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C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 51:116509. [PMID: 34798381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of enkephalin-like tetrapeptide analogs modified at the C-terminus by an N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propionamide (DPP) moiety were designed, synthesized, and tested for their binding affinities at opioid receptors and monoamine transporters to evaluate their potential multifunctional activity for the treatment of chronic pain. Most ligands exhibited high binding affinities in the nanomolar range at the opioid receptors with a slight delta-opioid receptor (DOR) selectivity over mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) and low binding affinities in the micromolar range at the monoamine transporters, SERT and NET. Ligands of which the positions 1 and 4 were substituted by Dmt and Phe(4-X) residues, respectively, showed the excellent binding affinities at three opioid receptors. Among them, Dmt-d-Tic-Gly-Phe(4-F)-DPP was the most promising considering its excellent opioid affinities, particularly unexpected high binding affinity (Ki = 0.13 nM) at the KOR, and moderate interactions with serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Docking studies revealed that the ligand was a good fit for the KOR binding pocket (binding score = 8,750).
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2
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Lee YS. Gram-Scale Preparation of C-Terminal-Modified Enkephalin Analogues by Typical Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 98:e97. [PMID: 31763797 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the gram-scale liquid-phase peptide synthesis of C-terminal-modified enkephalin analogues that possess high analgesic efficacy in animals, high potency for mu and delta opioid receptors, and high metabolic stability and potential blood-brain barrier permeability. Despite the long cycle time and tedious purification steps, liquid-phase synthesis is still a preferred method for large-scale peptide synthesis due to its cost effectiveness (i.e., amount of amino acids and reagents required), easy detection, and isolation of impurities compared with solid-phase synthesis. A robust liquid-phase synthesis protocol is described, involving BOP-assisted coupling and Boc deprotection, which has been well established in the laboratory and is a useful synthetic protocol for cost-effective production of peptide drugs. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Dyniewicz J, Lipiński PFJ, Kosson P, Bochyńska-Czyż M, Matalińska J, Misicka A. Antinociceptive and Cytotoxic Activity of Opioid Peptides with Hydrazone and Hydrazide Moieties at the C-Terminus. Molecules 2020; 25:E3429. [PMID: 32731576 PMCID: PMC7435865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we analyze the influence that C-terminal extension of short opioid peptide sequences by organic fragments has on receptor affinity, in vivo analgesic activity, and antimelanoma properties. The considered fragments were based on either N-acylhydrazone (NAH) or N'-acylhydrazide motifs combined with the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eleven novel compounds were synthesized and subject to biological evaluation. The analyzed compounds exhibit a diversified range of affinities for the µ opioid receptor (MOR), rather low δ opioid receptor (DOR) affinities, and no appreciable neurokinin-1 receptor binding. In three out of four pairs, N-acylhydrazone-based derivatives bind MOR better than their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts. The best of the novel derivatives have similar low nanomolar MOR binding affinity as the reference opioids, such as morphine and biphalin. The obtained order of MOR affinities was compared to the results of molecular docking. In vivo, four tested compounds turned out to be relatively strong analgesics. Finally, the NAH-based analogues reduce the number of melanoma cells in cell culture, while their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts do not. The antimelanoma properties are roughly correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr F. J. Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Bochyńska-Czyż
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Matalińska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Hruby VJ. Multivalent peptide and peptidomimetic ligands for the treatment of pain without toxicities and addiction. Peptides 2019; 116:63-67. [PMID: 31014958 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current opioid crisis has created a tragic problem in medicine and society. Pain is the most ubiquitous and costly disease in society and yet all of our "treatments" have toxicities, especially for prolonged use. However, there are several alternatives that have been discovered in the past fifteen years that have been demonstrated in animals to have none of the toxicities of current drugs. Many of the compounds are multivalent and have novel biological activity profiles. Unfortunately, none of these have been in clinical trials in humans, perhaps because they were discovered in academic laboratories. A review of these novel chemicals are given in this paper.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Humans
- Ligands
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/therapeutic use
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/pathology
- Pain Management
- Peptides/adverse effects
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Peptidomimetics/adverse effects
- Peptidomimetics/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Opioid/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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5
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Remesic M, Hruby VJ, Porreca F, Lee YS. Recent Advances in the Realm of Allosteric Modulators for Opioid Receptors for Future Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1147-1158. [PMID: 28368571 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, and more specifically μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine, have long been clinically used as therapeutics for severe pain states but often come with serious side effects such as addiction and tolerance. Many studies have focused on bringing about analgesia from the MOR with attenuated side effects, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, focus has been geared toward the design and elucidation of the orthosteric site with ligands of various biological profiles and mixed subtype opioid activities and selectivities, but targeting the allosteric site is an area of increasing interest. It has been shown that allosteric modulators play key roles in influencing receptor function such as its tolerance to a ligand and affect downstream pathways. There has been a high variance of chemical structures that provide allosteric modulation at a given receptor, but recent studies and reviews tend to focus on the altered cellular mechanisms instead of providing a more rigorous description of the allosteric ligand's structure-function relationship. In this review, we aim to explore recent developments in the structural motifs that potentiate orthosteric binding and their influences on cellular pathways in an effort to present novel approaches to opioid therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Remesic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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6
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Ramos-Colon CN, Lee YS, Remesic M, Hall SM, LaVigne J, Davis P, Sandweiss AJ, McIntosh MI, Hanson J, Largent-Milnes TM, Vanderah TW, Streicher J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Structure-Activity Relationships of [des-Arg 7]Dynorphin A Analogues at the κ Opioid Receptor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10291-10298. [PMID: 27797517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynorphin A (Dyn A) is an endogenous ligand for the opioid receptors with preference for the κ opioid receptor (KOR), and its structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been extensively studied at the KOR to develop selective potent agonists and antagonists. Numerous SAR studies have revealed that the Arg7 residue is essential for KOR activity. In contrast, our systematic SAR studies on [des-Arg7]Dyn A analogues found that Arg7 is not a key residue and even deletion of the residue does not affect biological activities at the KOR. In addition, it was also found that [des-Arg7]Dyn A(1-9)-NH2 is a minimum pharmacophore and its modification at the N-terminus leads to selective KOR antagonists. A lead ligand, 14, with high affinity and antagonist activity showed improved metabolic stability and could block antinociceptive effects of a KOR selective agonist, FE200665, in vivo, indicating high potential to treat KOR mediated disorders such as stress-induced relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyf N Ramos-Colon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Michael Remesic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sara M Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Alexander J Sandweiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mary I McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jessica Hanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tally M Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - John Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Hingorani DV, Montano LA, Randtke EA, Lee YS, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Pagel MD. A single diamagnetic catalyCEST MRI contrast agent that detects cathepsin B enzyme activity by using a ratio of two CEST signals. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:130-8. [PMID: 26633584 PMCID: PMC4882611 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CatalyCEST MRI can detect enzyme activity by monitoring the change in chemical exchange with water after a contrast agent is cleaved by an enzyme. Often these molecules use paramagnetic metals and are delivered with an additional non-responsive reference molecule. To improve this approach for molecular imaging, a single diamagnetic agent with enzyme-responsive and enzyme-unresponsive CEST signals was synthesized and characterized. The CEST signal from the aryl amide disappeared after cleavage of a dipeptidyl ligand with cathepsin B, while a salicylic acid moiety was largely unresponsive to enzyme activity. The ratiometric comparison of the two CEST signals from the same agent allowed for concentration independent measurements of enzyme activity. The chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was unchanged after enzyme catalysis, which further validated that this moiety was enzyme-unresponsive. The temperature dependence of the chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was non-Arrhenius, suggesting a two-step chemical exchange mechanism for salicylic acid. The good detection sensitivity at low saturation power facilitates clinical translation, along with the potentially low toxicity of a non-metallic MRI contrast agent. The modular design of the agent constitutes a platform technology that expands the variety of agents that may be employed by catalyCEST MRI for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, George Palade 310, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Luis A. Montano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A. Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
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8
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Deekonda S, Rankin D, Davis P, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of multifunctional ligands targeting opioid and bradykinin 2 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4148-52. [PMID: 26316468 PMCID: PMC4642888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here the design and synthesis of novel multifunctional ligands that act as (μ/δ) opioid agonists and bradykinin 2 receptor antagonists. These multifunctional ligands were designed to interact with the multiple receptors to show an enhanced analgesic effect, with no opioid-induced tolerance. We designed our multifunctional ligands based on the well-known second generation bradykinin 2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (DArg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Thi-Ser-DTic-Oic-Arg-OH) and the opioid enkephalin analogues Tyr-DAla-Phe, Tyr-DAla-Gly-Phe and Tyr-Pro-Phe. We explored the conjugation of opioid pharmacophore to the Hoe 140 (DArg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Thi-Ser-DTic-Oic-Arg-OH) in various positions with and without a linker. These bifunctional ligands showed very good binding affinity towards the both μ and δ opioid receptors. Among these bifunctional ligands 8, 11 and 12 showed excellent and balanced binding affinity at both μ and δ opioid receptors (0.5 nM, 2.0 nM; 0.3 nM, 2 nM; 2 nM and 3 nM), respectively. On the other hand these bifunctional ligands showed very weak and no binding affinity for rat brain bradykinin 2 receptors. Similarly, the Hoe 140 showed very low affinity (>10,000 nM and 9,000 nM) against [(3)H] BK binding in rat brain membranes and in HEK293 cells, respectively. In contrast, the Hoe 140 showed very good binding affinity in guinea pig ileum (0.43 nM) similar to that of previously reported. The bradykinin 2 receptors are known to be present in rat brain membrane, guinea pig ileum (GPI) and rabbit jugular vein. Previously the binding affinity of Hoe 140 for bradykinin 2 receptor was reported using guinea pig ileum. The above results suggest that the bradykinin 2 receptors present in rat brain membrane are a different sub type than the bradykinin 2 receptor present in guinea pig ileum (GPI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Deekonda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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9
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Mehr-un-Nisa, Munawar MA, Lee YS, Rankin D, Munir J, Lai J, Khan MA, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of bifunctional ligands of opioids/SSRIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1251-9. [PMID: 25703306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of opioid and serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) bifunctional ligands have been designed, synthesized, and tested for their activities and efficacies at μ-, δ- and κ opioid receptors and SSRIs receptors. Most of the compounds showed high affinities for μ- and δ-opioid receptors and lower affinities for SSRIs and κ opioid receptors. A docking study on the μ-opioid receptor binding pocket has been carried out for ligands 3-11. The ligands 7 and 11 have displayed the highest binding profiles for the μ-opioid receptor binding site with ΔGbind (-12.14kcal/mol) and Ki value (1.0nM), and ΔGbind (-12.41kcal/mol) and Ki value (0.4nM), respectively. Ligand 3 was shown to have the potential of dual acting serotonin/norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant activity in addition to opioid activities, and thus could be used for the design of multifunctional ligands in the area of a novel approach for the treatment of pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehr-un-Nisa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Munawar A Munawar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - David Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jawaria Munir
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; Institute of Molecular Sciences & Bioinformatics, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Misbahul A Khan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Mollica A, Costante R, Novellino E, Stefanucci A, Pieretti S, Zador F, Samavati R, Borsodi A, Benyhe S, Vetter I, Lewis RJ. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Two Opioid Agonist and Cav2.2 Blocker Multitarget Ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 86:156-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Roberto Costante
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza; Università di Roma; P.le A. Moro 5 00187 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Ferenc Zador
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Reza Samavati
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Anna Borsodi
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; Brisbane St Lucia Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; Brisbane St Lucia Qld 4072 Australia
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11
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Giri AK, Hruby VJ. Investigational peptide and peptidomimetic μ and δ opioid receptor agonists in the relief of pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:227-41. [PMID: 24329035 PMCID: PMC4282681 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.856879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current methods for treating prolonged and neuropathic pain are inadequate and lead to toxicities that greatly diminish quality of life. Therefore, new approaches to the treatment of pain states are needed to address these problems. AREAS COVERED The review primarily reviews approaches that have been taken in the peer-reviewed literature of multivalent ligands that interact with both μ and δ opioid receptors as agonists, and in some cases, also with pharmacophores for antagonist ligands that interact with other receptors as antagonists to block pain. EXPERT OPINION Although there are a number of drugs currently on the market for the treatment of pain; none of them are 100% successful. In the authors' opinion, it is clear that new directions and modalities are needed to better address the treatment of prolonged and neuropathic pain; one drug or class clearly is not the answer for all pain therapy. Undoubtedly, there are many different phenotypes of prolonged and neuropathic pain and this should be one avenue to further develop appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Kumar Giri
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 1306 East University Boulevard, PO Box 210041, Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
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12
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Rajalakshmi P, Srinivasan N, Krishnakumar RV, Razak IA, Rosli MM. Supramolecular architectures of N-acetyl-L-proline monohydrate and N-benzyl-L-proline. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1390-6. [PMID: 24192195 DOI: 10.1107/s010827011302581x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compounds, N-acetyl-L-proline monohydrate, C7H11NO3·H2O, (I), and N-benzyl-L-proline, C12H15NO2, (II), crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z' = 1 and Z' = 2, respectively. The conformation of C(γ) with respect to the carboxylic acid group in (I) is C(γ)-exo or UP pucker, with the pyrrolidine ring twisted, while in (II), it is C(γ)-endo or DOWN, with the pyrrolidine ring assuming an envelope conformation. The crystal packing interactions in (I) are composed of two substructures, one characterized by an R6(6)(24) motif through O-H...O hydrogen bonds and the other by an R4(4)(23) ring through C-H...O interactions. In (II), the crystal packing interactions consist of N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds. Proline (Pro) exists in its neutral form in (I) and is zwitterionic in (II). This difference in the ionization states of Pro is manifested through the absence of N-H...O and presence of O-H...O interactions in (I), and the presence of N-H...O and absence of O-H...O hydrogen bonds in (II). While C-H...O interactions are present in both (I) and (II), the geometry of the synthons formed by them and their mode of participation in intermolecular interactions is different. Though the title compounds differ significantly in terms of modifications in the Pro skeleton, the differences in their supramolecular structures may also be viewed as a result of the molecular recognition facilitated by the presence of a solvent water molecule in (I) and the zwitterionic state of the amino acid in (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajalakshmi
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, India
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13
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Lee YS, Qu H, Davis P, Ma SW, Vardanyan R, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Chiral Effect of a Phe Residue in Position 3 of the Dmt 1-L(or D)-Tic 2 Analogues on Opioid Functional Activities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:656-659. [PMID: 24648867 DOI: 10.1021/ml400115n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this letter, we describe a structure-activity relationships study, specifically related to the chirality of third amino acid residue in our H-Dmt-L(or D)-Tic analogues, of which C-terminus is attached to a piperidinyl moiety. Observed selectivities and functional activities of these analogues demonstrated that the chiralities of the second and third position residues are crucial for determining whether these ligands act as antagonists or agonists at the δ opioid receptor, but not at the μ opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - HongChang Qu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Peg Davis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Shou-Wu Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Ruben Vardanyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
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14
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Purington LC, Sobczyk-Kojiro K, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Development and in vitro characterization of a novel bifunctional μ-agonist/δ-antagonist opioid tetrapeptide. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1375-81. [PMID: 21958158 DOI: 10.1021/cb200263q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of tolerance to and dependence on opioid analgesics greatly reduces their long-term usefulness. Previous studies have demonstrated that co-administration of a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist can decrease MOR agonist-induced tolerance and dependence development after chronic exposure. Clinically, a single ligand displaying multiple efficacies (e.g., MOR agonism concurrently with DOR antagonism) would be of increased value over two drugs administered simultaneously. Guided by modeling of receptor-ligand complexes we have developed a series of potent non-selective opioid tetrapeptides that have differing efficacy at MOR and DOR. In particular, our lead peptide (KSK-103) binds with equal affinity to MOR and DOR but acts as a MOR agonist with similar efficacy but greater potency than morphine and a DOR antagonist in cellular assays measuring both G protein stimulation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Purington
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarzyna Sobczyk-Kojiro
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irina D. Pogozheva
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Abstract
Twin and triplet drugs are defined as compounds that contain respectively two and three pharmacophore components exerting pharmacological effects in a molecule. The twin drug bearing the same pharmacophores is a "symmetrical twin drug", whereas that possessing different pharmacophores is a "nonsymmetrical twin drug." In general, the symmetrical twin drug is expected to produce more potent and/or selective pharmacological effects, whereas the nonsymmetrical twin drug is anticipated to show both pharmacological activities stemming from the individual pharmacophores (dual action). On the other hand, nonsymmetrical triplet drugs, which have two of the same pharmacophores and one different moiety, are expected to elicit both increased pharmacological action and dual action. The two identical portions could bind the same receptor sites simultaneously while the third portion could bind a different receptor site or enzyme. This review will mainly focus on the twin and triplet drugs with an evaluation of their in vivo pharmacological effects, and will also include a description of their pharmacology and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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16
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Lee YS, Kulkarani V, Cowell SM, Ma SW, Davis P, Hanlon KE, Vanderah TW, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity. J Med Chem 2010; 54:382-6. [PMID: 21128594 DOI: 10.1021/jm100982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An SAR study on the Dmt-substituted enkephalin-like tetrapeptide with a N-phenyl-N-piperidin-4-ylpropionamide moiety at the C-terminal was performed and has resulted in highly potent ligands at μ and δ opioid receptors. In general, ligands with the substitution of D-Nle(2) and halogenation of the aromatic ring of Phe(4) showed highly increased opioid activities. Ligand 6 with good biological activities in vitro demonstrated potent in vivo antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects in the tail-flick assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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17
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Lee YS, Fernandes S, Kulkarani V, Mayorov A, Davis P, Ma SW, Brown K, Gillies RJ, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4080-4. [PMID: 20547453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been known that co-administration of morphine with either cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor or melanocortin (MC) receptor antagonists enhance morphine's analgesic efficacy by reducing serious side effects such as tolerance and addiction. Considering these synergistic effects, we have designed trivalent ligands in which all three different pharmacophores for opioid, CCK, and MC receptors are combined in such a way as to conserve their own topographical pharmacophore structures. These ligands, excluding the cyclic compound, were synthesized by solid phase synthesis using Rink-amide resin under microwave assistance in very high yields. These trivalent ligands bind to their respective receptors well demonstrating that the topographical pharmacophore structures for the three receptors were retained for receptor binding. Ligand 10 was a lead compound to show the best biological activities at all three receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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18
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Harikumar KG, Akgün E, Portoghese PS, Miller LJ. Modulation of cell surface expression of nonactivated cholecystokinin receptors using bivalent ligand-induced internalization. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2836-42. [PMID: 20235611 DOI: 10.1021/jm100135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CCK(2) receptor antagonists potentiate pain relief by MOP receptor agonists. In an attempt to enhance this effect, we prepared bivalent ligands incorporating CCK(2) receptor antagonist and MOP receptor agonist pharmacophores. (9) Ligands with 16- to 22-atom spacers could simultaneously bind both receptors but provided no advantage in activity over individual ligands. We now examine the effect of these ligands on receptor internalization as a mechanism of receptor regulation. We prepared CHO cell lines expressing nonfluorescent halves (YN and YC) of yellow fluorescent protein attached to each receptor. Spatial approximation of constructs was needed to yield fluorescence. Monovalent MOP agonist 1 signaled normally and internalized the MOP receptor. Monovalent CCK(2) antagonist 2 did not stimulate receptor internalization. In the dual receptor-bearing cells, bivalent ligands 3a-c capable of simultaneously binding both receptors resulted in cell surface fluorescence and internalization of the fluorescent complex in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Bivalent ligand 4 with spacer too short to occupy both receptors simultaneously yielded no signal. Receptor tethering with appropriate bivalent ligands can down-regulate signaling by moving a nonactivated receptor into the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
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19
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Yamamoto T, Nair P, Ma SW, Davis P, Yamamura HI, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. The biological activity and metabolic stability of peptidic bifunctional compounds that are opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists with a cystine moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7337-43. [PMID: 19762245 PMCID: PMC2775479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve metabolic stability, a ring structure with a cystine moiety was introduced into TY027 (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-[3',5'-(CF(3))(2)Bzl]), which is a lead compound of our developing bifunctional peptide possessing opioid agonist and NK1 antagonist activities. TY038 (Tyr-cyclo[D-Cys-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-D-Cys]-Trp-NH-[3',5'-(CF(3))(2)Bzl]) was found as a highly selective delta opioid agonist over mu receptor in conventional tissue-based assays, together with an effective NK1 antagonist activity and good metabolic stability with more than 24h half life in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Padma Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Henry I. Yamamura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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20
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Vardanyan R, Vijay G, Nichol GS, Liu L, Kumarasinghe I, Davis P, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and investigations of double-pharmacophore ligands for treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5044-53. [PMID: 19540763 PMCID: PMC2759397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acids 9a-f as possible bivalent ligands designed as a structural combination of opioid mu-agonist (Fentanyl) and NSAID (Indomethacin) activities and produced compounds which were tested as analgesics. The obtained series of compounds exhibits low affinity and activity both at opioid receptors and as cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. One explanation of the weak opioid activity could be stereochemical peculiarities of these bivalent compounds which differ significantly from the fentanyl skeleton. The absence of significant COX inhibitory properties could be explained by the required substitution of an acyl fragment in the indomethacin structure for 4-piperidyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vardanyan
- Departments of Chemistry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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21
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Schiller PW. Bi- or multifunctional opioid peptide drugs. Life Sci 2009; 86:598-603. [PMID: 19285088 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the design of bi- or multifunctional drugs are reviewed. A distinction is made between bifunctional drugs interacting in a monovalent fashion with two targets and ligands containing two distinct pharmacophores binding in a bivalent mode to the two binding sites in a receptor heterodimer. Arguments are presented to indicate that some of the so-called "bivalent" ligands reported in the literature are unlikely to simultaneously interact with two binding sites. Aspects related to the development of bi- or multifunctional drugs are illustrated with examples from the field of opioid analgesics. The drug-like properties of the tetrapeptide Dmt(1)[DALDA] with triple action as a micro opioid agonist, norepinephrine uptake inhibitor and releaser of endogenous opioid peptides to produce potent spinal analgesia are reviewed. Rationales for the development of opioid peptides with mixed agonist/antagonist profiles as analgesics with reduced side effects are presented. Progress in the development of mixed micro opioid agonist/delta opioid antagonists with low propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence is reviewed. Efforts to develop bifunctional peptides containing a micro opioid agonist and a cholecystokinin antagonist or an NK1 receptor antagonist as analgesics expected to produce less tolerance and dependence are also reviewed. A strategy to improve the drug-like properties of bifunctional opioid peptide analgesics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7.
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22
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Yamamoto T, Nair P, Jacobsen NE, Davis P, Ma SW, Navratilova E, Moye S, Lai J, Yamamura HI, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. The importance of micelle-bound states for the bioactivities of bifunctional peptide derivatives for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6334-47. [PMID: 18821747 DOI: 10.1021/jm800389v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To provide new insight into the determining factors of membrane-bound peptide conformation that might play an important role in peptide-receptor docking and further biological behaviors, the dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle-bound conformations of bifunctional peptide derivatives of delta-preferring opioid agonists and NK1 antagonists (1: Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-O-3,5-Bzl(CF 3) 2; 2: Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-3,5-Bzl(CF 3) 2; 3: Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-Bzl) were determined based on 2D NMR studies. Although the differences in the primary sequence were limited to the C-terminus, the obtained NMR conformations were unexpectedly different for each compound. Moreover, their biological activities showed different trends in direct relation to the compound-specific conformations in DPC micelles. The important result is that not only were the NK1 antagonist activities different (the pharmacophore located at the C-terminus)but the opioid agonist activities (this pharmacophore was at the structurally preserved N-terminus) also were shifted, suggesting that a general conformational change in the bioactive state was induced due to relatively small and limited structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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23
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Lee YS, Agnes RS, Cain JP, Kulkarni V, Cai M, Salibay C, Ciano K, Petrov R, Mayorov A, Vagner J, Trivedi D, Davis P, Ma SW, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Opioid and melanocortin receptors: do they have overlapping pharmacophores? Biopolymers 2008; 90:433-8. [PMID: 17657709 PMCID: PMC2693099 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have identified compound 1 as a novel ligand for opioid and melanocortin (MC) receptors, which is derived from the overlapping of a well known structure for the delta opioid receptor, 2,6-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic), and a small molecule for the MC receptor, Tic-DPhe(p-Cl)-piperidin-4-yl-N-phenyl-propionamide. Ligand 1 showed that there is an overlapping pharmacophore between opioid and MC receptors through the Tic residue. The ligand displayed high biological activities at the delta opioid receptor (Ki = 0.38 nM in binding assay, EC(50) = 0.48 nM in GTP-gamma-S binding assay, IC(50) = 74 nM in MVD) as an agonist instead of an antagonist and showed selective binding affinity (IC(50) = 2.3 muM) at the MC-3 receptor rather than at the MC-5 receptor. A study of the structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the residues in positions 2, 3, and the C-terminus act as a pharmacophore for the MC receptors, and the residues in positions 1 and 2 act as a pharmacophore for the opioid receptors. Thus, this structural construct can be used to prepare chimeric structures with adjacent or overlapping pharmacophores for opioid and MC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Richard S. Agnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Vinod Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Kathy Ciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Ravil Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Josef Vagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dev Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Ruben Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Yamamoto T, Nair P, Vagner J, Largent-Milnes T, Davis P, Ma SW, Navratilova E, Moye S, Tumati S, Lai J, Yamamura HI, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. A structure-activity relationship study and combinatorial synthetic approach of C-terminal modified bifunctional peptides that are delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1369-76. [PMID: 18266313 DOI: 10.1021/jm070332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of bifunctional peptides with opioid agonist and substance P antagonist bioactivities were designed with the concept of overlapping pharmacophores. In this concept, the bifunctional peptides were expected to interact with each receptor separately in the spinal dorsal horn where both the opioid receptors and the NK1 receptors were found to be expressed, to show an enhanced analgesic effect, no opioid-induced tolerance, and to provide better compliance than coadministration of two drugs. Compounds were synthesized using a two-step combinatorial method for C-terminal modification. In the method, the protected C-terminal-free carboxyl peptide, Boc-Tyr( tBu)- d-Ala-Gly Phe-Pro-Leu-Trp(Boc)-OH, was synthesized as a shared intermediate using Fmoc solid phase chemistry on a 2-chlorotrityl resin. This intermediate was esterified or amidated in solution phase. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) showed that the C-terminus acted as not only a critical pharmacophore for the substance P antagonist activities, but as an address region for the opioid agonist pharmacophore that is structurally distant from the C-terminal. Among the peptides, H-Tyr- d -Ala-Gly-Phe-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-Bzl ( 3) demonstrated high binding affinities at both delta and mu receptors ( K i = 10 and 0.65 nM, respectively) with efficient agonist functional activity in the mouse isolated vas deferens (MVD) and guinea pig isolated ileum (GPI) assays (IC 50 = 50 and 13 nM, respectively). Compound 3 also showed a good antagonist activity in the GPI assay with substance P stimulation ( K e = 26 nM) and good affinity for the hNK1 receptor ( K i = 14 nM). Consequently, compound 3 is expected to be a promising and novel type of analgesic with bifunctional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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25
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthetic application of benzotriazole derivatives in the last 20 years has resulted in over 1000 scientific papers on the subject. This fact is reflected in Section 5.01.7, which involves almost a half of the volume of this chapter. The section is arranged according to hybridization of the C-α atom and atomic numbers of the atoms in positions β and γ to allow an easy access to the material of interest. Recent discovery of copper catalysis in [3+2] cycloadditions of azides to acetylenes, the so-called ‘click chemistry’, which boosted application of the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially in medicinal chemistry, is presented in Section 5.01.9. From the point of view of practical applications, Section 5.01.11 is organized according to the number, position, and combination of the substituents at the aromatic rings. Another novel feature that has no precedence in the previous editions of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry is an addition of triazole and benzotriazole complexes with various transitions metals to Section 5.01.4.
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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27
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Lee YS, Petrov R, Park CK, Ma SW, Davis P, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5528-32. [PMID: 17927164 DOI: 10.1021/jm061465o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin analogues with a 4-anilidopiperidine scaffold have been designed and synthesized to achieve therapeutic benefit for the treatment of pain due to mixed mu and delta opioid agonist activities. Ligand 16, in which a Dmt-substituted enkephalin-like structure was linked to the N-phenyl-N-piperidin-4-yl propionamide moiety, showed very high binding affinities (0.4 nM) at mu and delta receptors with an increased hydrophobicity (aLogP = 2.96). This novel lead compound was found to have very potent agonist activities in MVD (1.8 nM) and GPI (8.5 nM) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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28
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Yamamoto T, Nair P, Davis P, Ma SW, Navratilova E, Moye S, Tumati S, Lai J, Vanderah TW, Yamamura HI, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2779-86. [PMID: 17516639 PMCID: PMC2365895 DOI: 10.1021/jm061369n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of bifunctional peptides that act as agonists for delta and mu opioid receptors with delta selectivity and as antagonist for neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors were designed and synthesized for potential application as analgesics in various pain states. The peptides were characterized using radioligand binding assays and functional assays using cell membrane and animal tissue. Optimization was performed on the fifth residue which serves as an address moiety for both receptor recognitions. It had critical effects on both activities at delta/mu opioid receptors and NK1 receptors. Among the synthesized peptides, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-O-3,5-Bzl(CF3) 2 (5) and H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Nle-Pro-Leu-Trp-O-3,5-Bzl(CF3)2 (7) had excellent agonist activity for both delta opioid and mu opioid receptors and excellent antagonist activity for NK1 receptors. These results indicate that the rational design of multifunctional ligands with opioid agonist and neurokinin-1 antagonist activities can be accomplished and may provide a new tool for treatment of chronic and several pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor J. Hruby
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (520)−621−6332, Fax: (520)−621−8407, E-mail:
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Lee YS, Agnes RS, Davis P, Ma SW, Badghisi H, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Partial retro-inverso, retro, and inverso modifications of hydrazide linked bifunctional peptides for opioid and cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:165-8. [PMID: 17201419 PMCID: PMC2365893 DOI: 10.1021/jm061268p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Partially modified retro-inverso, retro, and inverso isomers of hydrazide linked bifunctional peptides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for bioactivities at delta/mu opioid receptors and CCK-1/CCK-2 receptors. All modifications of the CCK pharmacophore moiety affected bioactivities for the CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors (up to 180-fold increase in the binding affinity with higher selectivity) and for the delta and mu opioid receptors. The results indicate that the opioid and CCK pharmacophores in one molecule interact with each other to induce topographical changes for both pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Lee YS, Nyberg J, Moye S, Agnes RS, Davis P, Ma SW, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Understanding the structural requirements of 4-anilidopiperidine analogues for biological activities at mu and delta opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2161-5. [PMID: 17329100 PMCID: PMC2274923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New 4-anilidopiperidine analogues in which the phenethyl group of fentanyl was replaced by several aromatic ring-contained amino acids (or acids) were synthesized to study the biological effect of the substituents on mu and delta opioid receptor interactions. These analogues showed broad (47 nM-76 microM) but selective (up to 17-fold) binding affinities at the mu opioid receptor over the delta opioid receptor, as predicted from the message-address concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joel Nyberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sharif Moye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard S. Agnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ruben Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 621 6332; fax: +1 520 621 8407; e-mail:
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Varnavas A, Lassiani L. Twenty years of non-peptide CCK1receptor antagonists: all that glitters is not gold. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.9.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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