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Borkar NA, Thompson MA, Bartman CM, Khalfaoui L, Sine S, Sathish V, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Nicotinic receptors in airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L149-L163. [PMID: 38084408 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With continued smoking of tobacco products and expanded use of nicotine delivery devices worldwide, understanding the impact of smoking and vaping on respiratory health remains a major global unmet need. Although multiple studies have shown a strong association between smoking and asthma, there is a relative paucity of mechanistic understanding of how elements in cigarette smoke impact the airway. Recognizing that nicotine is a major component in both smoking and vaping products, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which nicotine impacts airways and promotes lung diseases such as asthma. There is now increasing evidence that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are critical players in nicotine effects on airways, but the mechanisms by which α7nAChR influences different airway cell types have not been widely explored. In this review, we highlight and integrate the current state of knowledge regarding nicotine and α7nAChR in the context of asthma and identify potential approaches to alleviate the impact of smoking and vaping on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Steven Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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2
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Wang ZK, Wang YP, Rao ZW, Liu CY, Pan XH, Guo L. General Method for Selective Three-Component Carboacylation of Alkenes via Visible-Light Dual Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1673-1677. [PMID: 36880593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox/nickel dual catalytic protocol for the regioselective three-component carboacylation of alkenes with tertiary and secondary alkyltrifluoroborates as well as acyl chlorides is described. This redox-neutral protocol can be applied to the rapid synthesis of ketones with high diversity and complexity via a radical relay process. Many functional groups, allowing for various commercially available acyl chlorides, alkyltrifluoroborates, and alkenes, are tolerated under these mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Kai Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Shanghai BIOS Technology Co., Ltd., 659 Maoyuan Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zhi-Wu Rao
- Shanghai BIOS Technology Co., Ltd., 659 Maoyuan Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xian-Hua Pan
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
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3
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Sutton C, Williams EQ, Homsi H, Beerepoot P, Nazari R, Han D, Ramsey AJ, Mash DC, Olson DE, Blough B, Salahpour A. Structure-Activity Relationships of Dopamine Transporter Pharmacological Chaperones. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:832536. [PMID: 35614973 PMCID: PMC9124866 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.832536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) have been implicated in many human diseases. Among these is the infantile parkinsonism-dystonia known as Dopamine Transporter Deficiency Syndrome (DTDS). Afflicted individuals have minimal to no functional dopamine transporter protein. This is primarily due to retention of misfolded disease-causing dopamine transporter variants. This results in a variety of severe motor symptoms in patients and the disease ultimately leads to death in adolescence or young adulthood. Though no treatment is currently available, pharmacological chaperones targeting the dopamine transporter have been shown to rescue select DTDS disease-causing variants. Previous work has identified two DAT pharmacological chaperones with moderate potency and efficacy: bupropion and ibogaine. In this study, we carried out structure-activity relationships (SARs) for bupropion and ibogaine with the goal of identifying the chemical features required for pharmacological chaperone activity. Our results show that the isoquinuclidine substituent of ibogaine and its analogs is an important feature for pharmacological chaperone efficacy. For bupropion, the secondary amine group is essential for pharmacological chaperone activity. Lastly, we describe additional ibogaine and bupropion analogs with varying chemical modifications and variable pharmacological chaperone efficacies at the dopamine transporter. Our results contribute to the design and refinement of future dopamine transporter pharmacological chaperones with improved efficacies and potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sutton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Q. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoomam Homsi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pieter Beerepoot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Nazari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy J. Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah C. Mash
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, North Carolina, NC, United States
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Dopaminergic modulation of reward discounting in healthy rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:711-723. [PMID: 33215269 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although numerous studies have suggested that pharmacological alteration of the dopamine (DA) system modulates reward discounting, these studies have produced inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVES Here, we conducted a systematic review and pre-registered meta-analysis to evaluate DA drug-mediated effects on reward discounting of time, probability, and effort costs in studies of healthy rats. This produced a total of 1343 articles to screen for inclusion/exclusion. From the literature, we identified 117 effects from approximately 1549 individual rats. METHODS Using random effects with maximum-likelihood estimation, we meta-analyzed placebo-controlled drug effects for (1) DA D1-like receptor agonists and (2) antagonists, (3) D2-like agonists and (4) antagonists, and (5) DA transporter-modulating drugs. RESULTS Meta-analytic effects showed that DAT-modulating drugs decreased reward discounting. While D1-like and D2-like antagonists both increased discounting, agonist drugs for those receptors had no significant effect on discounting behavior. A number of these effects appear contingent on study design features like cost type, rat strain, and microinfusion location. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between DA and discounting behavior and urge caution when drawing generalizations about the effects of pharmacologically manipulating dopamine on reward-based decision-making.
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The dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine releasing activities of a series of methcathinone analogs in male rat brain synaptosomes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:915-924. [PMID: 30341459 PMCID: PMC6475490 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Novel synthetic "bath salt" cathinones continue to appear on the street as abused and addictive drugs. The range of subjective experiences produced by different cathinones suggests that some compounds have primarily dopaminergic activity (possible stimulants) while others have primarily serotonergic activity (possible empathogenics). An understanding of the structure activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds will help in assessing the likely behavioral effects of future novel structures, and to define potential therapeutic strategies to reverse any reinforcing effects. OBJECTIVES A series of methcathinone analogs was systematically studied for their activity at the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Compound structures varied at the aromatic group, either by substituent or by replacement of the phenyl ring with a naphthalene or indole ring. METHODS A novel, high-yielding synthesis of methcathinone hydrochlorides was developed which avoids isolation of the unstable free bases. Neurotransmitter transporter release activity was determined in rat brain synaptosomes as previously reported. Compounds were also screened for activity at the norepinephrine transporter. RESULTS Twenty-eight methcathinone analogs were analyzed and fully characterized in dopamine and serotonin transporter release assays. Compounds substituted at the 2-position (ortho) were primarily dopaminergic. Compounds substituted at the 3-position (meta) were found to be much less dopaminergic, with some substituents favoring serotonergic activity. Compounds substituted at the 4-position (para) were found to be far more serotonergic, as were disubstituted compounds and other large aromatic groups. One exception was the fluoro-substituted analogs which seem to favor the dopamine transporter. CONCLUSIONS The dopaminergic to serotonergic ratio can be manipulated by choice of substituent and location on the aromatic ring. It is therefore likely possible to tweak the subjective and reinforcing effects of these compounds by adjusting their structure. Certain substituents like a fluoro group tend to favor the dopamine transporter, while others like a trifluoromethyl group favor the serotonin transporter.
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6
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Walther D, Shalabi AR, Baumann MH, Glennon RA. Systematic Structure-Activity Studies on Selected 2-, 3-, and 4-Monosubstituted Synthetic Methcathinone Analogs as Monoamine Transporter Releasing Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:740-745. [PMID: 30354055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methcathinone analogs are appearing on the clandestine market at a rate nearly out-pacing the ability of investigators to examine them on an individual basis. To formulate structure-activity relationship (SAR) generalities, we examined the releasing ability of several simple methcathinone analogs at the three monoamine transporters (i.e., the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters, DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively) using in vitro assay methods. The analogs included methcathinone and 14 other compounds monosubstituted at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. In general, (a) the 2-substituted analogs were less potent than either the 3- or 4-substituted analogs, (b) the 3- and 4-substituted analogs were relatively similar in potency, (c) methcathinone was the most selective as a DAT-releasing agent, and (d) the 3- and 4-CF3 analogs were the least DAT-selective. For the 15 compounds, there was a significant correlation ( r > 0.9) between DAT and NET potency, suggesting relatively similar structure-activity relationships (at least for the compounds examined here). Several of the compounds have appeared on the clandestine market since our studies were initiated, and the present results provide new information on how they might act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Walther
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Abdelrahman R. Shalabi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Richard A. Glennon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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8
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Crestey F, Jensen AA, Soerensen C, Magnus CB, Andreasen JT, Peters GHJ, Kristensen JL. Dual Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α4β2 Antagonists/α7 Agonists: Synthesis, Docking Studies, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Tetrahydroisoquinolinium Salts. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1719-1729. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Crestey
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A. Jensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Soerensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Busk Magnus
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper T. Andreasen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Abstract
The dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT), and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, which are collectively referred to as monoamine transporters (MATs), play significant roles in regulating the neuronal response to these neurotransmitters. MATs terminate the action of these neurotransmitters by translocating them from the synaptic space into the presynaptic neurons. These three transmitters are responsible for controlling a number of physiological, emotional, and behavioral functions, with their transporters being the site of action of drugs employed for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including depression, anxiety, ADHD, schizophrenia, and psychostimulant abuse. Provided in this unit is information on the localization and regulation of MATs and the structural components of these proteins most responsible for the translocation process. Also included is a brief description of the evolution of ligands that interact with these transporters, as well as current theories concerning the pharmacological effects of substances that interact with these sites, including the molecular mechanisms of action of uptake inhibitors and allosteric modulators. Data relating to the presence, structure, and functions of allosteric modulators are included as well. The aim of this review is to provide background information on MATs to those who are new to this field, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of compounds that interact with these substrate transport sites. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Ole V Mortensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania
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10
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Grifell M, Ventura M, Carbón X, Quintana P, Galindo L, Palma Á, Fornis I, Gil C, Farre M, Torrens M. Patterns of use and toxicity of new para-halogenated substituted cathinones: 4-CMC (clephedrone), 4-CEC (4-chloroethcatinone) and 4-BMC (brephedrone). Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28657185 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to present results of the analysis of clephedrone (4-CMC), 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC), and brephedrone (4-BMC) on recreational drug markets and a systematic review of all the available information concerning these substances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples collected by the drug checking service of the Spanish harm reduction NGO-Energy Control were analyzed and systematic research was conducted. Between June 2014 and October 2016, 1,471 samples with at least one NPS were analyzed, 397 of which contained cathinones. RESULTS Clephedrone was found in 29 samples, brephedrone in 8, and both were present in 2 samples. 4-Chloroethcathinone was detected in 5 samples. Eleven out of the 47 purchased samples (23.4%) were tested to contain the substance the user expected. Samples received were mainly sold as 3-MMC, MDMA, ketamine, and other cathinones. No literature on the effects or toxicity of these substances was found; the only information available was on internet fora. On many posts, users exhibit concerns about potential toxicity and side effects of using these substances. CONCLUSION Since the emergence of these substances could prove to be the next step to the cat-and-mouse game existing between drug producers and legislation, further clinical and epidemiological research should be carried out in order to build evidence to support policy for public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Grifell
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat de Recerca en Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xoán Carbón
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Quintana
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Galindo
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Palma
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Fornis
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gil
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Pharmacology, Consorci Mar Parc de salut de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Ringgold Standard Institution, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain.,Servei de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Ringgold Standard Institution, Badalona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Zdrazil B, Hellsberg E, Viereck M, Ecker GF. From linked open data to molecular interaction: studying selectivity trends for ligands of the human serotonin and dopamine transporter. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1819-1831. [PMID: 27891211 PMCID: PMC5100691 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval of congeneric and consistent SAR data sets for protein targets of interest is still a laborious task to do if no appropriate in-house data set is available. However, combining integrated open data sources (such as the Open PHACTS Discovery Platform) with workflow tools now offers the possibility of querying across multiple domains and tailoring the search to the given research question. Starting from two phylogenetically related protein targets of interest (the human serotonin and dopamine transporters), the whole chemical compound space was explored by implementing a scaffold-based clustering of compounds possessing biological measurements for both targets. In addition, potential hERG blocking liabilities were included. The workflow allowed studying the selectivity trends of scaffold series, identifying potentially harmful compound series, and performing SAR, docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a consistent data set of 56 cathinones. This delivered useful insights into driving determinants for hDAT selectivity over hSERT. With respect to the scaffold-based analyses it should be noted that the cathinone data set could be retrieved only when Murcko scaffold analyses were combined with similarity searches such as a common substructure search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Eva Hellsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Michael Viereck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Pharmacoinformatics Research Group , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , A-1090 , Austria . ; ; Tel: +43 1 4277 55110
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12
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Golovko AI, Bonitenko EY, Ivanov MB, Barinov VA, Zatsepin EP. The neurochemical bases of the pharmacological activity of ligands of monoamine-transport systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Masters AR, Gufford BT, Lu JBL, Metzger IF, Jones DR, Desta Z. Chiral Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Urinary Excretion of Bupropion and Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:230-8. [PMID: 27255113 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bupropion, widely used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, undergoes complex metabolism to yield numerous metabolites with unique disposition, effect, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in humans. The stereoselective plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites were evaluated to understand their potential contributions to bupropion effects. Healthy human volunteers (n = 15) were administered a single oral dose of racemic bupropion (100 mg), which was followed by collection of plasma and urine samples and determination of bupropion and metabolite concentrations using novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assays. Time-dependent, elimination rate-limited, stereoselective pharmacokinetics were observed for all bupropion metabolites. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity ratios were on average approximately 65, 6, 6, and 4 and Cmax ratios were approximately 35, 6, 3, and 0.5 for (2R,3R)-/(2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion, R-/S-bupropion, (1S,2R)-/(1R,2S)-erythrohydrobupropion, and (1R,2R)-/(1S,2S)-threohydrobupropion, respectively. The R-/S-bupropion and (1R,2R)-/(1S,2S)-threohydrobupropion ratios are likely indicative of higher presystemic metabolism of S- versus R-bupropion by carbonyl reductases. Interestingly, the apparent renal clearance of (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion was almost 10-fold higher than that of (2R,3R)-hydroxybupropion. The prediction of steady-state pharmacokinetics demonstrated differential stereospecific accumulation [partial area under the plasma concentration-time curve after the final simulated bupropion dose (300-312 hours) from 185 to 37,447 nM⋅h] and elimination [terminal half-life of approximately 7-46 hours] of bupropion metabolites, which may explain observed stereoselective differences in bupropion effect and DDI risk with CYP2D6 at steady state. Further elucidation of bupropion and metabolite disposition suggests that bupropion is not a reliable in vivo marker of CYP2B6 activity. In summary, to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report to provide novel insight into mechanisms underlying bupropion disposition by detailing the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of individual bupropion metabolites, which will enhance clinical understanding of bupropion's effects and DDIs with CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Masters
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brandon T Gufford
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica Bo Li Lu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ingrid F Metzger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David R Jones
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Yousuf MS, Kerr BJ. The Role of Regulatory Transporters in Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:245-71. [PMID: 26920015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain arises from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system rather than stimulation of pain receptors. As a result, the fine balance between excitation and inhibition is perturbed leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Various neuropathic pain models provide considerable evidence that changes in the glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Neurotransmitter reuptake transporter proteins have the potential to change the temporal and spatial profile of various neurotransmitters throughout the nervous system. This, in turn, can affect the downstream effects of these neurotransmitters and hence modulate pain. This chapter explores various reuptake transporter systems and implicates their role in pain processing. Understanding the transporter systems will enhance drug discovery targeting different facets of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of deuterium-labeled hydroxybupropion. Mass spectrometry analysis of the compound revealed over 98% deuterium enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 3601 Hongjing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211171, China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, 1 Daxue Road, Caidian Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, 434023, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Hi-Tech Research Institute and State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liqin Chen
- Hi-Tech Research Institute and State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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16
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Kaizaki A, Tanaka S, Numazawa S. New recreational drug 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (alpha-PVP) activates central nervous system via dopaminergic neuron. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:1-6. [PMID: 24418703 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP) is a new designer drug of the cathinone type. People who have taken drugs containing α-PVP or other synthetic cathinone reportedly lose consciousness, develop difficulty breathing, and at worst case, die. However, the mechanism underlying α-PVP-induced neurotoxicity is unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of α-PVP on the central nervous system (CNS) and compare its neurotoxicity with that of methamphetamine (METH) in mice. Balb/c male mice (8 weeks old) were orally administered α-PVP (25 mg/kg) or METH (5 mg/kg). α-PVP induced a significant increase in locomotor activity, which occurred earlier than locomotor activity induced by METH. This increase was inhibited by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23990 (50 µg/kg, i.p.) and the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.m.). The extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA) in the striatum, determined by in vivo microdialysis increased immediately after α-PVP administration. These results suggest that α-PVP stimulates DA release, causing an increase in locomotor activity, and that this stimulatory effect of α-PVP on CNS is mediated, at least in part, by the D1 and D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kaizaki
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy
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17
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Power JD, Kavanagh P, O'Brien J, Barry M, Twamley B, Talbot B, Dowling G, Brandt SD. Test purchase, identification and synthesis of 2‐amino‐1‐(4‐bromo‐2, 5‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethan‐1‐one (bk‐2C‐B). Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:512-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Power
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health SciencesSt James Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
- Forensic Science LaboratoryGarda HQ Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Pierce Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health SciencesSt James Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - John O'Brien
- School of ChemistryTrinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Michael Barry
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health SciencesSt James Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health SciencesSt James Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
- School of ChemistryTrinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Brian Talbot
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Geraldine Dowling
- The State Laboratory, Backweston Lab ComplexCelbridge, Co Kildare Ireland
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street L3 3AF Liverpool UK
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18
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O'Byrne PM, Williams R, Walsh JJ, Gilmer JF. Part Two: Evaluation of N-methylbupropion as a Potential Bupropion Prodrug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:676-94. [PMID: 24878537 PMCID: PMC4078515 DOI: 10.3390/ph7060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methylbupropion was selected as a potential prodrug from our in vitro screening of analogues of bupropion described in the preceding paper. This study describes in vivo pharmacokinetics of N-methylbupropion in the guinea-pig animal model, which is reported to best predict human metabolism of bupropion. The suitability of the guinea pig was established by studying N-demethylation of N-methylbupropion using S9 liver fractions. An LC-MS method was developed and validated to measure N-methylbupropion, bupropion and their metabolites in plasma and brain tissue. In separate studies, the prodrug was delivered by intraperitoneal injection (IP) to assess hepatic metabolism and then by oral gavage (PO) to assess the contribution from intestinal enzymes. Bupropion was administered in parallel. The pharmacokinetic profile of bupropion and N-methylbupropion were not comparable when dosed by intraperitoneal injection but when dosed orally, N-methylbupropion showed a comparable bupropion and metabolite PK plasma profile to bupropion. Plasma and brain levels of N-methylbupropion show that it is extensively metabolized to bupropion and its metabolites, and N-methyl-threo-hydrobupropion. This data coupled to the reduced DAT and NET system in vitro activity described in paper 1 would suggest that the N-methyl derivative of bupropion may have potential as an oral prodrug of bupropion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matthew O'Byrne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Robert Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - John J Walsh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - John F Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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19
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Bupropion and Bupropion Analogs as Treatments for CNS Disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 69:177-216. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Radhakrishnan R, Santamaría A, Escobar L, Arias HR. The β4 nicotinic receptor subunit modulates the chronic antidepressant effect mediated by bupropion. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:68-72. [PMID: 23981664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to investigate the role of the nicotinic receptor β4 subunit in the antidepressant activity of bupropion. Wild-type (β4+/+) and knockout (β4-/-) mice were intraperitoneally administered with normal saline (control) or bupropion (40mg/kg) daily for the first two weeks. Forced swim tests were performed on day 1 to determine the acute effect of bupropion at 0, 15, 30, 45, or 60min after the injection, and after two weeks of daily treatment to determine the chronic effects. To examine the remnant effects of bupropion after withdrawal, forced swim tests were performed one and two weeks after the last day of treatment with bupropion. Our results indicate that: (1) the acute treatment with bupropion increases the swimming time (i.e., antidepressant effect) in β4+/+ and β4-/- mice from both genders, (2) the antidepressant effect after the chronic treatment is seen only in female β4+/+ mice, and (3) the residual antidepressant effect of bupropion persists only in male β4+/+ mice after one week withdrawal. We conclude that the β4 subunit plays a modulatory role in the chronic antidepressant effect mediated by bupropion, and that its effect is gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Radhakrishnan
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Utah Campus, South Jordan, UT, USA
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21
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Kanu AB, Brandt SD, Williams MD, Zhang N, Hill HH. Analysis of Psychoactive Cathinones and Tryptamines by Electrospray Ionization Atmospheric Pressure Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8535-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina 27110, United States
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Mike D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630,
United States
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22
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Cozzi NV, Brandt SD, Daley PF, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Tulzer A, Sitte HH, Baumann MH. Pharmacological examination of trifluoromethyl ring-substituted methcathinone analogs. Eur J Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23178523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathinones are a class of drugs used to treat various medical conditions including depression, obesity, substance abuse, and muscle spasms. Some "designer" cathinones, such as methcathinone, mephedrone, and methylone, are used nonclinically for their stimulant or entactogenic properties. Given the recent rise in nonmedical use of designer cathinones, we aimed to improve understanding of cathinone pharmacology by investigating analogs of methcathinone with a CF(3) substituent at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position of the phenyl ring (TFMAPs). We compared the TFMAPs with methcathinone for effects on monoamine uptake transporter function in vitro and in vivo, and for effects on locomotor activity in rats. At the serotonin transporter (SERT), 3-TFMAP and 4-TFMAP were 10-fold more potent than methcathinone as uptake inhibitors and as releasing agents, but 2-TFMAP was both a weak uptake inhibitor and releaser. At the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters (NET and DAT), all TFMAP isomers were less potent than methcathinone as uptake inhibitors and releasers. In vivo, 4-TFMAP released 5-HT, but not dopamine, in rat nucleus accumbens and did not affect locomotor activity, whereas methcathinone increased both 5-HT and dopamine and produced locomotor stimulation. These experiments reveal that TFMAPs are substrates for the monoamine transporters and that phenyl ring substitution at the 3- or 4-position increases potency at SERT but decreases potency at NET and DAT, resulting in selectivity for SERT. The TFMAPs might have a therapeutic value for a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions and may have lower abuse liability compared to methcathinone due to their decreased DAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Cozzi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, 2695 Medical Sciences Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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23
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Arias HR, Feuerbach D, Targowska-Duda KM, Aggarwal S, Lapinsky DJ, Jozwiak K. Structural and functional interaction of (±)-2-(N-tert-butylamino)-3'-iodo-4'-azidopropiophenone, a photoreactive bupropion derivative, with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1433-41. [PMID: 23103524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of (±)-2-(N-tert-butylamino)-3'-iodo-4'-azidopropiophenone [(±)-SADU-3-72], a photoreactive analog of bupropion (BP), were characterized at different muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) by functional and structural approaches. Ca²⁺ influx results indicate that (±)-SADU-3-72 is 17- and 6-fold more potent than BP in inhibiting human (h) embryonic (hα1β1γδ) and adult (hα1β1εδ) muscle AChRs, respectively. (±)-SADU-3-72 binds with high affinity to the [³H]TCP site within the resting or desensitized Torpedo AChR ion channel, whereas BP has higher affinity for desensitized AChRs. Molecular docking results indicate that both SADU-3-72 enantiomers interact with the valine (position 13') and serine (position 6') rings. However, an additional domain, between the outer (position 20') and valine rings, is observed in Torpedo AChR ion channels. Our results indicate that the azido group of (±)-SADU-3-72 may enhance its interaction with polar groups and the formation of hydrogen bonds at AChRs, thus supporting the observed higher potency and affinity of (±)-SADU-3-72 compared to BP. Collectively our results are consistent with a model where BP/SADU-3-72 and TCP bind to overlapping sites within the lumen of muscle AChR ion channels. Based on these results, we believe that (±)-SADU-3-72 is a promising photoprobe for mapping the BP binding site, especially within the resting AChR ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
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24
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Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Brandt SD, Rothman RB, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV. The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1192-203. [PMID: 22169943 PMCID: PMC3306880 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nonmedical use of 'designer' cathinone analogs, such as 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), is increasing worldwide, yet little information is available regarding the mechanism of action for these drugs. Here, we employed in vitro and in vivo methods to compare neurobiological effects of mephedrone and methylone with those produced by the structurally related compounds, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine. In vitro release assays using rat brain synaptosomes revealed that mephedrone and methylone are nonselective substrates for plasma membrane monoamine transporters, similar to MDMA in potency and selectivity. In vivo microdialysis in rat nucleus accumbens showed that i.v. administration of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg of mephedrone or methylone produces dose-related increases in extracellular dopamine and serotonin (5-HT), with the magnitude of effect on 5-HT being greater. Both methcathinone analogs were weak motor stimulants when compared with methamphetamine. Repeated administrations of mephedrone or methylone (3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, s.c., 3 doses) caused hyperthermia but no long-term change in cortical or striatal amines, whereas similar treatment with MDMA (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg, s.c., 3 doses) evoked robust hyperthermia and persistent depletion of cortical and striatal 5-HT. Our data demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity comparable to MDMA. Dopaminergic effects of mephedrone and methylone may contribute to their addictive potential, but this hypothesis awaits confirmation. Given the widespread use of mephedrone and methylone, determining the consequences of repeated drug exposure warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Baumann
- Translational Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Mario A Ayestas
- Translational Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Partilla
- Translational Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Sink
- Translational Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul F Daley
- Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, Lafayette, CA, USA
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard B Rothman
- Translational Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arnold E Ruoho
- Department of Neuroscience and the UW Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas V Cozzi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Pandhare A, Hamouda AK, Staggs B, Aggarwal S, Duddempudi PK, Lever JR, Lapinsky DJ, Jansen M, Cohen JB, Blanton MP. Bupropion binds to two sites in the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor transmembrane domain: a photoaffinity labeling study with the bupropion analogue [(125)I]-SADU-3-72. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2425-35. [PMID: 22394379 DOI: 10.1021/bi300101r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion, a clinically used antidepressant and smoking-cessation drug, acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To identify its binding site(s) in nAChRs, we developed a photoreactive bupropion analogue, (±)-2-(N-tert-butylamino)-3'-[(125)I]-iodo-4'-azidopropiophenone (SADU-3-72). Based on inhibition of [(125)I]SADU-3-72 binding, SADU-3-72 binds with high affinity (IC(50) = 0.8 μM) to the Torpedo nAChR in the resting (closed channel) state and in the agonist-induced desensitized state, and bupropion binds to that site with 3-fold higher affinity in the desensitized (IC(50) = 1.2 μM) than in the resting state. Photolabeling of Torpedo nAChRs with [(125)I]SADU-3-72 followed by limited in-gel digestion of nAChR subunits with endoproteinase Glu-C established the presence of [(125)I]SADU-3-72 photoincorporation within nAChR subunit fragments containing M1-M2-M3 helices (αV8-20K, βV8-22/23K, and γV8-24K) or M1-M2 helices (δV8-14). Photolabeling within βV8-22/23K, γV8-24K, and δV8-14 was reduced in the desensitized state and inhibited by ion channel blockers selective for the resting (tetracaine) or desensitized (thienycyclohexylpiperidine (TCP)) state, and this pharmacologically specific photolabeling was localized to the M2-9 leucine ring (δLeu(265), βLeu(257)) within the ion channel. In contrast, photolabeling within the αV8-20K was enhanced in the desensitized state and not inhibited by TCP but was inhibited by bupropion. This agonist-enhanced photolabeling was localized to αTyr(213) in αM1. These results establish the presence of two distinct bupropion binding sites within the Torpedo nAChR transmembrane domain: a high affinity site at the middle (M2-9) of the ion channel and a second site near the extracellular end of αM1 within a previously described halothane (general anesthetic) binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Pandhare
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, United States
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26
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Brandt SD, Daley PF, Cozzi NV. Analytical characterization of three trifluoromethyl-substituted methcathinone isomers. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:525-9. [PMID: 22362591 DOI: 10.1002/dta.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cathinone derivatives display a wide range of pharmacological activities and uses; some of them are used as prescription medicines, while others are encountered within a recreational context and are available without a prescription over the Internet and in retail shops around the world. One of the difficulties involved in the unambiguous identification of these new psychoactive substances is the lack of suitable reference standards, particularly when dealing with unreported derivatives and positional isomers. In order to address this need, three trifluoromethyl analogues of the psychostimulant methcathinone, with a CF(3) substituent at the 2-, 3- and 4-position of the phenyl ring (2-TFMAP 1, 3-TFMAP 2 and 4-TFMAP 3), have been prepared for analytical characterization using ATR-FTIR, (1)H and (13) C NMR, and GC-(EI/CI)-ion trap-MS. Differentiation among isomers was feasible by IR, for example when assessing the carbonyl stretch at 1711 (1), 1693 (2) and 1688 (3) cm(-1) , respectively. In addition to the expected iminium base peak at m/z 58, EI-MS displayed key ions at m/z 173, 145, 125, 95, and 75. Separation of isomers was possible under GC conditions. A characteristic feature under CI conditions was the loss of water from the [M + H](+) yielding m/z 214 in addition to m/z 58. Studies currently underway show that the three CF(3) -methcathinone analogues have central nervous system effects and that the 4-CF(3) isomer 3 is more potent as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and releasing agent than the 3-CF(3) and 2-CF(3) counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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27
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Lapinsky DJ, Aggarwal S, Nolan TL, Surratt CK, Lever JR, Acharya R, Vaughan RA, Pandhare A, Blanton MP. (±)-2-(N-tert-Butylamino)-3'-[(125)I]-iodo-4'-azidopropiophenone: a dopamine transporter and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor photoaffinity ligand based on bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:523-6. [PMID: 22119468 PMCID: PMC3249008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Towards addressing the knowledge gap of how bupropion interacts with the dopamine transporter (DAT) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), a ligand was synthesized in which the chlorine of bupropion was isosterically replaced with an iodine and a photoreactive azide was added to the 4'-position of the aromatic ring. Analog (±)-3 (SADU-3-72) demonstrated modest DAT and α4β2 nAChR affinity. A radioiodinated version was shown to bind covalently to hDAT expressed in cultured cells and affinity-purified, lipid-reincorporated human α4β2 neuronal nAChRs. Co-incubation of (±)-[(125)I]-3 with non-radioactive (±)-bupropion or (-)-cocaine blocked labeling of these proteins. Compound (±)-[(125)I]-3 represents the first successful example of a DAT and nAChR photoaffinity ligand based on the bupropion scaffold. Such ligands are expected to assist in mapping bupropion-binding pockets within plasma membrane monoamine transporters and ligand-gated nAChR ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lapinsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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28
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Kelly JP. Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:439-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Carroll FI, Muresan AZ, Blough BE, Navarro HA, Mascarella SW, Eaton JB, Huang X, Damaj MI, Lukas RJ. Synthesis of 2-(substituted phenyl)-3,5,5-trimethylmorpholine analogues and their effects on monoamine uptake, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function, and behavioral effects of nicotine. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1441-8. [PMID: 21319801 DOI: 10.1021/jm1014555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toward development of smoking cessation aids superior to bupropion (2), we describe synthesis of 2-(substituted phenyl)-3,5,5-trimethylmorpholine analogues 5a-5h and their effects on inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin uptake, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function, acute actions of nicotine, and nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP). Several analogues encompassing aryl substitutions, N-alkylation, and alkyl extensions of the morpholine ring 3-methyl group provided analogues more potent in vitro than (S,S)-hydroxybupropion (4a) as inhibitors of dopamine or norepinephrine uptake and antagonists of nAChR function. All of the new (S,S)-5 analogues had better potency than (S,S)-4a as blockers of acute nicotine analgesia in the tail-flick test. Two analogues with highest potency at α3β4*-nAChR and among the most potent transporter inhibitors have better potency than (S,S)-4a in blocking nicotine-CPP. Collectively, these findings illuminate mechanisms of action of 2 analogues and identify deshydroxybupropion analogues 5a-5h as possibly superior candidates as aids to smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States.
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30
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Brandt SD, Freeman S, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J. Analysis of NRG 'legal highs' in the UK: identification and formation of novel cathinones. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:569-75. [PMID: 21960541 DOI: 10.1002/dta.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A large number of cathinone derivatives have shown a wide range of bioactive properties, attracting great interest from communities associated with pharmaceutical research. Some of these derivatives have gained popularity as so-called recreational 'legal highs' due to their availability on the Internet and high street shops. A previous study described the qualitative analysis of 24 'legal high' Energy-1 (NRG-1) and NRG-2 products obtained from 18 websites following the ban on mephedrone and derivatives in April 2010. The majority of these products contained a mixture of cathinones just carrying a new label. Here, three additional cathinone products have been detected; two from an NRG-1 sample and one from an NRG-3 sample. This report describes their identification. NRG-1 sample 1 consisted of a mixture of 4 cathinones namely 4-fluoromethcathinone (1), 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (pentylone, 2), 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP, 3) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV, 4). The sample labelled as NRG-3 (mislabelled with the chemical structure of mephedrone) consisted of a mixture of 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP, 5) and (2), whereas the remaining NRG-1 sample 2 (also mislabelled with the chemical structure of mephedrone) consisted of a mixture of (2) and (3). Qualitative analyses were carried out by GC-(EI/CI)-MS, NMR spectroscopy and confirmation by preparation of standards. The preparation of brominated precursors carrying the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl nucleus revealed extensive α,α-dibromination: the mass spectral and NMR data of these intermediates are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
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Carroll FI, Blough BE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Eaton JB, Lukas RJ, Damaj MI. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8345-53. [PMID: 21058665 PMCID: PMC3130825 DOI: 10.1021/jm100994w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for different and better aids to tobacco product use cessation. Useful smoking cessation aids, bupropion (2) and varenicline (3), share some chemical features with 3-phenyltropanes (4), which have promise in cocaine dependence therapy. Here we report studies to generate and characterize pharmacodynamic features of 3-phenyltropane analogues. These studies extend our work on the multiple molecular target model for aids to smoking cessation. We identified several new 3-phenyltropane analogues that are superior to 2 in inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and sometimes serotonin reuptake. All of these ligands also act as inhibitors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function with a selectivity profile that favors, like 2, inhibition of α3β4*-nAChR. Many of these ligands also block acute effects of nicotine-induced antinociception, locomotor activity, and hypothermia. Importantly, all except one of the analogues tested have better potencies in inhibition of nicotine conditioned place preference than 2. We have identified new compounds that have utility as research tools and possible promise for treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ivy Carroll
- Corresponding author: Dr. F. Ivy Carroll, Research Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, Telephone: 919-541-6679, Fax: 919-541-8868,
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Liu J, Eaton JB, Caldarone B, Lukas RJ, Kozikowski AP. Chemistry and pharmacological characterization of novel nitrogen analogues of AMOP-H-OH (Sazetidine-A, 6-[5-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]hex-5-yn-1-ol) as α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective partial agonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6973-85. [PMID: 20822184 DOI: 10.1021/jm100765u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to advance therapeutic applications of nicotinic ligands, continuing research efforts are being directed toward the identification and characterization of novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands that are both potent and subtype selective. Herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of members of a new series of 3-alkoxy-5-aminopyridine derivatives that display good selectivity for the α4β2-nAChR subtype based on ligand binding and functional evaluations. The most potent ligand in this series, compound 64, showed high radioligand binding affinity and selectivity for rat α4β2-nAChR with a K(i) value of 1.2 nM and 4700-fold selectivity for α4β2- over α3β4-nAChR, and ∼100-fold selectivity for functional, high-sensitivity, human α4β2-nAChR over α3β4*-nAChR. In the mouse forced swim test, compound 64 exhibited antidepressant-like effects. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses suggest that the introduction of additional substituents to the amino group present on the pyridine ring of the N-demethylated analogue of compound 17 can provide potent α4β2-nAChR-selective ligands for possible use in treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Brandt SD, Wootton RCR, De Paoli G, Freeman S. The naphyrone story: The Alpha or Beta-naphthyl Isomer? Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:496-502. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lukas RJ, Muresan AZ, Damaj MI, Blough BE, Huang X, Navarro HA, Mascarella SW, Eaton JB, Marxer-Miller SK, Carroll FI. Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4731-48. [PMID: 20509659 DOI: 10.1021/jm1003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To create potentially superior aids to smoking cessation and/or antidepressants and to elucidate bupropion's possible mechanisms of action(s), 23 analogues based on its active hydroxymetabolite (2S,3S)-4a were synthesized and tested for their abilities to inhibit monoamine uptake and nAChR subtype activities in vitro and acute effects of nicotine in vivo. The 3',4'-dichlorophenyl [(+/-)-4n], naphthyl (4r), and 3-chlorophenyl or 3-propyl analogues 4s and 4t, respectively, had higher inhibitory potency and/or absolute selectivity than (2S,3S)-4a for inhibition of DA, NE, or 5HT uptake. The 3'-fluorophenyl, 3'-bromophenyl, and 4-biphenyl analogues 4c, 4d, and 4l, respectively, had higher potency for antagonism of alpha4beta2-nAChR than (2S,3S)-4a. Several analogues also had higher potency than (2S,3S)-4a as antagonists of nicotine-mediated antinociception in the tail-flick assay. The results suggest that compounds acting via some combination of DA, NE, or 5HT inhibition and/or antagonism of alpha4beta2-nAChR can potentially be new pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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