1
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Pennington LD, Hesse MJ, Koester DC, McAtee RC, Qunies AM, Hu DX. Property-Based Drug Design Merits a Nobel Prize. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38940466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rory C McAtee
- Drug Hunter, Happy Valley, Oregon 97086, United States
| | | | - Dennis X Hu
- Drug Hunter, Happy Valley, Oregon 97086, United States
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3
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Reese TC, Devineni A, Smith T, Lalami I, Ahn JM, Raj GV. Evaluating physiochemical properties of FDA-approved orally administered drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:225-238. [PMID: 37921049 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2275617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analyses of orally administered FDA-approved drugs from 1990 to 1993 enabled the identification of a set of physiochemical properties known as Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5). The original Ro5 and extended versions still remain the reference criteria for drug development programs. Since many bioactive compounds do not conform to the Ro5, we validated the relevance of and adherence to these rulesets in a contemporary cohort of FDA-approved drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors noted that a significant proportion of FDA-approved orally administered parent compounds from 2011 to 2022 deviate from the original Ro5 criteria (~38%) or the Ro5 with extensions (~53%). They then evaluated if a contemporary Ro5 criteria (cRo5) could be devised to better predict oral bioavailability. Furthermore, they discuss many case studies showcasing the need for and benefit of increasing the size of certain compounds and cover several evolving strategies for improving oral bioavailability. EXPERT OPINION Despite many revisions to the Ro5, the authors find that no single proposed physiochemical rule has universal concordance with absolute oral bioavailability. Innovations in drug delivery and formulation have dramatically expanded the range of physicochemical properties and the chemical diversity for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Reese
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anvita Devineni
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Tristan Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Ismail Lalami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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4
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von Delft A, Hall MD, Kwong AD, Purcell LA, Saikatendu KS, Schmitz U, Tallarico JA, Lee AA. Accelerating antiviral drug discovery: lessons from COVID-19. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:585-603. [PMID: 37173515 PMCID: PMC10176316 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a wave of rapid and collaborative drug discovery efforts took place in academia and industry, culminating in several therapeutics being discovered, approved and deployed in a 2-year time frame. This article summarizes the collective experience of several pharmaceutical companies and academic collaborations that were active in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antiviral discovery. We outline our opinions and experiences on key stages in the small-molecule drug discovery process: target selection, medicinal chemistry, antiviral assays, animal efficacy and attempts to pre-empt resistance. We propose strategies that could accelerate future efforts and argue that a key bottleneck is the lack of quality chemical probes around understudied viral targets, which would serve as a starting point for drug discovery. Considering the small size of the viral proteome, comprehensively building an arsenal of probes for proteins in viruses of pandemic concern is a worthwhile and tractable challenge for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alpha A Lee
- PostEra, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff EL, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Watson RB, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9607-9661. [PMID: 35833579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma L McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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6
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Hamdy J, Emadeldin N, Hamed MM, Frakolaki E, Katsamakas S, Vassilaki N, Zoidis G, Hirsch AKH, Abdel-Halim M, Abadi AH. Design and Synthesis of Novel Bis-Imidazolyl Phenyl Butadiyne Derivatives as HCV NS5A Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:632. [PMID: 35631457 PMCID: PMC9146377 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In today’s global plan to completely eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV), the essential list of medications used for HCV treatment are direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), as interferon-sparing regimens have become the standard-of-care (SOC) treatment. HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors are a very common component of these regimens. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved NS5A inhibitors, although very potent, do not have the same potency against all eight genotypes of HCV. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize NS5A inhibitor analogues with high potency pan-genotypic activity and high metabolic stability. Starting from an NS5A inhibitor scaffold previously identified by our research group, we made several modifications. Two series of compounds were created to test the effect of changing the length and spatial conformation (para-para vs. meta-meta-positioned bis-imidazole-proline-carbamate), replacing amide groups in the linker with imidazole groups, as well as different end-cap compositions and sizes. The frontrunner inhibits genotype 1b (Con1) replicon, with an EC50 value in the picomolar range, and showed high genotypic coverage with nanomolar range EC50 values against four more genotypes. This together with its high metabolic stability (t½ > 120 min) makes it a potential preclinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Hamdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (J.H.); (N.E.)
| | - Nouran Emadeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (J.H.); (N.E.)
| | - Mostafa M. Hamed
- Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (M.M.H.); (A.K.H.H.)
| | - Efseveia Frakolaki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (N.V.)
| | - Sotirios Katsamakas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (N.V.)
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (M.M.H.); (A.K.H.H.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (J.H.); (N.E.)
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (J.H.); (N.E.)
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7
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Lukyanenko ER, Belov GM, Novoselov AM, Nechaev MS, Kurkin AV. The stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-fused pyrrolidine containing bicyclic azepine and oxepine derivatives using aza-Cope rearrangement-Mannich cyclization as a key step. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03936b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel methods and strategies for the formation of fused five-, six-, and seven-membered ring structures is of utmost importance in organic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny R. Lukyanenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninsky Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Grigory M. Belov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninsky Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anton M. Novoselov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninsky Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Nechaev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninsky Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Kurkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninsky Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- University of Michigan, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry and Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Liu J, Han J, Izawa K, Sato T, White S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112736. [PMID: 32966895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made AAs are indispensable components of modern medicinal chemistry and are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs. In fact, about 30% of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain residues of tailor-made AAs or structurally related diamines and amino-alcohols. Cyclic tailor-made AAs present a particular value to rational structural design by virtue of their local conformational constraints and are widely used in lead optimization programs. The present review article highlights 34 compounds, all of which are derived from cyclic AAs, representing recently-approved, small-molecule pharmaceuticals as well as promising drug candidates currently in various phases of clinical study. For each compound, the discussion includes the discovery, therapeutic profile and optimized synthesis, with a focus on the preparation of cyclic tailor-made AA as the principal structural feature. The present review article is intended to serve as a reference source for organic, medicinal and process chemists along with other professionals working in the fields of drug design and pharmaceutical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc, 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box, 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543 4000, United States
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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10
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico modeling of novel pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115716. [PMID: 33069072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel small-molecule pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors with picomolar activity containing 2-[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-5-[4-(4-{2-[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-5-yl}buta-1,3-diyn-1-yl)phenyl]-1H-imidazole core was designed based on molecular modeling study and SAR analysis. The constructed in silico model and docking study provide a deep insight into the binding mode of this type of NS5A inhibitors. Based on the predicted binding interface we have prioritized the most crucial diversity points responsible for improving antiviral activity. The synthesized molecules were tested in a cell-based assay, and compound 1.12 showed an EC50 value in the range of 2.9-34 pM against six genotypes of NS5A HCV, including gT3a, and demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic profile in rats. This lead compound can be considered as an attractive candidate for further clinical evaluation.
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11
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Li YP, Yang Y, Wang MQ, Zhang X, Wang WJ, Li M, Wu FP, Dang SS. Facial and bilateral lower extremity edema due to drug-drug interactions in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection and benign prostate hypertrophy: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3372-3376. [PMID: 32874995 PMCID: PMC7441249 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i15.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New direct-acting antivirals (DAAs)-based anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies are highly effective in patients with HCV infection. However, safety data are lacking regarding HCV treatment with DAAs and drugs for comorbidities.
CASE SUMMARY Herein, we reported a case of HCV-infection in a 46-year-old man with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The patient received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir as well as methadone maintenance therapy for drug abuse. The viral load became negative at week 1 post treatment. He developed facial and bilateral lower extremity edema 48 h after starting receiving tamsulosin. Edema disappeared 10 d after treatment with oral furosemide and spironolactone.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, this is the first case of an acute edema in the course of treatment with new DAAs, methadone and tamsulosin. These agents are useful in clinical management of patients with HCV infection, particularly in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Clinicians should be aware of potential drug-drug interactions in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mu-Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng-Ping Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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12
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Yokokawa F. Recent progress on phenotype-based discovery of dengue inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:541-551. [PMID: 33479655 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is the world's most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus, which are widely spread throughout tropical and sub-tropical countries. There has been an urgent need to identify an effective and safe dengue inhibitor as a therapeutic and a prophylactic agent for dengue fever. Most clinically approved antiviral drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency syndrome-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) target virally encoded enzymes such as protease or polymerase. Inhibitors of these enzymes were typically identified by target-based screening followed by optimization via structure-based design. However, due to the lack of success to date of research efforts to identify dengue protease and polymerase inhibitors, alternative strategies for anti-dengue drug discovery need to be considered. As a complementary approach to the target-based drug discovery, phenotypic screening is a strategy often used in identification of new chemical starting points with novel mechanisms of action in the area of infectious diseases such as antibiotics, antivirals, and anti-parasitic agents. This article is an overview of recent reports on dengue phenotypic screens and discusses phenotype-based hit-to-lead chemistry optimization. The challenges encountered and the outlook on dengue phenotype-based lead discovery are discussed at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases , Emeryville , CA 94608 , USA .
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13
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Nakamura H, Akagi Y, Terui T, Fujioka S, Komoda Y, Kinoshita W, Maeda K, Ukaji Y, Inaba T. Discovery of a novel unsymmetrical structural class of HCV NS5A inhibitors with low picomolar antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126932. [PMID: 31952964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel unsymmetrical structural class of HCV NS5A inhibitors showing picomolar range antiviral activity has been identified. An unsymmetrical lead compound 2, generated from a substructure of a known symmetrical inhibitor 1, was optimized by extension of its substituents to interact with the hitherto unexplored site of the target protein. This approach afforded novel highly potent unsymmetrical inhibitor 20, which not only equally inhibited HCV genotypes1a, 1b, and 2a with EC50 values in the picomolar range, but also inhibited the 1a Q30K mutant induced by a launched symmetrical inhibitor daclatasvir with an EC50 in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakamura
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan; Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Akagi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takashi Terui
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujioka
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Komoda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Wataru Kinoshita
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kimiya Maeda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Inaba
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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14
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Tyagi M, Begnini F, Poongavanam V, Doak BC, Kihlberg J. Drug Syntheses Beyond the Rule of 5. Chemistry 2019; 26:49-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fabio Begnini
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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15
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Sofia MJ. The Discovery and Development of Daclatasvir: An Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Replication Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122418 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2018_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Boseila AA, Rashed HM, Sakr TM, Abdel-Reheem AY, Basalious EB. Superiority of DEAE-Dx-Stabilized Cationic Bile-Based Vesicles over Conventional Vesicles for Enhanced Hepatic Delivery of Daclatasvir. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4190-4199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. Boseila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 12611 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M. Rashed
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Y. Abdel-Reheem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 12611 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad B. Basalious
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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17
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You Y, Kim HS, Park JW, Keum G, Jang SK, Kim BM. Sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange as a key reaction for synthesizing biaryl sulfate core derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship studies. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31803-31821. [PMID: 35548241 PMCID: PMC9085918 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely potent, new hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A (NS5A) featuring substituted biaryl sulfate core structures was designed and synthesized. Based on the previously reported novel HCV NS5A inhibitors featuring biaryl sulfate core structures which exhibit two-digit picomolar half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values against HCV genotype 1b and 2a, the new inhibitors equipped with the sulfate core structures containing diversely substituted aryl groups were explored. In this study, highly efficient, chemoselective coupling reactions between an arylsulfonyl fluoride and an aryl silyl ether, known as the sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction, were utilized. Among the inhibitors prepared based on the SuFEx chemistry, compounds 14, 15 and 29 exhibited two-digit picomolar EC50 values against GT-1b and single digit or sub nanomolar activities against the HCV GT-2a strain. Nonsymmetrical inhibitors containing an imidazole and amide moieties on each side of the sulfate core structures were also synthesized. In addition, a biotinylated probe targeting NS5A protein was prepared for labeling using the same synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsu You
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Park
- Supercomputing Modeling & Simulation Center, Division of Data Analysis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 245 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02455 South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
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18
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Cory TJ, Mu Y, Gong Y, Kodidela S, Kumar S. Sofosbuvir + velpatasvir + voxilaprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:749-757. [PMID: 29634360 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1459567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C is a disease with a significant global impact. Over the last several years, the treatment of the disease has been revolutionized. Therapy has transformed over the last several years with the approval of second generation direct acting antivirals, and currently utilized medications for the treatment of hepatitis C are significantly more efficacious with better safety profiles than previously approved treatments. Treatment for individuals who have failed therapy on direct acting antivirals has, until recently, been complex and difficult to treat, but the approval of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir represents a new therapeutic option for these individuals. Areas covered: Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir is a recently approved therapeutic combination for the treatment of hepatitis C. This article reviews the studies leading to the approval of the combination, and its efficacy and safety profile. Expert opinion: Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir fills one of the previously unfilled niches for the treatment of hepatitis C, that of the treatment of individuals who have failed therapy with resistant virus. With the filling of this niche, there appears to be a general slowing of the development of new therapeutics. Although understandable, in the long term, there are considerable risks associated with the decreased development of new drugs to treat hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Cory
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Ying Mu
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Yuqing Gong
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , TN , USA
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19
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Young RJ, Leeson PD. Mapping the Efficiency and Physicochemical Trajectories of Successful Optimizations. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6421-6467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Young
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul D. Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd., The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CV13 6LZ, U.K
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20
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 220.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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21
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Besandre R, Liu HW. Biochemical Basis of Vosevi, a New Treatment for Hepatitis C Published as part of the Biochemistry series "Biochemistry to Bedside". Biochemistry 2017; 57:479-480. [PMID: 29185714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Besandre
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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DeGoey DA, Chen HJ, Cox PB, Wendt MD. Beyond the Rule of 5: Lessons Learned from AbbVie’s Drugs and Compound Collection. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2636-2651. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. DeGoey
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Hui-Ju Chen
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Philip B. Cox
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael D. Wendt
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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23
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Jin G, Lee J, Lee K. Chemical genetics-based development of small molecules targeting hepatitis C virus. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1021-1036. [PMID: 28856597 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem that has emerged as one of the most significant diseases affecting humans. There are currently no vaccines or efficient therapies without side effects, despite today's advanced medical technology. Currently, the common therapy for most patients (i.e. genotype 1) is combination of HCV-specific direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Up to 2011, the standard of care (SOC) was a combination of peg-IFNα with ribavirin (RBV). After approval of NS3/4A protease inhibitor, SOC was peg-IFNα and RBV with either the first-generation DAAs boceprevir or telaprevir. In the past several years, various novel small molecules have been discovered and some of them (i.e., HCV polymerase, protease, helicase and entry inhibitors) have undergone clinical trials. Between 2013 and 2016, the second-generation DAA drugs simeprevir, asunaprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and elbasvir were approved, as well as the combinational drugs Harvoni®, Zepatier®, Technivie®, and Epclusa®. A number of reviews have been recently published describing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the development of HCV inhibitors and outlining current therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C infection. Target identification involves studying a drug's mechanism of action (MOA), and a variety of target identification methods have been developed in the past few years. Chemical biology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying biological processes using small molecules. The use of chemical genetic methods is a valuable strategy for studying the molecular mechanisms of the viral lifecycle and screening for anti-viral agents. Two general screening approaches have been employed: forward and reverse chemical genetics. This review reveals information on the small molecules in HCV drug discovery by using chemical genetics for targeting the HCV protein and describes successful examples of targets identified with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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24
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McGowan DC, Khamlichi MD, De Groot A, Pauwels F, Delouvroy F, Van Emelen K, Simmen K, Raboisson P. Synthesis and evaluation of novel HCV replication inhibitors. Mol Divers 2017; 21:475-481. [PMID: 28293834 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct acting antiviral agents to cure hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has emerged as the gold standard therapy. Along with protease inhibitors, nucleoside polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, the inhibition of NS5a has proved to be an effective way to treat HCV patients. Here we report on novel HCV NS5a inhibitors which were synthesized and evaluated in the HCV replicon assay. A series of inhibitors were formed by a cycloaddition reaction in parallel to establish new leads and explore the effects of unsymmetrical cap substitution. This led to the identification of several triazoles with picomolar potency in vitro against hepatitis C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McGowan
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Mourad D Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research, Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2,5- Av. Azul, 30320, Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alex De Groot
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Delouvroy
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Emelen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simmen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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25
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Kounde CS, Yeo HQ, Wang QY, Wan KF, Dong H, Karuna R, Dix I, Wagner T, Zou B, Simon O, Bonamy GM, Yeung BK, Yokokawa F. Discovery of 2-oxopiperazine dengue inhibitors by scaffold morphing of a phenotypic high-throughput screening hit. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1385-1389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Moore TO, Paradowski M, Ward SE. An atom-efficient and convergent approach to the preparation of NS5A inhibitors by C-H activation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3307-13. [PMID: 26936019 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach of the convergent functionalisation of aryl dibromides to form NS5A type inhibitors using C-H activation is reported. The focus of investigation was to reduce the formation of homodimeric side product, as well as to investigate the scope of different aryl dibromides that were tolerated under the reaction conditions. The C-H activation methodology was found to give a viable synthetic route to NS5A inhibitors, with late stage functionalisation of the core portion of the molecule, albeit with some chemical functionalities not tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Moore
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Michael Paradowski
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Simon E Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, UK.
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27
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Randolph JT, Flentge CA, Donner P, Rockway TW, Patel SV, Nelson L, Hutchinson DK, Mondal R, Mistry N, Reisch T, Dekhtyar T, Krishnan P, Pilot-Matias T, Stolarik DF, Beno DWA, Wagner R, Maring C, Kati WM. Discovery of fluorobenzimidazole HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5462-5467. [PMID: 27780635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research toward a next-generation HCV NS5A inhibitor has identified fluorobenzimidazole analogs that demonstrate potent, broad-genotype in vitro activity against HCV genotypes 1-6 replicons as well as HCV NS5A variants that are orders of magnitude less susceptible to inhibition by first-generation NS5A inhibitors in comparison to wild-type replicons. The fluorobenzimidazole inhibitors have improved pharmacokinetic properties in comparison to non-fluorinated benzimidazole analogs. Discovery of these inhibitors was facilitated by exploring SAR in a structurally simplified inhibitor series.
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28
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Chahine EB, Sucher AJ, Hemstreet BA. Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir: The First Pangenotypic Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination for Hepatitis C. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 51:44-53. [PMID: 27609942 DOI: 10.1177/1060028016668897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. DATA SOURCES A literature search through PubMed was conducted (June 2008 to August 2016) using the terms GS-5816, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir. References from retrieved articles and the prescribing information were reviewed for any additional material. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Phase I, II, and III studies of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for HCV were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir is indicated for adult patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 through 6. It is given without ribavirin in patients with or without compensated cirrhosis and with ribavirin in patients who have decompensated cirrhosis. The ASTRAL-1 study demonstrated that sofosbuvir 400 mg plus velpatasvir 100 mg for 12 weeks was effective at achieving high sustained virological response (SVR12) rates in patients with HCV genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6. The ASTRAL-2 and ASTRAL-3 studies demonstrated that the same regimen was effective at achieving high SVR12 rates in patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3. The ASTRAL-4 study demonstrated that the same regimen plus ribavirin was effective at achieving high SVR12 rate in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The most common adverse reactions (≥10% of patients) associated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir were headache and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir is safe and effective to treat HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in patients with or without compensated cirrhosis. The addition of ribavirin is recommended in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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29
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Discovery of ravidasvir (PPI-668) as a potent pan-genotypic HCV NS5A inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4508-4512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Meanwell NA. 2015 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship. Curing Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents: The Arc of a Medicinal Chemistry Triumph. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7311-51. [PMID: 27501244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of direct-acting antiviral agents that can cure a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after 8-12 weeks of daily, well-tolerated therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this insidious disease. In this article, three of Bristol-Myers Squibb's HCV programs are summarized, each of which produced a clinical candidate: the NS3 protease inhibitor asunaprevir (64), marketed as Sunvepra, the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (117), marketed as Daklinza, and the allosteric NS5B polymerase inhibitor beclabuvir (142), which is in late stage clinical studies. A clinical study with 64 and 117 established for the first time that a chronic HCV infection could be cured by treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents alone in the absence of interferon. The development of small molecule HCV therapeutics, designed by medicinal chemists, has been hailed as "the arc of a medical triumph" but may equally well be described as "the arc of a medicinal chemistry triumph".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development , Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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31
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Yu W, Coburn CA, Nair AG, Wong M, Rosenblum SB, Zhou G, Dwyer MP, Tong L, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Kim SH, Zeng Q, Selyutin O, Chen L, Masse F, Agrawal S, Liu R, Xia E, Zhai Y, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Asante-Appiah E, Lin M, Kozlowski JA. Aryl or heteroaryl substituted aminal derivatives of HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3414-20. [PMID: 27394665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe our research efforts around the aryl and heteroaryl substitutions at the aminal carbon of the tetracyclic indole-based HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. A series of potent NS5A inhibitors are described, such as compounds 45-47, 54, 56, and 65, which showed improved potency against clinically relevant and resistance associated HCV variants. The improved potency profiles of these compounds demonstrated an SAR that can improve the potency against GT2b, GT1a Y93H, and GT1a L31V altogether, which was unprecedented in our previous efforts in NS5A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Frederic Masse
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ellen Xia
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mingxiang Lin
- Department of PPDM, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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32
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Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low resistance, panserotype, and low toxicity remain challenging, and obtaining such agents continues to be an active area of therapeutic development. Due to their unique three-dimensional structural features, spirooxindoles have been identified as privileged chemotypes for antiviral drug development. Among them, spiro-pyrazolopyridone oxindoles have been recently reported as potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS4B, leading to the discovery of an orally bioavailable preclinical candidate (R)-44 with excellent in vivo efficacy in a dengue viremia mouse model. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biologically active spirooxindoles for their antiviral potential, primarily focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and modes of action, as well as future directions to achieve more potent analogues toward a viable antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Zheng YJ, Tice CM. The utilization of spirocyclic scaffolds in novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:831-4. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1195367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yu W, Vibulbhan B, Rosenblum SB, Martin GS, Vellekoop AS, Holst CL, Coburn CA, Wong M, Selyutin O, Ji T, Zhong B, Hu B, Chen L, Dwyer MP, Jiang Y, Nair AG, Tong L, Zeng Q, Agrawal S, Carr D, Rokosz L, Liu R, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Lahser F, Asante-Appiah E, Fells J, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of potent macrocyclic HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3793-9. [PMID: 27282743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HCV NS5A inhibitors have demonstrated impressive in vitro virologic profiles in HCV replicon assays and robust HCV RNA titer reduction in the clinic making them attractive components for inclusion in an all oral fixed-dose combination (FDC) regimen for the treatment of HCV infection. Merck's effort in this area identified MK-4882 and MK-8325 as early development leads. Herein, we describe the discovery of potent macrocyclic NS5A inhibitors bearing the MK-8325 or MK-4882 core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Bancha Vibulbhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Gregory S Martin
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - A Samuel Vellekoop
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Christian L Holst
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yueheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Donna Carr
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Laura Rokosz
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Fred Lahser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - James Fells
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Yu W, Coburn CA, Nair AG, Wong M, Tong L, Dwyer MP, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Yang DY, Selyutin O, Jiang Y, Rosenblum SB, Kim SH, Lavey BJ, Zhou G, Rizvi R, Shankar BB, Zeng Q, Chen L, Agrawal S, Carr D, Rokosz L, Liu R, Curry S, McMonagle P, Ingravallo P, Lahser F, Asante-Appiah E, Nomeir A, Kozlowski JA. Alkyl substituted aminal derivatives of HCV NS5A inhibitor MK-8742. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3800-5. [PMID: 27282742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HCV NS5A inhibitors have demonstrated impressive in vitro potency profiles in HCV replicon assays and robust HCV RNA titer reduction in the clinic making them attractive components for inclusion in an all oral fixed dose combination regimen for the treatment of HCV infection. Herein we describe our continued research efforts around the alkyl "Z group" modification of the tetracyclic indole-based NS5A inhibitor MK-8742, which led to the discovery of a series of potent NS5A inhibitors. Compounds 10 and 19 are of particular interests since they are as potent as our previous leads and have much improved rat pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yueheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Brian J Lavey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Razia Rizvi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bandarpalle B Shankar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Donna Carr
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Laura Rokosz
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Patricia McMonagle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Fred Lahser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Department of PPDM, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Meanwell NA. Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:564-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Zuo WQ, Wang NY, Zhu YX, Liu L, Xiao KJ, Zhang LD, Gao C, Liu ZH, You XY, Shi YJ, Peng CT, Ran K, Tang H, Yu LT. A new series of HCV inhibitors based on a 2-(thieno[2,3b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of HCV inhibitors based on a 2-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold was developed.
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Abstract
Viruses are major pathogenic agents causing a variety of serious diseases in humans, other animals, and plants. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex. As of March 2014, it consists of approximately 50 drugs approved by the FDA, approximately half of which are directed against HIV. Antiviral drug creation strategies are focused on two different approaches: targeting the viruses themselves or targeting host cell factors. Direct virus-targeting antiviral drugs include attachment inhibitors, entry inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Protease inhibitors (darunavir, atazanavir, and ritonavir), viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (acyclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, and tenofovir), and an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir) are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
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Smith MA, Regal RE, Mohammad RA. Daclatasvir: A NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitor for Hepatitis C Infection. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 50:39-46. [PMID: 26486762 DOI: 10.1177/1060028015610342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of daclatasvir in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. DATA SOURCES A literature search through EMBASE and PubMed was conducted (January 1966 to August 2015) using the terms BMS-790052, daclatasvir, and hepatitis C. References from retrieved articles were reviewed for any additional material. Additionally, the new drug application and prescribing information were retrieved. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of daclatasvir for HCV were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS Daclatasvir, a nonstructural 5A protein inhibitor, combined with sofosbuvir, is indicated for adult patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 regardless of treatment or cirrhosis status. The phase III ALLY-3 trial (n = 152) demonstrated that daclatasvir taken once daily with sofosbuvir for 12 weeks was effective at achieving sustained virological response (SVR) rates in treatment-naïve (97%) and treatment-experienced (94%) patients without cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis had significantly lower SVR rates (58 and 69%, respectively). The most common adverse drug events associated with daclatasvir and sofosbuvir in ALLY-3 were headache (20%), fatigue (19%), and nausea (12%). CONCLUSIONS Daclatasvir, when combined with sofosbuvir, is an effective agent to treat HCV genotype 3, with SVR rates above 90% for patients without cirrhosis who are treatment naïve or experienced. SVR rates for treatment-naïve or -experienced patients with cirrhosis are not as robust (58%-69%).
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Boucle S, Tao S, Amblard F, Stanton RA, Nettles JH, Li C, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel anti-HCV molecules that deliver intracellularly three highly potent NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3711-5. [PMID: 26099532 PMCID: PMC4538959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of new non-symmetrical NS5A inhibitors with sulfur containing amino acids is reported along with their ability to block HCV replication in an HCV 1b replicon system. These compounds display EC50 values in the picomolar range with a large therapeutic index (>10(6)). Moreover, cellular pharmacology studies show that our preferred compounds intracellularly deliver three potent NS5A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Boucle
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Richard A Stanton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - James H Nettles
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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Novel benzidine and diaminofluorene prolinamide derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:163-78. [PMID: 26134551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study describes the discovery of a series of highly potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors based on symmetrical prolinamide derivatives of benzidine and diaminofluorene. Through modification of benzidine, l-proline, and diaminofluorene derivatives, we developed novel inhibitor structures, which allowed us to establish a library of potent HCV NS5A inhibitors. After optimizing the benzidine prolinamide backbone, we identified inhibitors embedding meta-substituted benzidine core structures that exhibited the most potent anti-HCV activities. Furthermore, through a battery of studies including hERG ligand binding assay, CYP450 binding assay, rat plasma stability test, human liver microsomal stability test, and pharmacokinetic studies, the identified compounds 24, 26, 27, 42, and 43 are found to be nontoxic, and are expected to be effective therapeutic anti-HCV agents.
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Fazel Y, Lam B, Golabi P, Younossi Z. Safety analysis of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir for treating hepatitis C. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1317-26. [PMID: 26043900 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1053868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The approval of sofosbuvir (SOF), a nucleotide analogue NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and ledipasvir (LDV), a NS5A inhibitor, marked a new chapter in IFN and ribavirin-free treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). This drug reduces adverse events associated with IFN therapy. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LDV/SOF. Clinical trials illustrating safety and efficacy of LDV/SOF are reviewed and compared to other IFN and ribavirin-free treatment options available. EXPERT OPINION In trials enrolling more than 3000 patients, LDV/SOF is well tolerated with a good safety and side-effect profile in diverse cohorts, including previous direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment failures, liver transplant recipients, decompensated cirrhosis and HIV/HCV co-infection. As with all DAAs, the potential for drug-drug interactions must be carefully evaluated, as demonstrated by recent post-marketing reports of symptomatic bradycardia when LDV/SOF is co-administered with amiodarone. Currently, dose recommendations cannot be given for patients with advanced renal disease. Trials in this population are ongoing, more study is warranted. When surveying the DAA regimens available, efficacy, safety and tolerability of LDV/SOF is comparable or better, and LDV/SOF provides an option with convenient single-tablet, once daily, ribavirin-free dosing with relatively few significant drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Fazel
- Inova Fairfax Hospital , 3300 Gallows Road Falls Church VA Falls Church, Falls Church, VA 22042 , USA
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43
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Wang NY, Xu Y, Zuo WQ, Xiao KJ, Liu L, Zeng XX, You XY, Zhang LD, Gao C, Liu ZH, Ye TH, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Song XJ, Lei Q, Peng CT, Tang H, Yang SY, Wei YQ, Yu LT. Discovery of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole HCV NS4B inhibitors exhibiting synergistic effect with other direct-acting antiviral agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2764-78. [PMID: 25710739 DOI: 10.1021/jm501934n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR studies of novel inhibitors of HCV NS4B based on the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffold were described. Optimization of potency with respect to genotype 1b resulted in the discovery of two potent leads 26f (EC50 = 16 nM) and 28g (EC50 = 31 nM). The resistance profile studies revealed that 26f and 28g targeted HCV NS4B, more precisely the second amphipathic α helix of NS4B (4BAH2). Cross-resistance between our 4BAH2 inhibitors and other direct-acting antiviral agents targeting NS3/4A, NS5A, and NS5B was not observed. For the first time, the synergism of a series of combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors was evaluated. The results demonstrated that our 4BAH2 inhibitor 26f was synergistic with NS3/4A inhibitor simeprevir, NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir, and NS5B inhibitor sofosbuvir, and it could also reduce the dose of these drugs at almost all effect levels. Our study suggested that favorable effects could be achieved by combining 4BAH2 inhibitors such as 26f with these approved drugs and that new all-oral antiviral combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors were worth developing to supplement or even replace current treatment regimens for curing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Wang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Zuo
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun-Jie Xiao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Zeng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chao Gao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting-Hong Ye
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xia
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Song
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Tang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Giroux S, Bilimoria D, Cadilhac C, Cottrell KM, Denis F, Dietrich E, Ewing N, Henderson JA, L’Heureux L, Mani N, Morris M, Nicolas O, Reddy TJ, Selliah S, Shawgo RS, Xu J, Chauret N, Berlioz-Seux F, Chan LC, Das SK, Grillot AL, Bennani YL, Maxwell JP. Discovery of thienoimidazole-based HCV NS5A inhibitors. Part 2: Non-symmetric inhibitors with potent activity against genotype 1a and 1b. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:940-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Henderson JA, Bilimoria D, Bubenik M, Cadilhac C, Cottrell KM, Dietrich E, Denis F, Ewing N, Falardeau G, Giroux S, Grey R, L’Heureux L, Liu B, Mani N, Morris M, Nicolas O, Pereira OZ, Poisson C, Govinda Rao B, Reddy TJ, Selliah S, Shawgo RS, Vaillancourt L, Wang J, Yannopoulos CG, Chauret N, Berlioz-Seux F, Chan LC, Das SK, Grillot AL, Bennani YL, Maxwell JP. Benzimidazole-containing HCV NS5A inhibitors: Effect of 4-substituted pyrrolidines in balancing genotype 1a and 1b potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:944-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Synthesis and evaluation of NS5A inhibitors containing diverse heteroaromatic cores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:948-51. [PMID: 25577039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the HCV NS5A nonstructural protein are showing promising clinical potential in the treatment of hepatitis C when used in combination with other direct-acting antiviral agents. Current NS5A clinical candidates such as daclatasvir, ledipasvir, and ombitasvir share a common pharmacophore that features a pair of (S)-methoxycarbonylvaline capped pyrrolidines linked to various cores by amides, imidazoles and/or benzimidazoles. In this Letter, we describe the evaluation of NS5A inhibitors which contain alternative heteroaromatic replacements for these amide mimetics. The SAR knowledge gleaned in the optimization of scaffolds containing benzoxazoles was parlayed toward the identification of potent NS5A inhibitors containing other heteroaromatic replacements such as indoles and imidazopyridines.
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Smith MA, Chan J, Mohammad RA. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir: interferon-/ribavirin-free regimen for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Pharmacother 2014; 49:343-50. [PMID: 25515863 DOI: 10.1177/1060028014563952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). DATA SOURCES A literature search through clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, and PubMed was conducted (January 1966 to October 2014) using the terms ledipasvir, sofosbuvir, GS-5885, and GS-7977. References from retrieved articles and abstracts presented at recent meetings were reviewed for any additional material. The prescribing information was also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION Phase 1, 2, and 3 human and animal studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for HCV were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir, a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet inhibiting nonstructural (NS) 5A and 5B proteins, without peginterferon and ribavirin is indicated for adult patients with genotype 1 HCV infection who are treatment naïve or experienced, with or without cirrhosis. Pivotal trials (n = 1952) have demonstrated that once-daily administration of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for 12 or 24 weeks is effective at achieving sustained virological response (SVR) rates (94%-99%) in treatment-naïve patients (12 weeks), treatment-experienced patients without cirrhosis (12 weeks), and treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis (24 weeks). Treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis and baseline viral levels of less than 6 million IU/mL may be considered for 8 weeks of treatment. The most common adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir include headache, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, and diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir is the first interferon- and ribavirin-free FDC agent that has SVR rates much greater than 94%, with minimal ADEs, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 in naïve and treatment-experienced patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Chan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rima A Mohammad
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zhong M, Peng E, Huang N, Huang Q, Huq A, Lau M, Colonno R, Li L. Potent bisimidazole-based HCV NS5A inhibitors bearing annulated tricyclic motifs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5738-5742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nettles JH, Stanton RA, Broyde J, Amblard F, Zhang H, Zhou L, Shi J, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Kohler JJ, Schinazi RF. Asymmetric binding to NS5A by daclatasvir (BMS-790052) and analogs suggests two novel modes of HCV inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10031-43. [PMID: 25365735 PMCID: PMC4266333 DOI: 10.1021/jm501291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric, dimeric daclatasvir (BMS-790052) is the clinical lead for a class of picomolar inhibitors of HCV replication. While specific, resistance-bearing mutations at positions 31 and 93 of domain I strongly suggest the viral NS5A as target, structural mechanism(s) for the drugs' activities and resistance remains unclear. Several previous models suggested symmetric binding modes relative to the homodimeric target; however, none can fully explain SAR details for this class. We present semiautomated workflows to model potential receptor conformations for docking. Surprisingly, ranking docked hits with our library-derived 3D-pharmacophore revealed two distinct asymmetric binding modes, at a conserved poly-proline region between 31 and 93, consistent with SAR. Interfering with protein-protein interactions at this membrane interface can explain potent inhibition of replication-complex formation, resistance, effects on lipid droplet distribution, and virion release. These detailed interaction models and proposed mechanisms of action will allow structure-based design of new NS5A directed compounds with higher barriers to HCV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Nettles
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Zhong M, Peng E, Huang N, Huang Q, Huq A, Lau M, Colonno R, Li L. Discovery of functionalized bisimidazoles bearing cyclic aliphatic-phenyl motifs as HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5731-5737. [PMID: 25453810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the discovery of a number of functionalized bisimidazoles bearing a cyclohexylphenyl, piperidylphenyl, or bicyclo[2,2,2]octylphenyl motif as HCV NS5A inhibitors. Compounds 2c, 4b and 6 have demonstrated low single-digit nM potency in gt-1a replicon and double-digit pM potency in gt-1b replicon, respectively. Moreover, both 4b and 6 have, respectively, exhibited good oral bioavailability in rats with a favorable liver/plasma ratio of the drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Eric Peng
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ningwu Huang
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qi Huang
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anja Huq
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meiyen Lau
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard Colonno
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 585, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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