliosarcoma cells primarily via L-type amino acid transport in vitro with high uptake of 16% injected dose per 5 x 10(5) cells. Biodistribution studies in rats with 9L gliosarcoma brain tumors demonstrated high tumor to brain ratio of 12:1 at 30 min post injection. In this model, amino acid syn-[(18)F]FACBC 12 is a promising metabolically based radiotracer for positron emission tomography brain tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Yu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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9
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Chen ZP, Wang SP, Li XM, Tang J, Lin JG. (2S,3S)-3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-8-methyl-tropane-2-carboxylic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1732. [PMID: 21201715 PMCID: PMC2960499 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C15H18ClNO2, the internal torsion angles of the tropane ring are comparable to those of tropane rings in the crystal structures reported for cocaine and its derivatives. There is an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N atom in the tropane ring and the O atom of the carboxyl group. The crystal structure is further stabilized by many weak C—H⋯O interactions between the molecules in the ab plane, forming a two-dimensional supramolecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ping Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, People's Republic of China
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10
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Meltzer PC, Kryatova O, Pham-Huu DP, Donovan P, Janowsky A. The synthesis of bivalent 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8-heterobicyclo[3.2.1]octanes as probes for proximal binding sites on the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:1832-41. [PMID: 18053732 PMCID: PMC2323586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Aryltropanes have been widely explored for potential medications for remediation of cocaine abuse. Research has focused predominantly on 8-azatropanes and it is now well recognized that these compounds can be designed to manifest varied selectivity and potency for inhibition of the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine uptake systems. We had reported that the 8-nitrogen atom present in the 3-aryltropanes is not essential for tropanes to bind to monoamine uptake systems. We demonstrated that compounds in which the amine had been exchanged for an ether or a thioether retained binding potency and selectivity. We have now designed bivalent compounds in which two tropane moieties are linked by an intervening chain. These 8-homo- and 8-heterotropane bivalent compounds allowed a search for adjacent tropane binding sites on the DAT as well as a further exploration of whether the binding sites for 8-azatropanes are the same as those for other 8-heterotropanes. A comparison of these compounds with their progenitor tropanes cast into doubt the existence of proximal binding sites on the DAT, and offered support for the existence of different binding sites for the 8-azatropanes compared with 8-oxa- and 8-thiatropanes. Indeed, 8-aza bivalent tropanes inhibited DAT with potency about 10-fold lower (DAT: IC50 = 31 nM) than their monovalent counterparts. Furthermore, bivalent ligands in which one or both of the tropanes was devoid of an amine suffered a further loss of inhibitory potency. We conclude that it is unlikely that there exist two tropane binding sites in close proximity to one another on either the DAT or SERT.
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11
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Song J, Lei YX, Rappoport Z. The First Solid Enols of Anhydrides. Structure, Properties, and Enol/Anhydride Equilibria1. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9152-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo071206m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Song
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yi Xiong Lei
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zvi Rappoport
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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12
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Ino A, Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. Positional linker effects in haptens for cocaine immunopharmacotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4280-3. [PMID: 17531484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use remains a serious problem, despite intensive efforts to curb abuse. Given the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of cocaine addiction, research groups have targeted immunopharmacotherapy in which the drug user's immune system is trained to recognize and remove cocaine prior to entry into the central nervous system. Antibody cocaine esterases and simple binders have been procured, however, rates and/or affinities still need improvement before clinical trials are warranted. Herein, we report the synthesis and testing of two new haptens for the procurement of cocaine binding antibodies and cocaine esterase catalytic antibodies. Central in the design of these haptens was the placement of the linker functionality distal from the anticipated cocaine epitopes in an attempt to bury the hapten deep within an antibody combining site to gain possible entropic and enthalpic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ino
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torry Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Diastereoselective synthesis of polyfunctionalized piperidines as precursors of dopamine transporter imaging agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Pham-Huu DP, Deschamps JR, Liu S, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis of 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and their binding affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1067-82. [PMID: 17070057 PMCID: PMC1829488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the central nervous system. Its reinforcing and stimulant properties have been associated with inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) on presynaptic neurons. In the search for medications for cocaine abuse, we have prepared 2-carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane analogues of cocaine. We report that this class of compounds provides potent and selective inhibitors of the DAT and SERT. The selectivity resulted from reduced activity at the SERT. The 3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) analogue inhibits the DAT and SERT with a potency of IC(50)=5.7 nM and 8.0 nM, respectively. The 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3-unsaturated analogue inhibits the DAT potently (IC(50)=4.5 nM) and selectively (>800-fold vs SERT). Biological enantioselectivity of DAT inhibition was limited for both the 3-aryl-2,3-unsaturated and the 3alpha-aryl analogues (2-fold), but more robust (>10-fold) for the 3beta-aryl analogues. The (1R)-configuration provided the eutomers.
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15
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Madras BK, Fahey MA, Goulet M, Lin Z, Bendor J, Goodrich C, Meltzer PC, Elmaleh DR, Livni E, Bonab AA, Fischman AJ. Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Inhibitors Alleviate Specific Parkinsonian Deficits in Monkeys: Association with DAT Occupancy in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:570-85. [PMID: 16885433 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease express the dopamine transporter (DAT) and release dopamine (DA). We postulated that potent DAT inhibitors, with low affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT), may elevate endogenously released extracellular dopamine levels to provide therapeutic benefit. The therapeutic potential of eight DAT inhibitors was investigated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), with efficacy correlated with DAT occupancy as determined by positron emission tomography imaging in striatum. Four potent DAT inhibitors, with relatively high norepinephrine transporter, but low SERT affinities, that occupied the DAT improved activity in parkinsonian monkeys, whereas three high-affinity DAT inhibitors with low DAT occupancy did not. 2beta-Carbomethoxy-3alpha-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-7beta-hydroxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1.]octane (O-1163) occupied the DAT but had short-lived pharmacological effects. The benztropine analog difluoropine increased general activity, improved posture, reduced body freeze, and produced sleep disturbances at high doses. (1R)-2beta-(1-Propanoyl)-3alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (O-1369) alleviated parkinsonian signs in advanced parkinsonian monkeys, by increasing general activity, improving posture, reducing body freeze, and sedation, but not significantly reducing bradykinesia or increasing locomotor activity. In comparison with the D(2)-D(3) DA receptor agonist quinelorane, O-1369 elicited oral/facial dyskinesias, whereas quinelorane did not improve posture or reduce balance and promoted stereotypy. In conclusion, DAT inhibitors with therapeutic potential combine high DAT affinity in vitro and high DAT occupancy of brain striatum in vivo with enduring day-time effects that do not extend into the nighttime. Advanced parkinsonian monkeys (80% DAT loss) respond more effectively to DAT inhibitors than mild parkinsonian monkeys (46% DAT loss). The therapeutic potential of dopamine transport inhibitors for Parkinson's disease warrants preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha K Madras
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, 1 Pine Hill Dr., Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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16
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Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1420-32. [PMID: 16480278 PMCID: PMC2602954 DOI: 10.1021/jm050797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are essential for neurotransmission in the mammalian system. These three neurotransmitters have been the focus of considerable research because the modulation of their production and their interaction at monoamine receptors has profound effects upon a multitude of pharmacological outcomes. Our interest has focused on neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms in a search for medications for cocaine abuse. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of an array of 2-aminopentanophenones. This array has yielded selective inhibitors of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters with little effect upon serotonin trafficking. A subset of compounds had no significant affinity at 5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1C, D1, D2, or D3 receptors. The lead compound, racemic 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one 4a, was resolved into its enantiomers and the S isomer was found to be the most biologically active enantiomer. Among the most potent of these DAT/NET selective compounds are the 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- (4u) and the 1-naphthyl- (4t) 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Meltzer
- Organix Inc., 240 Salem Street, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA.
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17
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Torun L, Liu S, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis of 3-(4-heteroaryl-phenyl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Kuznetsov NY, Khrustalev VN, Godovikov IA, Bubnov YN. Synthesis of Bridged Azabicycles from Pyridines and Pyrrole by a Diallylboration - Ring Closing Metathesis Sequence. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Rhoden JB, Bouvet M, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Lomenzo SA, Trudell ML. Structure-activity studies of 3'-4'-dichloro-meperidine analogues at dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5623-34. [PMID: 15993612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships of 3',4'-dichloro-meperidine were investigated at dopamine (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT). Large ester substituents and lipophilic groups at the 4-position favored molecular recognition at the SERT. The benzyl ester of 3',4'-dichloro-meperidine exhibited high potency and high selectivity for the SERT (DAT/SERT=760). Chemical modification of the ester group and N-substitution generally led to compounds with decreased DAT affinity. Only small esters and alkyl groups were tolerated at the 4-position of the meperidine ring system by the DAT. Overall, the meperidine analogues were generally more selective for the SERT than for the DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Rhoden
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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20
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Grundt P, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Newman AH. N-8-Substituted benztropinamine analogs as selective dopamine transporter ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5419-23. [PMID: 16213721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-8-substituted benztropinamines was synthesized and evaluated for binding at the dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT), norepinephrine (NET) transporters, and muscarinic M1 receptors. In general, the isosteric replacement of the C-3 benzhydrol ether of benztropine by a benzhydryl amino group was well tolerated at the DAT. However, for certain N-8 substituted derivatives, selectivity over muscarinic M1 receptor affinity was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse--Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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21
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Lomenzo SA, Rhoden JB, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Kopajtic T, Katz JL, Trudell ML. Synthesis and biological evaluation of meperidine analogues at monoamine transporters. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1336-43. [PMID: 15743177 DOI: 10.1021/jm0401614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryl-substituted meperidine analogues was synthesized, and the binding affinities were determined at the DAT, SERT, and NET as well as at mu-opioid receptors. Generally the analogues exhibited increased affinity for the DAT and SERT relative to meperidine but exhibited low binding affinity for the NET. The 2-naphthyl derivative 7f was the most potent ligand at the SERT (K(i) = 0.0072 muM) and was the most selective ligand for the SERT over the DAT (DAT/SERT = 158) and mu-opioid receptors (mu/SERT = 281). The 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e was the most potent ligand at the DAT (K(i) = 0.125 muM) and was the most selective ligand for the DAT over mu-opioid receptors (mu/DAT = 16.3) but remained slightly more selective for the SERT over the DAT(DAT/SERT = 6.68). Three compounds, the 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e and the 2-naphthyl analogues 6f and 7f, were identified that were more potent at the DAT than meperidine and that exhibited well-defined biphasic dopamine uptake inhibition similar to meperidine. However, none of the analogues tested produced locomotor effects or substituted for cocaine in drug discrimination studies, suggesting that the mu-opioid effects of these analogues may contribute to the poor efficacy observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Lomenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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22
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Simoni D, Rossi M, Bertolasi V, Roberti M, Pizzirani D, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Invidiata FP, Tolomeo M, Grimaudo S, Merighi S, Varani K, Gessi S, Borea PA, Marino S, Cavallini S, Bianchi C, Siniscalchi A. Synthesis and Pharmacology of 6-Substituted Benztropines: Discovery of Novel Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors Possessing Low Binding Affinity to the Dopamine Transporter. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3337-43. [PMID: 15857139 DOI: 10.1021/jm0490235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 6alpha- and 6beta-substituted benztropines were synthesized. A marked enantioselectivity was observed for the 6beta-methoxylated benztropines, the (1R)-isomers being more potent than the corresponding (1S) compounds. The racemic 6alpha-methoxy-3-(4',4' '-difluorodiphenylmethoxy)tropane (5 g) was the most potent compound. It has been found that modifications at the 6-position of benztropine might reduce the DAT binding affinity, maintaining otherwise a significant dopamine uptake inhibitory activity. A reinvestigation of the absolute configuration of 6beta-methoxytropinone proved the 6R configuration for the (+)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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23
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Airaksinen AJ, Huotari M, Shvetsov A, Vainiotalo P, Männisto PT, Tuomisto L, Bergström KA, Vepsäläinen J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6/7-exo-methyl-3β-(4-iodo)phenyltropane-2β-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:299-304. [PMID: 15725499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
6beta/7beta-Methyl-2-methoxycarbonyltropinones (3a, 3b) were synthesized and used as starting materials in the synthesis of 6beta/7beta-methyl-2beta-methoxycarbonyl-3beta-phenyltropanes (6a, 6b), 6beta/7beta-methyl-2beta-methoxycarbonyl-3beta-(4-iodo)phenyltropanes (7a, 7b) and 6beta-methyl-2beta-methoxycarbonyl-3beta-(4-iodo)phenylnortropane (8). The effect of 6/7-groups was evaluated by in vitro receptor binding to dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters. Introduction of a methyl group at the 6- or 7-position diminished the overall affinity for the transporters, though mostly to NET. In vivo locomotor tests were performed in mice for compounds 7a and 8. Compound 8 had no apparent effect on locomotor activity. Compound 7a increased locomotion in a wide dose range, but was much less potent than a reference compound, 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodo)phenyl-tropane (beta-CIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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24
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Grundt P, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Newman AH. The effect of 6-substituted-4',4"-difluorobenztropines on monoamine transporters and the muscarinic M1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3295-8. [PMID: 15149693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic 6-hydroxy and carboalkoxy substituted-4('),4"-difluorobenztropines was synthesized and evaluated for binding at the dopamine (DAT), the serotonin (SERT), the norepinephrine (NET) transporters, and the muscarinic M1 receptor. Each of the analogues displaced [(3)H]WIN 35,428 (DAT) with a range of affinities from 5.81 to 175 nM and [(3)H]pirenzepine (M1), with a range of affinities ( K(i)= -8430 nM). Binding affinities at the SERT and the NET were generally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Drug Abuse--Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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25
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Walter MW. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Zheng G, Dwoskin LP, Crooks PA. The Preparation of 2‐Arylmethylidene‐8‐methyl‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐3‐ones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120037905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Zheng
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
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27
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Quirante J, Vila X, Bonjoch J, Kozikowski AP, Johnson KM. 2,3-Disubstituted 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes as novel dopamine transporter inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1383-91. [PMID: 15018911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of cis and trans 3beta-aryl-2-carbomethoxy-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, with different substitution at the para-position of the aryl group, were synthesized and examined for reuptake inhibition at the dopamine transporter (DAT). The potency for inhibition of DA reuptake was compared with that of cocaine to determine the significance of the replacement of the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (tropane nucleus), displayed in cocaine, for the 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (normorphan framework). This bicyclic core structure constitutes a novel chemical scaffold in DAT inhibitor design, which may provide new insights into the 3D structure of the DAT and its interaction with cocaine and DA. Among these compounds, the trans-amine series 8 were the most potent ligands at the DAT. In particular, the normorphan analogue 8c (bearing a p-chloro substituent at the beta-aryl group, IC(50)=452 nM) displayed a potency that is in the same range as cocaine (IC(50)=459 nM) itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Quirante
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028- Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Meltzer PC, McPhee M, Madras BK. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-Carbomethoxy-3-catechol-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4133-7. [PMID: 14592523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine inhibits the dopamine transporter and the consequent elevation of dopamine is thought to contribute to the addictive properties of cocaine. Tropane analogues of cocaine, targeted to the dopamine transporter (DAT), are a significant focus of drug design for cocaine addiction medications. Herein, we report the function of the ortho hydroxy substituents in dopamine with respect to the azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton. The introduction of the o-dihydroxyl functionality led to reduced binding potency at monoamine transporters, rather than enhanced interaction with the DAT. It is therefore likely that the binding site for these compounds on the DAT is not the same as that for dopamine. Notwithstanding the moderate potency of the free catechols (>100 nM), 7 manifested stimulant activity with a duration of effect that exceeded 4 h in a rat locomotor activity assay. Compound 10, a diacetoxy prodrug for 7, substituted fully for cocaine in a rat drug-discrimination paradigm and is now undergoing further investigation as a potential medication for cocaine abuse.
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29
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Dutta AK, Zhang S, Kolhatkar R, Reith MEA. Dopamine transporter as target for drug development of cocaine dependence medications. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 479:93-106. [PMID: 14612141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because much evidence implicates the dopamine transporter in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, development of potential medications for cocaine dependence has included the dopamine transporter as a target. The present overview covers progress in the drug development area regarding several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors, with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships that enhance potency and selectivity at transporters for dopamine compared with those for serotonin or norepinephrine. The following categories of compounds are covered: tropane, benztropine, 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR), methylphenidate, mazindol, and phencyclidine analogs. Activity at transporters as well as on behavior is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, 3128 Applebaun Hall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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30
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Zhou J, Zhang A, Kläss T, Johnson KM, Wang CZ, Ye YP, Kozikowski AP. Biaryl analogues of conformationally constrained tricyclic tropanes as potent and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: synthesis and evaluation of their uptake inhibition at monoamine transporter sites. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1997-2007. [PMID: 12723962 DOI: 10.1021/jm020596w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel conformationally constrained tricyclic tropane derivatives containing a biaryl moiety, (Z)-9-(biarylylmethylene)-7-azatricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]decanes, were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit reuptake of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE) by the DA, 5-HT, and NE transporters. Most of the compounds containing a methoxycarbonyl substituent at C-10 exhibit moderate to high inhibitory activity at the NET but lower activity at the DAT and SERT. Among these new compounds, some potent, NET-selective ligands were identified. The p-methoxy derivative 11a has a K(i) value of 39 nM for uptake inhibition at the NET and moderate to high selectivity over the SERT (100-fold) and the DAT (20-fold). Compound 11f exhibits a remarkable potency (K(i) = 9.7 nM) at the NET and a 25-fold selectivity over both the SERT and the DAT. Analogue 23 containing a thiophene ring as a bioisosteric replacement of the phenyl ring Ar(1) displays a high activity (K(i) = 10.3 nM) for the NET and similar selectivity over the SERT (50-fold) and the DAT (37-fold). The selectivity profile of biaryl analogues differs from that of the monoaryl series, as most members of that series display excellent potency at and selectivity for the SERT (J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 1930). This finding suggests that the different shape and size of the lipophilic recognition pocket that encompasses the aryl ring(s) of these tropanes are major determinants of a ligand's transporter activity at either the NET or the SERT. Some of the compounds in this series may also be valuable in sorting out the contribution of the individual transporters to cocaine's reinforcing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057-2197, USA
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31
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Lewis D, Zhang Y, Prisinzano T, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Further exploration of 1-[2-[Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]piperazine (GBR 12909): role of N-aromatic, N-heteroaromatic, and 3-oxygenated N-phenylpropyl substituents on affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1385-9. [PMID: 12657288 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-aromatic, N-heteroaromatic, and oxygenated N-phenylpropyl derivatives of 1-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-piperazine and 1-[2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]piperazine, analogues of GBR 12909 (1a) and 12935 (1b), was synthesized and examined for their dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporter binding properties. One of these compounds, racemic 3-[4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-propan-1-ol (33), had DAT affinity as good as, or better than, GBR 12909 and 12935, and was more selective for DAT over SERT than the GBR compounds. Both trans- (43) and cis- (47) (+/-)-2-(4-[2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxy]ethyl]piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol had relatively good SERT selectivity and, as well, showed high affinity for SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lewis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Flippen-Anderson JL, George C, Deschamps JR. Molecular approaches to treatments for cocaine abuse. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Meltzer PC, Liu S, Blanchette H, Blundell P, Madras BK. Design and synthesis of an irreversible dopamine-sparing cocaine antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3583-91. [PMID: 12213473 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a powerful reinforcer and stimulant that binds to specific recognition sites associated with monoamine transporters in the mammalian brain. The search for a functional antagonist to the addictive properties of cocaine has focused on the discovery of a molecule that can inhibit cocaine binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT) but continue to allow dopamine transport by the DAT. No such dopamine-sparing cocaine antagonist has been reported and it is becoming evident that dopamine-sparing antagonism of the pharmacological effects of cocaine by a classical antagonist may not be possible. Herein we present a new concept for the design of dopamine-sparing cocaine antagonists. A unique approach is utilized to deliver an inhibitor that binds irreversibly to the DAT, then cleaves and leaves behind a small fragment attached to the DAT that blocks access by cocaine but permits dopamine transport. The design of these compounds takes advantage of a cysteinyl sulfhydryl group in the DAT. This group is hypothesized to attack the incoming inhibitor and lead to selective inhibition of the cocaine binding site while sparing dopamine transport. This concept of a mechanism based irreversible dopamine-sparing cocaine antagonist has now been demonstrated to be viable and, as example, the unsaturated 6 showed inhibition of cocaine (63%) at the DAT after 24h incubation, while at that point considerably less inhibition of dopamine is manifested (23%). In contrast, the epoxide 7 showed a greater inhibition of dopamine reuptake than cocaine binding at 24h (68% versus 18%).
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34
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Newman AH, Kulkarni S. Probes for the dopamine transporter: new leads toward a cocaine-abuse therapeutic--A focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:429-64. [PMID: 12210554 DOI: 10.1002/med.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a cocaine-abuse pharmacotherapeutic, extensive investigation has been directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of this psychostimulant drug. The results of these studies have been consistent with the inhibition of dopamine uptake, at the dopamine transporter (DAT), which results in a rapid and excessive accumulation of extracellular dopamine in the synapse as being the mechanism primarily responsible for the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine. Nevertheless, investigation of the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, as well as other receptor systems, with which cocaine either directly or indirectly interacts, has suggested that the DAT is not solely responsible for the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In an attempt to further elucidate the roles of these systems in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, selective molecular probes, in the form of drug molecules, have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Many of these compounds bind potently and selectively to the DAT, block dopamine reuptake, and are behaviorally cocaine-like in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. However, there have been exceptions noted in several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors that demonstrate behavioral profiles that are distinctive from cocaine. Structure-activity relationships between chemically diverse dopamine uptake inhibitors have suggested that different binding interactions, at the molecular level on the DAT, as well as divergent actions at the other monoamine transporters may be related to the differing pharmacological actions of these compounds, in vivo. These studies suggest that novel dopamine uptake inhibitors, which are structurally and pharmacologically distinct from cocaine, may be developed as potential cocaine-abuse therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse--Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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35
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Zhang A, Zhou G, Hoepping A, Mukhopadhyaya J, Johnson KM, Zhang M, Kozikowski AP. Further studies on conformationally constrained tricyclic tropane analogues and their uptake inhibition at monoamine transporter sites: synthesis of (Z)-9-(substituted arylmethylene)-7-azatricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]decanes as a novel class of serotonin transporter inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1930-41. [PMID: 11960503 DOI: 10.1021/jm0105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of conformationally constrained tricyclic tropane analogues, (Z)-9-(substituted arylmethylene)-7-azatricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]decanes, were prepared, and their abilities to inhibit high-affinity uptake of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE) into rat brain nerve endings (synaptosomes) were evaluated. First, a systematic screening of a variety of different substituents on the phenyl ring indicated that the substitution pattern plays an important role in the monoamine transporter activity. Most compounds in this series possessed a very low activity at the DA transporter (DAT) but a good to excellent affinity for the 5-HT transporter (SERT). In the case of para-substituted phenyl analogues, the electronic character of the substituent did not affect uptake inhibition as dramatically as observed in some benztropine analogues. Among these compounds, the 4-bromophenyl and 4-isopropylphenyl analogues 8d and 8j exhibited the highest potency at the SERT with a K(i) value of 10 nM. In the 3,4-disubstituted phenyl series, even more potent and highly selective compounds were discovered. Compound 8o has a K(i) value of 2.3 nM for uptake inhibition at the SERT, a DAT/SERT uptake ratio of 2360, and a NET/SERT uptake ratio of 200. Compound 8p exhibited a K(i) value of 1.8 nM for uptake inhibition at the SERT, a DAT/SERT uptake ratio of 1740, and a NET/SERT uptake ratio of 151. These compounds are 3-4-fold more potent than the antidepressant medication fluoxetine, and the selectivities for SERT over DAT and NET are also better than those of fluoxetine. Second, a variety of functional modifications on the ester moiety were investigated. Substitution by other esters or amides as well as alkenes did not increase potency, while most of the acetates or benzoates (16-21, 23, and 24) and the ketone 28 exhibited significantly improved activity. A good hydrogen-bonding ability of the substituent is believed to be required for high activity. The most potent and selective ligand is compound 23, which displayed a K(i) value of 0.06 nM and has essentially no activity at the DAT or NET. The present results have important implications for drug addiction as well as a number of psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
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36
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Xu L, Izenwasser S, Katz JL, Kopajtic T, Klein-Stevens C, Zhu N, Lomenzo SA, Winfield L, Trudell ML. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-substituted 3beta-tolyltropane derivatives at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1203-10. [PMID: 11881989 DOI: 10.1021/jm010453u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight 2-substituted 3-tolyltropane derivatives were synthesized, and the in vitro and in vivo biological activities as dopamine uptake inhibitors were determined. From the in vitro structure-activity data, it is apparent that a tolyl group in the 2-position, independent of the stereochemical attachment to the tropane ring system, provided compounds (9-12, 14) that exhibit high-affinity binding at the dopamine transporter (DAT). Although a slight stereochemical preference in binding affinity at the DAT was observed for the 2beta-(R)-alcohol 10 over the 2beta-(S)-isomer 11, no significant differences in behavioral effects were observed. Furthermore, despite a relatively low potency of 10 for the inhibition of dopamine uptake compared to its affinity for the DAT, its behavioral profile did not vary significantly from cocaine. These data indicate that a behavioral characterization of compounds is a critical feature of efforts to discover pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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