1
|
Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Jafari H, Okoro OV, Alimoradi H, Nie L, Jiang G, Kakkar A, Shavandi A. Gas Therapy: Generating, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301349. [PMID: 38193272 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2 ), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), and hydrogen (H2 ) with direct effects, and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) with complementary effects on the condition of various diseases are known as therapeutic gases. The targeted delivery and in situ generation of these therapeutic gases with controllable release at the site of disease has attracted attention to avoid the risk of gas poisoning and improve their performance in treating various diseases such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and wound healing. Stimuli-responsive gas-generating sources and delivery systems based on biomaterials that enable on-demand and controllable release are promising approaches for precise gas therapy. This work highlights current advances in the design and development of new approaches and systems to generate and deliver therapeutic gases at the site of disease with on-demand release behavior. The performance of the delivered gases in various biomedical applications is then discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hafez Jafari
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Houman Alimoradi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valdez CA, Rosales JA, Vu AK, Leif RN. Detection and confirmation of fentanyls in high clay-content soil by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:2138-2152. [PMID: 37568257 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drugs in the environment, particularly in soils, often suggests the present or past location of a clandestine production center for these substances. Thus, development of efficient methods for the analysis and detection of these chemicals is of paramount importance in the field of chemical forensics. In this work, a method involving the extraction and retrospective confirmation of fentanyl, acetylfentanyl, thiofentanyl, and acetylthiofentanyl using trichloroethoxycarbonylation chemistry in a high clay-content soil is presented. The soil was spiked separately with each fentanyl at two concentrations (1 and 10 μg/g) and their extraction accomplished using ethyl acetate and aqueous NH4 OH (pH ~ 11.4) with extraction recoveries ranging from ~56% to 82% for the high-concentration (10 μg/g) samples while ranging from ~68% to 83% for the low-concentration (1 μg/g) samples. After their extraction, residues containing each fentanyl were reacted with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride (Troc-Cl) to generate two unique and predictable products from each opioid that can be used to retrospectively confirm their presence and identity using EI-GC-MS. The method's limit of detection (MDL/LOD) for Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl were estimated to be 29.4 and 31.8 ng/mL in the organic extracts. In addition, the method's limit of quantitation for Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl were determined to be 88.2 and 95.5 ng/mL, respectively. Collectively, the results presented herein strengthen the use of chloroformate chemistry as an additional chemical tool to confirm the presence of these highly toxic and lethal substances in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - José A Rosales
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- NNSA-MSIIP Summer Fellow, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander K Vu
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Roald N Leif
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valdez CA, Vu AK, Hok S, Alcaraz A. Practical benzylation of N,N-substituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents for analysis and detection by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1923-1931. [PMID: 37578282 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzylation of three low molecular weight N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to furnish derivatives with improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles is described. Due to their low molecular weight and polar nature, N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines are notoriously difficult to detect by routine GC-MS analyses during Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) proficiency tests (PTs), particularly in scenarios when they are present at low levels (~1-10 ppm) amidst more abundant interferences. Our studies revealed that the optimal derivatization conditions involved the treatment of the ethanolamine with benzyl bromide in the presence of an inorganic base (e.g., Na2 CO3 ) in dichloromethane at 55°C for 2 h. This optimized set of conditions was then successfully applied to the derivatization of N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine and N,N-diisopropylethanolamine present separately at 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations in a glycerol-rich matrix sample featured in the 48th OPCW PT. The benzylated derivatives of the three ethanolamines possessed retention times long enough to clear the massive glycerol-containing matrix interferences. The protocol herein is introduced as an alternative method for derivatization of these CWA and pharmaceutically important species and should find broad applicability in laboratories where routine forensic analysis is carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Alexander K Vu
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Saphon Hok
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Armando Alcaraz
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mayer BP, Kennedy DJ, Lau EY, Valdez CA. Evaluation of polyanionic cyclodextrins as high affinity binding scaffolds for fentanyl. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2680. [PMID: 36792632 PMCID: PMC9932099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been previously shown to display modest equilibrium binding affinities (Ka ~ 100-200 M-1) for the synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl. In this work, we describe the synthesis of new CDs possessing extended thioalkylcarboxyl or thioalkylhydroxyl moieties and assess their binding affinity towards fentanyl hydrochloride. The optimal CD studied displays a remarkable affinity for the opioid of Ka = 66,500 M-1, the largest value reported for such an inclusion complex to date. One dimensional 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as well as Rotational Frame Overhauser Spectroscopy (2D-ROESY) experiments supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest an unexpected binding behavior, with fentanyl able to bind the CD interior in one of two distinct orientations. Binding energies derived from the MD simulations work correlate strongly with NMR-derived affinities highlighting its utility as a predictive tool for CD candidate optimization. The performance of these host molecules portends their utility as platforms for medical countermeasures for opioid exposure, as biosensors, and in other forensic science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Mayer
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Daniel J. Kennedy
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Edmond Y. Lau
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Carlos A. Valdez
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Benzyl trichloroacetimidates as derivatizing agents for phosphonic acids related to nerve agents by EI-GC-MS during OPCW proficiency test scenarios. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21299. [PMID: 36494565 PMCID: PMC9734645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of benzyl trichloroacetimidates for the benzylation of phosphonic acid nerve agent markers under neutral, basic, and slightly acidic conditions is presented. The benzyl-derived phosphonic acids were detected and analyzed by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (EI-GC-MS). The phosphonic acids used in this work included ethyl-, cyclohexyl- and pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid, first pass hydrolysis products from the nerve agents ethyl N-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX), cyclosarin (GF) and soman (GD) respectively. Optimization of reaction parameters for the benzylation included reaction time and solvent, temperature and the effect of the absence or presence of catalytic acid. The optimized conditions for the derivatization of the phosphonic acids specifically for their benzylation, included neutral as well as catalytic acid (< 5 mol%) and benzyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate in excess coupled to heating the mixture to 60 °C in acetonitrile for 4 h. While the neutral conditions for the method proved to be efficient for the preparation of the p-methoxybenzyl esters of the phosphonic acids, the acid-catalyzed process appeared to provide much lower yields of the products relative to its benzyl counterpart. The method's efficiency was tested in the successful derivatization and identification of pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) as its benzyl ester when present at a concentration of ~ 5 μg/g in a soil matrix featured in the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 44th proficiency test (PT). Additionally, the protocol was used in the detection and identification of PMPA when spiked at ~ 10 μg/mL concentration in a fatty acid-rich liquid matrix featured during the 38th OPCW-PT. The benzyl derivative of PMPA was partially corroborated with the instrument's internal NIST spectral library and the OPCW central analytical database (OCAD v.21_2019) but unambiguously identified through comparison with a synthesized authentic standard. The method's MDL (LOD) values for the benzyl and the p-methoxybenzyl pinacolyl methylphosphonic acids were determined to be 35 and 63 ng/mL respectively, while the method's Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) was determined to be 104 and 189 ng/mL respectively in the OPCW-PT soil matrix evaluated.
Collapse
|
6
|
Valdez CA, Leif RN, Corzett TH, Dreyer ML. Analysis, identification and confirmation of synthetic opioids using chloroformate chemistry: Retrospective detection of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in urine and plasma samples by EI-GC-MS and HR-LC-MS. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275931. [PMID: 36322521 PMCID: PMC9629642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron Impact Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) and High Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) have been used in the analysis of products arising from the trichloroethoxycarbonylation of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in urine and plasma matrices. The method involves the initial extraction of both synthetic opioids separately from the matrices followed by detection of the unique products that arise from their reaction with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride (Troc-Cl), namely Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl. The optimized protocol was successfully evaluated for its efficacy at detecting these species formed from fentanyl and acetylfentanyl when present at low and high levels in urine (fentanyl: 5 and 10 ng/mL and acetylfentanyl: 20 and 100 ng/mL) and plasma (fentanyl: 10 and 20 ng/mL and acetylfentanyl: 50 and 200 ng/mL), values that reflect levels reported in overdose victims. The HR-LC-MS method's LOQ (limit of quantitation) for the Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl products was determined to be ~10 ng/mL for both species. Even though the superiority in the detection of these species by HR-LC-MS over EI-GC-MS, the latter method proved to be important in the detection of the second product from the reaction, namely 2-phenylethyl chloride that is crucial in the determination of the original opioid. This observation highlights the importance of using complimentary analytical techniques in the analysis of a sample, whether biological or environmental in nature. The method herein serves as a complementary, qualitative confirmation for the presence of a fentanyl in collected urine, plasma and by extension other biological samples amenable to the common extraction procedures described for opioid analysis. More importantly, the method's main strength comes from its ability to react with unknown fentanyls to yield products that can be not only detected by EI-GC-MS and HR-LC-MS but can then be used to retrospectively identify an unknown fentanyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Valdez
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roald N. Leif
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Todd H. Corzett
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Dreyer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim J, Thomas SN. Opportunities for Nitric Oxide in Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1146-1175. [PMID: 36180108 PMCID: PMC9553106 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite nearly 30 years of development and recent highlights of nitric oxide (NO) donors and NO delivery systems in anticancer therapy, the limited understanding of exogenous NO's effects on the immune system has prevented their advancement into clinical use. In particular, the effects of exogenously delivered NO differing from that of endogenous NO has obscured how the potential and functions of NO in anticancer therapy may be estimated and exploited despite the accumulating evidence of NO's cancer therapy-potentiating effects on the immune system. After introducing their fundamentals and characteristics, this review discusses the current mechanistic understanding of NO donors and delivery systems in modulating the immunogenicity of cancer cells as well as the differentiation and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells. Lastly, the potential for the complex modulatory effects of NO with the immune system to be leveraged for therapeutic applications is discussed in the context of recent advancements in the implementation of NO delivery systems for anticancer immunotherapy applications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite a 30-year history and recent highlights of nitric oxide (NO) donors and delivery systems as anticancer therapeutics, their clinical translation has been limited. Increasing evidence of the complex interactions between NO and the immune system has revealed both the potential and hurdles in their clinical translation. This review summarizes the effects of exogenous NO on cancer and immune cells in vitro and elaborates these effects in the context of recent reports exploiting NO delivery systems in vivo in cancer therapy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (J.K., S.N.T.), George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (J.K., S.N.T.), and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.N.T.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.N.T.); and Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea (J.K.)
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (J.K., S.N.T.), George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (J.K., S.N.T.), and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.N.T.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.N.T.); and Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu S, Li G, Ma D. Controllable Nitric Oxide‐Delivering Platforms for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT‐MRI Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Dong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bogdan C. Macrophages as host, effector and immunoregulatory cells in leishmaniasis: Impact of tissue micro-environment and metabolism. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100041. [PMID: 33604563 PMCID: PMC7885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review will highlight the diverse roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis as initial replicative niche, antimicrobial effectors, immunoregulators and as safe hideaway for parasites persisting after clinical cure. These multiplex activities are either ascribed to defined subpopulations of macrophages (e.g., Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes/monocyte-derived dendritic cells) or result from different activation statuses of tissue macrophages (e.g., macrophages carrying markers of of classical [M1] or alternative activation [M2]). The latter are shaped by immune- and stromal cell-derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β), micro milieu factors (e.g., hypoxia, tonicity, amino acid availability), host cell-derived enzymes, secretory products and metabolites (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, arginase 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, NOS2/NO, NOX2/ROS, lipids) as well as by parasite products (e.g., leishmanolysin/gp63, lipophosphoglycan). Exciting avenues of current research address the transcriptional, epigenetic and translational reprogramming of macrophages in a Leishmania species- and tissue context-dependent manner.
Collapse
Key Words
- (L)CL, (localized) cutaneous leishmaniasis
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- Arg, arginase
- Arginase
- CAMP, cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptide
- CR, complement receptor
- DC, dendritic cells
- DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hypoxia
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR, type I IFN (IFN-α/β) receptor
- IL, interleukin
- Interferon-α/β
- Interferon-γ
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LPG, lipophosphoglycan
- LRV1, Leishmania RNA virus 1
- Leishmaniasis
- Macrophages
- Metabolism
- NCX1, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1
- NFAT5, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2 (iNOS), type 2 (or inducible) nitric oxide synthase
- NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91 or cytochrome b558 β-subunit of Phox)
- Nitric oxide
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- Phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- Phox, phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1 (Th2), type 1 (type2) T helper cell
- Tonicity
- VL, visceral leishmaniasis
- mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hibbard HA, Reynolds MM. Synthesis of novel nitroreductase enzyme-activated nitric oxide prodrugs to site-specifically kill bacteria. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Yang T, Zelikin AN, Chandrawati R. Progress and Promise of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Platforms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1701043. [PMID: 29938181 PMCID: PMC6010811 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly potent radical with a wide spectrum of physiological activities. Depending on the concentration, it can enhance endothelial cell proliferation in a growth factor-free medium, mediate angiogenesis, accelerate wound healing, but may also lead to tumor progression or induce inflammation. Due to its multifaceted role, NO must be administered at a right dose and at the specific site. Many efforts have focused on developing NO-releasing biomaterials; however, NO short half-life in human tissues only allows this molecule to diffuse over short distances, and significant challenges remain before the full potential of NO can be realized. Here, an overview of platforms that are engineered to release NO via catalytic or noncatalytic approaches is presented, with a specific emphasis on progress reported in the past five years. A number of NO donors, natural enzymes, and enzyme mimics are highlighted, and recent promising developments of NO-releasing scaffolds, particles, and films are presented. In particular, key parameters of NO delivery are discussed: 1) NO payload, 2) maximum NO flux, 3) NO release half-life, 4) time required to reach maximum flux, and 5) duration of NO release. Advantages and drawbacks are reviewed, and possible further developments are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney)SydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus UniversityAarhusC 8000Denmark
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney)SydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ravikumar G, Bagheri M, Saini DK, Chakrapani H. A small molecule for theraNOstic targeting of cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:13352-13355. [PMID: 29192700 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thera/NO - a small molecule that is activated by hydrogen peroxide to generate nitric oxide (NO) and a fluorescence signal is reported. Using cancer and primary cells, we show that Thera/NO preferentially releases NO in cancer cells, which can trigger DNA damage and cell death in them. The coupled fluorescence signal facilitated tracking the NO release in living cells without collateral consumption of NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Ravikumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walther R, Rautio J, Zelikin AN. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:65-77. [PMID: 28676386 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are cunning derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetics profile of the drug. Within a prodrug, pharmacological activity of the drug is masked and is recovered within the human body upon bioconversion of the prodrug, a process that is typically mediated by enzymes. This concept is highly successful and a significant fraction of marketed therapeutic formulations is based on prodrugs. An advanced subset of prodrugs can be engineered such as to achieve site-specific bioconversion of the prodrug - to comprise the highly advantageous "enzyme prodrug therapy", EPT. Design of prodrugs for EPT is similar to the prodrugs in general medicinal use in that the pharmacological activity of the drug is masked, but differs significantly in that site-specific bioconversion is a prime consideration, and the enzymes typically used for EPT are non-mammalian and/or with low systemic abundance in the human body. This review focuses on the design of prodrugs for EPT in terms of the choice of an enzyme and the corresponding prodrug for bioconversion. We also discuss the recent success of "self immolative linkers" which significantly empower and diversify the prodrug design, and present methodologies for the design of prodrugs with extended blood residence time. The review aims to be of specific interest for medicinal chemists, biomedical engineers, and pharmaceutical scientists.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The increasing understanding of the role of nitric oxide (NO) in cancer biology has generated significant progress in the use of NO donor-based therapy to fight cancer. These advances strongly suggest the potential adoption of NO donor-based therapy in clinical practice, and this has been supported by several clinical studies in the past decade. In this review, we first highlight several types of important NO donors, including recently developed NO donors bearing a dinitroazetidine skeleton, represented by RRx-001, with potential utility in cancer therapy. Special emphasis is then given to the combination of NO donor(s) with other therapies to achieve synergy and to the hybridization of NO donor(s) with an anticancer drug/agent/fragment to enhance the activity or specificity or to reduce toxicity. In addition, we briefly describe inducible NO synthase gene therapy and nanotechnology, which have recently entered the field of NO donor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cysteine residues of proteins participate in the catalysis of biochemical reactions, are crucial for redox reactions, and influence protein structure by the formation of disulfide bonds. Covalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of cysteine residues are important mediators of redox regulation and signaling by coupling protein activity to the cellular redox state, and moreover influence stability, function, and localization of proteins. A diverse group of protozoan and metazoan parasites are a major cause of diseases in humans, such as malaria, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, and schistosomiasis. RECENT ADVANCES Human parasites undergo dramatic morphological and metabolic changes while they pass complex life cycles and adapt to changing environments in host and vector. These processes are in part regulated by PTMs of parasitic proteins. In human parasites, posttranslational cysteine modifications are involved in crucial cellular events such as signal transduction (S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation), redox regulation of proteins (S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation), protein trafficking and subcellular localization (palmitoylation and prenylation), as well as invasion into and egress from host cells (palmitoylation). This review focuses on the occurrence and mechanisms of these cysteine modifications in parasites. CRITICAL ISSUES Studies on cysteine modifications in human parasites are so far largely based on in vitro experiments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The in vivo regulation of cysteine modifications and their role in parasite development will be of great interest in order to understand redox signaling in parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jortzik
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Keefer LK. Fifty years of diazeniumdiolate research. From laboratory curiosity to broad-spectrum biomedical advances. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1147-55. [PMID: 21932836 PMCID: PMC3220281 DOI: 10.1021/cb200274r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here I show that a “pure” research project, seemingly totally lacking in practical application when it was first published, can years later spark a whole new scientific field with the potential to revolutionize clinical practice. A 1961 publication describing adducts of nitric oxide (NO) with certain nucleophiles attracted little notice at the time, but later work showing that the adducts could be hydrolyzed to regenerate the NO in bioactive form has provided the foundation for a host of biomedical applications. Crucial to the discovery of widely used tools for studying NO’s chemical biology as well as for the design of a variety of promising therapeutic advances has been the increasingly detailed understanding of the physicochemical properties of these “diazeniumdiolates” (also known as NONOates).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry K. Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Shortly after the identification of nitric oxide (NO) as a product of macrophages, it was discovered that NO generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Since then, it has become clear that iNOS activity also regulates the development, differentiation, and/or function of various types of T cells and B cells and also affects NK cells. The three key mechanisms underlying the iNOS-dependent immunoregulation are (a) the modulation of signaling processes by NO, (b) the depletion of arginine, and (c) the alteration of accessory cell functions. This chapter highlights important principles of iNOS-dependent immunoregulation of lymphocytes and also reviews more recent evidence for an effect of endothelial or neuronal NO synthase in lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Institute - Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg and University Clinic of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oladeinde OA, Hong SY, Holland RJ, Maciag AE, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE, Nandurdikar RS. "Click" reaction in conjunction with diazeniumdiolate chemistry: developing high-load nitric oxide donors. Org Lett 2010; 12:4256-9. [PMID: 20812718 PMCID: PMC2945422 DOI: 10.1021/ol101645k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" reactions of alkyne-substituted diazeniumdiolate prodrugs with bis- and tetrakis-azido compounds is described. The "click" reaction for the bis-azide using CuSO(4)/Na-ascorbate predominantly gave the expected bis-triazole. However, CuI/diisopropylethylamine predominantly gave uncommon triazolo-triazole products as a result of oxidative coupling. Neither set of "click" conditions showed evidence of compromising the integrity of the diazeniumdiolate groups. The chemistry developed has applications in the synthesis of polyvalent and dendritic nitric oxide donors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bedell BJ, Bohle DS, Chua Z, Czerniewski A, Evans AC, Mzengeza S. Novel β-galactosidase-specific O2-glycosylated diazeniumdiolate probes. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three β-galactosidase-specific nitric-oxide-releasing diazeniumdiolate conjugated probes were prepared as a prelude to studies of new potential molecular MRI imaging agents. A glycosylated derivative, 2e, designed to be trafficked across cell membranes, was also prepared. We report, in detail, the synthesis and characterization of these probes. In addition, the release of diazeniumdiolate from the probes by β-galactosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis was used to estimate their efficacy as serum-stable, specific NO donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J. Bedell
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - D. Scott Bohle
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Zhijie Chua
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Alexander Czerniewski
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Alan C. Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Shadreck Mzengeza
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 3B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
- The Great-West Life PET Imaging Centre, University of Manitoba, 715-751 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Biswas D, Deschamps JR, Keefer LK, Hrabie JA. Nitrogen-bound diazeniumdiolated amidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5799-801. [PMID: 20589293 PMCID: PMC6959519 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to amidines bearing ionizable alpha-CH bonds, which react with nitric oxide (NO) to add diazeniumdiolate groups at their alpha-carbons, benzamidine forms an N-bound diazeniumdiolate that can be further derivatized at the other amidine nitrogen and/or the terminal oxygen to form caged NO compounds as potential NO prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Biswas
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pereira JCM, Carregaro V, Costa DL, da Silva JS, Cunha FQ, Franco DW. Antileishmanial activity of ruthenium(II)tetraammine nitrosyl complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4180-7. [PMID: 20598778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The complexes trans-[Ru(NO)(NH(3))(4)L](X)(3) (X = BF(4)(-), PF(6)(-) or Cl(-) and L = N-heterocyclic ligands, P(OEt)(3), SO(3)(-2)), and [Ru(NO)Hedta)] were shown to exhibit IC(50pro) in the range of 36 (L = imN) to 5000 microM (L = imC). The inhibitory effects of trans-[Ru(NO)(NH(3))(4)imN](BF(4))(3) and of the Angeli's salt on the growth of the intramacrophage amastigote form studied were found to be similar while the trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)imN(H(2)O)](2+) complex was found not to exhibit any substantial antiamastigote effect. The trans-[Ru(NO)(NH(3))(4)imN](BF(4))(3) compound, administered (500 nmol kg(-1) day(-1)) in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major, was found to exhibit a 98% inhibition on the parasite growth. Furthermore, this complex proved to be at least 66 times more efficient than glucantime in in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Clayston Melo Pereira
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos-Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ning MS, Price SE, Ta JA, Davies KM. Nucleophilic reactivity of thiolate, hydroxide and phenolate ions towards a model O-arylated diazeniumdiolate prodrug in aqueous and cationic surfactant media. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010; 23:220-226. [PMID: 21533014 PMCID: PMC3083076 DOI: 10.1002/poc.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the nitric oxide generating diazeniumdiolate ion, DEA/NO, by thiols, (L-glutathione, L-cysteine, DL-homocysteine, 1-propanethiol, 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium thioglycolate) from the prodrug, DNP-DEA/NO, has been examined in aqueous solution and in solutions of cationic DOTAP vesicles. Second-order rate constants in buffered aqueous solutions (k(RS(-) ) = 3.48 - 30.9 M(-1)s(-1); 30 °C) gave a linear Brønsted plot (β(nuc) = 0.414 ± 0.068) consistent with rate-limiting S(N)Ar nucleophilic attack by thiolate ions. Cationic DOTAP vesicles catalyze the thiolysis reactions with rate enhancements between 11 and 486-fold in Tris-HCl buffered solutions at pH 7.4. The maximum rate increase was obtained with thioglycolate ion. Thiolysis data are compared to data for nucleophilic displacement by phenolate (k(PhO(-) ) = 0.114 M(-1)s(-1)) and hydroxide (k(OH(-) ) = 1.82 × 10(-2) M(-1)s(-1), 37 °C) ions. The base hydrolysis reaction is accelerated by CTAB micelles and DODAC vesicles with vesicles being ca 3-fold more effective as catalysts. Analysis of the data using pseudophase ion-exchange formalism implies that the rate enhancement of the thiolysis and base hydrolysis reactions is due primarily to reactant concentration in the surfactant pseudophase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, U.S.A
| | - Stacy E. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, U.S.A
| | - Jackie A. Ta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, U.S.A
| | - Keith M. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kurosu M, Li K. MILD AND SELECTIVE O-GLYCOSYLATIONS OF PRIMARY ALCOHOLS WITH THE THIOGLUCOSAMINIDE DERIVATIVE PROMOTED BY N-IODOSUCCINIMIDE AND HBF(4)-ADOSROBED ON SILICA GEL. HETEROCYCLES 2010; 80:115-123. [PMID: 23239901 PMCID: PMC3518929 DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective glycosylations of primary alcohols with the thioglucosaminide 1 are achieved by using NIS and HBF(4)-SiO(2). HBF(4)-SiO(2) is a mild Brønsted acid which requires primary alcohols or phenols to effectively activate 1 with NIS at rt. A wide range of functional groups are tolerated under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Kurosu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nandurdikar RS, Maciag AE, Hong SY, Chakrapani H, Citro ML, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Glycosylated PROLI/NO derivatives as nitric oxide prodrugs. Org Lett 2010; 12:56-9. [PMID: 19954198 PMCID: PMC2808138 DOI: 10.1021/ol902481s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GlcNAc-PROLI/NO prodrugs that are activated by N-acetylglucosaminidase to release nitric oxide (NO) are described. A classical acid-amine coupling is used to bifunctionalize these PROLI/NO prodrugs, which on activation generate up to 4 mol of NO, a peptide residue, and an N-acetylglucosamine residue. Many of the prodrugs synthesized are efficient sources of intracellular NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Nandurdikar
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India 411008
| | - Michael L. Citro
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hassanin H, Hannibal L, Jacobsen D, El-Shahat M, Hamza M, Brasch N. Mechanistic Studies on the Reaction between R2N-NONOates and Aquacobalamin: Evidence for Direct Transfer of a Nitroxyl Group from R2N-NONOates to Cobalt(III) Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Experimental chemotherapy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection using ruthenium nitric oxide donors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4414-21. [PMID: 19581464 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00104-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium NO donors of the group trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4L]n+, where the ligand (L) is N-heterocyclic H2O, SO(3)(2-), or triethyl phosphite, are able to lyse Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Using half-maximal (50%) inhibitory concentrations against bloodstream trypomastigotes (IC50try) and cytotoxicity data on mammalian V-79 cells (IC50V79), the in vitro therapeutic indices (TIs) (IC50V79/IC50try) for these compounds were calculated. Compounds that exhibited an in vitro TI of > or = 10 and trypanocidal activity against both epimastigotes and trypomastigotes with an IC50(try/epi) of < or = 100 microM were assayed in a mouse model for acute Chagas' disease, using two different routes (intraperitoneal and oral) for drug administration. A dose-effect relationship was observed, and from that, the ideal dose of 400 nmol/kg of body weight for both trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 (isn, isonicotinamide) and trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3 (imN, imidazole) and median (50%) effective doses (ED50) of 86 and 190 nmol/kg, respectively, were then calculated. Since the 50% lethal doses (LD50) for both compounds are higher than 125 micromol/kg, the in vivo TIs (LD50/ED50) of the compounds are 1,453 for trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 and 658 for trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3. Although these compounds exhibit a marked trypanocidal activity and are able to react with cysteine, they exhibit very low activity in T. cruzi-glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tests, suggesting that this enzyme is not their target. The trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 and trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3 compounds are able to eliminate amastigote nests in myocardium tissue at 400-nmol/kg doses and ensure the survival of all infected mice, thus opening a novel set of therapies to try against trypanosomatids.
Collapse
|
27
|
Saavedra JE, Davies KM, Barchi JJ, Keefer LK. Unexpected Incorporation of Bromine at a Non-anomeric Position during the Synthesis of an O-Glycosylated Diazeniumdiolate. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009; 41:143-147. [PMID: 20354584 DOI: 10.1080/00304940902801968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Saavedra
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hassanin HA, Hannibal L, Jacobsen DW, El-Shahat MF, Hamza MSA, Brasch NE. Mechanistic studies on the reaction between R2N-NONOates and aquacobalamin: evidence for direct transfer of a nitroxyl group from R2N-NONOates to cobalt(III) centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8909-13. [PMID: 19852010 PMCID: PMC2830066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A Hassanin
- Department of Chemistry and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang Z, Zhang Y, Fang L, Zhang Z, Lai Y, Ding Y, Cao F, Zhang J, Peng S. Nanometre-sized titanium dioxide-catalyzed reactions of nitric oxide with aliphatic cyclic and aromatic amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1763-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b820535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Chakrapani H, Maciag AE, Citro ML, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Cell-permeable esters of diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide prodrugs. Org Lett 2008; 10:5155-8. [PMID: 18956868 DOI: 10.1021/ol8020989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although O(2)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) derivatives of diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs bearing a free carboxylic acid group were activated by glutathione to release NO, these compounds were poor sources of intracellular NO and showed diminished antiproliferative activity against human leukemia HL-60 cells. The carboxylic acid esters of these prodrugs, however, were found to be superior sources of intracellular NO and potent inhibitors of HL-60 cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Chakrapani
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|