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Jiang Y, Liu P, Qiu Z, Zhou M, Cheng M, Yang T. The U.S. FDA approved cardiovascular drugs from 2011 to 2023: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116593. [PMID: 38889609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A total of 28 new molecular entities (NMEs) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases from 2011 to 2023. Approximately 25 % of the medications were sanctioned for the management of diverse vascular disorders. The other major therapeutic areas of focus included antilipemic agents (15 %), blood pressure disease (11 %), heart failure, hyperkalemia, and cardiomyopathy (7-8% each). Among all the approved drugs, there are a total of 22 new chemical entities (NCEs), including inhibitors, agonists, polymers, and inorganic compounds. In addition to NCEs, 6 biological agents (BLAs), including monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and antisense oligonucleotides, have also obtained approval for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. From this perspective, approved NCEs are itemized and discussed based on their disease, targets, chemical classes, major drug metabolites, and biochemical and pharmacological properties. Systematic analysis has been conducted to examine the binding modes of these approved drugs with their targets using cocrystal structure information or docking studies to provide valuable insights for designing next-generation agents. Furthermore, the synthetic approaches employed in the creation of these drug molecules have been emphasized, aiming to inspire the development of novel, efficient, and applicable synthetic methodologies. Generally, the primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the clinical applications, pharmacology, binding modes, and synthetic methodologies employed in small-molecule drugs approved for treating CVD. This will facilitate the development of more potent and innovative therapeutics for effectively managing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pingxian Liu
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Cheng
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Azizogli AR, Vitti MR, Mishra R, Osorno L, Heffernan C, Kumar VA. Comparison of SGLT1, SGLT2, and Dual Inhibitor biological activity in treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2300143. [PMID: 38223846 PMCID: PMC10783160 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2D) is an emerging health burden in the USand worldwide, impacting approximately 15% of Americans. Current front-line therapeutics for T2D patients include sulfonylureas that act to reduce A1C and/or fasting blood glucose levels, or Metformin that antagonizes the action of glucagon to reduce hepatic glucose production. Next generation glucomodulatory therapeutics target members of the high-affinity glucose transporter Sodium-Glucose-Linked-Transporter (SGLT) family. SGLT1 is primarily expressed in intestinal epithelium, whose inhibition reduces dietary glucose uptake, whilst SGLT2 is highly expressed in kidney - regulating glucose reabsorption. A number of SGLT2 inhibitors are FDA approved whilst SGLT1 and dual SGLT1 & 2 inhibitor are currently in clinical trials. Here, we discuss and compare SGLT2, SGLT1, and dual inhibitors' biochemical mechanism and physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rahman Azizogli
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Michael R Vitti
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Laura Osorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Corey Heffernan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Vivek A Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103
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3
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Wang AJ, Ren J, Wang A, Hascall VC. Monocyte adhesive hyaluronan matrix induced by hyperglycemia in diabetic lung injuries. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104995. [PMID: 37394007 PMCID: PMC10413281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltrated pre-inflammatory monocytes and macrophages have important roles in the induction of diabetic lung injuries, but the mechanism mediating their infiltration is still unclear. Here, we showed that airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) activated monocyte adhesion in response to hyperglycemic glucose (25.6 mM) by significantly increasing hyaluronan (HA) in the cell matrix, with concurrent 2- to 4-fold increases in adhesion of U937 monocytic-leukemic cells. The HA-based structures were attributed directly to the high-glucose and not to increased extracellular osmolality, and they required growth stimulation of SMCs by serum. Treatment of SMCs with heparin in high-glucose induces synthesis of a much larger HA matrix, consistent with our observations in the glomerular SMCs. Further, we observed increases in tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) expression in high-glucose and high-glucose plus heparin cultures, and the heavy chain (HC)-modified HA structures existed on the monocyte-adhesive cable structures in high-glucose and in high-glucose plus heparin-treated SMC cultures. Interestingly, these HC-modified HA structures were unevenly distributed along the HA cables. Further, the in vitro assay with recombinant human TSG-6 and the HA14 oligo showed that heparin has no inhibitory activity on the TSG-6-induced HC-transfer to HA, consistent with the results from SMC cultures. These results support the hypothesis that hyperglycemia in airway smooth muscle induces the synthesis of a HA matrix that recruits inflammatory cells and establishes a chronic inflammatory process and fibrosis that lead to diabetic lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Knutsson L, Xu X, van Zijl PCM, Chan KWY. Imaging of sugar-based contrast agents using their hydroxyl proton exchange properties. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4784. [PMID: 35665547 PMCID: PMC9719573 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of CEST MRI to detect the presence of millimolar concentrations of non-metallic contrast agents has made it possible to study, non-invasively, important biological molecules such as proteins and sugars, as well as drugs already approved for clinical use. Here, we review efforts to use sugar and sugar polymers as exogenous contrast agents, which is possible based on the exchange of their hydroxyl protons with water protons. While this capability has raised early enthusiasm, for instance about the possibility of imaging D-glucose metabolism with MRI in a way analogous to PET, experience over the past decade has shown that this is not trivial. On the other hand, many studies have confirmed the possibility of imaging a large variety of sugar analogues, each with potentially interesting applications to assess tissue physiology. Some promising applications are the study of (i) sugar delivery and transport to assess blood-brain barrier integrity and (ii) sugar uptake by cells for their characterization (e.g., cancer versus healthy), as well as (iii) clearance of sugars to assess tissue drainage-for instance, through the glymphatic system. To judge these opportunities and their challenges, especially in the clinic, it is necessary to understand the technical aspects of detecting the presence of rapidly exchanging protons through the water signal in MRI, especially as a function of magnetic field strength. We expect that novel approaches in terms of MRI detection (both saturation transfer and relaxation based), MRI data analysis, and sugar design will push this young field forward in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Knutsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, US
| | - Xiang Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, US
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, China
- Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Maccari R, Ottanà R. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors as Antidiabetic Drugs: Current Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10848-10881. [PMID: 35924548 PMCID: PMC9937539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (gliflozins) represent the most recently approved class of oral antidiabetic drugs. SGLT-2 overexpression in diabetic patients contributes significantly to hyperglycemia and related complications. Therefore, SGLT-2 became a highly interesting therapeutic target, culminating in the approval for clinical use of dapagliflozin and analogues in the past decade. Gliflozins improve glycemic control through a novel insulin-independent mechanism of action and, moreover, exhibit significant cardiorenal protective effects in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Therefore, gliflozins have received increasing attention, prompting extensive structure-activity relationship studies and optimization approaches. The discovery that intestinal SGLT-1 inhibition can provide a novel opportunity to control hyperglycemia, through a multifactorial mechanism, recently encouraged the design of low adsorbable inhibitors selectively directed to the intestinal SGLT-1 subtype as well as of dual SGLT-1/SGLT-2 inhibitors, representing a compelling strategy to identify new antidiabetic drug candidates.
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Sharma S, Mittal A, Kumar S, Mittal A. Structural Perspectives and Advancement of SGLT2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e170921196601. [PMID: 34538233 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210917122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an ailment that affects a large number of individuals worldwide and its pervasiveness has been predicted to increase later on. Every year, billions of dollars are spent globally on diabetes-related health care practices. Contemporary hyperglycemic therapies to rationalize Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) mostly involve pathways that are insulin-dependent and lack effectiveness as the pancreas' β-cell function declines more significantly. Homeostasis via kidneys emerges as a new and future strategy to minimize T2DM complications. This article covers the reabsorption of glucose mechanism in the kidneys, the functional mechanism of various Sodium- Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, their structure and driving profile, and a few SGLT2 inhibitors now accessible in the market as well as those in different periods of advancement. The advantages of SGLT2 inhibitors are dose-dependent glycemic regulation changes with a significant reduction both in the concentration of HbA1c and body weight clinically and statistically. A considerable number of SGLT2 inhibitors have been approved by the FDA, while a few others, still in preliminaries, have shown interesting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana-142021, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
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Gandhi A, Masand V, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Ghorbal AB, Chapolikar A. QSAR analysis of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for anti-hyperglycaemic lead development. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:731-744. [PMID: 34494464 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1971295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) modelling was performed on a dataset of 90 sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The quantitative and explicative evaluations revealed some of the subtle and distinguished structural features that are responsible for the inhibitory potency of these compounds against SGLT2, such as less possible number of ring carbons at 8 Å from the lipophilic atoms in the molecule (fringClipo8A) and more possible value for the sum of the partial charges of the lipophilic atoms present within seven bonds from the donor atoms (lipo_don_7Bc). Multivariate GA-MLR (genetic algorithm-multi linear regression) and thorough validation methodology out-turned a statistically robust QSAR model with a very high predictability shown from various statistical parameters. A QSAR model with r2 = 0.83, F = 51.54, Q2LOO = 0.79, Q2LMO = 0.79, CCCcv = 0.88, Q2Fn = 0.76-0.81, r2ext = 0.77, CCCext = 0.85, and with RMSEtr < RMSEcv was proposed. This QSAR model will assist synthetic chemists in the development of the SGLT2 inhibitors as the antidiabetic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - M E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Ben Ghorbal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Sciences, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Chapolikar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Wang J, Fukuda M, Chung JJ, Wang P, Jin T. Chemical exchange sensitive MRI of glucose uptake using xylose as a contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1953-1961. [PMID: 33107108 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucose and its analogs can be detected by CEST and chemical exchange spin-lock (CESL) MRI techniques, but sensitivity is still a bottleneck for human applications. Here, CESL and CEST sensitivity and the effect of injection on baseline physiology were evaluated for a glucose analog, xylose. METHODS The CEST and CESL sensitivity were evaluated at 9.4 T in phantoms and by in vivo rat experiments with 0.5 and 1 g/kg xylose injections. Arterial blood glucose level was sampled before and after 1 g/kg xylose injection. The effect of injection on baseline neuronal activity was measured by electrophysiology data during injections of saline, xylose, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. RESULTS In phantoms, xylose shows similar chemical exchange sensitivity and pH-dependence with that of glucose. In rat experiments with a bolus injection, CESL shows higher sensitivity in the detection of xylose than CEST, and the sensitivity of xylose is much higher than glucose. Injection of xylose does not significantly affect blood glucose level and baseline neural activity for 1-g/kg and 0.6-g/kg doses, respectively. CONCLUSION Due to its relatively high sensitivity and safety, xylose is a promising contrast agent for the study of glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julius Juhyun Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhao MM, Zhang H, Iimura S, Bednarz MS, Song QL, Lim NK, Yan J, Wu W, Dai K, Gu X, Wang Y. Process Development of Sotagliflozin, a Dual Inhibitor of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-1/2 for the Treatment of Diabetes. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Zhao
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Shinya Iimura
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Mark S. Bednarz
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Qiu-Ling Song
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Jie Yan
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Kuangchu Dai
- Process R&D, WuXi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Process R&D, WuXi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Youchu Wang
- Process R&D, WuXi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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Wang Q, Duan J, Tang P, Chen G, He G. Synthesis of non-classical heteroaryl C-glycosides via Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes with 4-glycosyl-dihydropyridines. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Xu G, Du F, Kuo GH, Xu JZ, Liang Y, Demarest K, Gaul MD. 5,5-Difluoro- and 5-Fluoro-5-methyl-hexose-based C-Glucosides as potent and orally bioavailable SGLT1 and SGLT2 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127387. [PMID: 32738984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-Aryl-5,5-difluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols and (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-aryl-5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols were discovered as dual inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporter proteins (e.g. SGLT1 and SGLT2) through rational drug design, efficient synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Compound 6g demonstrated potent dual inhibitory activities (IC50 = 96 nM for SGLT1 and IC50 = 1.3 nM for SGLT2). It showed robust inhibition of blood glucose excursion in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats when dosed at both 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg orally. It also demonstrated postprandial glucose control in db/db mice when dosed orally at 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Xu
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Fuyong Du
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Gee-Hong Kuo
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - June Zhi Xu
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Michael D Gaul
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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Gupta A, Mittal S, Dhingra R, Dhingra N. Turning Foes to Friends: Knocking Down Diabetes Associated SGLT2 Transporters and Sustaining Life. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:716-732. [PMID: 31951170 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200117155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of Sodium-Glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors had rewritten the treatment of diabetes mellitus with an impressive fall in the incidence of death and associated complications. INTRODUCTION The SGLT2 inhibitors by inhibiting the SGLT2 in the proximal nephron, helps in reducing the reabsorption of approximately 90% of the filtered glucose and increased urinary glucose excretion (UGE). METHODS The literature related to SGLT2 inhibitors has been thoroughly explored from various available public domains and reviewed extensively for this article. Detailed and updated information related to SGLT2 inhibitors with a major focus on the recently approved Ertuglifolzin is structured in this review. RESULT The present review is an effort to understand the management of diabetes mellitus over the past few decades with a special focus on the role of SGLT2 receptor in the causes of therapeutic and preventive strategies for diabetes mellitus. Pragmatic placement of the currently available Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin as oral antidiabetic agents has been done. Well accommodated stereochemistry and a high docking score of Ertugliflozin in ligand-receptor simulation studies attribute to its high potency. CONCLUSION This review highlights the unique mechanism of SGLT2 Inhibitors coupled with pleiotropic benefits on weight and blood pressure, which make it an attractive choice of therapy to diabetic patients, not controlled by other medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheenu Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Richa Dhingra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Rendell MS. The journey from gene knockout to clinical medicine: telotristat and sotagliflozin. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:817-824. [PMID: 30880915 PMCID: PMC6408923 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s144556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene knockout has been a powerful technique to evaluate the physiologic role of selected gene products. Lexicon pioneered high-throughput gene knockout technology and went further in designing agents to inhibit products of gene expression. Two agents have entered late-stage development. Telotristat is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), preventing the production of serotonin. Although this agent blocks the two isoforms of TPH, it does not cross the blood–brain barrier, thus avoiding central neurologic manifestations. It inhibits the peripheral production of serotonin, and in particular prevents serotonin action in the intestines, resulting in decreased peristaltic action. Lexicon successfully developed telotristat to treat carcinoid syndrome not responding adequately to somatostatin inhibitors. Sotagliflozin development proceeded from the observation that dual inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidneys and SGLT1 in the intestines resulted in increased renal glucose excretion, reduced early-phase glucose absorption, as well as increased blood levels of GLP-1 and PYY. Initial development efforts focused on type 1 diabetes and have shown reduced postprandial glucose levels, less tendency to hypoglycemia, and lower HbA1c. Several other SGLT2 inhibitors have been associated with increased frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In the type 1 trials, sotagliflozin-treated individuals experienced DKA at a higher rate than placebo-treated patients. The sotagliflozin development program has now been extended to trials on type 2 diabetes. Long-term clinical trials will determine the benefits and risks of the agent in comparison to other currently marketed SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- Association of Diabetes Investigators, Omaha, NE 68131, USA, .,Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation, Newport Coast, CA 92657, USA,
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15
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Sirois LE, Zhao MM, Lim NK, Bednarz MS, Harrison BA, Wu W. Process Development for a Locally Acting SGLT1 Inhibitor, LX2761, Utilizing sp3–sp2 Suzuki Coupling of a Benzyl Carbonate. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Sirois
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Matthew M. Zhao
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Mark S. Bednarz
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Bryce A. Harrison
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Chemical Development, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
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16
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Xu G, Gaul MD, Kuo GH, Du F, Xu JZ, Wallace N, Hinke S, Kirchner T, Silva J, Huebert ND, Lee S, Murray W, Liang Y, Demarest K. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-fluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-aryltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols as potent and orally active SGLT dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3446-3453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Sotagliflozin is the first dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor developed for use in diabetes. The agent blocks SGLT2 in the kidneys and SGLT1 in the intestines resulting in reduced early phase glucose absorption and increased blood levels of GLP-1. Initial studies were directed at type 1 diabetes. Areas covered: The published information on sotagliflozin is reviewed, along with the results of several pivotal Type 1 diabetes trials. Expert opinion: Sotagliflozin treatment lowers HbA1c and reduces glucose variability in Type 1 diabetes patients. Several other SGLT2 inhibitors have been associated with a tendency to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In the type 1 trials, sotagliflozin treated individuals experienced DKA at a higher rate than placebo treated patients. An additional safety concern arises from the as yet unknown potential risks in women of child bearing potential. The sotagliflozin development program has now been extended to trials in type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, long-term studies will be needed to assess the benefits and risks of the agent as a possible alternative to currently marketed SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- a The Association of Diabetes Investigators and The Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation , Newport Coast , CA , USA
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18
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Dumoulin A, Matsui JK, Gutiérrez-Bonet Á, Molander GA. Synthesis of Non-Classical Arylated C-Saccharides through Nickel/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6614-6618. [PMID: 29573308 PMCID: PMC6540763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of synthetic tools to introduce saccharide derivatives into functionally complex molecules is of great interest, particularly in the field of drug discovery. Herein, we report a new route toward highly functionalized, arylated saccharides, which involves nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of photoredox-generated saccharyl radicals with a range of aryl- and heteroaryl bromides, triggered by an organic photocatalyst. In contrast to existing methods, the mild reaction conditions achieve arylation of saccharide motifs while leaving the anomeric carbon available, thus providing access to a class of arylated glycosides that has been underexplored until now. To demonstrate the potential of this strategy in late-stage functionalization, a variety of structurally complex molecules incorporating saccharide moieties were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dumoulin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jennifer K Matsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Bonet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
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Dumoulin A, Matsui JK, Gutiérrez‐Bonet Á, Molander GA. Synthesis of Non‐Classical Arylated C‐Saccharides through Nickel/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dumoulin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaRoy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jennifer K. Matsui
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaRoy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez‐Bonet
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaRoy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaRoy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sotagliflozin is the first dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor developed for use in diabetes. Sotagliflozin blocks SGLT2 in the kidneys and SGLT1 in the intestines resulting in reduced early phase glucose absorption and increased blood levels of GLP-1 and PYY. Urinary glucose excretion is lower than with other agents as a result of decreased glucose absorption. The primary development effort to date has been in Type 1 diabetes. Areas covered: The published information on sotagliflozin is reviewed, along with the recent results of several pivotal Type 1 diabetes trials. Expert opinion: Sotagliflozin treatment lowers HbA1c and reduces glucose variability, with a trend to less hypoglycemic events. In the Type 1 trials, sotagliflozin treated individuals experienced DKA at a higher rate than placebo treated patients. An additional safety issue arises from the as yet unknown potential risks in women of child bearing potential in whom DKA is of utmost concern. The sotagliflozin development program has now been extended to trials in Type 2 diabetes, and long term studies will be needed to assess the benefits and risks of the agent in comparison to other currently marketed SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- a The Association of Diabetes Investigators , Newport Coast , CA , USA
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21
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Bhat SA, Faizan M, Ahanger BA, Ahmad S. Anharmonic vibrational spectral analysis of L-(-)-xylose molecule. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633617500596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed vibrational analysis of L-(-)-xylose molecule has been carried out. The geometrical parameters and anharmonic spectrum have been calculated and compared with XRD, FTIR (4000–400[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) and FT-Raman (4000–50[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) observed data. The simulated data along with IR and Raman intensities were calculated using DFT/B3LYP level of theory in combination with 6-311[Formula: see text]G(d,p) basis set. The experimental and theoretical results are found to be in a good agreement with each other. Moreover, thermodynamic properties, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of L-(-)-xylose are also reported. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies confirm the charge transfer within the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeraz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mohd Faizan
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Shabbir Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Li Y, Shi Z, Chen L, Zheng S, Li S, Xu B, Liu Z, Liu J, Deng C, Ye F. Discovery of a Potent, Selective Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor (HSK0935) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4173-4184. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zongjun Shi
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Suxin Zheng
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chongyang Deng
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
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23
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Xu G, Xu B, Song Y, Sun X. An efficient method for synthesis of bexagliflozin and its carbon-13 labeled analogue. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Song P, Onishi A, Koepsell H, Vallon V. Sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1109-25. [PMID: 26998950 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1168808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycemic control is important in diabetes mellitus to minimize the progression of the disease and the risk of potentially devastating complications. Inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 induces glucosuria and has been established as a new anti-hyperglycemic strategy. SGLT1 plays a distinct and complementing role to SGLT2 in glucose homeostasis and, therefore, SGLT1 inhibition may also have therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the physiology of SGLT1 in the small intestine and kidney and its pathophysiological role in diabetes. The therapeutic potential of SGLT1 inhibition, alone as well as in combination with SGLT2 inhibition, for anti-hyperglycemic therapy are discussed. Additionally, this review considers the effects on other SGLT1-expressing organs like the heart. EXPERT OPINION SGLT1 inhibition improves glucose homeostasis by reducing dietary glucose absorption in the intestine and by increasing the release of gastrointestinal incretins like glucagon-like peptide-1. SGLT1 inhibition has a small glucosuric effect in the normal kidney and this effect is increased in diabetes and during inhibition of SGLT2, which deliver more glucose to SGLT1 in late proximal tubule. In short-term studies, inhibition of SGLT1 and combined SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition appeared to be safe. More data is needed on long-term safety and cardiovascular consequences of SGLT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panai Song
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Akira Onishi
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- e Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Volker Vallon
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,f Department of Pharmacology , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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25
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Cariou B, Charbonnel B. Sotagliflozin as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1647-56. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Wagschal S, Guilbaud J, Rabet P, Farina V, Lemaire S. α-C-Glycosides via syn Opening of 1,2-Anhydro Sugars with Organozinc Compounds in Toluene/n-Dibutyl Ether. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9328-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wagschal
- Pharmaceutical Development
and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johan Guilbaud
- Pharmaceutical Development
and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pauline Rabet
- Pharmaceutical Development
and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Vittorio Farina
- Pharmaceutical Development
and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Pharmaceutical Development
and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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27
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Synthesis of novel N-glycoside derivatives via CuSCN-catalyzed reactions and their SGLT2 inhibition activities. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Li Z, Wang X, Xu X, Qiu Q, Jiao L, Huang W, Qian H. Design, Synthesis andin vivoEvaluation of NovelC-Aryl Glucosides as Potent Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporters Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:764-75. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xuekun Wang
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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29
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Hernández K, Parella T, Joglar J, Bujons J, Pohl M, Clapés P. Expedient Synthesis of
C
‐Aryl Carbohydrates by Consecutive Biocatalytic Benzoin and Aldol Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:3335-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hernández
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC‐CSIC. Jordi Girona 18‐26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 932045904
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear. Dept Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Spain)
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC‐CSIC. Jordi Girona 18‐26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 932045904
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC‐CSIC. Jordi Girona 18‐26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 932045904
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG‐1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich (Germany)
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC‐CSIC. Jordi Girona 18‐26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 932045904
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30
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Abstract
A highly regio- and stereo-selective synthesis of cyclic β-D-glucosides 3 via Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling cyclization of allenyl β-D-glucoside 1 and organic iodides in 20-38% yields is reported. After the deacetylation of 3, we obtained cyclic β-D-glucoses 4 in 90-97% yields, which may have SGLT2 inhibition activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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31
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Prabhu P, Doan TNT, Tiwari M, Singh R, Kim SC, Hong MK, Kang YC, Kang LW, Lee JK. Structure-based studies on the metal binding of two-metal-dependent sugar isomerases. FEBS J 2014; 281:3446-59. [PMID: 24925069 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two-metal-dependent sugar isomerases are important in the synthesis of rare sugars. Many of their properties, specifically their metal dependency, have not been sufficiently explored. Here we used X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, isothermal titration calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the molecular determinants of the metal-binding affinity of l-rhamnose isomerase, a two-Mn(2+) -dependent isomerase from Bacillus halodurans (BHRI). The crystal structure of BHRI confirmed the presence of two metal ion-binding sites: a structural metal ion-binding site for substrate binding, and a catalytic metal ion-binding site that catalyzes a hydride shift. One conserved amino acid, W38, in wild-type BHRI was identified as a critical residue for structural Mn(2+) binding and thus the catalytic efficiency of BHRI. This function of W38 was explored by replacing it with other amino acids. Substitution by Phe, His, Lys, Ile or Ala caused complete loss of catalytic activity. The role of W38 was further examined by analyzing the crystal structure of wild-type BHRI and two inactive mutants of BHRI (W38F and W38A) in complex with Mn(2+) . A structural comparison of the mutants and the wild-type revealed differences in their coordination of Mn(2+) , including changes in metal-ligand bond length and affinity for Mn(2+) . The role of W38 was further confirmed in another two-metal-dependent enzyme: xylose isomerase from Bacillus licheniformis. These data suggest that W38 stabilizes protein-metal complexes and in turn assists ligand binding during catalysis in two-metal-dependent isomerases. STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT BHRI and BHRI bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnandy Prabhu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Smith M, Doree D, Harris A, Buhring L, Heydorn W, Nouraldeen A, Xiong W, Yalamanchili P, Mseeh F, Wilson A, Shadoan M, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. Effect of LX4211 on glucose homeostasis and body composition in preclinical models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:232-42. [PMID: 24849925 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments that lower blood glucose levels and body weight should benefit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We developed LX4211 [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol], an orally available small molecule that decreases postprandial glucose excursions by inhibiting intestinal sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and increases urinary glucose excretion (UGE) by inhibiting renal SGLT2. In clinical studies of patients with T2DM, LX4211 appears to act through dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition to improve glycemic control and promote weight loss. Here, we present preclinical studies that explored the ability of LX4211 to improve glycemic control and promote weight loss. We found that 1) LX4211 inhibited in vitro glucose transport mediated by mouse, rat, and dog SGLT1 and SGLT2; 2) a single daily LX4211 dose markedly increased UGE for >24 hours in mice, rats, and dogs; and 3) in the KK.Cg-Ay/J heterozygous (KKA(y)) mouse model of T2DM, LX4211 lowered A1C and postprandial glucose concentrations while increasing postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations. Also, long-term LX4211 treatment 1) decreased oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose excursions, increased OGTT 30-minute insulin concentrations and increased pancreatic insulin content in KKA(y) mice; and 2) decreased weight gain in dogs and rats but not in KKA(y) mice while increasing food consumption in dogs, rats, and KKA(y) mice; in these KKA(y) mice, calories lost through UGE were completely offset by calories gained through hyperphagia. These findings suggest that LX4211 improves glycemic control by dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition in mice as in humans, and that the LX4211-mediated weight loss observed in patients with T2DM may be attenuated by LX4211-mediated hyperphagia in some of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Melinda Smith
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Deon Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Angela Harris
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Lindsey Buhring
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - William Heydorn
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Amr Nouraldeen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Wendy Xiong
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Padmaja Yalamanchili
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Faika Mseeh
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Melanie Shadoan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas (D.R.P., C.M.D., M.Sm., D.D., A.H., L.B., A.N., W.X., F.M., A.W., M.Sh., B.Z., Z.-M.D.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (W.H., P.Y.)
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Facile synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1-(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethane. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-3257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Xu G, Lv B, Roberge JY, Xu B, Du J, Dong J, Chen Y, Peng K, Zhang L, Tang X, Feng Y, Xu M, Fu W, Zhang W, Zhu L, Deng Z, Sheng Z, Welihinda A, Sun X. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of DeuteratedC-Aryl Glycoside as a Potent and Long-Acting Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1236-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Binhua Lv
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jacques Y. Roberge
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Baihua Xu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiyan Du
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kun Peng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Tang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Liangcheng Zhu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Deng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zelin Sheng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ajith Welihinda
- Theracos Inc., 550 Del Rey Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94805-3528, United States
| | - Xun Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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35
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Rao MLN, Dhanorkar RJ. Threefold and chemoselective couplings of triarylbismuths with benzylic chlorides and iodides using palladium catalysis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46672h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Tiwari MK, Singh RK, Gao H, Kim T, Chang S, Kim HS, Lee JK. pH-rate profiles of l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase from Hypocrea jecorina and its application in l-xylulose production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:173-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Singh RK, Tiwari MK, Singh R, Haw JR, Lee JK. Immobilization of L-arabinitol dehydrogenase on aldehyde-functionalized silicon oxide nanoparticles for L-xylulose production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1095-104. [PMID: 24193245 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
L-Xylulose is a potential starting material for therapeutics. However, its translation into clinical practice has been hampered by its inherently low bioavailability. In addition, the high cost associated with the production of L-xylulose is a major factor hindering its rapid deployment beyond the laboratory. In the current study, L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase from Hypocrea jecorina (HjLAD), which catalyzes the conversion of L-arabinitol into L-xylulose, was immobilized onto various carriers, and the immobilized enzymes were characterized. HjLAD covalently immobilized onto silicon oxide nanoparticles showed the highest immobilization efficiency (94.7 %). This report presents a comparative characterization of free and immobilized HjLAD, including its thermostability and kinetic parameters. The thermostability of HjLAD immobilized on silicon oxide nanoparticles was more than 14.2-fold higher than free HjLAD; the t1/2 of HjLAD at 25 °C was enhanced from 190 min (free) to 45 h (immobilized). In addition, the immobilized HjLAD retained 94 % of its initial activity after 10 cycles. When the immobilized HjLAD was used to catalyze the biotransformation of L-arabinitol to L-xylulose, 66 % conversion and a productivity of 7.9 g · h(-1) · L(-1) were achieved. The enhanced thermostability and reusability of HjLAD suggest that immobilization of HjLAD onto silicon oxide nanoparticles has the potential for use in the industrial production of rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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38
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Lin TS, Liw YW, Song JS, Hsieh TC, Yeh HW, Hsu LC, Lin CJ, Wu SH, Liang PH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel C-aryl d-glucofuranosides as sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6282-91. [PMID: 24071445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel C-aryl-d-glucofuranosides were synthesized and evaluated for their capacity to inhibit human sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (hSGLT2) and hSGLT1. Compound 21q demonstrated the best in vitro inhibitory activity against SGLT2 in this series (EC50=0.62μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Sheng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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39
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Powell DR, Smith M, Greer J, Harris A, Zhao S, DaCosta C, Mseeh F, Shadoan MK, Sands A, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. LX4211 increases serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:250-9. [PMID: 23487174 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LX4211 [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol], a dual sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2 inhibitor, is thought to decrease both renal glucose reabsorption by inhibiting SGLT2 and intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting SGLT1. In clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), LX4211 treatment improved glycemic control while increasing circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). To better understand how LX4211 increases GLP-1 and PYY levels, we challenged SGLT1 knockout (-/-) mice, SGLT2-/- mice, and LX4211-treated mice with oral glucose. LX4211-treated mice and SGLT1-/- mice had increased levels of plasma GLP-1, plasma PYY, and intestinal glucose during the 6 hours after a glucose-containing meal, as reflected by area under the curve (AUC) values, whereas SGLT2-/- mice showed no response. LX4211-treated mice and SGLT1-/- mice also had increased GLP-1 AUC values, decreased glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) AUC values, and decreased blood glucose excursions during the 6 hours after a challenge with oral glucose alone. However, GLP-1 and GIP levels were not increased in LX4211-treated mice and were decreased in SGLT1-/- mice, 5 minutes after oral glucose, consistent with studies linking decreased intestinal SGLT1 activity with reduced GLP-1 and GIP levels 5 minutes after oral glucose. These data suggest that LX4211 reduces intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting SGLT1, resulting in net increases in GLP-1 and PYY release and decreases in GIP release and blood glucose excursions. The ability to inhibit both intestinal SGLT1 and renal SGLT2 provides LX4211 with a novel dual mechanism of action for improving glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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40
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Mascitti V, Thuma BA, Smith AC, Robinson RP, Brandt T, Kalgutkar AS, Maurer TS, Samas B, Sharma R. On the importance of synthetic organic chemistry in drug discovery: reflections on the discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin is described. In this article, emphasis is placed on the critical role that organic synthesis played in influencing our medicinal chemistry strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | - Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | - Thomas Brandt
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | | | - Brian Samas
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
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41
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Ohtake Y, Sato T, Kobayashi T, Nishimoto M, Taka N, Takano K, Yamamoto K, Ohmori M, Yamaguchi M, Takami K, Yeu SY, Ahn KH, Matsuoka H, Morikawa K, Suzuki M, Hagita H, Ozawa K, Yamaguchi K, Kato M, Ikeda S. Discovery of tofogliflozin, a novel C-arylglucoside with an O-spiroketal ring system, as a highly selective sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7828-40. [PMID: 22889351 DOI: 10.1021/jm300884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to treat type 2 diabetes. In our efforts to discover novel inhibitors of SGLT2, we first generated a 3D pharmacophore model based on the superposition of known inhibitors. A search of the Cambridge Structural Database using a series of pharmacophore queries led to the discovery of an O-spiroketal C-arylglucoside scaffold. Subsequent chemical examination combined with computational modeling resulted in the identification of the clinical candidate 16d (CSG452, tofogliflozin), which is currently under phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Ohtake
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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42
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Miguélez J, Batchu VR, Boto A. Stereoselective Conversion of Sugar Derivatives into C-nucleosides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7652-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301031t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Miguélez
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Venkateswara Rao Batchu
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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43
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Zambrowicz B, Freiman J, Brown PM, Frazier KS, Turnage A, Bronner J, Ruff D, Shadoan M, Banks P, Mseeh F, Rawlins DB, Goodwin NC, Mabon R, Harrison BA, Wilson A, Sands A, Powell DR. LX4211, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:158-69. [PMID: 22739142 PMCID: PMC3400893 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a once-daily oral dose of placebo or 150 or 300 mg of the dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor LX4211 for 28 days. Relative to placebo, LX4211 enhanced urinary glucose excretion by inhibiting SGLT2-mediated renal glucose reabsorption; markedly and significantly improved multiple measures of glycemic control, including fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and HbA(1c); and significantly lowered serum triglycerides. LX4211 also mediated trends for lower weight, lower blood pressure, and higher glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. In a follow-up single-dose study in 12 patients with T2DM, LX4211 (300 mg) significantly increased glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY levels relative to pretreatment values, probably by delaying SGLT1-mediated intestinal glucose absorption. In both studies, LX4211 was well tolerated without evidence of increased gastrointestinal side effects. These data support further study of LX4211-mediated dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition as a novel mechanism of action in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zambrowicz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, USA
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44
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Tzoupis H, Leonis G, Megariotis G, Supuran CT, Mavromoustakos T, Papadopoulos MG. Dual Inhibitors for Aspartic Proteases HIV-1 PR and Renin: Advancements in AIDS–Hypertension–Diabetes Linkage via Molecular Dynamics, Inhibition Assays, and Binding Free Energy Calculations. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5784-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300180r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haralambos Tzoupis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis
Zographou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Grigorios Megariotis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou
Street, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm
18, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis
Zographou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
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45
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of SGLT2 inhibitors: gem-difluoromethylenated Dapagliflozin analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Usvalampi A, Turunen O, Valjakka J, Pastinen O, Leisola M, Nyyssölä A. Production of l-xylose from l-xylulose using Escherichia coli l-fucose isomerase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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Tang C, Zhu X, Huang D, Zan X, Yang B, Li Y, Du X, Qian H, Huang W. A specific pharmacophore model of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2795-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Hummel CS, Lu C, Liu J, Ghezzi C, Hirayama BA, Loo DDF, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Structural selectivity of human SGLT inhibitors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C373-82. [PMID: 21940664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00328.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter (hSGLT) inhibitors constitute the newest class of diabetes drugs, blocking up to 50% of renal glucose reabsorption in vivo. These drugs have potential for widespread use in the diabetes epidemic, but how they work at a molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we use electrophysiological methods to assess how they block Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and SGLT2 expressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK-293T) cells and compared them to the classic SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. Dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-D-glucitol], two structural analogs, and the aglycones of phlorizin and dapagliflozin were investigated in detail. Dapagliflozin and fluoro-dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-4-F-4-deoxy-D-glucitol] blocked glucose transport and glucose-coupled currents with ≈100-fold specificity for hSGLT2 (K(i) = 6 nM) over hSGLT1 (K(i) = 400 nM). As galactose is a poor substrate for SGLT2, it was surprising that galacto-dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-D-galactitol] was a selective inhibitor of hSGLT2, but was less potent than dapagliflozin for both transporters (hSGLT2 K(i) = 25 nM, hSGLT1 K(i) = 25,000 nM). Phlorizin and galacto-dapagliflozin rapidly dissociated from SGLT2 [half-time off rate (t(1/2,Off)) ≈ 20-30 s], while dapagliflozin and fluoro-dapagliflozin dissociated from hSGLT2 at a rate 10-fold slower (t(1/2,Off) ≥ 180 s). Phlorizin was unable to exchange with dapagliflozin bound to hSGLT2. In contrast, dapagliflozin, fluoro-dapagliflozin, and galacto-dapagliflozin dissociated quickly from hSGLT1 (t(1/2,Off) = 1-2 s), and phlorizin readily exchanged with dapagliflozin bound to hSGLT1. The aglycones of phlorizin and dapagliflozin were poor inhibitors of both hSGLT2 and hSGLT1 with K(i) values > 100 μM. These results show that inhibitor binding to SGLTs is composed of two synergistic forces: sugar binding to the glucose site, which is not rigid, and so different sugars will change the orientation of the aglycone in the access vestibule; and the binding of the aglycone affects the binding affinity of the entire inhibitor. Therefore, the pharmacophore must include variations in both the structure of the sugar and the aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Hummel
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
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Ohtake Y, Sato T, Matsuoka H, Nishimoto M, Taka N, Takano K, Yamamoto K, Ohmori M, Higuchi T, Murakata M, Kobayashi T, Morikawa K, Shimma N, Suzuki M, Hagita H, Ozawa K, Yamaguchi K, Kato M, Ikeda S. 5a-Carba-β-d-glucopyranose derivatives as novel sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Mascitti V, Maurer TS, Robinson RP, Bian J, Boustany-Kari CM, Brandt T, Collman BM, Kalgutkar AS, Klenotic MK, Leininger MT, Lowe A, Maguire RJ, Masterson VM, Miao Z, Mukaiyama E, Patel JD, Pettersen JC, Préville C, Samas B, She L, Sobol Z, Steppan CM, Stevens BD, Thuma BA, Tugnait M, Zeng D, Zhu T. Discovery of a Clinical Candidate from the Structurally Unique Dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Class of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2952-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mascitti
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tristan S. Maurer
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jianwei Bian
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carine M. Boustany-Kari
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas Brandt
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Collman
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle K. Klenotic
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael T. Leininger
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - André Lowe
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert J. Maguire
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Victoria M. Masterson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emi Mukaiyama
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jigna D. Patel
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John C. Pettersen
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li She
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhanna Sobol
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Stevens
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Meera Tugnait
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dongxiang Zeng
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tong Zhu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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