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Papaneophytou C. Breaking the Chain: Protease Inhibitors as Game Changers in Respiratory Viruses Management. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8105. [PMID: 39125676 PMCID: PMC11311956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections (VRTIs) rank among the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of individuals each year across all age groups. These infections are caused by various pathogens, including rhinoviruses (RVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), and coronaviruses (CoVs), which are particularly prevalent during colder seasons. Although many VRTIs are self-limiting, their frequent recurrence and potential for severe health complications highlight the critical need for effective therapeutic strategies. Viral proteases are crucial for the maturation and replication of viruses, making them promising therapeutic targets. This review explores the pivotal role of viral proteases in the lifecycle of respiratory viruses and the development of protease inhibitors as a strategic response to these infections. Recent advances in antiviral therapy have highlighted the effectiveness of protease inhibitors in curtailing the spread and severity of viral diseases, especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It also assesses the current efforts aimed at identifying and developing inhibitors targeting key proteases from major respiratory viruses, including human RVs, AdVs, and (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) SARS-CoV-2. Despite the recent identification of SARS-CoV-2, within the last five years, the scientific community has devoted considerable time and resources to investigate existing drugs and develop new inhibitors targeting the virus's main protease. However, research efforts in identifying inhibitors of the proteases of RVs and AdVs are limited. Therefore, herein, it is proposed to utilize this knowledge to develop new inhibitors for the proteases of other viruses affecting the respiratory tract or to develop dual inhibitors. Finally, by detailing the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials of these inhibitors, this review aims to demonstrate their significant role in transforming the management of respiratory viral diseases and to offer insights into future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Papaneophytou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
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2
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Tsilimingkra NT, Papaneophytou C. Phytochemicals: Promising Inhibitors of Human Rhinovirus Type 14 3C Protease as a Strategy to Fight the Common Cold. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1343-1358. [PMID: 38698747 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266308561240427065854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV-3Cpro) plays a crucial role in viral proliferation, establishing it as a prime target for antiviral therapy. However, research on identifying HRV-3Cpro inhibitors is still limited. OBJECTIVE This study had two primary objectives: first, to validate the efficacy of an end-point colorimetric assay, previously developed by our team, for identifying potential inhibitors of HRV-3Cpro; and second, to discover phytochemicals in medicinal plants that inhibit the enzyme's activity. METHODS Rupintrivir, a well-known inhibitor of HRV-3Cpro, was used to validate the colorimetric assay. Following this, we conducted a two-step in silico screening of 2532 phytochemicals, which led to the identification of eight active compounds: apigenin, carnosol, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and rutin. We subsequently evaluated these candidates in vitro. To further investigate the inhibitory potential of the most promising candidates, namely, carnosol and rosmarinic acid, molecular docking studies were performed to analyze their binding interactions with HRV-3Cpro. RESULTS The colorimetric assay we previously developed is effective in identifying compounds that selectively inhibit HRV-3Cpro. Carnosol and rosmarinic acid emerged as potent inhibitors, inhibiting HRV-3Cpro activity in vitro by over 55%. Our analysis indicated that carnosol and rosmarinic acid exert their inhibitory effects through a competitive mechanism. Molecular docking confirmed their competitive binding to the enzyme's active site. CONCLUSION Carnosol and rosmarinic acid warrant additional investigation for their potential in the development of common cold treatment. By highlighting these compounds as effective HRV-3Cpro inhibitors, our study presents a promising approach for discovering phytochemical inhibitors against proteases from similar pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Papaneophytou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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3
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Guterres Fernandes OL, Tizziani T, Dambrós BP, Ferreira de Sousa N, Mansur Pontes CL, da Silva LAL, Escorteganha Pollo LA, de Assis FF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Braga AL, Steindel M, Sandjo LP. Studies of Cytotoxicity Effects, SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibition, and in Silico Interactions of Synthetic Chalcones. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201151. [PMID: 36740573 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro ) plays an essential role in proteolysis cleavage that promotes coronavirus replication. Thus, attenuating the activity of this enzyme represents a strategy to develop antiviral agents. We report inhibitory effects against Mpro of 40 synthetic chalcones, and cytotoxicity activities, hemolysis, and in silico interactions of active compounds. Seven of them bearing a (E)-3-(furan-2-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-one skeleton (10, 28, and 35-39) showed enzyme inhibition with IC50 ranging from 13.76 and 36.13 μM. Except for 35 and 36, other active compounds were not cytotoxic up to 150 μM against THP-1 and Vero cell lines. Compounds 10, and 35-39 showed no hemolysis while 28 was weakly hemotoxic at 150 μM. Moreover, molecular docking showed interactions between compound 10 and Mpro (PDBID 5RG2 and 5RG3) with proximity to cys145 and His41, suggesting a covalent binding. Products of the reaction between chalcones and cyclohexanethiol indicated that this binding could be a Michael addition type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio L Guterres Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tizziani
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bibiana P Dambrós
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Paraíba, 50670-910, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carime L Mansur Pontes
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Layzon A L da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Escorteganha Pollo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Francisco F de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus T Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Paraíba, 50670-910, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Paraíba, 50670-910, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Braga
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário da Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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4
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Tauber C, Wamser R, Arkona C, Tügend M, Abdul Aziz UB, Pach S, Schulz R, Jochmans D, Wolber G, Neyts J, Rademann J. Chemische Evolution antiviraler Wirkstoffe gegen Enterovirus D68 durch Proteintemplat‐gesteuerte Knoevenagelreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Tauber
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rebekka Wamser
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christoph Arkona
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marisa Tügend
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Szymon Pach
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Robert Schulz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Rega Institute KU Leuven Leuven Belgien
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Rega Institute KU Leuven Leuven Belgien
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie and Pharmazie Institut für Pharmazie Medizinische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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5
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Tauber C, Wamser R, Arkona C, Tügend M, Abdul Aziz UB, Pach S, Schulz R, Jochmans D, Wolber G, Neyts J, Rademann J. Chemical Evolution of Antivirals Against Enterovirus D68 through Protein-Templated Knoevenagel Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13294-13301. [PMID: 33749121 PMCID: PMC8252737 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of bioactive molecules from inactive precursors is a crucial step in the chemical evolution of life, however, mechanistic insights into this aspect of abiogenesis are scarce. Here, we investigate the protein-catalyzed formation of antivirals by the 3C-protease of enterovirus D68. The enzyme induces aldol condensations yielding inhibitors with antiviral activity in cells. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses reveal that the bioactivity emerges from a dynamic reaction system including inhibitor formation, alkylation of the protein target by the inhibitors, and competitive addition of non-protein nucleophiles to the inhibitors. The most active antivirals are slowly reversible inhibitors with elongated target residence times. The study reveals first examples for the chemical evolution of bio-actives through protein-catalyzed, non-enzymatic C-C couplings. The discovered mechanism works under physiological conditions and might constitute a native process of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Tauber
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Rebekka Wamser
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Arkona
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Marisa Tügend
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Szymon Pach
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of PharmacyMedicinal ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str. 2+414195BerlinGermany
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6
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Santhi J, Baire B. One‐pot, Direct Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐aryl‐1‐indanones and their 2‐Benzylidene Derivatives from 2‐Alkynylbenzophenones. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jampani Santhi
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India
| | - Beeraiah Baire
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India
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7
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Kamble RB, Mane KD, Rupanawar BD, Korekar P, Sudalai A, Suryavanshi G. Ti-superoxide catalyzed oxidative amidation of aldehydes with saccharin as nitrogen source: synthesis of primary amides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:724-728. [PMID: 35494431 PMCID: PMC9047451 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new heterogeneous catalytic system (Ti-superoxide/saccharin/TBHP) has been developed that efficiently catalyzes oxidative amidation of aldehydes to produce various primary amides. The protocol employs saccharin as amine source and was found to tolerate a wide range of substrates with different functional groups. Moderate to excellent yields, catalyst reusability and operational simplicity are the main highlights. A possible mechanism and the role of the catalyst in oxidative amidation have also been discussed. Heterogeneous catalytic system using Ti-superoxide and saccharin with TBHP has been developed which catalyzes oxidative amidation of aldehyde to produce primary amides. It tolerates a wide range of substrates with different functional groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Kamble
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India-411 008 .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad UP India-201002
| | - Kishor D Mane
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India-411 008 .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad UP India-201002
| | - Bapurao D Rupanawar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India-411 008 .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad UP India-201002
| | - Pranjal Korekar
- Department of Chemistry, MES Abasaheb Garware College Pune India-411004
| | - A Sudalai
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India-411 008 .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad UP India-201002
| | - Gurunath Suryavanshi
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India-411 008 .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad UP India-201002
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8
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Sun D, Wang M, Wen X, Mao S, Cheng A, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Chen X, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L. Biochemical characterization of recombinant Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization. Virol J 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31036013 PMCID: PMC6489322 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The picornaviral 3C protease mediates viral polyprotein maturation and multiple cleavages of host proteins to modulate viral translation and transcription. The 3C protease has been regarded as a valid target due to its structural similarity among different picornaviruses and minimal sequence similarity with host proteins; therefore, the development of potent inhibitors against the 3C protease as an antiviral drug is ongoing. Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) belongs to the Picornavidea family and is a major threat to the poultry industry. To date, little is known about the roles of the DHAV 3C protease plays during infection. METHODS In this study, we compared the full-length DHAV 3C protein sequence with other 3C sequences to obtain an alignment for the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Then, we expressed and purified recombinant DHAV 3C protease in the BL21 expression system using nickel-NTA affinity chromatography. The optimization of the cleavage assay conditions and the kinetic analysis for DHAV 3C protease were done by in vitro cleavage assays with a fluorogenic peptide respectively. The inhibitory activity of rupintrivir against the DHAV 3C protease was further evaluated. The localization of the 3C protease in infected and transfected cells was determined using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Under different expression conditions, the 3C protease was found to be highly expressed after induction with 1 mM IPTG at 16 °C for 10 h. We synthesized a fluorogenic peptide derived from the cleavage site of the DHAV polyprotein and evaluated the protease activity of the DHAV 3C protease for the first time. We used fluorimetric based kinetic analysis to determine kinetic parameters, and Vmax and Km values were determined to be 16.52 nmol/min and 50.78 μM, respectively. Rupintrivir was found to exhibit inhibitory activity against the DHAV 3C protease. Using polyclonal antibody and an indirect immunofluorescence microscopy assay (IFA), it was determined that the DHAV 3C protease was found in the nucleus during infection. In addition, the DHAV 3C protease can enter into the nucleus without the cooperation of viral proteins. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the activity of the DHAV 3C protease, and the activity of the DHAV 3C protease is temperature-, pH- and NaCl concentration- dependent. The DHAV 3C protease localizes throughout DHAV-infected cells and can enter into the nucleus in the absence of other viral proteins. The kinetic analysis was calculated, and the Vmax and Km values were 16.52 nmol/min and 50.78 μM, respectively, using the Lineweaver-Burk plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
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9
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Amin SA, Adhikari N, Gayen S, Jha T. First Report on the Validated Classification-Based Chemometric Modeling of Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease (HRV 3Cpro) Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijqspr.2018070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), a major cause of common cold and upper respiratory infections, may trigger severe respiratory complications like asthma and COPD. To date, no drugs are available in the market which are designed as novel HRV inhibitors despite the involvement of some pharmaceutical companies' due to economical and clinical constraints. HRV 3C protease may be a potential target for drug design as it plays crucial role in viral RNA replication and virion assembly process. Therefore, designing novel HRV 3Cpro inhibitors is necessary and demanding in the field of antiviral drug design. In this article, statistically significant and validated classification-based QSARs of a series of HRV 3Cpro inhibitors were performed for the first time as per the authors' knowledge. Results suggest that oxopyrrolidine and piperidinone rings are favored whereas carboxybenzyl and unsubstituted benzyl functions may be unfavorable. Moreover, this group, along with cyclic alkyl or aryl ring structures may favor HRV 3Cpro inhibition. These observations may be utilized for the design of a higher active anti-HRV agent in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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10
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Schulz R, Atef A, Becker D, Gottschalk F, Tauber C, Wagner S, Arkona C, Abdel-Hafez AA, Farag HH, Rademann J, Wolber G. Phenylthiomethyl Ketone-Based Fragments Show Selective and Irreversible Inhibition of Enteroviral 3C Proteases. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1218-1230. [PMID: 29328649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead structure discovery mainly focuses on the identification of noncovalently binding ligands. Covalent linkage, however, is an essential binding mechanism for a multitude of successfully marketed drugs, although discovered by serendipity in most cases. We present a concept for the design of fragments covalently binding to proteases. Covalent linkage enables fragment binding unrelated to affinity to shallow protein binding sites and at the same time allows differentiated targeted hit verification and binding location verification through mass spectrometry. We describe a systematic and rational computational approach for the identification of covalently binding fragments from compound collections inhibiting enteroviral 3C protease, a target with high therapeutic potential. By implementing reactive groups potentially forming covalent bonds as a chemical feature in our 3D pharmacophore methodology, covalent binders were discovered by high-throughput virtual screening. We present careful experimental validation of the virtual hits using enzymatic assays and mass spectrometry unraveling a novel, previously unknown irreversible inhibition of the 3C protease by phenylthiomethyl ketone-based fragments. Subsequent synthetic optimization through fragment growing and reactivity analysis against catalytic and noncatalytic cysteines revealed specific irreversible 3C protease inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schulz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Amira Atef
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Daniel Becker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Franziska Gottschalk
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Carolin Tauber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Christoph Arkona
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Atef A Abdel-Hafez
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hassan H Farag
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Straße 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany
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11
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Buthelezi NM, Machaba KE, Soliman ME. The Identification of potential human rhinovirus inhibitors: exploring the binding landscape of HRV-3C protease through PRED pharmacophore screening. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus infections are estimated to be 70% of virus-related cold and flu-like illnesses. The disastrous impact of human rhinovirus infections costs healthcare systems billions annually. Herein, an in-house target-bound pharmacophore-based virtual screening protocol, outlined in our previous publications, was employed in identifying potential drug lead of 3C protease, based on the structural characteristics of rupintrivir. The two novel hits HRV-ZINC01537619 and HRV-ZINC601135028 may be commissioners of the new group of 3C proteases inhibitors against human rhinoviruses. Interestingly, both ZINC01537619 and ZINC601135028 interact with catalytic residues His40 and Cys147, respectively. This is a significant phenomenon which gives hope that viral replication inhibition is possible. These promising compounds now pave a fundamental new route toward the successful inhibition of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndumiso M Buthelezi
- Molecular Modeling & Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa
| | - Kgothatso E Machaba
- Molecular Modeling & Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Modeling & Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University (FAMU), Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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12
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Zhang Q, Cao R, Liu A, Lei S, Li Y, Yang J, Li S, Xiao J. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane derivatives as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4061-4065. [PMID: 28778471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most significant cause of the common cold all over the world. The maturation and replication of this virus entirely depend on the activity of a virus-encoded 3C protease. Due to the high conservation among different serotypes and the minimal homology existing between 3C protease and known mammalian enzymes, 3C protease has been regarded as an attractive target for the treatment of HRV infections. In this study, we identified a novel (4R,5R)-N4-(2-((3-methoxyphenyl)amino)ethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-N5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarboxamide (7a) to be a HRV 3C protease inhibitor via virtual screening. Further research has been focused on the design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of 7a derivatives. The studies revealed that compound 7d has an IC50 value of 2.50±0.7µM against HRV 3C protease, and it thus could serve as a promising compound for the development of novel anti-rhinoviral medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - An Liu
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Shihai Lei
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yuexiang Li
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Junhai Xiao
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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13
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Li B, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Li P, Song N, Lin W, Liu Y, Gu L, Meng H. A Novel Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Virulence Determinant: The 69th Residue of 3C Protease Modulates Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:26. [PMID: 28217559 PMCID: PMC5290453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71), the major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, has been known to cause fatal neurological complications. Unfortunately, the reason for neurological complications that have been seen in fatal cases of the disease and the relationship between EV71 virulence and viral genetic sequences remains largely undefined. The 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 plays an irreplaceable role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, and intervening with host life activity during viral infection. In this study, for the first time, the 69th residue of 3C protease has been identified as a novel virulence determinant of EV71. The recombinant virus with single point variation, in the 69th of 3Cpro, exhibited obvious decline in replication, and virulence. We further determined the crystal structure of 3C N69D at 1.39 Ǻ resolution and found that conformation of 3C N69D demonstrated significant changes compared with a normal 3C protein, in the substrate-binding site and catalytic active site. Strikingly, one of the switch loops, essential in fixing substrates, adopts an open conformation in the 3C N69D-rupintrivir complex. Consistent with this apparent structural disruption, the catalytic activity of 3C N69D decreased sharply for host derived and viral derived substrates, detected for both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in addition to EV71, Asp69 was also found in 3C proteases of other virus strains, such as CAV16, and was conserved in nearly all C type human rhinovirus. Overall, we identified a natural virulence determinant of 3C protease and revealed the mechanism of attenuated virulence is mediated by N69D substitution. Our data provides new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of a subdued 3C protease and suggests a theoretical basis for virulence determinantion of picornaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
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14
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One-pot synthesis of indene derivatives by CF3SO3H-promoted reactions of benzylic alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Schünemann K, Connelly S, Kowalczyk R, Sperry J, Wilson IA, Fraser JD, Brimble MA. A simple solid phase, peptide-based fluorescent assay for the efficient and universal screening of HRV 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5018-24. [PMID: 22763202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With over a 100 different serotypes, the human rhinovirus (HRV) is the major aetiological agent for the common cold, for which only symptomatic treatment is available. HRV maturation and replication is entirely dependent on the activity of a virally encoded 3C protease that represents an attractive target for the development of therapeutics to treat the common cold. Although a variety of small molecules and peptidomimetics have been found to inhibit HRV 3C protease, no universally compatible assay exists to reliably quantify the activity of the enzyme in vitro. Herein we report the development of a universal and robust solid phase peptide assay that utilizes the full HRV-14 3C protease recognition sequence and the release of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein to sensitively quantify protease activity. This novel assay overcomes several limitations of existing assays allowing for the simple and efficient analysis of HRV-14 3C protease activity facilitating both high-throughput screening and the accurate kinetic study of HRV-14 3C protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schünemann
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Baxter A, Chambers M, Edfeldt F, Edman K, Freeman A, Johansson C, King S, Morley A, Petersen J, Rawlins P, Spadola L, Thong B, Van de Poël H, Williams N. Non-covalent inhibitors of rhinovirus 3C protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:777-80. [PMID: 21183345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first known non-covalent inhibitors of rhinovirus 3C protease (3CP) have been identified through fragment based screening and hit identification activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baxter
- AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, UK
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17
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Rollinger JM, Schmidtke M. The human rhinovirus: human-pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:42-92. [PMID: 19714577 PMCID: PMC7168442 DOI: 10.1002/med.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio-economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1-4. The capsid protects the single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi-empirical screening in cell culture. Structure-activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer-assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti-HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti-HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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19
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Basavaiah D, Lenin DV. A Facile Synthesis of Substituted Indenones and Piperidine-2,6-diones from the Baylis-Hillman Acetates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Reyes-Gutiérrez PE, Camacho JR, Ramírez-Apan MT, Osornio YM, Martínez R. Synthesis of 5,6-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines featuring an intramolecular radical-oxidative cyclization of polysubstituted pyrroles, and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4374-82. [PMID: 20672155 DOI: 10.1039/c004399k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-step protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,3,8,9-pentasubstituted-5,6-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines is described, using van Leusen's polysubstituted pyrrole construction followed by intramolecular radical-oxidative cyclization of the isoquinoline system. The cytotoxic activities of the dihydropyrroloisoquinolines were tested on six tumor cell lines. Preliminary structure-activity studies revealed the importance of the identity of the aromatic substituent at the C-2 position, particularly a phenyl, m-(amino) phenyl or m-(cyclohexylmethylpiperazinamide) phenyl substituent, for cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Reyes-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México
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21
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Goodnow RA, Hicks A, Sidduri A, Kowalczyk A, Dominique R, Qiao Q, Lou JP, Gillespie P, Fotouhi N, Tilley J, Cohen N, Choudhry S, Cavallo G, Tannu SA, Ventre JD, Lavelle D, Tare NS, Oh H, Lamb M, Kurylko G, Hamid R, Wright MB, Pamidimukkala A, Egan T, Gubler U, Hoffman AF, Wei X, Li YL, O’Neil J, Marcano R, Pozzani K, Molinaro T, Santiago J, Singer L, Hargaden M, Moore D, Catala AR, Chao LCF, Hermann G, Venkat R, Mancebo H, Renzetti LM. Discovery of Novel and Potent Leukotriene B4 Receptor Antagonists. Part 1. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3502-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qi Qiao
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gesine Hermann
- ChemOvation Ltd., Graylands, Langhurst Wood Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4QD, U.K
| | - Radhika Venkat
- Multispan Inc, 26219 Eden Landing Road, Hayward, California 94545
| | - Helena Mancebo
- Multispan Inc, 26219 Eden Landing Road, Hayward, California 94545
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22
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Zhao YJ, Wei W, Su ZG, Ma GH. Poly (ethylene glycol) prodrug for anthracyclines via N-Mannich base linker: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Int J Pharm 2009; 379:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Gladstone SG, Earley WG, Acker JK, Martin GS. Efficient microwave-assisted three-component one-pot preparation of 1-aryl-4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazines and 1-aryl-4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Im I, Lee ES, Choi SJ, Lee JY, Kim YC. Structure-activity relationships of heteroaromatic esters as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3632-6. [PMID: 19464175 PMCID: PMC7126291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV 3C(pro)) is known to be a promising target for development of therapeutic agents against the common cold because of the importance of the protease in viral replication as well as its expression in a large number of serotypes. To explore non-peptidic inhibitors of HRV 3C(pro), a series of novel heteroaromatic esters was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against HRV 3C(pro), to determine the structure-activity relationships. The most potent inhibitor, 7, with a 5-bromopyridinyl group, had an IC(50) value of 80nM. In addition, the binding mode of a novel analog, 19, with the 4-hydroxyquinolinone moiety, was explored by molecular docking, suggesting a new interaction in the S1 pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Im
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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25
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De Palma AM, Vliegen I, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:823-84. [PMID: 18381747 DOI: 10.1002/med.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or asymptomatically, picornaviruses can also be responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for the treatment of picornavirus infections. However, efforts to develop an antiviral that is effective in treating picornavirus-associated diseases are ongoing. In 2007, Schering-Plough, under license of ViroPharma, completed a phase II clinical trial with Pleconaril, a drug that was originally rejected by the FDA after a New Drug Application in 2001. Rupintrivir, a rhinovirus protease inhibitor developed at Pfizer, reached clinical trials but was recently halted from further development. Finally, Biota's HRV drug BTA-798 is scheduled for phase II trials in 2008. Several key steps in the picornaviral replication cycle, involving structural as well as non-structural proteins, have been identified as valuable targets for inhibition. The current review aims to highlight the most important developments during the past decades in the search for antivirals against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M De Palma
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Chen TC, Weng KF, Chang SC, Lin JY, Huang PN, Shih SR. Development of antiviral agents for enteroviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1169-73. [PMID: 18931391 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common human pathogens that are associated with numerous disease symptoms in many organ systems of the body. Although EV infections commonly cause mild or non-symptomatic illness, some of them are associated with severe diseases such as CNS complications. The current absence of effective vaccines for most viral infection and no available antiviral drugs for the treatment of EVs highlight the urgency and significance of developing antiviral agents. Several key steps in the viral life cycle are potential targets for blocking viral replication. This article reviews recent studies of antiviral developments for EVs based on various molecular targets that interrupt viral attachment, viral translation, polyprotein processing and RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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27
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Coyanis EM, Panayides JL, Fernandes MA, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WA. Ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of substituted indenols, indenones, indanones and indenes: Tandem RCM-dehydrogenative oxidation and RCM-formal redox isomerization. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Steindl T, Laggner C, Langer T. Human rhinovirus 3C protease: generation of pharmacophore models for peptidic and nonpeptidic inhibitors and their application in virtual screening. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:716-24. [PMID: 15921461 DOI: 10.1021/ci049638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional pharmacophore models for peptidic and small organic nonpeptidic inhibitors of the human rhinovirus 3C protease were generated in a structure-based as well as in a ligand-based approach, using the software package Catalyst. The inhibitors possess an electrophilic moiety, often a Michael acceptor function, which covalently binds to a cysteine in the active site of the enzyme. Since this process presents the key step for virus inactivation, the creation of a new function in Catalyst was required in order to include this decisive functionality into the pharmacophore models. In the present study we focus on this feature definition process because it presents an innovative strategy to expand the pharmacophore description ability of the Catalyst software to also include covalent bonds between ligand and binding site. The resulting hypotheses were then used for virtual screening of 3D databases in order to verify their quality and to search for structurally diverse, possible new lead substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Steindl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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30
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Dragovich PS. Recent advances in the development of human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Shih S, Chen S, Hakimelahi GH, Liu H, Tseng C, Shia K. Selective human enterovirus and rhinovirus inhibitors: An overview of capsid-binding and protease-inhibiting molecules. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:449-74. [PMID: 15170592 PMCID: PMC7168432 DOI: 10.1002/med.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The absence of effective vaccines for most viral infections highlights an urgent necessity for the design and development of effective antiviral drugs. Due to the advancement in virology since the late 1980s, several key events in the viral life cycle have been well delineated and a number of molecular targets have been validated, culminating in the emergence of many new antiviral drugs in recent years. Inhibitors against enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, responsible for about half of the human common colds, are currently under active investigation. Agents targeted at either viral protein 1 (VP1), a relatively conserved capsid structure mediating viral adsorption/uncoating process, or 3C protease, which is highly conserved among different serotypes and essential for viral replication, are of great potential to become antipicornavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐Ru Shih
- School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu‐Jen Chen
- Taigen Biotechnology, 7F, 138 Shin Ming Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Hsing‐Jang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen‐Tso Tseng
- Taigen Biotechnology, 7F, 138 Shin Ming Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak‐Shan Shia
- Taigen Biotechnology, 7F, 138 Shin Ming Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
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32
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DeGrazia MJ, Thompson J, Heuvel JPV, Peterson BR. Synthesis of a high-affinity fluorescent PPARgamma ligand for high-throughput fluorescence polarization assays. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4325-32. [PMID: 13129568 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Members of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors are under investigation as molecular targets for the treatment of numerous diseases including Alzheimer's, asthma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and diabetes. We employed the X-ray crystal structure of the PPARgamma subtype complexed with the potent small molecule agonist GI262570 (farglitazar) to design and synthesize a novel fluorescent and high-affinity probe for homogeneous and high-throughput fluorescent polarization (FP) assays. Examination of this X-ray structure revealed that the phenyl carbon atom meta to the oxazole moiety of GI262570 is exposed to solvent at the bottom of a narrow protein cavity. A derivative of GI262570 was synthesized bearing a linear phenylacetylene-derived side chain comprising propargylamine coupled to fluorescein. This fluorescent analogue was designed to project the fluorophore into the adjacent protein cavity with minimal effects on receptor affinity and maximal effects on fluorescence polarization properties. The recombinant PPARgamma ligand binding domain protein bound tightly and specifically to this probe with Kd=61+/-14 nM as determined by FP measurements. Competition binding assays with known PPARgamma ligands provided Ki values that were highly correlated with analogous values obtained by scintillation proximity (SP) assays. This fluorescent PPARgamma probe enables high-throughput and homogenous FP assays for the identification of novel endogenous and exogenous PPARgamma ligands, and this rational ligand design approach may be applied to other therapeutically important members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J DeGrazia
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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33
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Erdélyi M, Gogoll A. Rapid microwave promoted Sonogashira coupling reactions on solid phase. J Org Chem 2003; 68:6431-4. [PMID: 12895082 DOI: 10.1021/jo034284s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-enhanced, rapid, and efficient solid-phase version of the Sonogashira reaction is presented. It has been applied to the coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with various acetylene derivatives giving excellent yields in 15-25 min. The scopes of homogeneous, solventless, and solid-phase conditions for Sonogashira coupling of aryl halides are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2443] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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35
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Hillisch A, Hilgenfeld R. The role of protein 3D-structures in the drug discovery process. EXS 2003:157-81. [PMID: 12613176 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7997-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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37
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Kuhn P, Wilson K, Patch MG, Stevens RC. The genesis of high-throughput structure-based drug discovery using protein crystallography. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002; 6:704-10. [PMID: 12413557 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 12 years, drugs have been developed using structure-based drug design relying upon traditional crystallographic methods. Established successes, such as the drugs designed against HIV-1 protease and neuraminidase, demonstrate the utility of a structure-based approach in the drug-discovery process. However, the approach has historically lacked throughput and reliability capabilities; these bottlenecks are being overcome by breakthroughs in high-throughput structural biology. Recent technological innovations such as submicroliter high-throughput crystallization, high-performance synchrotron beamlines and rapid binding-site analysis of de novo targets using virtual ligand screening and small molecule co-crystallization have resulted in a significant advance in structure-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuhn
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2000. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:477-517. [PMID: 11703143 DOI: 10.1021/cc010049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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