1
|
Ortore G, Orlandini E, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Mazzoni MR, Camodeca C, Nencetti S. Focus on Human Monoamine Transporter Selectivity. New Human DAT and NET Models, Experimental Validation, and SERT Affinity Exploration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3214-3232. [PMID: 32991141 PMCID: PMC8015229 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The most commonly used antidepressant
drugs are the serotonin transporter
inhibitors. Their effects depend strongly on the selectivity for a
single monoamine transporter compared to other amine transporters
or receptors, and the selectivity is roughly influenced by the spatial
protein structure. Here, we provide a computational study on three
human monoamine transporters, i.e., DAT, NET, and SERT. Starting from
the construction of hDAT and hNET models, whose three-dimensional
structure is unknown, and the prediction of the binding pose for 19
known inhibitors, 3D-QSAR models of three human transporters were
built. The training set variability, which was high in structure and
activity profile, was validated using a set of in-house compounds.
Results concern more than one aspect. First of all, hDAT and hNET
three-dimensional structures were built, validated, and compared to
the hSERT one; second, the computational study highlighted the differences
in binding site arrangement statistically correlated to inhibitor
selectivity; third, the profiling of new inhibitors pointed out a
conservation of the inhibitory activity trend between rabbit and human
SERT with a difference of about 1 order of magnitude; fourth, binding
and functional studies confirmed 4-(benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidine 20a–d and 21a–d as potent SERT
inhibitors. In particular, one of the compounds (compound 20b) revealed a higher affinity for SERT than paroxetine in human platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ortore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53-55, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Mazzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sonnleitner CM, Park S, Eckl R, Ertl T, Reiser O. Stereoselective Synthesis of Tropanes via a 6π-Electrocyclic Ring-Opening/ Huisgen [3+2]-Cycloaddition Cascade of Monocyclopropanated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18110-18115. [PMID: 32627302 PMCID: PMC7589232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of tropanes via a microwave-assisted, stereoselective 6π-electrocyclic ring-opening/ Huisgen [3+2]-cycloaddition cascade of cyclopropanated pyrrole and furan derivatives with electron-deficient dipolarophiles is demonstrated. Starting from furans or pyrroles, 8-aza- and 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are accessible in two steps in dia- and enantioselective pure form, being versatile building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets, especially for new cocaine analogues bearing various substituents at the C-6/C-7 positions of the tropane ring system. Moreover, the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core (isoquinuclidines), being prominently represented in many natural and pharmaceutical products, is accessible via this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Sonnleitner
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Saerom Park
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Robert Eckl
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sonnleitner CM, Park S, Eckl R, Ertl T, Reiser O. Stereoselektive Synthese von Tropanen über eine 6π‐elektrocyclische Ringöffnung/ Huisgen‐[3+2]‐Cycloadditionskaskade von monocyclopropanierten Heterocyclen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina M. Sonnleitner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Saerom Park
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Robert Eckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borah M, Saikia AK. FeCl3
-Mediated Carbenium Ion-Induced Intramolecular Cyclization of N
-Tethered Alkyne-Benzyl Alkanols. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhurjya Borah
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati - 781039, Assam India
| | - Anil K. Saikia
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati - 781039, Assam India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou MF, Cao J, Abramyan AM, Kopajtic T, Zanettini C, Guthrie DA, Rais R, Slusher BS, Shi L, Loland CJ, Newman AH. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Series of 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes and 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylamino]tropanes As Novel Atypical Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorders. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10172-10187. [PMID: 29227643 PMCID: PMC5746459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of medications to treat cocaine use disorders has thus far defied success, leaving this patient population without pharmacotherapeutic options. As the dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a prominent role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine that can lead to addiction, atypical DAT inhibitors have been developed that prevent cocaine from binding to DAT, but they themselves are not cocaine-like. Herein, a series of novel DAT inhibitors were synthesized, and based on its pharmacological profile, the lead compound 10a was evaluated in phase I metabolic stability studies in mouse liver microsomes and compared to cocaine in locomotor activity and drug discrimination paradigms in mice. A molecular dynamic simulation study supported the hypothesis that atypical DAT inhibitors have similar binding poses at DAT in a conformation that differs from that of cocaine. Such differences may ultimately contribute to their unique behavioral profiles and potential for development as cocaine use disorder therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Fa Zou
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ara M. Abramyan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Theresa Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Daryl A. Guthrie
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zdrazil B, Hellsberg E, Viereck M, Ecker GF. From linked open data to molecular interaction: studying selectivity trends for ligands of the human serotonin and dopamine transporter. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1819-1831. [PMID: 27891211 PMCID: PMC5100691 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval of congeneric and consistent SAR data sets for protein targets of interest is still a laborious task to do if no appropriate in-house data set is available. However, combining integrated open data sources (such as the Open PHACTS Discovery Platform) with workflow tools now offers the possibility of querying across multiple domains and tailoring the search to the given research question. Starting from two phylogenetically related protein targets of interest (the human serotonin and dopamine transporters), the whole chemical compound space was explored by implementing a scaffold-based clustering of compounds possessing biological measurements for both targets. In addition, potential hERG blocking liabilities were included. The workflow allowed studying the selectivity trends of scaffold series, identifying potentially harmful compound series, and performing SAR, docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a consistent data set of 56 cathinones. This delivered useful insights into driving determinants for hDAT selectivity over hSERT. With respect to the scaffold-based analyses it should be noted that the cathinone data set could be retrieved only when Murcko scaffold analyses were combined with similarity searches such as a common substructure search.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Eva Hellsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Michael Viereck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stehouwer JS, Goodman MM. Fluorine-18 Radiolabeled PET Tracers for Imaging Monoamine Transporters: Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine. PET Clin 2016; 4:101-28. [PMID: 20216936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of fluorine-18 radiolabeled PET tracers for imaging the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET). All successful DAT PET tracers reported to date are members of the 3β-phenyl tropane class and are synthesized from cocaine. Currently available carbon-11 SERT PET tracers come from both the diphenylsulfide and 3β-phenyl nortropane class, but so far only the nortropanes have found success with fluorine-18 derivatives. NET imaging has so far employed carbon-11 and fluorine-18 derivatives of reboxetine but due to defluorination of the fluorine-18 derivatives further research is still necessary.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kormos CM, Cueva JP, Gichinga MG, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Gilmour BP, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Effect of the 3- and 4-methyl groups on the opioid receptor properties of N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3140-7. [PMID: 24635568 PMCID: PMC4070716 DOI: 10.1021/jm500184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines
(2a,b) are opioid receptor antagonists where
the antagonist properties are not due to the type of N-substituent.
In order to gain a better understanding of the contribution that the
3- and 4-methyl groups make to the pure antagonist properties of 2a,b, we synthesized analogues of 2a,b that lacked the 4-methyl (5a,b), 3-methyl (6a,b), and both the 3- and
4-methyl group (7a,b) and compared their
opioid receptor properties. We found that (1) all N-methyl and N-phenylpropyl substituted compounds
were nonselective opioid antagonists (2) all N-phenylpropyl
analogues were more potent than their N-methyl counterparts,
and (3) compounds 2a,b which have both a
3- and 4-methyl substituent, were more potent antagonists than analogues 5a,b, 6a,b, and 7a,b. We also found that the removal of 3-methyl
substituent of N-methyl and N-phenylpropyl
3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazines (8a,b) gives (4a,b), which are opioid
antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lazny R, Wolosewicz K, Ratkiewicz A, Pioro D, Stocki M. Synthesis and isomer distribution of 2-alkyltropinones and 2-alkylgranatanones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Carroll FI, Gichinga MG, Williams JD, Vardy E, Roth BL, Mascarella SW, Thomas JB, Navarro HA. 4β-Methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan opioid agonist and partial agonist derived from a 4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan pure antagonist. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8826-33. [PMID: 24144404 DOI: 10.1021/jm401250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that addition of 7α-acylamino groups to N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to compounds that were pure opioid receptor antagonists. In contrast to these findings we report in this study that addition of a 7α-amino (5a), 7α-alkylamino (5b-e), or 7α-dialkylamino (5f-h) group to 4 leads to opioid receptor ligands with varying degrees of agonist/antagonist activity. The 7α-amino and 7α-methylamino analogues were full agonists at the μ and δ receptors and antagonists at the κ receptor. The 7α-cyclopropylmethylamino analogue 5h was a full agonist at the μ receptor with weaker agonist activity at the δ and κ receptors. Whereas the addition of a 7α-acylamino group to the pure nonselective opioid receptor antagonist N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to κ selective pure opioid receptor antagonist, the addition of a 7α-amino, 7α-alkylamino, or 7α-dialkylamino group to 4 leads to opioid ligands that are largely μ or δ agonist with mixed agonist/antagonist properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
κ opioid receptors (KORs) belong to the G-protein-coupled class of receptors (GPCRs). They are activated by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) and expressed at particularly high levels within brain areas implicated in modulation of motivation, emotion, and cognitive function. Chronic activation of KORs in animal models has maladaptive effects including increases in behaviors that reflect depression, the propensity to engage in drug-seeking behavior, and drug craving. The fact that KOR activation has such a profound influence on behaviors often triggered by stress has led to interest in selective KOR antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. This Perspective provides a description of preclinical research conducted in the development of several different classes of selective KOR antagonists, a summary of the clinical studies conducted thus far, and recommendations for the type of work needed in the future to determine if these agents would be useful as pharmacotherapies for neuropsychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schmitt S, Brown RCD, Perrio C. Diastereoselective syntheses of (3R*,4R*)- and (3R*,4S*)-4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinemethanol and fluoro analogues. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1222-9. [PMID: 23298429 DOI: 10.1021/jo302303h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two concise and high-yielding diastereoselective syntheses of 4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinemethanols were realized from 1,3-dimethyl-4-piperidinone. The key reactions to control the C3-C4 relative stereochemistry were the alkoxymethylation of a metalloenamine generated from 4-aryl-3-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine that afforded the (3R*,4S*)-form and the nucleophilic substitution of a fluoroarene with deprotonated 3-methyl-4-piperidinenitrile giving the (3R*,4R*)-isomer. The corresponding fluoromethyl analogues were subsequently obtained through the fluorination of the piperidinemethanols using DAST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Role of saturability of noncovalent interactions in the analysis of the three-dimensional structure—opioid activity relationship. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-012-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Davis FA, Gaddiraju NV, Theddu N, Hummel JR, Kondaveeti SK, Zdilla MJ. Enantioselective synthesis of cocaine C-1 analogues using sulfinimines (N-sulfinyl imines). J Org Chem 2012; 77:2345-59. [PMID: 22300308 DOI: 10.1021/jo202652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of cocaine analogues having substituents (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-pentyl, and phenyl) at the C-1 position of the cocaine tropane skeleton were prepared by heating sulfinimine-derived α,β-unsaturated pyrrolidine nitrones. In the presence of the Lewis acid Al(O(t)Bu)(3) the nitrones undergo an intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to give tricyclic isoxazolidines that were transformed in three steps to the cocaine analogues. In the absence of the Lewis acid, lactams were formed resulting from rearrangement of the nitrone to an oxaziridine. A novel Pd- and base-promoted rearrangement of methanesulfonate salts of isoxazolidine to bridge bicyclic[4.2.1]isoxazolidines was discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin A Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cararas SA, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Housman A, Verma A, Lomenzo SA, Trudell ML. Further structure-activity relationship studies on 8-substituted-3-[2-(diarylmethoxyethylidenyl)]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives at monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7551-8. [PMID: 22055716 PMCID: PMC3230044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-substituted-3-[2-(diarylmethoxyethylidenyl)]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives were investigated at the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). The rigid ethylidenyl-8-azabicyclic[3.2.1]octane skeleton imparted modestly stereoselective binding and uptake inhibition at the DAT. Additional structure-activity studies provided a transporter affinity profile that was reminiscent of the structure-activity of GBR 12909. From these studies, the 8-cyclopropylmethyl group has been identified as a unique moiety that imparts high SERT/DAT selectivity. In this study the 8-cyclopropylmethyl derivative 22e (DAT K(i) of 4.0 nM) was among the most potent compounds of the series at the DAT and was the most DAT selective ligand of the series (SERT/DAT: 1060). Similarly, the 8-chlorobenzyl derivative 22g (DAT K(i) of 3.9 nM) was found to be highly selective for the DAT over the NET (NET/DAT: 1358).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaine A. Cararas
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148
| | - Sari Izenwasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Dean Wade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Amy Housman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Abha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148
| | - Stacey A. Lomenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148
| | - Mark L. Trudell
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hill ER, Huang X, Zhan CG, Ivy Carroll F, Gu HH. Interaction of tyrosine 151 in norepinephrine transporter with the 2β group of cocaine analog RTI-113. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:112-20. [PMID: 21420984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine binds and inhibits dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter. The residues forming cocaine binding sites are unknown. RTI-113, a cocaine analog, is 100× more potent at inhibiting DAT than inhibiting NET. Here we show that removing the hydroxyl group from residue Tyr151 in NET by replacing it with Phe, the corresponding residue in DAT, increased the sensitivity of NET to RTI-113, while the reverse mutation in DAT decreased the sensitivity of DAT to RTI-113. In contrast, RTI-31, another cocaine analog having the same structure as RTI-113 but with the phenyl group at the 2β position replaced by a methyl group, inhibits the transporter mutants equally well whether a hydroxyl group is present at the residue or not. The data suggest that this residue contributes to cocaine binding site and is close to the 2β position of cocaine analogs. These results are consistent with our previously proposed cocaine-DAT binding model where cocaine initially binds to a site that does not overlap with, but is close to, the dopamine-binding site. Computational modeling and molecular docking yielded a binding model that explains the observed changes in RTI-113 inhibition potencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Hill
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singular value decomposition analysis of the torsional angles of dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 analogs: effect of force field and charges. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1343-51. [PMID: 20839021 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis of large, flexible molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1), is complicated by the fact that they can take on a wide range of closely-related conformations. The first step in the analysis is to classify the conformers into groups. Over 600 conformers each of a piperazine (2) and piperidine (3) analog of 1 were generated by random search conformational analysis using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF94). Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to group the conformers of 2 and 3 by the similarity of their non-ring torsional angles. SVD uncovered subtle differences in their conformer populations due to that fact that the conformers separate along different principal components, and ultimately to the fact that different torsional angles are the chief contributors to these components. The results were compared to our previous SVD analysis (Fiorentino, et al., Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2006, 27, 609-620) of conformer populations of 2 and 3 generated by the Tripos force field and Gasteiger-Hückel charges. Except for the dominant contribution of angle B3 to principal component 8 seen with both force fields, the angles which are chiefly responsible for the grouping of the conformers of 2 and 3 are different with both force fields. This illustrates that SVD is useful in identifying unique groupings of conformers in large data sets of flexible molecules-a first step in selecting representative conformers for 3D-QSAR modeling studies.
Collapse
|
19
|
Stehouwer JS, Daniel LM, Chen P, Voll RJ, Williams L, Plott SJ, Votaw JR, Owens MJ, Howell L, Goodman MM. Synthesis, fluorine-18 radiolabeling, and biological evaluation of N-((E)-4-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4'-halophenyl)nortropanes: candidate radioligands for in vivo imaging of the brain dopamine transporter with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5549-57. [PMID: 20597489 DOI: 10.1021/jm100269c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The N-(E)-fluorobutenyl-3beta-(para-halo-phenyl)nortropanes 9-12 were synthesized as ligands of the dopamine transporter (DAT) for use as (18)F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. In vitro competition binding assays demonstrated that compounds 9-12 have a high affinity for the DAT and are selective for the DAT compared to the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. MicroPET imaging with [(18)F]9-[(18)F]11 in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys showed high uptake in the putamen with lesser uptake in the caudate, but significant washout of the radiotracer was only observed for [(18)F]9. PET imaging with [(18)F]9 in an awake rhesus monkey showed high and nearly equal uptake in both the putamen and caudate with peak uptake achieved after 20 min followed by a leveling-off for about 10 min and then a steady washout and attainment of a quasi-equilibrium. During the time period 40-80 min postinjection of [(18)F]9, the ratio of uptake in the putamen and caudate vs cerebellum uptake was > or = 4.
Collapse
|
20
|
Czoty PW, Martelle JL, Carroll FI, Nader MA. Lower reinforcing strength of the phenyltropane cocaine analogs RTI-336 and RTI-177 compared to cocaine in nonhuman primates. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:274-8. [PMID: 20580733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit brain dopamine transporters (DAT) have been developed as potential agonist medications for cocaine abuse and dependence. Because the mechanism of action of such drugs is similar to cocaine, one concern regarding their use is the abuse potential of the medications themselves. The present study compared the reinforcing strength of cocaine (0.003-0.3mg/kg) and two 3-phenyltropane analogs of cocaine, RTI-336 (3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-2beta-[3-(4'-methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]tropane hydrochloride; 0.003-0.1mg/kg) and RTI-177 (3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-2beta-[3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl]tropane hydrochloride; 0.003-0.1mg/kg), using a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule in rhesus monkeys (n=4). PR schedules of reinforcement are frequently used to measure reinforcing strength of drugs. Earlier research using limited-access conditions reported that cocaine was a stronger reinforcer than either RTI-336 or RTI-177. Because the 3-phenyltropanes have longer durations of action, one purpose of the present study was to examine reinforcing strength using longer experimental sessions. Under these conditions, cocaine functioned as a reinforcer in all monkeys, and RTI-336 and RTI-177 functioned as a reinforcer in three of four subjects. Consistent with their documented slower onset of neurochemical and pharmacological effects, RTI-336 and RTI-177 were weaker reinforcers, resulting in fewer injections than cocaine. On average, the potencies of the two RTI compounds were not different than that of cocaine. These results support the view that slow-onset DA-selective uptake inhibitors have lower abuse liability than cocaine. In addition, the present findings suggest that changes in PR session length can influence potency comparisons between drugs, but not measures of reinforcing strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jin C, Navarro HA, Ivy Carroll F. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 3beta-(4-alkylthio, -methylsulfinyl, and -methylsulfonylphenyl)tropane and 3beta-(4-alkylthiophenyl)nortropane derivatives for monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5126-32. [PMID: 19523837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early studies led to the identification of 3beta-(4-methoxyphenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5) with high affinity at the DAT (IC(50)=6.5nM) and 5-HTT (K(i)=4.3nM), while having much less affinity at the NET (K(i)=1110nM). In the present study, we replaced the 4'-methoxy group of the 3beta-phenyl ring with a bioisosteric 4'-methylthio group to give 7a. We also synthesized a number of 3beta-(4-alkylthiophenyl)tropanes 7b-e, 3beta-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl) and 3beta-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)tropane analogues 7f-h as well as the 3beta-(4-alkylthiophenyl)nortropane derivatives 8-11 to further characterize the structure-activity relationship of this type of compound for binding at monoamine transporters. With exception of the 4'-methylsulfonyl analogue 7h, all the tested compounds possessed high binding affinities at the 5-HTT. The K(i) values ranged from 0.19nM to 49nM. The 3beta-(4-methylthiophenyl)tropane 7a and its N-(3-fluoropropyl) analogue 9a and N-allyl analogue 10a are the most selective compounds for the 5-HTT over the NET (NET/5-HTT=314-364) in the series. However, none of the compounds showed selectivity similar to 5 for both the DAT and 5-HTT relative to the NET. This study provided useful SAR information for rational design of potent and selective monoamine transporter inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K. Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3677-92. [PMID: 19557250 DOI: 10.1039/b903035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamine transporters are integral membrane proteins that perform active transport of extracellular dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine into cells. These transporters are targets for therapeutic agents such as antidepressants, as well as addictive substances such as cocaine and amphetamine. Seminal advances in the understanding of the structure and function of this transporter family have recently been accomplished by structural studies of a bacterial transporter, as well as medicinal chemistry and pharmacological studies of mammalian transporters. This feature article focuses on antidepressant drugs that act on the serotonin and/or the norepinephrine transporters. Specifically, we focus on structure-activity relationships of these drugs with emphasis on relationships between their molecular properties and the current knowledge of transporter structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jin C, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Development of 3-phenyltropane analogues with high affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters and low affinity for the norepinephrine transporter. J Med Chem 2009; 51:8048-56. [PMID: 19053748 DOI: 10.1021/jm801162z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the mixed monoamine transporter inhibitor (6, RTI-112) reduced cocaine self-administration at a high level of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) occupancy with no detectable dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy. In this study, a series of 3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid methyl esters (7a-g), 3beta-(4-methoxyphenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid esters (8a-j), and 3beta-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2beta-[3-(4'-methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]tropane (9) were synthesized and evaluated for their monoamine transporter binding affinities to identify potent and selective compounds for both the DAT and 5-HTT relative to the norepinephrine transporter (NET). A number of compounds showed high binding affinities for both the DAT and 5-HTT and low affinity for the NET. 3Beta-(4-methoxyphenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid 2-(3-iodo-4-aminophenyl)ethyl ester (8i) with an IC(50) value of 2.5 nM for the DAT and K(i) values of 3.5 and 2040 nM for the 5-HTT and NET, respectively, is the most potent and selective compound for the DAT and 5-HTT relative to the NET in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors that Provide Clues About Cocaine's Mechanism at the Dopamine Transporter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2008_027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
25
|
Jin C, Navarro HA, Page K, Carroll FI. Synthesis and monoamine transporter binding properties of 2beta-[3'-(substituted benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl]- and 2beta-[3'-methyl-4'-(substituted phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropanes. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6682-8. [PMID: 18556210 PMCID: PMC2597627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2beta-[3'-(substituted benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl]- and 2beta-[3'-methyl-4'-(substituted phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropanes were prepared and evaluated for affinities at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters using competitive radioligand binding assays. The 2beta-[3'-(substituted benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropanes (3a-h) showed high binding affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The IC(50) values ranged from 5.9 to 22nM. On the other hand, the 2beta-[3'-methyl-4'-(substituted phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropanes (4a-h), with IC(50) values ranging from 65 to 173nM, were approximately 3- to 25-fold less potent than the corresponding 2beta-[3'-(substituted benzyl)isoxazol]tropanes. All tested compounds were selective for the DAT relative to the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT). 3Beta-(4-Methylphenyl)-2beta-[3'-(4-fluorobenzyl)isoxazol-5-yl]tropane (3b) with IC(50) of 5.9nM at the DAT and K(i)s of 454 and 113nM at the NET and 5-HTT, respectively, was the most potent and DAT-selective analog. Molecular modeling studies suggested that the rigid conformation of the isoxazole side chain in 4a-h might play an important role on their low DAT binding affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Kevin Page
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Jin C, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Synthesis and receptor binding properties of 2beta-alkynyl and 2beta-(1,2,3-triazol)substituted 3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropane derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5529-35. [PMID: 18434164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2beta-alkynyl and 2beta-(1,2,3-triazol)substituted 3beta-(substituted phenyl)tropanes were synthesized and evaluated for affinities at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine membrane transporters using competitive radioligand binding assays. All tested compounds were found to exhibit nanomolar or subnanomolar affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). One of the most potent and selective compounds in the series was 3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-2beta-(4-nitrophenylethynyl)tropane (10c) that possessed an IC(50) value of 0.9nM at the DAT and K(i) values of 230nM and 620nM at the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Metcalf MD, Aceto MD, Harris LS, Woods JH, Traynor JR, Coop A, May EL. The influence of esters and carboxylic acids as the N-substituent of opioids. Part 1: Benzomorphans. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:869-73. [PMID: 17962026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of carboxylic ester and acid moieties as the N-substituent of opioids, a short series of racemic N-substituted normetazocines was prepared. The introduction of both groups as the normetazocine N-substituent produced compounds which displayed low potency in vitro and in vivo, with the esters displaying the greater activity. The pharmacology of the compounds is discussed with implications resulting from potential in vivo metabolic hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Metcalf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Room 637, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rothman RB, Baumann M, Prisinzano TE, Newman AH. Dopamine transport inhibitors based on GBR12909 and benztropine as potential medications to treat cocaine addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:2-16. [PMID: 17897630 PMCID: PMC2225585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of medications to treat addiction and notably, cocaine addiction, have been frustrated by both the complexity of the disorder and the lack of target validation in human subjects. The dopamine transporter has historically been a primary target for cocaine abuse medication development, but addictive liability and other confounds of such inhibitors of dopamine uptake have limited clinical evaluation and validation. Herein we describe efforts to develop analogues of the dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 and benztropine that show promising profiles in animal models of cocaine abuse that contrast to that of cocaine. Their unique pharmacological profiles have provided important insights into the reinforcing actions of cocaine and we propose that clinical investigation of novel dopamine uptake inhibitors will facilitate the discovery of cocaine-abuse medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Rothman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Baumann
- Clinical Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Sections, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- *Corresponding Author Amy Hauck Newman, Ph.D. Medicinal Chemistry Section, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr. Baltimore, MD 21224, 410-550-6568 X114,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Petersen MD, Boye SV, Nielsen EH, Willumsen J, Sinning S, Wiborg O, Bols M. Synthesis, inhibition and binding of simple non-nitrogen inhibitors of monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4159-74. [PMID: 17446076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of simple truncated analogues of phenyl tropanes, 2-arylcycloalk-1-enyl carboxylic acid methylesters, were prepared and investigated for their activity towards the dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. The compounds were prepared from cyclic ketoesters, which were converted to enolic triflates and reacted with arylboronates using the Suzuki coupling. For comparison the corresponding piperidines were also made and investigated. The new compounds inhibit monoamine-transporters with Ki values ranging from 0.1 to 1000 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Due Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zeng F, Stehouwer JS, Jarkas N, Voll RJ, Williams L, Camp VM, Votaw JR, Owens MJ, Kilts CD, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2β,3α-(substituted phenyl)nortropanes as potential norepinephrine transporter imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3044-7. [PMID: 17446069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2beta,3alpha-(substituted phenyl)nortropanes was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for human monoamine transporters. All compounds studied in this series exhibited nanomolar potency for the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Radiolabeling and nonhuman primate microPET brain imaging studies were performed with the most promising compound, [(11)C]1, to determine its utility as a NET imaging agent. Despite high in vitro affinity for the human NET, the high uptake of [(11)C]1 in the caudate and putamen excludes its use as an in vivo PET imaging agent for the NET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Christensen HS, Boye SV, Thinggaard J, Sinning S, Wiborg O, Schiøtt B, Bols M. QSAR studies and pharmacophore identification for arylsubstituted cycloalkenecarboxylic acid methyl esters with affinity for the human dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5262-74. [PMID: 17517511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Data from a series of 29 monoamine transport inhibitors were used to generate 2D and 3D QSAR models for their binding affinity to the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). Among the inhibitors were many non-nitrogen containing compounds. The 2D QSAR analysis resulted in the equation -logK(i)=4.00-3.93E(LUMO)-0.67E(HOMO)-3.24sigma(p), which predicted the importance of electron withdrawing groups in the aromatic moiety. However, the model failed to predict the observed poor binding of nitro-substituted compounds. In contrast, a derived 3D QSAR model was capable of predicting these more correctly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Michaut M, Ye HF, Graczyk TM, Belanger S, Herbertz T, Yap GPA, DeHaven RN, Dolle RE. Elucidation of the bioactive conformation of the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of mu-opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7278-89. [PMID: 17149858 DOI: 10.1021/jm060486f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The series of trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines have been widely investigated as opioid receptor antagonists. One of our research goals was to explore the bioactive conformation of the N-phenethyl trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine derivative 3, prototypical mu-opioid antagonist in this series. In this effort, the rotational degrees of freedom of the N-substituent of 3 were limited by incorporation of an ethylene bridge between the piperidine 2- or 6-position of 3 and the benzylic position of the N-phenethyl moiety. The overall modification led to a novel series of fused bicyclic derivatives of the octahydroquinolizine chemical class, conformationally restricted analogue of 3. The constrained analogues 6 and 9 showed high affinity toward the mu-opioid receptor. Compound 6 was found to be a mu-opioid antagonist, whereas the constrained analogue 9 displayed potent mu-agonist activity in vitro. This study provides additional information about the molecular determinants for mu recognition, the structural features affecting ligand binding, and the structure function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gilbert KM, Boos TL, Dersch CM, Greiner E, Jacobson AE, Lewis D, Matecka D, Prisinzano TE, Zhang Y, Rothman RB, Rice KC, Venanzi CA. DAT/SERT selectivity of flexible GBR 12909 analogs modeled using 3D-QSAR methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1146-59. [PMID: 17127069 PMCID: PMC2259226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1-{2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, 1) and its analogs have been developed as tools to test the hypothesis that selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors will be useful therapeutics for cocaine addiction. This 3D-QSAR study focuses on the effect of substitutions in the phenylpropyl region of 1. CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques were used to determine a predictive and stable model for the DAT/serotonin transporter (SERT) selectivity (represented by pK(i) (DAT/SERT)) of a set of flexible analogs of 1, most of which have eight rotatable bonds. In the absence of a rigid analog to use as a 3D-QSAR template, six conformational families of analogs were constructed from six pairs of piperazine and piperidine template conformers identified by hierarchical clustering as representative molecular conformations. Three models stable to y-value scrambling were identified after a comprehensive CoMFA and CoMSIA survey with Region Focusing. Test set correlation validation led to an acceptable model, with q(2)=0.508, standard error of prediction=0.601, two components, r(2)=0.685, standard error of estimate=0.481, F value=39, percent steric contribution=65, and percent electrostatic contribution=35. A CoMFA contour map identified areas of the molecule that affect pK(i) (DAT/SERT). This work outlines a protocol for deriving a stable and predictive model of the biological activity of a set of very flexible molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Terrence L. Boos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina M. Dersch
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elisabeth Greiner
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Lewis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorota Matecka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carol A. Venanzi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Oueslati F, Perrio C, Dupas G, Barré L. Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition of Organocuprates to 3,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinones. A Concise Synthesis oftrans-3,4-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidines. Org Lett 2007; 9:153-6. [PMID: 17192108 DOI: 10.1021/ol062708+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Conjugate addition of aryl or alkyl cuprates to 3,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinones led to diastereoisomerically pure 3,4,4-trisubstituted 2-piperidinones in 39-78% yields. The yields and the diastereochemistry of piperidinones depended on both the N-protecting group and the organocuprate. Reduction then deprotection of the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-phenyl product provided the corresponding piperidine, analogue of a key precursor of opioid receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Oueslati
- Groupe de Développements Méthodologiques en Tomographie par Emission de Positons, UMR CEA 2E, Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Centre Cyceron, 15 Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, F-14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zou MF, Cao J, Kopajtic T, Desai RI, Katz JL, Newman AH. Structure-activity relationship studies on a novel series of (S)-2beta-substituted 3alpha-[bis(4-fluoro- or 4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]tropane analogues for in vivo investigation. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6391-9. [PMID: 17034144 DOI: 10.1021/jm060762q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In general, 3alpha-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane (benztropine)-based dopamine uptake inhibitors do not demonstrate cocaine-like pharmacological activity in models of psychostimulant abuse and have been proposed as potential medications for the treatment of cocaine addiction. However, several (S)-2-carboalkoxy-substituted-3alpha-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane analogues were discovered to stimulate locomotor activity and substitute in subjects trained to discriminate cocaine, suggesting a role of the 2-position substituent in mediating these cocaine-like actions. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of novel N- and 2-substituted-3alpha-[bis(4-fluoro- or 4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]tropane analogues. Most of these analogues demonstrated high affinity binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT; K(i) = 1.8-40 nM), and selectivity over the other monoamine transporters and muscarinic M(1) receptors. When the (S)-2-carboalkoxy substituent was replaced with (S)-2-ethenyl, the resulting analogue 11 demonstrated the highest DAT binding affinity in the series (K(i) = 1.81 nM) with DAT selectivity over serotonin transporters (SERT; 989-fold), norepinephrine transporters (NET; 261-fold) and muscarinic receptors (90-fold). When the 4'-F groups of compounds 5 (K(i) = 2.94 nM) and 8 (K(i) = 6.87 nM) were replaced with 4'-Cl in the (S)-2-carboalkoxy series, DAT binding affinities were slightly reduced (K(i) = 12.6 and 14.6 nM for 6 and 7, respectively), yet inhibition of dopamine uptake potency remained comparably high (IC(50) range = 1.5-2.5 nM). Interestingly, the 4'-Cl analogue (+/-)-6 substituted less in rats trained to discriminate cocaine than the 4'-F analogue (+/-)-5. These studies demonstrate that manipulation of the 2-, N-, and 3-position substituents in the 3alpha-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane class of dopamine uptake inhibitors can result in ligands with high affinity and selectivity for the DAT, and distinctive in vivo pharmacological profiles that cannot be predicted by their effects in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Fa Zou
- Medicinal Chemistry and Psychobiology Sections, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yuan H, Petukhov PA. Improved 3D-QSAR CoMFA of the dopamine transporter blockers with multiple conformations using the genetic algorithm. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6267-72. [PMID: 17027270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-QSAR/CoMFA was performed for a series of 42 piperidine-based dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers. The overall process consisted of three major steps: (1) a pharmacophore model was built using the Genetic Algorithm Similarity Program (GASP); (2) the Flexible Superposition (FlexS) technique was applied to generate multiple conformations for each of the ligands based on the pharmacophore; (3) the Genetic Algorithm was employed to optimize the selection of the ligand conformations for the CoMFA modeling. The CoMFA models were found to be more detailed in the putative binding site by exploring multiple conformations of each ligand. The comparison of the contour maps shows that, in general, these models are comparable and the differences between them result from the ability of the flexible 3alpha-substituents of the ligands to adopt multiple conformations satisfying the same pharmacophore model. These findings provide guidance for the design and improvement of compounds with DAT activity, which is important for the development of a treatment of cocaine addiction and certain neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zheng G, Horton DB, Deaciuc AG, Dwoskin LP, Crooks PA. Des-keto lobeline analogs with increased potency and selectivity at dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5018-21. [PMID: 16905316 PMCID: PMC3934794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of des-keto lobeline analogs has been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) function and for their affinity for the synaptic vesicle monoamine transporter (VMAT2), as well as for alpha4beta2( *) and alpha7( *) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The enantiomers 8R-hydroxylobel-9-ene (3a) and 10S-hydroxylobel-7-ene (3c) exhibited high potency and selectivity at SERT and DAT, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - David B. Horton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | | | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ding J, Shi J, Cui D, Xu L, Duan S, Guo L, Fei J. Development of peptidic dopamine transporter inhibitors via aromatic modification-mediated conformational restriction. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4048-51. [PMID: 16821765 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter plays an important role in the molecular mechanism of cocaine dependence. It is suggested that inhibitors of the dopamine transporter would have strong therapeutic potential. Here we report that aromatic modification can constrain a linear peptide into the beta-turn conformation, which is preferred by the dopamine transporter. On the basis of this finding, a novel selective and competitive peptidic inhibitor of the dopamine transporter was developed. The peptide binds to the dopamine- and cocaine-binding site of the dopamine transporter and has behavioral effects different from those of cocaine in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Ding
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang S, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Xu L, Trudell ML. Synthesis of dopamine transporter selective 3-diarylmethoxymethyl-8-arylalkyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7943-52. [PMID: 16905323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of diarylmethoxymethyltropane-GBR hybrid analogues with all three possible stereochemical orientations at C3 were synthesized and evaluated at dopamine and serotonin transporters. The 3alpha derivatives were found to be the most potent compounds with the 3alpha-di(4-fluorophenyl)methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 15b (Ki = 5 nM) being the most potent compound of the series. The corresponding 3-di(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene 12b (Ki = 12 nM) was slightly less potent than the 3alpha-analogue, while the 3beta-di(4-fluorophenyl)methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 23b (Ki = 78 nM) exhibited only modest affinity for the dopamine transporter. Only the 3alpha-analogue 15b (SERT/DAT = 48) exhibited higher SERT/DAT selectivity than GBR 12909. These results indicate that the dopamine transporter can tolerate some variability in proximity of the benzhydryl ether to the basic nitrogen atom of the tropane without loss in potency. In addition, the structure-activity data for these tropane-GBR 12909 hybrid analogues support previous findings that the stereochemical and conformational effects imparted by unsaturation at C3 are important for dopamine transporter selectivity over the serotonin transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thomas JB, Zhang L, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Highly Potent and Selective Phenylmorphan-Based Inverse Agonists of the Opioid δ Receptor. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5597-609. [PMID: 16942033 DOI: 10.1021/jm060459p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the discovery of (+)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl-(1-phenyl-1-cyclopentane)carboxamide [(+)-KF4, (+)-5] as a novel chemotype possessing potent antagonist activity at the delta opioid receptor. Additional SAR studies involving changes to both the 2-amino and 7-amido N-substituents using this same (+)-morphan scaffold have revealed compounds with improved potency and selectivity for the delta opioid receptor. The highly potent and selective 2,2-dimethylphenylacetamide analogue (+)-N-[(1S,4R,5R,7S)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl]-2-methyl-2-phenylpropanamide (13d, delmorphan-A) showed picomolar inhibitory potency (Ke = 0.1 nM) in the [35S]GTPgammaS functional assay with delta opioid receptor selectivity ratios of 103- and 132-fold versus the mu and kappa opioid receptors, respectively. The compounds showed no agonist activity at any of the three opioid receptors; however, measurements of delta inverse agonist activity within this series illustrated a broad range of negative efficacy and IC50 values 650-fold more potent than the prototypical delta opioid receptor inverse agonist ICI 174,864 (22).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Thomas
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cini N, Danieli E, Menchi G, Trabocchi A, Bottoncetti A, Raspanti S, Pupi A, Guarna A. 3-Aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes as new enantiopure heteroatom-rich tropane-like ligands of human dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5110-20. [PMID: 16678430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS diseases such as Parkinson, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by a significant alteration of dopamine transporter (DAT) density. Thus, the development of compounds that are able to selectively interact with DAT is of great interest. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a new set of 3-aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes having a tropane-like structure with additional heteroatoms at positions 3 and 6. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro receptor binding properties toward human dopamine (hDAT) and serotonin (hSERT) transporters using [3H]WIN35,428 and [3H]citalopram as specific radioligands, respectively. Biological assays revealed that some compounds having the N-3 atom substituted with aryl groups possess significant affinity and selectivity for monoamine transporters, and in particular, compound 5d displayed an IC50 of 21 nM toward DAT, and a good selectivity toward SERT (IC50=1042 nM). These results suggest that 3-aryl-3-aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes may represent a new class of DAT ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cini
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Clinica, Unità di Medicina Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50134 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carroll FI, Blough BE, Huang X, Nie Z, Mascarella SW, Deschamps J, Navarro HA. Synthesis and Monoamine Transporter Binding Properties of 2,3-Cyclo Analogues of 3β-(4‘-Aminophenyl)-2β-tropanemethanol. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4589-94. [PMID: 16854064 DOI: 10.1021/jm060287w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclo-3beta-(4-aminophenyl)-2beta-tropanemethanol analogues (5a-m) possessing varying linker groups between the 2- and 3-position on the tropane ring were synthesized and evaluated for their monoamine transporter binding properties. The results show that binding to the dopamine and serotonin transporters (DAT and 5-HTT) is highly dependent on the specific linker used. Cyclo-3beta-(4-aminophenyl)-2beta-tropanemethanol pimelic acid ester/amide (5b) had an IC50 of 3.8 nM at the DAT. Cyclo-3beta-(4-aminophenyl)-2beta-tropanemethanol sebacic acid ester/amide (5e) had a Ki of 1.9 nM at the 5-HTT and was 68- and 737-fold selective for the 5-HTT relative to the DAT and NET. Small changes to the size as well as the electrostatic and hydrophobic properties of the 2,3-linker in 5b or 5e led to much less potent analogues at all three transporters. These results suggest that the high affinity for 5b and 5e at the DAT and 5-HTT may be due to their specific conformational properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zeng F, Jarkas N, Owens MJ, Kilts CD, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM. Synthesis and monoamine transporter affinity of front bridged tricyclic 3beta-(4'-halo or 4'-methyl)phenyltropanes bearing methylene or carbomethoxymethylene on the bridge to the 2beta-position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4661-3. [PMID: 16784855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of front bridged tricyclic 3beta-(4'-halo or 4'-methyl)phenyltropanes bearing methylene or carbomethoxymethylene on the bridge to the 2beta-position was synthesized, and their binding affinities were determined in cells transfected to express human norepinephrine transporter (NET), serotonin transporter (SERT), and dopamine transporter (DAT) via competition binding assays. All compounds studied in this series exhibit a moderate to high potency at all three transporters with SERT or DAT selectivity. 3beta-(4'-iodo)phenyltropane bearing methylene on the bridge to the 2beta-position (24) presents a particularly attractive pharmacological profile, with very high SERT affinity (K(i) = 0.09 nM) and selectivity versus NET (65-fold) and DAT (94-fold).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fiorentino A, Pandit D, Gilbert KM, Misra M, Dios R, Venanzi CA. Singular value decomposition of torsional angles of analogs of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909. J Comput Chem 2006; 27:609-20. [PMID: 16470669 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of large, flexible molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1), is complicated by the fact that they can take on a wide range of closely related conformations. The first step in the analysis is to classify the conformers into groups. Here, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was used to group conformations of GBR 12909 analogs by the similarity of their nonring torsional angles. The significance of the present work, the first application of SVD to the analysis of very flexible molecules, lies in the development of a novel scaling technique for circular data and in the grouping of molecular conformations using a technique that is independent of molecular alignment. Over 700 conformers each of a piperazine (2) and piperidine (3) analog of 1 were studied. Analysis of the score and loading plots showed that the conformers of 2 separate into three large groups due to torsional angles on the naphthalene side of the molecule, whereas those of 3 separate into nine groups due to torsional angles on the bisphenyl side of the molecule. These differences are due to nitrogen inversion at the unprotonated piperazinyl nitrogen of 2, which results in a different ensemble of conformers than those of 3, where no inversion is possible at the corresponding piperidinyl carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fiorentino
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1420-32. [PMID: 16480278 PMCID: PMC2602954 DOI: 10.1021/jm050797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are essential for neurotransmission in the mammalian system. These three neurotransmitters have been the focus of considerable research because the modulation of their production and their interaction at monoamine receptors has profound effects upon a multitude of pharmacological outcomes. Our interest has focused on neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms in a search for medications for cocaine abuse. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of an array of 2-aminopentanophenones. This array has yielded selective inhibitors of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters with little effect upon serotonin trafficking. A subset of compounds had no significant affinity at 5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1C, D1, D2, or D3 receptors. The lead compound, racemic 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one 4a, was resolved into its enantiomers and the S isomer was found to be the most biologically active enantiomer. Among the most potent of these DAT/NET selective compounds are the 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- (4u) and the 1-naphthyl- (4t) 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Meltzer
- Organix Inc., 240 Salem Street, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Carroll FI, Howard JL, Howell LL, Fox BS, Kuhar MJ. Development of the dopamine transporter selective RTI-336 as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E196-203. [PMID: 16584128 PMCID: PMC2751440 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and preclinical development of selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors as potential pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine addiction are presented. The studies are based on the hypothesis that a dopamine reuptake inhibitor is expected to partially substitute for cocaine, thus decreasing cocaine self-administration and minimizing the craving for cocaine. This type of indirect agonist therapy has been highly effective for treating smoking addiction (nicotine replacement therapy) and heroin addiction (methadone). To be an effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction, the potential drug must be safe, long-acting, and have minimal abuse potential. We have developed several 3-phenyltropane analogs that are potent dopamine uptake inhibitors, and some are selective for the dopamine transporter relative to the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. In animal studies, these compounds substitute for cocaine, reduce the intake of cocaine in rats and rhesus monkeys trained to self-administer cocaine, and have demonstrated a slow onset and long duration of action and lack of sensitization. The 3-phenyltropane analogs were also tested in a rhesus monkey self-administration model to define their abuse potential relative to cocaine. Based on these studies, 3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-2beta-[3-(4'-methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]tropane (RTI-336) has been selected for preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Torun L, Liu S, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis of 3-(4-heteroaryl-phenyl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
49
|
Tamagnan G, Alagille D, Fu X, Kula NS, Baldessarini RJ, Innis RB, Baldwin RM. Synthesis and monoamine transporter affinity of new 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-[aryl or heteroaryl]phenyltropanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:217-20. [PMID: 16236497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 16 new 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-[aryl or heteroaryl]phenyltropane derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for binding to monoamine transporters. Most of the compounds exhibited nanomolar affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT). Four compounds presented a particularly attractive pharmacological profile, with very high SERT affinity (K(i) 0.15-0.5 nM) and selectivity versus the dopamine transporter of 25- to 77-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Tamagnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University and VA CT HCS/116A2, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part IX, 2002–2004. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(06)92004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|