1
|
Mesaros EF, Dugan BJ, Gao M, Sheraz M, McGovern-Gooch K, Xu F, Fan KY, Nguyen D, Kultgen SG, Lindstrom A, Stever K, Tercero B, Binder RJ, Liu F, Micolochick Steuer HM, Mani N, Harasym TO, Thi EP, Cuconati A, Dorsey BD, Cole AG, Lam AM, Sofia MJ. Discovery of C-Linked Nucleoside Analogues with Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1780-1792. [PMID: 38651692 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic underscored the limitations of currently available direct-acting antiviral treatments against acute respiratory RNA-viral infections and stimulated major research initiatives targeting anticoronavirus agents. Two novel nsp5 protease (MPro) inhibitors have been approved, nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir, along with two existing nucleos(t)ide analogues repurposed as nsp12 polymerase inhibitors, remdesivir and molnupiravir, but a need still exists for therapies with improved potency and systemic exposure with oral dosing, better metabolic stability, and reduced resistance and toxicity risks. Herein, we summarize our research toward identifying nsp12 inhibitors that led to nucleoside analogues 10e and 10n, which showed favorable pan-coronavirus activity in cell-infection screens, were metabolized to active triphosphate nucleotides in cell-incubation studies, and demonstrated target (nsp12) engagement in biochemical assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen F Mesaros
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Benjamin J Dugan
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Min Gao
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | | | - Fran Xu
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Duyan Nguyen
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Steven G Kultgen
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Aaron Lindstrom
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Kim Stever
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Breanna Tercero
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Randall J Binder
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | | | - Nagraj Mani
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Troy O Harasym
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Emily P Thi
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Andrea Cuconati
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Bruce D Dorsey
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Andrew G Cole
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Angela M Lam
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shehzadi K, Saba A, Yu M, Liang J. Structure-Based Drug Design of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:22. [PMID: 37318607 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019, spreading rapidly and posing a significant threat to human health and life. With over 6 billion confirmed cases of the virus, the need for effective therapeutic drugs has become more urgent than ever before. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is crucial in viral replication and transcription, catalysing viral RNA synthesis and serving as a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral drugs. In this article, we explore the inhibition of RdRp as a potential treatment for viral diseases, analysing the structural information of RdRp in virus proliferation and summarizing the reported inhibitors' pharmacophore features and structure-activity relationship profiles. We hope that the information provided by this review will aid in structure-based drug design and aid in the global fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Afsheen Saba
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Mingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Masmoudi F, Santos-Ferreira N, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, DeGroot J, Vlaming MLH, Rocha-Pereira J, Buti L. Evaluation of 3D Human Intestinal Organoids as a Platform for EV-A71 Antiviral Drug Discovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081138. [PMID: 37190047 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a leading cause of upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, and neurological infections. Management of enterovirus-related diseases has been hindered by the lack of specific antiviral treatment. The pre-clinical and clinical development of such antivirals has been challenging, calling for novel model systems and strategies to identify suitable pre-clinical candidates. Organoids represent a new and outstanding opportunity to test antiviral agents in a more physiologically relevant system. However, dedicated studies addressing the validation and direct comparison of organoids versus commonly used cell lines are lacking. Here, we described the use of human small intestinal organoids (HIOs) as a model to study antiviral treatment against human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection and compared this model to EV-A71-infected RD cells. We used reference antiviral compounds such as enviroxime, rupintrivir, and 2'-C-methylcytidine (2'CMC) to assess their effects on cell viability, virus-induced cytopathic effect, and viral RNA yield in EV-A71-infected HIOs and cell line. The results indicated a difference in the activity of the tested compounds between the two models, with HIOs being more sensitive to infection and drug treatment. In conclusion, the outcome reveals the value added by using the organoid model in virus and antiviral studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanci Santos-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DeGroot
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shtro AA, Garshinina AV, Alferova VA, Kamzeeva PN, Volok VP, Kolpakova ES, Nikitin TD, Chistov AA, Belyaev ES, Korshun VA, Kozlovskaya LI, Aralov AV. Cationic Perylene Antivirals with Aqueous Solubility for Studies In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1178. [PMID: 36297288 PMCID: PMC9610897 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Perylene-based compounds are attracting significant attention due to their high broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses. Despite unambiguous results of in vitro studies and high selectivity index, the poor water solubility of these compounds prevented in vivo evaluation of their antiviral properties. In this work, we synthesized a series of compounds with a perylene pharmacophore bearing positively charged substituents to improve the aqueous solubility of this unique type of antivirals. Three types of charged groups were introduced: (1) quaternary morpholinium salts (3a-b); (2) a 2'-O-l-valinyl-uridine hydrochloride residue (8), and (3) a 3-methylbenzothiazolium cation (10). The synthesized compounds were evaluated based both on antiviral properties in vitro (CHIKV, SARS-CoV-2, and IAV) and on solubility in aqueous media. Compound 10 has the greatest aqueous solubility, making it preferable for pre-evaluation by intragastrical administration in a mouse model of lethal influenza pneumonia. The results indicate that the introduction of a positively charged group is a viable strategy for the design of drug candidates with a perylene scaffold for in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shtro
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina N. Kamzeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P. Volok
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Kolpakova
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofei D. Nikitin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cihlar T, Mackman RL. Journey of remdesivir from the inhibition of hepatitis C virus to the treatment of COVID-19. Antivir Ther 2022; 27:13596535221082773. [DOI: 10.1177/13596535221082773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If a planned path reaches a dead-end, one can simply stop. Or one can turn around, walk back to the last intersection and take another path, or one can consider taking few paths in parallel. The last scenario is reflective of the journey of remdesivir, the first antiviral for the treatment of COVID-19, that was approved by FDA less than 10 months after the isolation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2022, 10 million COVID-19 patients have been treated with remdesivir worldwide, but the journey of this molecule started more than a decade earlier with the search for a cure of hepatitis C virus. The development path of remdesivir before the emergence of COVID-19 represents a valuable example of a preemptive pandemic preparedness, but the pursuit of this path would not have been possible without sustaining support of John C. Martin, whom we will sorely miss for his piercing vision, uncompromising leadership, and genuine compassion for patients suffering around the world.
Collapse
|
6
|
Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tvrdoňová M, Elečko J, Gonda J. A convenient synthesis of branched-chain nucleoside isothiocyanates via aza-Claisen rearrangement. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:943-967. [PMID: 34455922 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1966799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled introduction of a nitrogen atom at either C-2' or C-3' positions of nucleosides derived from uridine, 4-N-benzoylcytidine and adenosine was investigated. An efficient and rapid procedure was employed for creating new chiral centers at C-2' and C-3' positions using [3,3]-sigmatropic aza-Claisen rearrangement of allyl thiocyanates under conventional and microwave conditions. Structure of isothiocyanate products was confirmed by 1-D and 2-D NMR spectral analyses including selective 1H 1-D-NOE experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tvrdoňová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Elečko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Gonda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goswami D. Comparative assessment of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors under clinical trials to control SARS-CoV2 using rigorous computational workflow. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29015-29028. [PMID: 35478553 PMCID: PMC9038185 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The devastating effect of SARS-CoV2 continues and the scientific community is pursuing to find the strategy to combat the spread of the virus. The approach is adapted to target this virus with medicine in combination with existing vaccines. For this, the medications that can specifically inhibit an enzyme essential for viral replication 'RNA-dependant-RNA polymerase (RdRp)' of SARS-CoV2 are being developed. RdRp is the enzyme commonly found in all RNA viruses but is absent in humans. There are in total 60 different RdRp inhibitors already under clinical trials for combating other RNA viruses, which are sought to even work for SARS-CoV2. These inhibitors are classified as nucleoside/nucleotide analogues and nonnucleoside/nonnucleotide analogues. In this study, all the known RdRp inhibitors were computationally targeted in the native form and their active form making the use of molecular docking, MM-GBSA and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to find the top two of each nucleoside/nucleotide analogues and nonnucleoside/nonnucleotide analogues. The results showed ribavirin 5'-triphosphate and favipiravir ribonucleoside triphosphate (favipiravir-RTP) to be the top two nucleotide analogues while pimodivir and dihydropyrazolopyridinone analogue 8d were the top two nonnucleosides/non-nucleotide analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad 380009 Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin X, Liang C, Zou L, Yin Y, Wang J, Chen D, Lan W. Advance of structural modification of nucleosides scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113233. [PMID: 33550179 PMCID: PMC7995807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With Remdesivir being approved by FDA as a drug for the treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), nucleoside drugs have once again received widespread attention in the medical community. Herein, we summarized modification of traditional nucleoside framework (sugar + base), traizole nucleosides, nucleoside analogues assembled by other drugs, macromolecule-modified nucleosides, and their bioactivity rules. 2'-"Ara"-substituted by -F or -CN group, and 3'-"ara" substituted by acetylenyl group can greatly influence their anti-tumor activities. Dideoxy dehydrogenation of 2',3'-sites can enhance antiviral efficiencies. Acyclic nucleosides and L-type nucleosides mainly represented antiviral capabilities. 5-F Substituted uracil analogues exihibit anti-tumor effects, and the substrates substituted by -I, -CF3, bromovinyl group usually show antiviral activities. The sugar coupled with 1-N of triazolid usually displays anti-tumor efficiencies, while the sugar coupled with 2-N of triazolid mainly represents antiviral activities. The nucleoside analogues assembled by cholesterol, polyethylene glycol, fatty acid and phospholipid would improve their bioavailabilities and bioactivities, or reduce their toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | | | - Lianjia Zou
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Weisen Lan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian L, Qiang T, Liang C, Ren X, Jia M, Zhang J, Li J, Wan M, YuWen X, Li H, Cao W, Liu H. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: The current landscape and repurposing for the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113201. [PMID: 33524687 PMCID: PMC7826122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread nature of several viruses is greatly credited to their rapidly altering RNA genomes that enable the infection to persist despite challenges presented by host cells. Within the RNA genome of infections is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is an essential enzyme that helps in RNA synthesis by catalysing the RNA template-dependent development of phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, RdRp is an important therapeutic target in RNA virus-caused diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we describe the promising RdRp inhibitors that have been launched or are currently in clinical studies for the treatment of RNA virus infections. Structurally, nucleoside inhibitors (NIs) bind to the RdRp protein at the enzyme active site, and nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) bind to the RdRp protein at allosteric sites. By reviewing these inhibitors, more precise guidelines for the development of more promising anti-RNA virus drugs should be set, and due to the current health emergency, they will eventually be used for COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Minyi Jia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jiayun Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Minge Wan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Business & Commerce, Xi'an, 712046, PR China
| | - Xin YuWen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramesh D, Vijayakumar BG, Kannan T. Advances in Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues in Tackling Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Virus Infections. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 33427377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are structurally similar antimetabolites and are promising small-molecule chemotherapeutic agents against various infectious DNA and RNA viruses. To date, these analogues have not been documented in-depth as anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis virus agents, these are at various stages of testing ranging from pre-clinical, to those withdrawn from trials, or those that are approved as drugs. Hence, in this review, the importance of these analogues in tackling HIV and hepatitis virus infections is discussed with a focus on the viral genome and the mechanism of action of these analogues, both in a mutually exclusive manner and their role in HIV/hepatitis coinfection. This review encompasses nucleoside and nucleotide analogues from 1987 onwards, starting with the first nucleoside analogue, zidovudine, and going on to those in current clinical trials and even the drugs that have been withdrawn. This review also sheds light on the prospects of these nucleoside analogues in clinical trials as a treatment option for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01652-20. [PMID: 33122172 PMCID: PMC7927863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu P, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Miao Z, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. 2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine inhibits murine norovirus replication and synergizes MPA, ribavirin and T705. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2605-2613. [PMID: 32770483 PMCID: PMC7414258 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the main causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. However, no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available, imposing a heavy global health burden. The nucleoside analogue 2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (2’-FdC) has been reported to have broad antiviral activity. Here, we report that 2’-FdC significantly inhibits murine norovirus replication in macrophages. This effect was partially reversed by exogenous supplementation of cytidine triphosphate. The combination of 2’-FdC with mycophenolic acid, ribavirin or favipiravir (T705) exerts synergistic antiviral effects. These results indicate that 2’-FdC is a potential candidate for antiviral drug development against norovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifa Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1005, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee H, Jarhad DB, Yu J, Lee C, Jeong LS. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-selenonucleosides as Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Agents. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14414-14426. [PMID: 31608633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In search of a new template for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents, we designed and synthesized the 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs to replace a furanose oxygen of anti-HCV nucleos(t)ides with a selenium atom on the basis that selenium is a chemical isostere of oxygen. These nucleosides are expected to show different physicochemical properties such as better lipophilicity which might enhance the penetration across cell membranes and the conformational constraint induced by a bulky selenium atom in the sugar ring. The 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides 8 and 9 were synthesized from 2-C-methyl-d-ribono-γ-lactone (14) via construction of 2-C-methyl-d-selenosugar 18 through C-4 epimerization and SN2 cyclization with Se2- as key steps. The key 4'-selenosugar was converted to the 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides using Pummerer-type rearrangement and Vorbrüggen glycosylation, respectively. In addition, the ProTide strategy has been applied to synthesize the adenine and uracil phosphoramidate derivatives 10a and 10b to overcome the limitations associated with parent nucleosides such as inefficient conversion to their corresponding 5'-monophosphate form and poor cellular uptake. The regio- and stereochemistry of 4'-selenonucleosides were confirmed by 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. None of the final pyrimidine and purine nucleosides and their prodrugs exhibited significant anti-HCV activity up to 100 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Dongguk University , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do 10326 , Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nucleoside Analogs with Antiviral Activity against Yellow Fever Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00889-19. [PMID: 31262759 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a human Flavivirus reemerging in parts of the world. While a vaccine is available, large outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil and certain African countries. Development of an effective antiviral against YFV is crucial, as there is no available effective drug against YFV. We have identified several novel nucleoside analogs with potent antiviral activity against YFV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values between 0.25 and 1 μM with selectivity indices over 100 in culture.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dousson CB. Current and future use of nucleo(s)tide prodrugs in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 26:2040206618756430. [PMID: 29463095 PMCID: PMC5890546 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618756430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the current state of discovery of past most important nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection as well as future potential drugs currently in discovery or clinical evaluation. I highlight first generation landmark prodrug compounds which have been the foundations of incremental improvements toward the discovery and approval milestone of Sofosbuvir. Sofosbuvir is the first nucleotide prodrug marketed for hepatitis C virus treatment and the backbone of current combination therapies. Since this approval, new nucleotide prodrugs using the same design of Sofosbuvir McGuigan prodrug have emerged, some of them progressing through advanced clinical trials and may become available as new incremental alternative hepatitis C virus treatments in the future. Although since Sofosbuvir success, only minimal design efforts have been invested in finding better liver targeted prodrugs, a few novel prodrugs are being studied and their different modes of activation may prove beneficial over the heart/liver targeting ratio to reduce potential drug–drug interaction in combination therapies and yield safer treatment to patients. Prodrugs have long been avoided as much as possible in the past by development teams due to their metabolism and kinetic characterization complexity, but with their current success in hepatitis C virus treatment, and the knowledge gained in this endeavor, should become a first choice in future tissue targeting drug discovery programs beyond the particular case of nucleos(t)ide analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril B Dousson
- Idenix, an MSD Company-Medicinal Chemistry Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smertina E, Urakova N, Strive T, Frese M. Calicivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases: Evolution, Structure, Protein Dynamics, and Function. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1280. [PMID: 31244803 PMCID: PMC6563846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caliciviridae are viruses with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is packaged into an icosahedral, environmentally stable protein capsid. The family contains five genera (Norovirus, Nebovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus) that infect vertebrates including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) replicates the genome of RNA viruses and can speed up evolution due to its error-prone nature. Studying calicivirus RdRps in the context of genuine virus replication is often hampered by a lack of suitable model systems. Enteric caliciviruses and RHDV in particular are notoriously difficult to propagate in cell culture; therefore, molecular studies of replication mechanisms are challenging. Nevertheless, research on recombinant proteins has revealed several unexpected characteristics of calicivirus RdRps. For example, the RdRps of RHDV and related lagoviruses possess the ability to expose a hydrophobic motif, to rearrange Golgi membranes, and to copy RNA at unusually high temperatures. This review is focused on the structural dynamics, biochemical properties, kinetics, and putative interaction partners of these RdRps. In addition, we discuss the possible existence of a conserved but as yet undescribed structural element that is shared amongst the RdRps of all caliciviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Smertina
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Tanja Strive
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hepatitis E Virus Drug Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060485. [PMID: 31141919 PMCID: PMC6631701 DOI: 10.3390/v11060485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underestimated disease, leading to estimated 20 million infections and up to 70,000 deaths annually. Infections are mostly asymptomatic but can reach mortality rates up to 25% in pregnant women or become chronic in immunocompromised patients. The current therapy options are limited to the unspecific antivirals Ribavirin (RBV) and pegylated Interferon-α (pegIFN-α). RBV leads to viral clearance in only 80% of patients treated, and is, similar to pegIFN-α, contraindicated in the major risk group of pregnant women, emphasizing the importance of new therapy options. In this review, we focus on the urgent need and current efforts in HEV drug development. We provide an overview of the current status of HEV antiviral research. Furthermore, we discuss strategies for drug development and the limitations of the approaches with respect to HEV.
Collapse
|
19
|
Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2019; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high-risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct-acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host-modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter A. White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vale N, Ferreira A, Matos J, Fresco P, Gouveia MJ. Amino Acids in the Development of Prodrugs. Molecules 2018; 23:E2318. [PMID: 30208629 PMCID: PMC6225300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although drugs currently used for the various types of diseases (e.g., antiparasitic, antiviral, antibacterial, etc.) are effective, they present several undesirable pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. Most of the drugs have low bioavailability, lack of sensitivity, and do not target only the damaged cells, thus also affecting normal cells. Moreover, there is the risk of developing resistance against drugs upon chronic treatment. Consequently, their potential clinical applications might be limited and therefore, it is mandatory to find strategies that improve those properties of therapeutic agents. The development of prodrugs using amino acids as moieties has resulted in improvements in several properties, namely increased bioavailability, decreased toxicity of the parent drug, accurate delivery to target tissues or organs, and prevention of fast metabolism. Herein, we provide an overview of models currently in use of prodrug design with amino acids. Furthermore, we review the challenges related to the permeability of poorly absorbed drugs and transport and deliver on target organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Abigail Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV&REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Matos
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1074-3, Mattenstrasse 24, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klitting R, Fischer C, Drexler JF, Gould EA, Roiz D, Paupy C, de Lamballerie X. What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (II). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E425. [PMID: 30134625 PMCID: PMC6162518 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As revealed by the recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America, YFV control measures need urgent rethinking. Over the last decade, most reported outbreaks occurred in, or eventually reached, areas with low vaccination coverage but that are suitable for virus transmission, with an unprecedented risk of expansion to densely populated territories in Africa, South America and Asia. As reflected in the World Health Organization's initiative launched in 2017, it is high time to strengthen epidemiological surveillance to monitor accurately viral dissemination, and redefine vaccination recommendation areas. Vector-control and immunisation measures need to be adapted and vaccine manufacturing must be reconciled with an increasing demand. We will have to face more yellow fever (YF) cases in the upcoming years. Hence, improving disease management through the development of efficient treatments will prove most beneficial. Undoubtedly, these developments will require in-depth descriptions of YFV biology at molecular, physiological and ecological levels. This second section of a two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at the individual, local and global levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ⁻IRD 190⁻Inserm 1207⁻IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jan F Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ⁻IRD 190⁻Inserm 1207⁻IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - David Roiz
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ⁻IRD 190⁻Inserm 1207⁻IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Deval J. Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618764483. [PMID: 29562753 PMCID: PMC5890544 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618764483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses are among the most common viruses causing mild seasonal colds. These RNA viruses can also cause lower respiratory tract infections leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Young children, the elderly, and patients with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems are at greatest risk for serious disease associated with these RNA virus respiratory infections. In addition, swine and avian influenza viruses, together with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, represent significant pandemic threats to the general population. In this review, we describe the current medical need resulting from respiratory infections caused by RNA viruses, which justifies drug discovery efforts to identify new therapeutic agents. The RNA polymerase of respiratory viruses represents an attractive target for nucleoside and nucleotide analogs acting as inhibitors of RNA chain synthesis. Here, we present the molecular, biochemical, and structural fundamentals of the polymerase of the four major families of RNA respiratory viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae/Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Picornaviridae. We summarize past and current efforts to develop nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents against respiratory virus infections. This includes molecules with very broad antiviral spectrum such as ribavirin and T-705 (favipiravir), and others targeting more specifically one or a few virus families. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure(s) and function(s) of respiratory virus polymerases will likely support the discovery and development of novel nucleoside analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Sarah K Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li E, Wang Y, Yu W, Lv Z, Peng Y, Liu B, Li S, Ho W, Wang Q, Li H, Chang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-(fluoromethyl)uridine phosphoramidate prodrug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:107-113. [PMID: 29172078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-(fluoromethyl)uridine phosphoramidate prodrug (1) has been synthesized. This compound exhibits submicromolar-level antiviral activity in vitro against HCV genotypes 1b, 1a, 2a, and S282T replicons (EC50 = 0.18-1.13 μM) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 1000 μM). Administered orally, prodrug 1 is well tolerated at doses of up to 4 g/kg in mice, and produces a high level of the corresponding triphosphate in rat liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ertong Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhigang Lv
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youmei Peng
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Qingduan Wang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Flint M, Chatterjee P, Nichol ST, Bergeron É, Spiropoulou CF. Identification of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine as a potent inhibitor of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus replication using a recombinant fluorescent reporter virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:91-99. [PMID: 29024765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a tick-borne orthonairovirus, causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, CCHF). Currently, no vaccines are approved to prevent CCHF; treatment is limited to supportive care and the use of ribavirin, the therapeutic benefits of which remain unclear. CCHF is part of WHO's priority list of infectious diseases warranting further research and development. To aid in the identification of new antiviral compounds, we generated a recombinant CCHFV expressing a reporter protein, allowing us to quantify virus inhibition by measuring the reduction in fluorescence in infected cells treated with candidate compounds. The screening assay was readily adaptable to high-throughput screening (HTS) of compounds using Huh7 cells, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 50:1, and Z'-factors > 0.6 in both 96- and 384-well formats. A screen of candidate nucleoside analog compounds identified 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (EC50 = 61 ± 18 nM) as having 200 × the potency of ribavirin (EC50 = 12.5 ± 2.6 μM), as well as 17 × the potency of T-705 (favipiravir), another compound with reported anti-CCHFV activity (EC50 = 1.03 ± 0.16 μM). Furthermore, we also determined that 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine acts synergistically with T-705 to inhibit CCHFV replication without causing cytotoxicity. The incorporation of this reporter virus into the high-throughput screening assay described here will allow more rapid identification of effective therapeutic options to combat this emerging human pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alexandre FR, Badaroux E, Bilello JP, Bot S, Bouisset T, Brandt G, Cappelle S, Chapron C, Chaves D, Convard T, Counor C, Da Costa D, Dukhan D, Gay M, Gosselin G, Griffon JF, Gupta K, Hernandez-Santiago B, La Colla M, Lioure MP, Milhau J, Paparin JL, Peyronnet J, Parsy C, Pierra Rouvière C, Rahali H, Rahali R, Salanson A, Seifer M, Serra I, Standring D, Surleraux D, Dousson CB. The discovery of IDX21437: Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyl branched uridine pronucleotides as potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4323-4330. [PMID: 28835346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery of IDX21437 35b, a novel RPd-aminoacid-based phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyluridine monophosphate. Its corresponding triphosphate 6 is a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Despite showing very weak activity in the in vitro Huh-7 cell based HCV replicon assay, 35b demonstrated high levels of active triphosphate 6 in mouse liver and human hepatocytes. A biochemical study revealed that the metabolism of 35b was mainly attributed to carboxyesterase 1 (CES1), an enzyme which is underexpressed in HCV Huh-7-derived replicon cells. Furthermore, due to its metabolic activation, 35b was efficiently processed in liver cells compared to other cell types, including human cardiomyocytes. The selected RP diastereoisomeric configuration of 35b was assigned by X-ray structural determination. 35b is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François-René Alexandre
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Eric Badaroux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - John P Bilello
- Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA; IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stéphanie Bot
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Tony Bouisset
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Guillaume Brandt
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Sylvie Cappelle
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christopher Chapron
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Chaves
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Thierry Convard
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Clément Counor
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Daniel Da Costa
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - David Dukhan
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Marion Gay
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Gilles Gosselin
- UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Griffon
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Kusum Gupta
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Marie-Pierre Lioure
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Julien Milhau
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Paparin
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Peyronnet
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christophe Parsy
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Claire Pierra Rouvière
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Houcine Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Rachid Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélien Salanson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Maria Seifer
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilaria Serra
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Standring
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Surleraux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Cyril B Dousson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Eltahla AA, Lun JH, Ferla S, Brancale A, Urakova N, Frese M, Strive T, Mackenzie JM, White PA. Broad-spectrum non-nucleoside inhibitors for caliciviruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:65-75. [PMID: 28757394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the Caliciviridae cause significant and sometimes lethal diseases, however despite substantial research efforts, specific antivirals are lacking. Broad-spectrum antivirals could combat multiple viral pathogens, offering a rapid solution when no therapies exist. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an attractive antiviral target as it is essential for viral replication and lacks mammalian homologs. To focus the search for pan-Caliciviridae antivirals, the RdRp was probed with non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) developed against hepatitis C virus (HCV) to reveal both allosteric ligands for structure-activity relationship enhancement, and highly-conserved RdRp pockets for antiviral targeting. The ability of HCV NNIs to inhibit calicivirus RdRp activities was assessed using in vitro enzyme and murine norovirus cell culture assays. Results revealed that three NNIs which bound the HCV RdRp Thumb I (TI) site also inhibited transcriptional activities of six RdRps spanning the Norovirus, Sapovirus and Lagovirus genera of the Caliciviridae. These NNIs included JTK-109 (RdRp inhibition range: IC50 4.3-16.6 μM), TMC-647055 (IC50 range: 18.8-45.4 μM) and Beclabuvir (IC50 range: 23.8->100 μM). In silico studies and site-directed mutagenesis indicated the JTK-109 binding site was within the calicivirus RdRp thumb domain, in a pocket termed Site-B, which is highly-conserved within all calicivirus RdRps. Additionally, RdRp inhibition assays revealed that JTK-109 was antagonistic with the previously reported RdRp inhibitor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-(2'-naphthylazo-6'-nitro-4',8'-disulfonate) tetrasodium salt (PPNDS), that also binds to Site-B. Moreover, like JTK-109, PPNDS was also a potent inhibitor of polymerases from six viruses spanning the three Caliciviridae genera tested (IC50 range: 0.1-2.3 μM). Together, this study demonstrates the potential for de novo development of broad-spectrum antivirals that target the highly-conserved RdRp thumb pocket, Site-B. We also revealed three broad-spectrum HCV NNIs that could be used as antiviral scaffolds for further development against caliciviruses and other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nadya Urakova
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Madhvi A, Hingane S, Srivastav R, Joshi N, Subramani C, Muthumohan R, Khasa R, Varshney S, Kalia M, Vrati S, Surjit M, Ranjith-Kumar CT. A screen for novel hepatitis C virus RdRp inhibitor identifies a broad-spectrum antiviral compound. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5816. [PMID: 28725041 PMCID: PMC5517564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global pathogen and infects more than 185 million individuals worldwide. Although recent development of direct acting antivirals (DAA) has shown promise in HCV therapy, there is an urgent need for the development of more affordable treatment options. We initiated this study to identify novel inhibitors of HCV through screening of compounds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) diversity dataset. Using cell-based assays, we identified NSC-320218 as a potent inhibitor against HCV with an EC50 of 2.5 μM and CC50 of 75 μM. The compound inhibited RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity of all six major HCV genotypes indicating a pan-genotypic effect. Limited structure-function analysis suggested that the entire molecule is necessary for the observed antiviral activity. However, the compound failed to inhibit HCV NS5B activity in vitro, suggesting that it may not be directly acting on the NS5B protein but could be interacting with a host protein. Importantly, the antiviral compound also inhibited dengue virus and hepatitis E virus replication in hepatocytes. Thus, our study has identified a broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutic agent against multiple viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Madhvi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Smita Hingane
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajpal Srivastav
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajagopalan Muthumohan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Renu Khasa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Shweta Varshney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - C T Ranjith-Kumar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brown LAK, Clark I, Brown JR, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1926. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Julianne R. Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College; London UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College London; London UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation; University College London, Royal Free Campus; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Tam Y, Pemberton RP, Chaudhuri S, Stoycheva AD, Dyatkina N, Wang G, Symons JA, Deval J, Beigelman L. Activation Pathway of a Nucleoside Analog Inhibiting Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:83-91. [PMID: 28103684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense RNA virus and a significant cause of respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. No effective vaccines or antiviral therapies are available for the treatment of RSV. ALS-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside prodrug inhibitor of RSV replication currently under clinical evaluation. ALS-8112, the parent molecule of ALS-8176, undergoes intracellular phosphorylation, yielding the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite. The host kinases responsible for this conversion are not known. Therefore, elucidation of the ALS-8112 activation pathway is key to further understanding its conversion mechanism, particularly given its potent antiviral effects. Here, we have identified the activation pathway of ALS-8112 and show it is unlike other antiviral cytidine analogs. The first step, driven by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), is highly efficient, while the second step limits the formation of the active 5'-triphosphate species. ALS-8112 is a 2'- and 4'-modified nucleoside analog, prompting us to investigate dCK recognition of other 2'- and 4'-modified nucleosides. Our biochemical approach along with computational modeling contributes to an enhanced structure-activity profile for dCK. These results highlight an exciting potential to optimize nucleoside analogs based on the second activation step and increased attention toward nucleoside diphosphate and triphosphate prodrugs in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sarah K. Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ryan P. Pemberton
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Shuvam Chaudhuri
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Antitsa D. Stoycheva
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Structure(s), function(s), and inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of noroviruses. Virus Res 2016; 234:21-33. [PMID: 28041960 PMCID: PMC7114559 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on the norovirus RdRp. Multiple X-ray structures of norovirus RdRp show important conformational changes. Norovirus RdRp recognizes specific promotor sequences to initiate RNA synthesis. Anti-HCV nucleoside analogs such as 2CM-C also inhibit Norovirus RdRp. Suramin and its analogs act as allosteric non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors.
Noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The genus Norovirus includes seven genogroups (designated GI-GVII), of which GI, GII and GIV infect humans. Human noroviruses are responsible for widespread outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and represent one of the most common causes of foodborne illness. No vaccine or antiviral treatment options are available for norovirus infection. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of noroviruses is a key enzyme responsible for transcription and replication of the viral genome. Here, we review the progress made in understanding the structures and functions of norovirus RdRp and its use as a target for small molecule inhibitors. Crystal structures of the RdRp at different stages of substrate interaction have been determined, which shed light on its multi-step catalytic cycle. The in vitro assays and in vivo animal models that have been developed to identify and characterize inhibitors of norovirus RdRp are also summarized, followed by an update on the current antiviral research targeting different regions of norovirus RdRp. In the future, structure-based drug design and rational optimization of known nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of norovirus RdRp may pave the way towards the next generation of direct-acting antivirals.
Collapse
|
32
|
Benzaria S, Bardiot D, Bouisset T, Counor C, Rabeson C, Pierra C, Storer R, Loi AG, Cadeddu A, Mura M, Musiu C, Liuzzi M, Loddo R, Bergelson S, Bichko V, Bridges E, Cretton-Scott E, Mao J, Sommadossi JP, Seifer M, Standring D, Tausek M, Gosselin G, La Colla P. 2′-C-Methyl Branched Pyrimidine Ribonucleoside Analogues: Potent Inhibitors of RNA Virus Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:225-42. [PMID: 17907380 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses are the agents of numerous widespread and often severe diseases. Their unique RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) is essential for replication and, thus, constitutes a valid target for the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, we have investigated sugar-modified ribonucleoside analogues as potential inhibitors of the RDRP. Title compounds retain ‘natural’ pyrimidine bases, but possess a β-methyl substituent at the 2′-position of the D- or L-ribose moiety. Evaluation against a broad range of RNA viruses, either single-stranded positive (ssRNA), single-stranded negative (ssRNA−) or double-stranded (dsRNA), revealed potent activities for D-2′- C-methyl-cytidine and -uridine against ssRNA+, and dsRNA viruses. None of the L-enantiomers were active. Moreover, the 5′-triphosphates of the active D-enantiomers were found to inhibit the bovine virus diarrhoea virus polymerase. Thus, the 2′-methyl branching of natural pyrimidine ribonucleosides transforms physiological molecules into potent, broad-spectrum antiviral agents that merit further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benzaria
- Laboratoire Coopératif Idenix-CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rocha-Pereira J, Kolawole AO, Verbeken E, Wobus CE, Neyts J. Post-exposure antiviral treatment of norovirus infections effectively protects against diarrhea and reduces virus shedding in the stool in a mortality mouse model. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:76-84. [PMID: 27252124 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis across the world in all age groups and are linked to increased hospitalization and mortality in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. The development of specific antiviral treatment for norovirus gastroenteritis is urgently needed. We explored in a mouse model whether an inhibitor of norovirus replication could be used therapeutically post murine norovirus (MNV)-infection of mice. Using the MNV, we previously discovered that the viral polymerase inhibitor 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) is able to protect against diarrhea and mortality in mice when used prophylactically and to block the transmission of MNV between mice. Here, we investigated whether 2CMC could be used therapeutically, starting treatment between 12 h and 3 days post-infection with 2CMC. Post-exposure treatment of MNV-infected mice with 2CMC was efficient up to 2 days after infection, preventing norovirus-induced diarrhea, delaying and reducing MNV shedding in stool of treated mice. Rehydration of 2CMC-treated animals did not result in a further improvement of the disease evolution compared to antiviral treatment only. The presence of MNV antigens and inflammation in the small intestine of infected mice inversely correlated with the effectiveness of delayed antiviral treatment. Anti-MNV IgGs were detected in re-challenged mice 10 weeks after the first contact, these protected the mice from re-infection. We here demonstrate the benefit of antiviral treatment in ongoing norovirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Verbeken
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Soror SH. Design, synthesis, assessment, and molecular docking of novel pyrrolopyrimidine (7-deazapurine) derivatives as non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2146-57. [PMID: 27052365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly persistent and presents an unmet medical need requiring more effective treatment options. This has spurred intensive efforts to discover novel anti-HCV agents. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), NS5B of HCV, constitutes a selective target for drug discovery due to its absence in human cells; also, it is the centerpiece for viral replication. Here, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds on Huh 7.5 cell line were determined and their antiviral activity against HCVcc genotype 4a was examined. Compounds 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f showed significant anti HCV activity. The percent of reduction for the non-toxic doses of 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f were 90%, 76.7±5.8%, 73.3±5.8%, 70% and 63.3±5.8%, respectively. The activity of these compounds was interpreted by molecular docking against HCV NS5B polymerase enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, University Campus, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; Center for Scientific Excellence 'Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)', Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1806] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Treatment with a Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor Reduces Shedding of Murine Norovirus in Stool to Undetectable Levels without Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1907-11. [PMID: 26711754 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02198-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged norovirus shedding may occur in certain patients, such as organ transplant recipients. We established a mouse model for persistent norovirus infection (using the mouse norovirus MNV.CR6 strain). The nucleoside viral polymerase inhibitor 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC), but not favipiravir (T-705), reduced viral shedding to undetectable levels. Viral rebound was observed after stopping treatment, which was again effectively controlled by treatment with 2CMC. No drug-resistant variants emerged.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tokarenko A, Poštová Slavětínská L, Klepetářová B, Hocek M. Synthesis of Benzene and Pyridine 2′-C-Methyl-C-ribonucleosides and -nucleotides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
38
|
Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-C-methyl branched guanosine pronucleotides: the discovery of IDX184, a potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitor. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1675-700. [PMID: 26424162 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonucleoside analogs possessing a β-methyl substituent at the 2'-position of the d-ribose moiety have been previously discovered to be potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, their triphosphates acting as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RdRp NS5B. Results/methodology: In this article, the authors detail the synthesis, anti-HCV evaluation in cell-based replicon assays and structure-activity relationships of several phosphoramidate diester derivatives of 2'-C-methylguanosine (2'-MeG). CONCLUSION The most promising compound, namely the O-[S-(hydroxyl)pivaloyl-2-thioethyl]{abbreviated as O-[(HO)tBuSATE)]} N-benzylamine phosphoramidate diester derivative (IDX184), was selected for further in vivo studies, and was the first clinical pronucleotide evaluated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C up to Phase II trials.
Collapse
|
39
|
Biochemical Evaluation of the Inhibition Properties of Favipiravir and 2'-C-Methyl-Cytidine Triphosphates against Human and Mouse Norovirus RNA Polymerases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7504-16. [PMID: 26392512 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01391-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes acute gastroenteritis and is responsible for 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. No effective vaccine or treatment is available. Recent studies have shown that the nucleoside analogs favipiravir (T-705) and 2'-C-methyl-cytidine (2CM-C) inhibit NoV replication in vitro and in animal models, but their precise mechanism of action is unknown. We evaluated the molecular interactions between nucleoside triphosphates and NoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NoVpol), the enzyme responsible for replication and transcription of NoV genomic RNA. We found that T-705 ribonucleoside triphosphate (RTP) and 2CM-C triphosphate (2CM-CTP) equally inhibited human and mouse NoVpol activities at concentrations resulting in 50% of maximum inhibition (IC50s) in the low micromolar range. 2CM-CTP inhibited the viral polymerases by competing directly with natural CTP during primer elongation, whereas T-705 RTP competed mostly with ATP and GTP at the initiation and elongation steps. Incorporation of 2CM-CTP into viral RNA blocked subsequent RNA synthesis, whereas T-705 RTP did not cause immediate chain termination of NoVpol. 2CM-CTP and T-705 RTP displayed low levels of enzyme selectivity, as they were both recognized as substrates by human mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The level of discrimination by the human enzyme was increased with a novel analog of T-705 RTP containing a 2'-C-methyl substitution. Collectively, our data suggest that 2CM-C inhibits replication of NoV by acting as a classic chain terminator, while T-705 may inhibit the virus by multiple mechanisms of action. Understanding the precise mechanism of action of anti-NoV compounds could provide a rational basis for optimizing their inhibition potencies and selectivities.
Collapse
|
40
|
NMR-based conformational analysis of 2′,6-disubstituted uridines and antiviral evaluation of new phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
41
|
Yotmanee P, Rungrotmongkol T, Wichapong K, Choi SB, Wahab HA, Kungwan N, Hannongbua S. Binding specificity of polypeptide substrates in NS2B/NS3pro serine protease of dengue virus type 2: A molecular dynamics Study. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:24-33. [PMID: 26086900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic dengue virus (DV) is a growing global threat, particularly in South East Asia, for which there is no specific treatment available. The virus possesses a two-component (NS2B/NS3) serine protease that cleaves the viral precursor proteins. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the NS2B/NS3 protease complexes with six peptide substrates (capsid, intNS3, 2A/2B, 4B/5, 3/4A and 2B/3 containing the proteolytic site between P(1) and P(1)' subsites) of DV type 2 to compare the specificity of the protein-substrate binding recognition. Although all substrates were in the active conformation for cleavage reaction by NS2B/NS3 protease, their binding strength was somewhat different. The simulated results of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and decomposition energies suggested that among the ten substrate residues (P(5)-P(5)') the P(1) and P(2) subsites play a major role in the binding with the focused protease. The arginine residue at these two subsites was found to be specific preferential binding at the active site with a stabilization energy of <-10 kcal mol(-1). Besides, the P(3), P(1)', P(2)' and P(4)' subsites showed a less contribution in binding interaction (<-2 kcal mol(-1)). The catalytic water was detected nearby the carbonyl oxygen of the P(1) reacting center of the capsid, intNS3, 2A/2B and 4B/5 peptides. These results led to the order of absolute binding free energy (ΔGbind) between these substrates and the NS2B/NS3 protease ranked as capsid>intNS3>2A/2B>4B/5>3/4A>2B/3 in a relative correspondence with previous experimentally derived values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pathumwadee Yotmanee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand; Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sy Bing Choi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Natural Product and Drug Discovery Centre, Malaysian Institutes of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Block 5-A, Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Natural Product and Drug Discovery Centre, Malaysian Institutes of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Block 5-A, Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Iglesias LE, Lewkowicz ES, Medici R, Bianchi P, Iribarren AM. Biocatalytic approaches applied to the synthesis of nucleoside prodrugs. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:412-34. [PMID: 25795057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides are valuable bioactive molecules, which display antiviral and antitumour activities. Diverse types of prodrugs are designed to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, however this strategy faces the troublesome selectivity issues of nucleoside chemistry. In this context, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the opportunities provided by biocatalytic procedures in the preparation of nucleoside prodrugs. The potential of biocatalysis in this research area will be presented through examples covering the different types of nucleoside prodrugs: nucleoside analogues as prodrugs, nucleoside lipophilic prodrugs and nucleoside hydrophilic prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth S Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Medici
- Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, INGEBI-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang G, Deval J, Hong J, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Taylor J, Fung A, Jin Z, Stevens SK, Serebryany V, Liu J, Zhang Q, Tam Y, Chanda SM, Smith DB, Symons JA, Blatt LM, Beigelman L. Discovery of 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl-2'-fluorocytidine (ALS-8176), a first-in-class RSV polymerase inhibitor for treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1862-78. [PMID: 25667954 DOI: 10.1021/jm5017279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading pathogen of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, ribavirin is the only approved small molecule drug, which has limited use. The only other RSV drug is palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, which is used for RSV prophylaxis. Clearly, there is an urgent need for small molecule RSV drugs. This article reports the design, synthesis, anti-RSV activity, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a series of 4'-substituted cytidine nucleosides. Among tested compounds 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (2c) exhibited the most promising activity in the RSV replicon assay with an EC50 of 0.15 μM. The 5'-triphosphate of 2c (2c-TP) inhibited RSV polymerase with an IC50 of 0.02 μM without appreciable inhibition of human DNA and RNA polymerases at 100 μM. ALS-8176 (71), the 3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl prodrug of 2c, demonstrated good oral bioavailability and a high level of 2c-TP in vivo. Compound 71 is a first-in-class nucleoside RSV polymerase inhibitor that demonstrated excellent anti-RSV efficacy and safety in a phase 2 clinical RSV challenge study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. , 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tyndall EM, Draffan AG, Frey B, Pool B, Halim R, Jahangiri S, Bond S, Wirth V, Luttick A, Tilmanis D, Thomas J, Porter K, Tucker SP. Prodrugs of imidazotriazine and pyrrolotriazine C-nucleosides can increase anti-HCV activity and enhance nucleotide triphosphate concentrations in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:869-73. [PMID: 25592710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of prodrugs of HCV-active purine nucleoside analogues 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-9-deaza adenosine 1, 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza adenosine 2, 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-9-deaza guanosine 3 and 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza guanosine 4 were prepared and evaluated to improve potency, selectivity and liver targeting. Phosphoramidate guanosine prodrugs (3a-3k and 4a, b) showed insufficient cell activity for further profiling. Striking enhancement in replicon activity relative to the parent was observed for phosphoramidate imidazo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-4-amine adenosine prodrugs (1a-1p), but this was accompanied by an increase in cytotoxicity. Improved or similar potency without a concomitant increase in toxicity relative to the parent was demonstrated for phosphoramidate pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-4-amine adenosine prodrugs (2a-2k). Carbamate, ester and mixed prodrugs of 2 showed mixed results. Selected prodrugs of 2 were analysed for activation to the triphosphate, with most demonstrating much better activation in hepatocytes over replicon cells. The best activation was observed for a mixed phosphoramidate-3'ester (11) followed by a simple 3'-ester (10).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Tyndall
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Alistair G Draffan
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Barbara Frey
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Brett Pool
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Rosliana Halim
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Saba Jahangiri
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Silas Bond
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Veronika Wirth
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Angela Luttick
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Danielle Tilmanis
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jesse Thomas
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kate Porter
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Simon P Tucker
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Komsta Z, Mayes B, Moussa A, Shelbourne M, Stewart A, Tyrrell AJ, Wallis LL, Weymouth-Wilson AC, Yurek-George A. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of 1-(1′,3′-O-anhydro-3′-C-methyl-β-d-psicofuranosyl)uracil. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
46
|
Syntheses of nucleosides with a 1′,2′-β-lactam moiety as potential inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
47
|
Rocha-Pereira J, Jochmans D, Neyts J. Prophylactic treatment with the nucleoside analogue 2'-C-methylcytidine completely prevents transmission of norovirus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:190-7. [PMID: 25228588 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Norovirus outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are highly prevalent, extensive and can disturb the functioning of health institutions, leading to the closure of hospital wards and causing life-threatening infections in long-term care facilities. There is no vaccine available; hence there is a pressing need for antivirals for the treatment (in immunodeficient patients) and prophylaxis of norovirus infections. We explored in a mouse model whether an inhibitor of norovirus replication can prevent/reduce transmission of the virus. METHODS We reported recently that the viral polymerase inhibitor 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) efficiently protects against murine norovirus (MNV)-induced diarrhoea and mortality in mice. Here, we established an MNV-transmission model, determined the 50% infectious dose and assessed the ability of an antiviral molecule to prevent or reduce transmission of (murine) norovirus when given either to the infected (seeder) mice or to the uninfected (sentinel) mice. RESULTS A robust norovirus transmission model was established using genogroup V (murine) norovirus in AG129 mice. The 50% infectious dose was determined to be ∼ 270 CCID50 (50% cell culture infectious dose). Treatment of infected mice with 2CMC reduced viral shedding and markedly reduced transmission to uninfected sentinels. Also, prophylactic treatment of sentinels with 2CMC resulted in protection against infection with MNV. CONCLUSIONS These findings constitute an important first step towards developing an efficient prophylaxis for the control of norovirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Jochmans
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dang Q, Zhang Z, Chen T, Tang B, He X, He S, Song Y, Bogen S, Girijavallabhan V, Olsen DB, Meinke PT. Syntheses of 1′,2′-cyclopentyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
49
|
Preparation and biological evaluation of 1′-cyano-2′-C-methyl pyrimidine nucleosides as HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3092-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
50
|
Syntheses of 4′-spirocyclic phosphono-nucleosides as potential inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|