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Franco YA, de Moraes MO, Carvalho LAC, Dohle W, da Silva RO, Noma IHY, Lima K, Potter BVL, Machado-Neto JA, Maria-Engler SS. 2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17- O, O-bis-sulfamate (STX140) Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion via Senescence Pathway Induction in Human BRAFi-Resistant Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11314. [PMID: 37511073 PMCID: PMC10378825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous estradiol derivative 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has shown good and wide anticancer activity but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and extensive metabolic conjugation. However, its sulfamoylated derivative, 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140), has superior potential as a therapeutic agent, acts by disrupting microtubule polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and possesses much better pharmaceutical properties. This study investigated the antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities of STX140 in both SKMEL-28 naïve melanoma (SKMEL28-P) cells and resistant melanoma cells (SKMEL-28R). STX140 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range while having a less pronounced effect on human melanocytes. Additionally, STX140 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and sub-G1, reduced migration, and clonogenic potential in monolayer models, and inhibited invasion in a 3D human skin model with melanoma cells. Furthermore, STX140 induced senescence features in melanoma and activated the senescence machinery by upregulating the expression of senescence genes and proteins related to senescence signaling. These findings suggest that STX140 may hold potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylana Adami Franco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Oliveira de Moraes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa A C Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Renaira Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Harumi Yonehara Noma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keli Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - João A Machado-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, Butantã 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Hosang L, Löhndorf A, Dohle W, Rosche A, Marry S, Diercks BP, Müller-Kirschbaum LC, Flügel LT, Potter BVL, Odoardi F, Guse AH, Flügel A. 2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate inhibits store-operated Ca 2+ entry in T lymphocytes and prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119485. [PMID: 37150482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is one of the essential signaling systems for T lymphocyte activation, the latter being an essential step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) ensures long lasting Ca2+ signaling and is of utmost importance for major downstream T lymphocyte activation steps, e.g. nuclear localization of the transcription factor 'nuclear factor of activated T cells' (NFAT). 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous metabolite of estradiol (E2), blocks nuclear translocation of NFAT. The likely underlying mechanism is inhibition of SOCE, as shown for its synthetic sulfamate ester analogue 2-ethyl-3-sulfamoyloxy-17β-cyanomethylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (STX564). Here, we demonstrate that another synthetic bis-sulfamoylated 2ME2 derivative, 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (2-MeOE2bisMATE, STX140), an orally bioavailable, multi-targeting anticancer agent and potent steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitor, antagonized SOCE in T lymphocytes. Downstream events, e.g. secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17, were decreased by STX140 in in vitro experiments. Remarkably, STX140 dosed in vivo completely blocked the clinical disease in both active and transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, a T cell-mediated animal model for MS, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day i.p., whereas neither 2ME2 nor Irosustat, a pure STS inhibitor, showed any effect. The STS inhibitory activity of STX140 is therefore not responsible for its activity in this model. Taken together, inhibition of SOCE by STX140 resulting in full antagonism of clinical symptoms in EAE in the Lewis rat, paired with the known excellent bioavailability and pharmaceutical profile of this drug, open potentially new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Löhndorf
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Rosche
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Marry
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas C Müller-Kirschbaum
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lioba T Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Makarova NI, Belanova AA, Kozlenko AS, Rostovtseva IA, Zolotukhin PV, Demidov OP, El-Sewify IM, Borodkin GS, Metelitsa AV, Lukyanov BS. Novel Indoline Spiropyrans Based on Human Hormones β-Estradiol and Estrone: Synthesis, Structure, Chromogenic and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093866. [PMID: 37175276 PMCID: PMC10179760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of a switchable function into the structure of a bioactive compound can endow it with unique capabilities for regulating biological activity under the influence of various types of external stimuli, which makes such hybrid compounds promising objects for photopharmacology, targeted drug delivery and bio-imaging. This work is devoted to the synthesis and study of new spirocyclic derivatives of important human hormones-β-estradiol and estrone-possessing a wide range of biological activities. The obtained hybrid compounds represent an indoline spiropyrans family, a widely known class of organic photochromic compounds. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, HRMS and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The intermolecular interactions in the crystals of spiropyran (3) were defined by Hirshfeld surfaces and 2D fingerprint plots, which were successfully acquired from CrystalExplorer (v21.5). All target hybrids demonstrated pronounced activity in the visible region of the spectrum. The mechanisms of thermal isomerization processes of spiropyrans and their protonated merocyanine forms were studied by DFT methods, which revealed the energetic advantage of the protonation process with the formation of a β-cisoid CCCH conformer at the first stage and its further isomerization to more stable β-transoid forms. The proposed mechanism of acidochromic transformation was confirmed by the additional NMR study data that allowed for the detecting of the intermediate CCCH isomer. The study of the short-term cytotoxicity of new spirocyclic derivatives of estrogens and their 2-formyl-precursors was performed on the HeLa cell model. The precursors and spiropyrans differed in toxicity, suggesting their variable applicability in novel anti-cancer technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Nadezhda I Makarova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna A Belanova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Irina A Rostovtseva
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Peter V Zolotukhin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Oleg P Demidov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, North-Caucasus Federal University, 1 Pushkina Str., 355000 Stavropol, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Gennady S Borodkin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Metelitsa
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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4
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Novel Anti-Acanthamoebic Activities of Irosustat and STX140 and Their Nanoformulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030561. [PMID: 36978428 PMCID: PMC10044433 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Acanthamoeba produce keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Treatment remains problematic and often ineffective, suggesting the need for the discovery of novel compounds. For the first time, here we evaluated the effects of the anticancer drugs Irosustat and STX140 alone, as well as their nanoformulations, against A. castellanii via amoebicidal, excystment, cytopathogenicity, and cytotoxicity assays. Nanoformulations of the compounds were successfully synthesized with high encapsulation efficiency of 94% and 82% for Irosustat and STX140, respectively. Nanoparticles formed were spherical in shape and had a unimodal narrow particle size distribution, mean of 145 and 244 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.3, and surface charge of −14 and −15 mV, respectively. Irosustat and STX140 exhibited a biphasic release profile with almost 100% drug released after 48 h. Notably, Irosustat significantly inhibited A. castellanii viability and amoebae-mediated cytopathogenicity and inhibited the phenotypic transformation of amoebae cysts into the trophozoite form, however their nanoformulations depicted limited effects against amoebae but exhibited minimal cytotoxicity when tested against human cells using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Accordingly, both compounds have potential for further studies, with the hope of discovering novel anti-Acanthamoeba compounds, and potentially developing targeted therapy against infections of the central nervous system.
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Dohle W, Asiki H, Gruchot W, Foster PA, Sahota HK, Bai R, Christensen KE, Hamel E, Potter BVL. 2-Difluoromethoxy-Substituted Estratriene Sulfamates: Synthesis, Antiproliferative SAR, Antitubulin Activity, and Steroid Sulfatase Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200408. [PMID: 36109340 PMCID: PMC9742152 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
2-Difluoromethoxyestratriene derivatives were designed to improve potency and in vivo stability of the drug candidate 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2). Compound evaluation in vitro against the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells, as inhibitors of tubulin polymerisation and also steroid sulfatase (STS) both in cell lysates and in whole cells, showed promising activities. In antiproliferative assays 2-difluoromethoxyestradiol was less potent than 2ME2, but its sulfamates were often more potent than their corresponding non-fluorinated analogues. The fluorinated bis-sulfamate is a promising antiproliferative agent in MCF-7 cells (GI50 0.28 μM) vs the known 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bissulfamate (STX140, GI50 0.52 μM), confirming the utility of our approach. Compounds were also evaluated in the NCI 60-cell line panel and the fluorinated bis-sulfamate derivative displayed very good overall activities with a sub-micromolar average GI50 . It was a very potent STS inhibitor in whole JEG-3 cells (IC50 3.7 nM) similar to STX140 (4.2 nM) and additionally interferes with tubulin assembly in vitro and colchicine binding to tubulin. An X-ray study of 2-difluoromethoxy-3-benzyloxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one examined conformational aspects of the fluorinated substituent. The known related derivative 2-difluoromethyl-3-sulfamoyloxyestrone was evaluated for STS inhibition in whole JEG-3 cells and showed an excellent IC50 of 55 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hannah Asiki
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Wojciech Gruchot
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, 2nd Floor IBR Tower Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Havreen K Sahota
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, 2nd Floor IBR Tower Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemical Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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6
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Hargrave SD, Joubert AM, Potter BVL, Dohle W, Marais S, Mercier AE. Cell Fate following Irradiation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Pre-Exposed to the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Sulfamate Microtubule Disruptor STX3451. Molecules 2022; 27:3819. [PMID: 35744942 PMCID: PMC9228122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) core is able to mimic the A and B rings of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous estrogen metabolite that demonstrates promising anticancer properties primarily by disrupting microtubule dynamic instability parameters, but has very poor pharmaceutical properties that can be improved by sulfamoylation. The non-steroidal THIQ-based microtubule disruptor 2-(3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (STX3451), with enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, was explored for the first time in radiation biology. We investigated whether 24 h pre-treatment with STX3451 could pre-sensitize MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to radiation. This regimen showed a clear increase in cytotoxicity compared to the individual modalities, results that were contiguous in spectrophotometric analysis, flow cytometric quantification of apoptosis induction, clonogenic studies and microscopy techniques. Drug pre-treatment increased radiation-induced DNA damage, with statistically more double-strand (ds) DNA breaks demonstrated. The latter could be due to the induction of a radiation-sensitive metaphase block or the increased levels of reactive oxygen species, both evident after compound exposure. STX3451 pre-exposure may also delay DNA repair mechanisms, as the DNA damage response element ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) was depressed. These in vitro findings may translate into in vivo models, with the ultimate aim of reducing both radiation and drug doses for maximal clinical effect with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Hargrave
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.D.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Anna M. Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.D.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (B.V.L.P.); (W.D.)
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (B.V.L.P.); (W.D.)
| | - Sumari Marais
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.D.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Anne E. Mercier
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.D.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.M.)
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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8
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Löhndorf A, Hosang L, Dohle W, Odoardi F, Waschkowski SA, Rosche A, Bauche A, Winzer R, Tolosa E, Windhorst S, Marry S, Flügel A, Potter BVL, Diercks BP, Guse AH. 2-Methoxyestradiol and its derivatives inhibit store-operated Ca 2+ entry in T cells: Identification of a new and potent inhibitor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118988. [PMID: 33581218 PMCID: PMC8062851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation starts with formation of second messengers that release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and thereby activate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), one of the essential signals for T cell activation. Recently, the steroidal 2-methoxyestradiol was shown to inhibit nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). We therefore investigated 2-methoxyestradiol for inhibition of Ca2+ entry in T cells, screened a library of 2-methoxyestradiol analogues, and characterized the derivative 2-ethyl-3-sulfamoyloxy-17β-cyanomethylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (STX564) as a novel, potent and specific SOCE inhibitor. STX564 inhibits Ca2+ entry via SOCE without affecting other ion channels and pumps involved in Ca2+ signaling in T cells. Downstream effects such as cytokine expression and cell proliferation were also inhibited by both 2-methoxyestradiol and STX564, which has potential as a new chemical biology tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Löhndorf
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sissy-Alina Waschkowski
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anette Rosche
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauche
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Marry
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- The Ca(2+) Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Daśko M, Demkowicz S, Biernacki K, Ciupak O, Kozak W, Masłyk M, Rachon J. Recent progress in the development of steroid sulphatase inhibitors - examples of the novel and most promising compounds from the last decade. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1163-1184. [PMID: 32363947 PMCID: PMC7241464 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1758692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of recent achievements in the synthesis of novel steroid sulphatase (STS) inhibitors. STS is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of active hormones (including oestrogens and androgens) and, therefore, represents an extremely attractive molecular target for the development of hormone-dependent cancer therapies. The inhibition of STS may effectively reduce the availability of active hormones for cancer cells, causing a positive therapeutic effect. Herein, we report examples of novel STS inhibitors based on steroidal and nonsteroidal cores that contain various functional groups (e.g. sulphamate and phosphorus moieties) and halogen atoms, which may potentially be used in therapies for hormone-dependent cancers. The presented work also includes examples of multitargeting agents with STS inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the fundamental discoveries in the development of the most promising drug candidates exhibiting STS inhibitory activities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Witold Kozak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Sun MR, Kang YY, Duan YT, Liu HM. Concise synthesis of 2-methoxyestradiol through C(sp 2)-H methoxylation. Steroids 2020; 162:108697. [PMID: 32682814 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and concise synthesis of 2-methoxyestradiol (4) from 17β-estradiol (1) has been achieved in three synthetic steps with a 63.3% overall yield. The key step was the palladium-catalyzed direct C(sp2)-H methoxylation of 2-aryloxypyridines. Using 2-pyridyloxyl as the directing group, Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst, PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant and methanol as both the methoxylation reagent and solvent, the methoxy group could be handily installed at the 2-position of 3-(2-pyridoxy) estradiol (2). Subsequently, the pyridyl group could be easily removed by nucleophilic substitution with a methoxy anion after being oxidized to a pyridyl N-oxide by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, delivering the target product 2-methoxyestradiol (4) in quantitative yield. In contrast, when the pyridyl directing group was removed by the TfOMe-NaOMe/MeOH system as reported in the literature, TfOMe inevitably methylated the 17-OH of 2-methoxy-3-(2-pyridoxy) estradiol (3). In effect, we have fortuitously found a new method to cleave the pyridyl directing group, which is highly suitable for substrates bearing hydroxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Ran Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying-Ying Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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11
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Maltais R, Perreault M, Roy J, Poirier D. Minor chemical modifications of the aminosteroid derivative RM-581 lead to major impact on its anticancer activity, metabolic stability and aqueous solubility. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:111990. [PMID: 31893547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aminosteroid (AM) RM-581 is built around a mestranol backbone and has recently emerged as this family's lead candidate, showing in vitro and in vivo potency over different types of cancer, including high fatality pancreatic cancer. To extend the structure-activity relationships (SAR) to other estrane analogs, we synthesized a focused series of RM-581 derivatives at position C3 or C2 of its steroidal core. These new AM derivatives were first tested on a large selection of prostate, breast, pancreatic and ovarian cancer cell lines. The impact of these modifications on metabolic stability (human liver microsomes) was also measured. A SAR study revealed a fine regulation of anticancer activity related to the nature of the substituent. Indeed, the addition of potential prodrug groups like acetate, sulfamate or phosphate (compounds 8, 9 and 10) at C3 of the phenolic counterpart provided better antiproliferative activities than RM-581 in breast and pancreatic cancer cell types while maintaining activity in other cancer cell lines. Also, the phosphate group was highly beneficial on water solubility. However, the bulkier carbamate prodrugs 6 (N,N-dimethyl) and 7 (N,N-diethyl) were less active. Otherwise, carbon homologation (CH2) at C2 (compound 33) was beneficial to metabolic stability and, in the meantime, this AM conserved the same anticancer activity as RM-581. However, the replacement of the hydroxy or methoxy at C3 by a hydrogen or an acetyl (compound 17 or 21b) was detrimental for anticancer activity, pointing to a crucial molecular interaction of the aromatic oxygen atom at this position. Overall, this work provided a better knowledge of the structural requirements to maintain RM-581's anticancer activity, and also identified minor structural modifications to increase both metabolic stability and water solubility, three important parameters of pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Martin Perreault
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jenny Roy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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12
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Thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural parameterization of human carbonic anhydrase interactions toward enhanced inhibitor design. Q Rev Biophys 2019; 51:e10. [PMID: 30912486 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583518000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of rational drug design is to develop small molecules using a quantitative approach to optimize affinity. This should enhance the development of chemical compounds that would specifically, selectively, reversibly, and with high affinity interact with a target protein. It is not yet possible to develop such compounds using computational (i.e., in silico) approach and instead the lead molecules are discovered in high-throughput screening searches of large compound libraries. The main reason why in silico methods are not capable to deliver is our poor understanding of the compound structure-thermodynamics and structure-kinetics correlations. There is a need for databases of intrinsic binding parameters (e.g., the change upon binding in standard Gibbs energy (ΔGint), enthalpy (ΔHint), entropy (ΔSint), volume (ΔVintr), heat capacity (ΔCp,int), association rate (ka,int), and dissociation rate (kd,int)) between a series of closely related proteins and a chemically diverse, but pharmacophoric group-guided library of compounds together with the co-crystal structures that could help explain the structure-energetics correlations and rationally design novel compounds. Assembly of these data will facilitate attempts to provide correlations and train data for modeling of compound binding. Here, we report large datasets of the intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic data including over 400 primary sulfonamide compound binding to a family of 12 catalytically active human carbonic anhydrases (CA). Thermodynamic parameters have been determined by the fluorescent thermal shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and by the stopped-flow assay of the inhibition of enzymatic activity. Kinetic measurements were performed using surface plasmon resonance. Intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of binding were determined by dissecting the binding-linked protonation reactions of the protein and sulfonamide. The compound structure-thermodynamics and kinetics correlations reported here helped to discover compounds that exhibited picomolar affinities, hour-long residence times, and million-fold selectivities over non-target CA isoforms. Drug-lead compounds are suggested for anticancer target CA IX and CA XII, antiglaucoma CA IV, antiobesity CA VA and CA VB, and other isoforms. Together with 85 X-ray crystallographic structures of 60 compounds bound to six CA isoforms, the database should be of help to continue developing the principles of rational target-based drug design.
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13
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Andring JT, Dohle W, Tu C, Potter BVL, McKenna R. 3,17β-Bis-sulfamoyloxy-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene and Nonsteroidal Sulfamate Derivatives Inhibit Carbonic Anhydrase IX: Structure-Activity Optimization for Isoform Selectivity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2202-2212. [PMID: 30721041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
3,17β-Bis-sulfamoyloxy-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (STX140), a bis-sulfamate derivative of the endogenous steroid 2-methoxyestradiol, has shown promising anticancer potency both in vitro and in vivo, with excellent bioavailability. Its activity against taxane-resistant xenografts makes it a potential drug candidate against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These properties are linked to the ability of STX140 to act in a multitargeting fashion in vivo as a microtubule disruptor, leading to cell cycle arrest and with both proapoptotic and anti-angiogenic activities. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a well-established biomarker for aggressive cancers, including TNBC. This study reports, for the first time, the inhibitory activities of a series of steroidal and nonsteroidal sulfamate derivatives against CA IX in comparison to the ubiquitous CA II, with some compounds demonstrating 100-200-fold selectivity for CA IX over CA II. X-ray crystallographic studies of four of the most promising compounds reveal that isoform-specific residue interactions are responsible for the high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Andring
- College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3QT , U.K
| | - Chingkuang Tu
- College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3QT , U.K
| | - Robert McKenna
- College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
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14
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Dohle W, Prota AE, Menchon G, Hamel E, Steinmetz MO, Potter BVL. Tetrahydroisoquinoline Sulfamates as Potent Microtubule Disruptors: Synthesis, Antiproliferative and Antitubulin Activity of Dichlorobenzyl-Based Derivatives, and a Tubulin Cocrystal Structure. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:755-764. [PMID: 30775645 PMCID: PMC6372245 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) 6-O-sulfamate-based anticancer agents, inspired by the endogenous steroid 2-methoxyestradiol and its sulfamate derivatives, are further explored for antiproliferative and microtubule disruptor activity. Based on recently designed C3-methyl C7-methoxy-substituted THIQ derivatives, compounds with mono- and dichloro-substitutions on the pendant N-benzyl ring were synthesized and evaluated. Although improved antiproliferative activity was observed, for example, 4a versus 4b and 4b versus 8c, it was relatively modest. Compound 8c, a 2',5'-dichlorobenzyl derivative was, however, identified as a promising antiproliferative agent with in vitro activities exceeding that of the parent steroid (e.g., GI50 90 nM in DU-145 cells) and was highly potent against a range of tumor cell lines (e.g., GI50 26 nM for OVCAR-3). 8c inhibited the polymerization of tubulin in vitro with an IC50 only twofold less potent than combretastatin A-4 and inhibited colchicine binding to tubulin. Tubulin polymerization assays showed the parent THIQ 4a to be only a very weak inhibitor, but a striking potency difference was seen between compounds with C2' methoxy and chloro substituents, whereas this was much smaller when these substituents were positioned at C5'. To confirm the target in atomic detail and because 8c is a racemic mixture, an achiral parent THIQ 6-O-sulfamate derivative 10 was successfully cocrystallized with the αβ-tubulin heterodimer. The derivative 10 binds at the colchicine site on tubulin, the first example of this compound class investigated in such detail, with its sulfamate group interacting with residues beyond the reach of colchicine itself, similar to a recently reported quinazolinone sulfamate derivative, 6a. The structure also suggests that for racemic C3-methyl-substituted THIQ derivatives, such as 8c, the (S)-enantiomer is likely to be preferentially accommodated within the colchicine site for steric reasons. The results further confirm the potential of nonsteroidal THIQ sulfamate derivatives for oncology and suggest that the mechanism of microtubule destabilization for the THIQ compound class is to prevent the curved-to-straight conformational transition of tubulin required for polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal
Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Andrea E. Prota
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Menchon
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening
Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division
of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National
Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick 21702, Maryland, United States
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal
Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
- E-mail: . Phone: +44 1865 271945 (B.V.L.P.)
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15
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Exposure of Breast and Lung Cancer Cells to a Novel Estrone Analog Prior to Radiation Enhances Bcl-2-Mediated Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102887. [PMID: 30249026 PMCID: PMC6212960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following exposure of cells to gamma-radiation, a cascade of intracellular consequences may be observed in a semitemporal manner. This includes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation initially, with consequent signaling for DNA repair and facilitative regulation of the cell cycle. Failure to rectify the damage or ROS levels leads to induction of senescence or apoptosis. 2-Ethyl-3-O-sulfamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-ol (ESE-15-ol), a 2-methoxyestradiole analog designed in silico for superior pharmacokinetics, was investigated for its potential to enhance apoptotic signaling and decrease the long-term survival of cells exposed to radiation. Sequential early intracellular effects within radiation-treated MCF-7 breast- and A549 lung cancer cells pre-exposed to low-dose ESE-15-ol were investigated using various flow cytometric protocols, spectrophotometry, and microscopy. Long-term cellular survival and proliferation was examined using clonogenic studies, which demonstrated a significant decrease in the presensitized cells. Combination-treated cells exhibited increased superoxide formation, and decreased Bcl-2 expression and -phosphorylation. Induction of apoptosis and elevation of the sub-G1 phase was evident in the pre-exposed MCF-7 cells, although only minimally in the A549 cells at 48-h. These results indicate that low-dose ESE-15-ol may increase tumor response to radiation. Future studies will investigate the effect of ESE-15-ol pre-exposure on radiation-induced DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
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16
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Potter BVL. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Steroid sulphatase inhibition via aryl sulphamates: clinical progress, mechanism and future prospects. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T233-T252. [PMID: 29618488 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulphatase is an emerging drug target for the endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent diseases, catalysing oestrogen sulphate hydrolysis to oestrogen. Drug discovery, developing the core aryl O-sulphamate pharmacophore, has led to steroidal and non-steroidal drugs entering numerous clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health. Steroidal oestrogen sulphamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors and one was developed clinically as an oral oestradiol pro-drug and for endometriosis applications. This review summarizes work leading to the therapeutic concept of sulphatase inhibition, clinical trials executed to date and new insights into the mechanism of inhibition of steroid sulphatase. To date, the non-steroidal sulphatase inhibitor Irosustat has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, alone and in combination, in endometrial cancer and in prostate cancer. The versatile core pharmacophore both imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties and functions via three distinct mechanisms of action, as a pro-drug, an enzyme active-site-modifying motif, likely through direct sulphamoyl group transfer, and as a structural component augmenting activity, for example by enhancing interactions at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Preliminary new structural data on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulphatase enzyme suggest two possible sulphamate-based adducts with the active site formylglycine as candidates for the inhibition end product via sulphamoyl or sulphonylamine transfer, and a speculative choice is suggested. The clinical status of sulphatase inhibition is surveyed and how it might develop in the future. Also discussed are dual-targeting approaches, development of 2-substituted steroidal sulphamates and non-steroidal derivatives as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent tumours, with other emerging directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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17
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Nel M, Joubert AM, Dohle W, Potter BV, Theron AE. Modes of cell death induced by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based analogs in MDA-MB-231 breast and A549 lung cancer cell lines. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1881-1904. [PMID: 29983544 PMCID: PMC6025772 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background A and B rings of the steroidal microtubule disruptor, 2-methoxyestradiol, and its analogs can be mimicked with a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) core. THIQs are cytotoxic agents with potential anticancer activities. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the modes of cell death induced by four nonsteroidal THIQ-based analogs, such as STX 2895, STX 3329, STX 3451 and STX 3450, on MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast and A549 epithelial lung carcinoma cells. Materials and methods Cytotoxicity studies determined the half-maximal growth inhibitory concentration of the analogs to be at nanomolar concentrations without the induction of necrosis. Light and fluorescent microscopy determined that compounds caused microtubule depolymerization and displayed morphological hallmarks of apoptosis. Results Flow cytometric analyses confirmed apoptosis induction as well as an increased G2/M phase on cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, intrinsic pathway signaling was implicated due to increased cytochrome c release and a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Potential involvement of autophagy was observed due to increased acidic vacuole formation and increased aggresome activation factor. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that these four THIQ-based analogs exert anti-proliferative and antimitotic effects, induce apoptosis and involve autophagic processes. Further investigation into the efficacy of these potential anticancer drugs will be conducted in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Nel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
| | - Anna M Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry Vl Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne E Theron
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
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18
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The in vitro effects of a novel estradiol analog on cell proliferation and morphology in human epithelial cervical carcinoma. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:10. [PMID: 29568313 PMCID: PMC5859677 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of novel chemotherapeutics target the cell cycle, aiming to effect arrest and cause apoptosis. One such agent, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has been shown to possess anticancer properties against numerous cancer types, both in vitro and in vivo. Despite its promise, 2ME has exhibited limitations, including low oral bioavailability and rapid hepatic enzymatic inactivation in vivo. A novel sulphamoylated estrogen analog, 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10)16-tetraene (ESE-16), was in silico-designed in our laboratory to overcome these issues. It was then synthesized by a pharmaceutical company and used in an in vitro antiproliferative effect study on a human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line. Results Cell proliferation data obtained from the crystal violet assay and real-time cell analysis demonstrated that 0.2 μM of ESE-16 had a significant inhibitory effect on the HeLa cells 24 h post-exposure. Immunofluorescence showed that ESE-16 is a microtubule disruptor that causes cells to undergo a mitotic block. Qualitative morphological studies using polarization-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast (PlasDIC) and light microscopy revealed a decrease in cell density and an increase in the number of cells arrested in metaphase. After ESE-16 exposure, hallmarks of apoptosis were also observed, including membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and the presence of apoptotic bodies. Flow cytometry provided quantitative results from cell cycle progression analysis, indicating cells undergoing apoptosis and cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, confirming cell cycle arrest in metaphase after ESE-16 treatment. Quantification of the ESE-16-mediated upregulation of cyclin B in HeLa cells and spectrophotometric and flow cytometric confirmation of cell death via apoptosis further confirmed the substance's impact. Conclusion ESE-16 exerts its antiproliferative effects through microtubule disruption, which induces a mitotic block culminating in apoptosis. This research provided information on ESE-16 as a potential antitumor agent and on cellular targets that could aid in the design of prospective microtubule-disrupting compounds. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations of this novel compound are needed.
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19
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Dohle W, Jourdan FL, Menchon G, Prota AE, Foster PA, Mannion P, Hamel E, Thomas MP, Kasprzyk PG, Ferrandis E, Steinmetz MO, Leese MP, Potter BVL. Quinazolinone-Based Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Antiproliferative SAR, Antitubulin Activity, and Tubulin Co-crystal Structure. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1031-1044. [PMID: 29227648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolinone-based anticancer agents were designed, decorated with functional groups from a 2-methoxyestradiol-based microtubule disruptor series, incorporating the aryl sulfamate motif of steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitors. The steroidal AB-ring system was mimicked, favoring conformations with an N-2 substituent occupying D-ring space. Evaluation against breast and prostate tumor cell lines identified 7b with DU-145 antiproliferative activity (GI50 300 nM). A preliminary structure-activity relationship afforded compounds (e.g., 7j GI50 50 nM) with activity exceeding that of the parent. Both 7b and 7j inhibit tubulin assembly in vitro and colchicine binding, and 7j was successfully co-crystallized with the αβ-tubulin heterodimer as the first of its class, its sulfamate group interacting positively at the colchicine binding site. Microtubule destabilization by 7j is likely achieved by preventing the curved-to-straight conformational transition in αβ-tubulin. Quinazolinone sulfamates surprisingly showed weak STS inhibition. Preliminary in vivo studies in a multiple myeloma xenograft model for 7b showed oral activity, confirming the promise of this template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K
| | - Fabrice L Jourdan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Grégory Menchon
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , 2nd Floor IBR Tower, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TH, U.K
| | - Pascoe Mannion
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , 2nd Floor IBR Tower, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TH, U.K
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Mark P Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | | | - Eric Ferrandis
- Institut de Recherche Henri Beaufour, IPSEN , 91966 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Biozentrum , 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.,Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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De Simone G, Langella E, Esposito D, Supuran CT, Monti SM, Winum JY, Alterio V. Insights into the binding mode of sulphamates and sulphamides to hCA II: crystallographic studies and binding free energy calculations. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1002-1011. [PMID: 28738704 PMCID: PMC6445192 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1349764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphamate and sulphamide derivatives have been largely investigated as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) by means of different experimental techniques. However, the structural determinants responsible for their different binding mode to the enzyme active site were not clearly defined so far. In this paper, we report the X-ray crystal structure of hCA II in complex with a sulphamate inhibitor incorporating a nitroimidazole moiety. The comparison with the structure of hCA II in complex with its sulphamide analogue revealed that the two inhibitors adopt a completely different binding mode within the hCA II active site. Starting from these results, we performed a theoretical study on sulphamate and sulphamide derivatives, demonstrating that electrostatic interactions with residues within the enzyme active site play a key role in determining their binding conformation. These findings open new perspectives in the design of effective CAIs using the sulphamate and sulphamide zinc binding groups as lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Langella
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Esposito
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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21
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Kaise A, Ohta K, Shirata C, Endo Y. Design and synthesis of p-carborane-containing sulfamates as multitarget anti-breast cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6417-6426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site: a perspective of privileged structures. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1765-1794. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vital roles of microtubule in mitosis and cell division make it an attractive target for antitumor therapy. Colchicine binding site of tubulin is one of the most important pockets that have been focused on to design tubulin-destabilizing agents. Over the past few years, a large number of colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) have been developed inspired by natural products or synthetic origins, and many moieties frequently used in these CBSIs are structurally in common. In this review, we will classify the CBSIs into classical CBSIs and nonclassical CBSIs according to their spatial conformations and binding modes with tubulin, and highlight the privileged structures from these CBSIs in the development of tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site.
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23
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Visagie MH, van den Bout I, Joubert AM. A bis-sulphamoylated estradiol derivative induces ROS-dependent cell cycle abnormalities and subsequent apoptosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176006. [PMID: 28410397 PMCID: PMC5391954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have revealed that the potential anticancer agent, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) has limitations due to its low bioavailability. Subsequently, 2ME2 derivatives including (8R,13S,14S,17S)-2-ethyl-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrane-3,17-diyl bis(sulphamate) (EMBS) have shown improved efficacies in inducing apoptosis. However, no conclusive data exist to explain the mode of action exerted by these drugs. This study investigated the mode of action used by EMBS as a representative of the sulphamoylated 2ME2 derivatives. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide production was quantified using dichlorofluorescein diacetate and hydroethidine. Cell proliferation and mitochondrial metabolism were investigated using crystal violet and Alamar Blue. Apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V-FITC while mitochondrial integrity was assessed using Mitocapture. Autophagy was visualised using LC3B II antibodies. The effects of EMBS on H2A phosphorylation and nuclei were visualised using phospho H2A antibody and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride. Data showed that EMBS exposure leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which is correlated with loss of cell proliferation, mitochondrial membrane damage, decreased metabolic activity, G2/M arrest, endoreduplication, DNA double stranded breaks, micronuclei and apoptosis induction. Treatment of EMBS-exposed cells with the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, abrogated ROS production, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis implying an essential role for ROS production in EMBS signaling. The inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity also inhibited EMBS-induced apoptosis suggesting that EMBS triggers apoptosis via the JNK pathway. Lastly, evaluation of LC3IIB protein levels indicated that autophagy is not activated in EMBS-exposed cells. Our data shows that EMBS targets a pathway that leads to increased ROS production as an early event that culminates in G2/M arrest and apoptosis by means of JNK-signaling in cancer cells. This study suggests a novel oxidative stress-dependent mode of action for sulphamoylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Helen Visagie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Iman van den Bout
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anna Margaretha Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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24
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Verwey M, Nolte EM, Joubert AM, Theron AE. Autophagy induced by a sulphamoylated estrone analogue contributes to its cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:91. [PMID: 27980456 PMCID: PMC5146855 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy can either be protective and confer survival to stressed cells, or it can contribute to cell death. The antimitotic drug 2-ethyl-3-O-sulpamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-ol (ESE-15-ol) is an in silico-designed 17-β-estradiol analogue that induces both autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. The aim of the study was to determine the role of autophagy in ESE-15-ol-exposed human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells; knowledge that will contribute to future clinical applications of this novel antimitotic compound. By inhibiting autophagy and determining the cytotoxic effects of ESE-15-ol-exposure, deductions could be made as to whether the process may confer resistance to the drug, or alternatively, contribute to the cell death process. Methods and results Spectophometrical analysis via crystal violet staining was used to perform cytotoxicity studies. Morphology studies were done using microscopic techniques namely polarization-optical transmitted light differential interference light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy using monodansylcadaverine staining and transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the autophagy inhibition and assess cell viability. Results obtained indicated that 3-methyladenine inhibited autophagy and increased cell survival in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Conclusion This in vitro study inferred that autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine does not confer increased effectiveness of ESE-15-ol in inducing cell death. Thus it may be concluded that the autophagic process induced by ESE-15-ol exposure in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells plays a more significant role in cell death than conferring survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Verwey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007 Gauteng South Africa
| | - Elsie M Nolte
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007 Gauteng South Africa
| | - Anna M Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007 Gauteng South Africa
| | - Anne E Theron
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007 Gauteng South Africa
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25
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Del Prete S, De Luca V, De Simone G, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Cloning, expression and purification of the complete domain of the η-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:54-59. [PMID: 27615265 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1217856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimalarial drugs are of fundamental importance in the control of malaria, especially for the lack of efficient treatments and acquired resistance to the existing drugs. For this reason, there is a continuous work in identifying novel, less toxic and effective chemotherapies as well as new therapeutic targets against the causative agents of malaria. In this context, a superfamily of metalloenzymes named carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) has aroused a great interest as druggable enzymes to limit the development of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. CAs catalyze a common reaction in all life domains, the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons (CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+). P. falciparum synthesizes pyrimidines de novo starting from HCO3-, which is generated from CO2 through the action of the η-CA identified in the genome of the protozoan. Here, we propose a procedure for the preparation of a wider portion of the protozoan η-CA, named PfCAdom (358 amino acid residues), with respect to the truncated form prepared by Krungkrai et al. (PfCA1, 235 amino acid residues). The results evidenced that the recombinant PfCAdom, produced as a His-tag fusion protein, was 2.7 times more active with respect the truncated form PfCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Del Prete
- a Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR , Napoli , Italy.,b Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR , Napoli , Italy , and
| | | | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- c Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
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26
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Cloning, expression, purification and sulfonamide inhibition profile of the complete domain of the η-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4184-90. [PMID: 27485387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning, purification and characterization of the full domain of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from Plasmodium falciparum, which incorporates 358 amino acid residues (from 181 to 538, in the sequence of this 600 amino acid long protein), called PfCAdom. The enzyme, which belongs to the η-CA class showed the following kinetic parameters: kcat of 3.8×10(5)s(-1) and kcat/Km of 7.2×10(7)M(-1)×s(-1), being 13.3 times more effective as a catalyst compared to the truncated form PfCA. PfCAdom is more effective than the human (h) isoform hCA I, being around 50% less effective compared to hCA II, one of the most catalytically efficient enzymes known so far. Intriguingly, the sulfonamides CA inhibitors generally showed much weaker inhibitory activity against PfCAdom compared to PfCA, prompting us to hypothesize that the 69 amino acid residues insertion present in the active site of this η-CA is crucial for the active site architecture. The best sulfonamide inhibitors for PfCAdom were acetazolamide, methazolamide, metanilamide and sulfanilamide, with KIs in the range of 366-808nM.
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27
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Keely NO, Carr M, Yassin B, Ana G, Lloyd DG, Zisterer D, Meegan MJ. Design, Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Ligand Conjugates Incorporating an Endoxifen-Combretastatin Hybrid Scaffold. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030015. [PMID: 28536383 PMCID: PMC5344255 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear-receptors are often overexpressed in tumours and can thereby be used as targets when designing novel selective chemotherapeutic agents. To date, many conjugates incorporating an estrogen receptor (ER) ligand have been synthesised in order to direct chemical agents to tissue sites containing ERs. A series of ER ligand conjugates were synthesised incorporating an antagonistic ER ligand scaffold based on endoxifen, covalently-bound via an amide linkage to a variety of combretastatin-based analogues, which may act as antimitotic agents. These novel endoxifen-combretastatin hybrid scaffold analogues were biochemically evaluated in order to determine their antiproliferative and cytotoxicity effects in both the ER-positive MCF-7 and the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. ER competitive binding assays were carried out to assess the binding affinity of the lead conjugate 28 towards both the ERα and ERβ isoforms. In results from the NCI 60-cell line screen, the lead conjugate 28 displayed potent and highly selective antiproliferative activity towards the MCF-7 human cancer cell line (IC50 = 5 nM). In the ER-binding assays, the lead conjugate 28 demonstrated potent ER competitive binding in ERα (IC50 value: 0.9 nM) and ERβ (IC50 value: 4.7 nM). Preliminary biochemical results also demonstrate that the lead conjugate 28 may exhibit pure antagonism. This series makes an important addition to the class of ER antagonists and may have potential applications in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall O Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Miriam Carr
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Bassem Yassin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Gloria Ana
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - David G Lloyd
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Daniela Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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28
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Pérez-Pérez MJ, Priego EM, Bueno O, Martins MS, Canela MD, Liekens S. Blocking Blood Flow to Solid Tumors by Destabilizing Tubulin: An Approach to Targeting Tumor Growth. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8685-8711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskía Bueno
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María-Dolores Canela
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Kumar BS, Raghuvanshi DS, Hasanain M, Alam S, Sarkar J, Mitra K, Khan F, Negi AS. Recent Advances in chemistry and pharmacology of 2-methoxyestradiol: An anticancer investigational drug. Steroids 2016; 110:9-34. [PMID: 27020471 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen hormone metabolite is a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Presently, it is an investigational drug under various phases of clinical trials alone or in combination therapy. Its anticancer activity has been attributed to its antitubulin, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic and ROS induction properties. This anticancer drug candidate has been explored extensively in last twenty years for its detailed chemistry and pharmacology. Present review is an update of its chemistry and biological activity. It also extends an assessment of potential of 2ME2 and its analogues as possible anticancer drug in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sathish Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Dushyant Singh Raghuvanshi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Arvind S Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
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30
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Caira MR, Bourne SA, Samsodien H, Smith VJ. Inclusion complexes of 2-methoxyestradiol with dimethylated and permethylated β-cyclodextrins: models for cyclodextrin-steroid interaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2616-30. [PMID: 26734107 PMCID: PMC4685897 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the potent anticancer agent 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) and a series of cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated in the solid state using thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction, while the possibility of enhancing its poor aqueous solubility with CDs was probed by means of equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate measurements. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the inclusion complexes between 2ME and the derivatised cyclodextrins heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DIMEB) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TRIMEB) revealed for the first time the nature of the encapsulation of a bioactive steroid by representative CD host molecules. Inclusion complexation invariably involves insertion of the D-ring of 2ME from the secondary side of each CD molecule, with the 17-OH group generally hydrogen bonding to a host glycosidic oxygen atom within the CD cavity, while the A-ring and part of the B-ring of 2ME protrude from the secondary side. In the case of the TRIMEB·2ME complex, there is evidence that complexation proceeds with mutual conformational adaptation of host and guest molecules. The aqueous solubility of 2ME was significantly enhanced by CDs, with DIMEB, TRIMEB, randomly methylated β-CD and hydroxypropyl-β-CD being the most effective hosts. The 2:1 host–guest β-CD inclusion complex, prepared by two methods, yielded very rapid dissolution in water at 37 °C relative to untreated 2ME, attaining complete dissolution within 15 minutes (co-precipitated complex) and 45 minutes (complex from kneading).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research (CSCR), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan A Bourne
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research (CSCR), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Halima Samsodien
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research (CSCR), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Vincent J Smith
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research (CSCR), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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31
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Zefirov NA, Zefirova ON. 2-Methoxyestradiol and its analogs. Synthesis and structure—antiproliferative activity relationship. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015090018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Shen YC, Upadhyayula R, Cevallos S, Messick RJ, Hsia T, Leese MP, Jewett DM, Ferrer-Torres D, Roth TM, Dohle W, Potter BVL, Barald KF. Targeted NF1 cancer therapeutics with multiple modes of action: small molecule hormone-like agents resembling the natural anticancer metabolite, 2-methoxyoestradiol. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1158-67. [PMID: 26461061 PMCID: PMC4647869 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both the number and size of tumours in NF1 patients increase in response to the rise in steroid hormones seen at puberty and during pregnancy. The size of tumours decreases after delivery, suggesting that hormone-targeting therapy might provide a viable new NF1 treatment approach. Our earlier studies demonstrated that human NF1 tumour cell lines either went through apoptosis or ceased growth in the presence of 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME2), a naturally occurring anticancer metabolite of 17-β estradiol. Previous reports of treatment with sulfamoylated steroidal and non-steroidal derivatives of 2ME2 showed promising reductions in tumour burden in hormone-responsive cancers other than NF1. Here we present the first studies indicating that 2ME2 derivatives could also provide an avenue for treating NF1, for which few treatment options are available. Methods: STX3451, (2-(3-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), a non-steroidal sulphamate analogue of 2ME2, was tested in dose-dependent studies of malignant and benign NF1 human tumour cell lines and cell lines with variable controlled neurofibromin expression. The mechanisms of action of STX3451 were also analysed. Results: We found that STX3451-induced apoptosis in human malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) cell lines, even in the presence of elevated oestrogen and progesterone. It inhibits both PI3 kinase and mTOR signalling pathways. It disrupts actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures in cell lines derived from human MPNSTs and in cells derived from benign plexiform neurofibromas. STX3451 selectively kills MPNST-derived cells, but also halts growth of other tumour-derived NF1 cell lines. Conclusion: STX3451 provides a new approach for inducing cell death and lowering tumour burden in NF1 and other hormone-responsive cancers with limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chi Shen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ravi Upadhyayula
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Stephanie Cevallos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ryan J Messick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Tammy Hsia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Douglas M Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Daysha Ferrer-Torres
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Therese M Roth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kate F Barald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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33
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Discovery and Development of the Aryl O-Sulfamate Pharmacophore for Oncology and Women's Health. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7634-58. [PMID: 25992880 PMCID: PMC5159624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1994, following work from this laboratory, it was reported that estrone-3-O-sulfamate irreversibly inhibits a new potential hormone-dependent cancer target steroid sulfatase (STS). Subsequent drug discovery projects were initiated to develop the core aryl O-sulfamate pharmacophore that, over some 20 years, have led to steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs in numerous preclinical and clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health, including endometriosis. Drugs have been designed to inhibit STS, e.g., Irosustat, as innovative dual-targeting aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) and as multitargeting agents for hormone-independent tumors, such as the steroidal STX140 and nonsteroidal counterparts, acting inter alia through microtubule disruption. The aryl sulfamate pharmacophore is highly versatile, operating via three distinct mechanisms of action, and imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties. This Perspective gives a personal view of the work leading both to the therapeutic concepts and these drugs, their current status, and how they might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
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Caira MR, Bourne SA, Samsodien H. Thermal, X-ray Structural, and Dissolution Characteristics of Solid Forms Derived from the Anticancer Agents 2-Methoxyestradiol and 2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-Bis-Sulfamate. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3418-25. [PMID: 26073557 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to generate alternative solid forms of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) and its sulfamoylated derivative 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (2MES), both of which are potent anticancer agents with no significant history of solid-state investigation. Screening for polymorphs and solvates by a variety of procedures yielded four distinct species: a crystalline form of 2ME, an amorphous form of 2ME, a chloroform solvate 2ME·(CHCl3 )2 , and the hemihydrate of the bis-sulfamate, 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 . Hydrogen-bonded assembly of 2ME molecules into layers in both crystalline 2ME and its chloroform solvate was established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This technique also revealed disorder of the sulfamate group at position 17 in both molecules comprising the asymmetric unit in the crystal of 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 . The thermal stabilities of the crystalline phases were recorded using hot-stage microscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were reconciled with the crystal structures. Aqueous dissolution rates measured at 37°C generally decreased in the order 2MES·(H2 O)0.5 > 2ME(amorphous) > 2ME(crystalline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino R Caira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan A Bourne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Halima Samsodien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
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Visagie MH, Birkholtz LM, Joubert AM. A 2-methoxyestradiol bis-sulphamoylated derivative induces apoptosis in breast cell lines. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:19. [PMID: 25908963 PMCID: PMC4407428 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research involving antimitotic compounds identified 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), as a promising anticancer endogenous metabolite. Owing to its low bioavailability, several in silico-designed 2ME2 analogues were synthesized. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that an already existing 17-β-estradiol analogue, namely (8R,13S,14S,17S)-2-ethyl-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrane-3,17-diyl bis(sulphamate) (EMBS) to exert potential in vitro anticancer activity. Methods This study investigated the in vitro apoptotic influence of EMBS in an estrogen receptor-positive breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (MCF-7); an estrogen receptor-negative breast epithelial cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a non-tumorigenic breast cell line (MCF-12A). Cell cycle progression, a phosphatidylserine flip, caspase 6-, 7- and 8 enzyme activity levels, Bcl-2 phosphorylation status at serine 70 and Bcl-2- and p53 protein levels were investigated to identify a possible action mechanism for apoptotic induction. Results The xCELLigence real-time label-independent approach revealed that EMBS exerted antiproliferative activity in all three cell lines after 24 h of exposure. A G2M block was observed and apoptosis induction was verified by means of flow cytometry using propidium iodide and Annexin V-FITC respectively. EMBS-treated cells demonstrated a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. EMBS exposure resulted in a statistically significant increase in p53 protein expression, decreased Bcl-2 protein expression and a decrease in pBcl-2(s70) phosphorylation status in all three cell lines. Results support the notion that EMBS induces apoptosis in all three cell lines. Conclusion This study includes investigation into the apoptotic hallmarks exerted by EMBS after exposure of three cell lines namely MCF-7-, MDA-MDA-231- and MCF-12A cells. Increased caspase 6-, caspase 7- and caspase 8 activities, upregulation of p53 protein expression and a decrease in phosphorylation status of Bcl-2 at serine 70 in tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic lines were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Helen Visagie
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Arcadia, 0007 South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Anna Margaretha Joubert
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Arcadia, 0007 South Africa
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Sommerwerk S, Heller L, Csuk R. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Sulfamates. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:46-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Sommerwerk
- Martin-Luther-Universit; ä; t Halle-Wittenberg; Bereich Organische Chemie; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Lucie Heller
- Martin-Luther-Universit; ä; t Halle-Wittenberg; Bereich Organische Chemie; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-Universit; ä; t Halle-Wittenberg; Bereich Organische Chemie; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Synthesis of 2-alkoxy and 2-benzyloxy analogues of estradiol as anti-breast cancer agents through microtubule stabilization. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:740-51. [PMID: 25238172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an investigational anticancer drug. In the present study, 2-alkoxyesters/acid and 2-benzyloxy analogues of estradiol have been synthesized as analogues of 2ME2. Three of the derivatives exhibited significant anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell lines. The best analogue of the series i.e. 24 showed stabilization of tubulin polymerisation process. It was substantiated by confocal microscopy and molecular docking studies where 24 occupied 'paclitaxel binding pocket' to stabilize the polymerisation process. Compound 24 significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50: 7 μM) and induced arrest of cell cycle and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. In acute oral toxicity, 24 was found to be non-toxic and well tolerated in Swiss albino mice up to 1000 mg/kg dose.
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Dohle W, Leese MP, Jourdan FL, Chapman CJ, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Potter BVL. Optimisation of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based chimeric microtubule disruptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1783-93. [PMID: 24819406 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-based "chimeric" microtubule disruptors were optimised through modification of the N-benzyl motif, in concert with changes at C3 and C7, resulting in the identification of compounds with improved in vitro antiproliferative activities (e.g. 15: GI50 20 nM in DU-145). The broad anticancer activity of these novel structures was confirmed in the NCI 60-cell line assay, with 12 e,f displaying MGM values in the 40 nM region. In addition, their profiles as inhibitors of tubulin polymerisation and colchicine binding to tubulin were confirmed. Compound 15, for example, inhibited tubulin polymerisation with an IC50 of 1.8 μM, close to that of the clinical drug combretastatin A-4, and also proved effective at blocking colchicine binding. Additionally, compound 20 b was identified as the only phenol in the series to date showing both better in vitro antiproliferative properties than its corresponding sulfamate and excellent antitubulin data (IC50=.6 μM). Compound 12 f was selected for in vivo evaluation at the NCI in the hollow fibre assay and showed very good activity and wide tissue distribution, illustrating the value of this template for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
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Leese MP, Jourdan FL, Major MR, Dohle W, Thomas MP, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Mahon MF, Newman SP, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Synthesis, anti-tubulin and antiproliferative SAR of steroidomimetic dihydroisoquinolinones. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:798-812. [PMID: 24596315 PMCID: PMC4114533 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A SAR translation strategy adopted for the discovery of tetrahydroisoquinolinone (THIQ)-based steroidomimetic microtubule disruptors has been extended to dihydroisoquinolinone (DHIQ)-based compounds. A steroid A,B-ring-mimicking DHIQ core was connected to methoxyaryl D-ring mimics through methylene, carbonyl, and sulfonyl linkers, and the resulting compounds were evaluated against two cancer cell lines. The carbonyl-linked DHIQs in particular exhibit significant in vitro antiproliferative activities (e.g., 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (16 g): GI50 51 nm in DU-145 cells). The broad anticancer activity of DHIQ 16 g was confirmed in the NCI 60-cell line assay giving a mean activity of 33 nm. Furthermore, 6-hydroxy-2-(3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (16 f) and 16 g and their sulfamate derivatives 17 f and 17 g (2-(3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)-7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and 7-methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-6-sulfamoyloxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, respectively) show excellent activity against the polymerization of tubulin, close to that of the clinical combretastatin A-4, and bind competitively at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Compounds 16 f and 17 f were also shown to demonstrate in vitro anti-angiogenic activity. Additionally, X-ray and computational analyses of 17 f reveal that electrostatic repulsion between the two adjacent carbonyl groups, through conformational biasing, dictates the adoption of a “steroid-like” conformation that may partially explain the excellent in vitro activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
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Hopa E, Basaran I, Sinan S, Turan Y, Cakir U. In vitro inhibition effects of some coumarin derivatives on human erythrocytes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:728-32. [PMID: 24506203 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.845819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory effects of some synthesized dihydroxycoumarin compounds on purified G6PD were investigated. For this purpose, initially human erythrocyte G6PD was purified 7069-fold in a yield of 33.6% by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography which includes 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically according to Beutler method at 340 nm. 6,7-Dihydroxy-3-(2-methylphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (OPC), 6,7-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (MPC) and 6,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (PPC) were used as dihydroxycoumarin compounds. This study has demonstrated that G6PD activity is very highly sensitive to study coumarin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Hopa
- Pamukcu Multi-Program High School , Balikesir , Turkey
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Dohle W, Leese MP, Jourdan FL, Major MR, Bai R, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Kasprzyk PG, Fiore A, Newman SP, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Synthesis, antitubulin, and antiproliferative SAR of C3/C1-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:350-70. [PMID: 24436228 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and antiproliferative activities of novel substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and their sulfamates are discussed. Biasing of conformational populations through substitution on the tetrahydroisoquinoline core at C1 and C3 has a profound effect on the antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. The C3 methyl-substituted sulfamate (±)-7-methoxy-2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-methyl-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (6 b), for example, was found to be ∼10-fold more potent than the corresponding non-methylated compound 7-methoxy-2-(3-methoxybenzyl)-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (4 b) against DU-145 prostate cancer cells (GI50 values: 220 nM and 2.1 μM, respectively). Such compounds were also found to be active against a drug-resistant MCF breast cancer cell line. The position and nature of substitution of the N-benzyl group in the C3-substituted series was found to have a significant effect on activity. Whereas C1 methylation has little effect on activity, introduction of C1 phenyl and C3-gem-dimethyl substituents greatly decreases antiproliferative activity. The ability of these compounds to inhibit microtubule polymerisation and to bind tubulin in a competitive manner versus colchicine confirms the mechanism of action. The therapeutic potential of a representative compound was confirmed in an in vivo multiple myeloma xenograft study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
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Leese MP, Jourdan FL, Major MR, Dohle W, Hamel E, Ferrandis E, Fiore A, Kasprzyk PG, Potter BVL. Tetrahydroisoquinolinone-based steroidomimetic and chimeric microtubule disruptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:85-108, 1. [PMID: 24124095 PMCID: PMC3877212 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) translation strategy was used for the discovery of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-based steroidomimetic and chimeric microtubule disruptors based upon a steroidal starting point. A steroid A,B-ring-mimicking THIQ core was connected to methoxyaryl D-ring ring mimics through methylene, carbonyl and sulfonyl linkers to afford a number of steroidomimetic hits (e.g., 7-methoxy-2-(3- methoxybenzyl)-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (20 c) GI₅₀=2.1 μM). Optimisation and control experiments demonstrate the complementary SAR of this series and the steroid derivatives that inspired its design. Linkage of the THIQ-based A,B-mimic with the trimethoxyaryl motif prevalent in colchicine site binding microtubule disruptors delivered a series of chimeric molecules whose activity (GI₅₀=40 nM) surpasses that of the parent steroid derivatives. Validation of this strategy was obtained from the excellent oral activity of 7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline relative to a benchmark steroidal bis- sulfamate in an in vivo model of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P. Leese
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Fabrice L. Jourdan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Meriel R. Major
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Eric Ferrandis
- Institut de Recherche Henri Beaufour, 91966 Les Ulis Cedex (France)
| | - Ann Fiore
- IPSEN, 27 Maple St, Milford, MA (USA)
| | | | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK)
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Spillane W, Malaubier JB. Sulfamic Acid and Its N- and O-Substituted Derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2507-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Spillane
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Malaubier
- Manufacturing Science
and
Technology, Roche Ireland Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
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Meyer-Losic F, Newman SP, Day JM, Reed MJ, Kasprzyk PG, Purohit A, Foster PA. STX140, but not paclitaxel, inhibits mammary tumour initiation and progression in C3(1)/SV40 T/t-antigen transgenic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80305. [PMID: 24324595 PMCID: PMC3855596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite paclitxael's clinical success, treating hormone-refractory breast cancer remains challenging. Paclitaxel has a poor pharmacological profile, characterized by a low therapeutic index (TIX) caused by severe dose limiting toxicities, such as neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy. Consequently, new drugs are urgently required. STX140, a compound previously shown to have excellent efficacy against many tumors, is here compared to paclitaxel in three translational in vivo breast cancer models, a rat model of peripheral neuropathy, and through pharmacological testing. Three different in vivo mouse models of breast cancer were used; the metastatic 4T1 orthotopic model, the C3(1)/SV40 T-Ag model, and the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. To determine TIX and pharmacological profile of STX140, a comprehensive dosing regime was performed in mice bearing MDA-MD-231 xenografts. Finally, peripheral neuropathy was examined using a rat plantar thermal hyperalgesia model. In the 4T1 metastatic model, STX140 and paclitaxel significantly inhibited primary tumor growth and lung metastases. All C3(1)/SV40 T-Ag mice in the control and paclitaxel treated groups developed palpable mammary cancer. STX140 blocked 47% of tumors developing and significantly inhibited growth of tumors that did develop. STX140 treatment caused a significant (P<0.001) survival advantage for animals in early and late intervention groups. Conversely, in C3(1)/SV40 T-Ag mice, paclitaxel failed to inhibit tumor growth and did not increase survival time. Furthermore, paclitaxel, but not STX140, induced significant peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia. These results show that STX140 has a greater anti-cancer efficacy, TIX, and reduced neurotoxicity compared to paclitaxel in C3(1)/SV40 T-Ag mice and therefore may be of significant benefit to patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon P. Newman
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Day
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Reed
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Kasprzyk
- Ipsen Biomeasure, IPSEN, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Atul Purohit
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mostafa YA, Taylor SD. Steroid derivatives as inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:183-98. [PMID: 23391659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroids function as a storage reservoir of biologically active steroid hormones. The sulfated steroids themselves are biologically inactive and only become active in vivo when they are converted into their desulfated (unconjugated) form by the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS). Inhibitors of STS are considered to be potential therapeutics for the treatment of steroid-dependent cancers such as breast, prostate and endometrial cancer. The present review summarizes steroid derivatives as inhibitors of STS covering the literature from the early years of STS inhibitor development to October of 2012. A brief discussion of the function, structure and mechanism of STS and its role in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) hormone-dependent breast cancer is also presented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser A Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Gupta A, Kumar BS, Negi AS. Current status on development of steroids as anticancer agents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:242-70. [PMID: 23727548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are important biodynamic agents. Their affinities for various nuclear receptors have been an interesting feature to utilize them for drug development particularly for receptor mediated diseases. Steroid biochemistry and its crucial role in human physiology, has attained importance among the researchers. Recent years have seen an extensive focus on modification of steroids. The rational modifications of perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of steroids have yielded several important anticancer lead molecules. Exemestane, SR16157, fulvestrant and 2-methoxyestradiol are some of the successful leads emerged on steroidal pharmacophores. The present review is an update on some of the steroidal leads obtained during past 25 years. Various steroid based enzyme inhibitors, antiestrogens, cytotoxic conjugates and steroidal cytotoxic molecules of natural as well as synthetic origin have been highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
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Theron AE, Nolte EM, Lafanechère L, Joubert AM. Molecular crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by a novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogue in cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:87. [PMID: 23977838 PMCID: PMC3766685 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2-Methoxyestradiol has been shown to induce both autophagy and apoptosis in various carcinogenic cell lines. Although a promising anti-cancer agent, it has poor bioavailability and rapid in vivo metabolism which decreases its efficiency. In order to improve 2-methoxyestradiol’s anti-proliferative properties, a novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogue, 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estra-1,3,5 (10)16-tetraene (ESE-16), was previously in silico-designed in our laboratory. This study investigated ESE-16 for its anti-proliferative potential on a cervical adenocarcinoma cell (HeLa) cell line. Additionally, the possible intracellular crosstalk mechanisms between the two types of cell death were investigated. Methods and results HeLa cells exposed to 0.5 μM ESE-16 for 24 hours showed morphological evidence of both apoptotic and autophagic death pathways as assessed by polarization-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast microscopy, fluorescent microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometric cyclin B1 quantification revealed induction of programmed cell death after halting cell cycle progression in metaphase. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that ESE-16 caused microtubule fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression and phosphatidylserine flip determination confirmed induction of apoptosis. Moreover, an increase in aggresome formation and microtubule-associated protein light chain, LC3, was demonstrated indicative of autophagy. Both caspase 8 and 3 were upregulated in a spectrophotometric analysis, indicating the involvement of the extrinsic pathway of apoptotic induction. Conclusions We conclude that the novel in silico-designed compound, ESE-16, exerts its anti-proliferative effect on the tumorigenic human epithelial cervical (HeLa) cells by sequentially targeting microtubule integrity, resulting in a metaphase block, causing induction of both autophagic and apoptotic cell death via a crosstalk mechanism that involves the extrinsic pathway. Future investigations will expand on signal transduction pathways involved in both apoptosis and autophagy for assessment of ESE-16 effects on microtubule dynamic instability parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Theron
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 Gauteng, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Day JM, Foster PA, Tutill HJ, Schmidlin F, Sharland CM, Hargrave JD, Vicker N, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. STX2171, a 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 inhibitor, is efficacious in vivo in a novel hormone-dependent prostate cancer model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:53-64. [PMID: 23132791 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) catalyse the 17-position reduction/oxidation of steroids. 17β-HSD type 3 (17β-HSD3) catalyses the reduction of the weakly androgenic androstenedione (adione) to testosterone, suggesting that specific inhibitors of 17β-HSD3 may have a role in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. STX2171 is a novel selective non-steroidal 17β-HSD3 inhibitor with an IC(50) of ∼200 nM in a whole-cell assay. It inhibits adione-stimulated proliferation of 17β-HSD3-expressing androgen receptor-positive LNCaP(HSD3) prostate cancer cells in vitro. An androgen-stimulated LNCaP(HSD3) xenograft proof-of-concept model was developed to study the efficacies of STX2171 and a more established 17β-HSD3 inhibitor, STX1383 (SCH-451659, Schering-Plough), in vivo. Castrated male MF-1 mice were inoculated s.c. with 1×10(7) cells 24 h after an initial daily dose of testosterone propionate (TP) or vehicle. After 4 weeks, tumours had not developed in vehicle-dosed mice, but were present in 50% of those mice given TP. One week after switching the stimulus to adione, mice were dosed additionally with the vehicle or inhibitor for a further 4 weeks. Both TP and adione efficiently stimulated tumour growth and increased plasma testosterone levels; however, in the presence of either 17β-HSD3 inhibitor, adione-dependent tumour growth was significantly inhibited and plasma testosterone levels reduced. Mouse body weights were unaffected. Both inhibitors also significantly lowered plasma testosterone levels in intact mice. In conclusion, STX2171 and STX1383 significantly lower plasma testosterone levels and inhibit androgen-dependent tumour growth in vivo, indicating that 17β-HSD3 inhibitors may have application in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Day
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College London, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Steroid sulfatase (STS) converts sulfated hormones to free hormones of importance in hormone-dependent diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. Carbohydrate sulfatases degrade complex carbohydrates as part of normal cellular turnover; certain lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) involve defective processing of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by mutant sulfatases. AREAS COVERED Aryl sulfamates have been developed as STS inhibitors, and STX64 and PGL2001 are under evaluation in Phase I and II clinical trials for treatment of endometrial and metastatic breast and prostate cancers and endometriosis. Dual-acting compounds have emerged that are aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor antagonists, or inhibitors of microtubule polymerization. Sulfamidase inhibitors as pharmacological chaperones to assist maturation of folding-defective mutants for the treatment of Sanfilippo type A disease are under investigation. Coverage: The patent literature after the mid-1990s. EXPERT OPINION The failure of STX64 in a Phase II monotherapy clinical trial should not dissuade further investigations in multidrug regimens, particularly in combination with AIs. The recent development of dual-acting compounds may enhance the potential for success in the clinic. Further investigations into aryl sulfamates are required to clarify the molecular mechanism of action; additionally, new reversible sulfatase inhibition concepts are needed for the development of pharmacological chaperones for sulfatase LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Williams
- University of Melbourne, School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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