1
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Wang S, Zhao G, Zeng Y, Lin H, Lin B, Pan M. Dynamically crosslinked chiral optics sensing for ultra-sensitive VOCs detection. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142530. [PMID: 38851511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Chiroptical sensing with real-time colorimetrical detection has been emerged as quantifiable properties, enantioselective responsiveness, and optical manipulation in environmental monitoring, food safety and other trace identification fields. However, the sensitivity of chiroptical sensing materials remains an immense challenge. Here, we report a dynamically crosslinking strategy to facilitate highly sensitive chiroptical sensing material. Chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were co-assembled with amino acid by a two-step esterification, of which a precisely tunable helical pitch, a unique spiral conformation with hierarchical and numerous active sites in sensing performance could be trigged by dynamic covalent bond on amines. Such a CNC/amino acid chiral optics features an ultra-trace amount of 0.08 mg/m3 and a high sensitivity of 60 nm/(mg/m3) for formaldehyde gas at a molecule level detection, which is due to the three synergistic adsorption enhancement of dynamic covalent bonded interaction, hydrogen bonded interaction and van der Waals interaction. Meanwhile, an enhancement hierarchical adsorption of CNC/amino acid chiral materials can be readily representative to the precise helical pitch and colorimetrical switch for sensitive visualization reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guomin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yihan Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haifeng Lin
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Bingqun Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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2
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Liu XQ, Zhang JD, Ji SJ, Xu XP. Precise Synthesis of Diastereomers of Spiro-oxindole Derivatives through Dynamic Covalent Transformation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6027-6039. [PMID: 38630554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, [1+2+2] cyclization of tryptamine-derived isocyanides with 3-ylideneoxindoles was systematically investigated. A series of structurally complex spiro-oxindole derivatives were obtained. Characteristic dynamic covalent chemistry was observed and confirmed by experiments and density functional theory calculation. Through the regulation of the solvent, temperature, and time, the precise and stereodivergent synthesis of spiro-oxindoles was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Baolidi Functional Materials Research Institute, Suzhou 215144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mondal P, Neuschuler Z, Mandal D, Hernandez RE, Cohen SM. Reversible Postsynthetic Modification in a Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317062. [PMID: 38150287 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Postsynthetic modification (PSM) of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provides access to functional materials and advanced porous solid engineering. Herein, we report the reversible PSM of a multivariate isoreticular MOF by applying dynamic furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (DA) chemistry. The key step involves incorporating a furan group into the MOF via "click" PSM, which can then undergo repeated cycles of modification and de-modification with maleimides. The structural integrity, crystallinity, and porosity of the furan-appended MOF remained intact even after three consecutive PSM/de-modification cycles using three different functionalized maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prantik Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zachary Neuschuler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dipendu Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ritchie E Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Liu J, Du C, Huang W, Lei Y. Injectable smart stimuli-responsive hydrogels: pioneering advancements in biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 12:8-56. [PMID: 37969066 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have established their significance as prominent biomaterials within the realm of biomedical research. However, injectable hydrogels have garnered greater attention compared with their conventional counterparts due to their excellent minimally invasive nature and adaptive behavior post-injection. With the rapid advancement of emerging chemistry and deepened understanding of biological processes, contemporary injectable hydrogels have been endowed with an "intelligent" capacity to respond to various endogenous/exogenous stimuli (such as temperature, pH, light and magnetic field). This innovation has spearheaded revolutionary transformations across fields such as tissue engineering repair, controlled drug delivery, disease-responsive therapies, and beyond. In this review, we comprehensively expound upon the raw materials (including natural and synthetic materials) and injectable principles of these advanced hydrogels, concurrently providing a detailed discussion of the prevalent strategies for conferring stimulus responsiveness. Finally, we elucidate the latest applications of these injectable "smart" stimuli-responsive hydrogels in the biomedical domain, offering insights into their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Chengcheng Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yiting Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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5
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Luo Z, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang J, Yu Y. Modification and crosslinking strategies for hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel biomaterials. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230029. [PMID: 39188300 PMCID: PMC11235888 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive extracellular matrix-derived polymer. The related HA-based hydrogels are emerging to be the hotspots in the cutting edge of biomaterials. The continuous sights concentrate on exploring modification methods and crosslinking strategies to promote the advancement of HA-based hydrogels with enhanced physical/chemical properties and enriched biological performance. Here, the advances on modification methods and crosslinking strategies for fabricating HA-based hydrogels with diverse capacities are summarized. Firstly, the modification reactions that occur on the active hydroxyl, carboxyl and N-acetyl groups of HA molecule are discussed. Next, the emphasis is put on various crosslinking strategies including physical crosslinking, covalent crosslinking and dynamic covalent crosslinking. Finally, we provide a general summary and give a critical viewpoint on the remaining challenges and the future development of HA-based hydrogels. It is hoped that this review can provide new proposals for the specific design of functional hydrogel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yunru Yu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
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6
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van der Loo CHM, Kaniraj JP, Wang T, Broekman JOP, Borst MLG, Pouwer K, Heeres A, Deuss PJ, Minnaard AJ. Substituted anilides from chitin-based 3-acetamido-furfural. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8372-8378. [PMID: 37818603 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01461d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of aromatic compounds from biomass-derived furans is a key strategy in the pursuit of a sustainable economy. Within this field, a Diels-Alder/aromatization cascade reaction with chitin-based furans is emerging as a powerful tool for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing aromatics. In this study we present the conversion of chitin-based 3-acetamido-furfural (3A5F) into an array of di- and tri-substituted anilides in good to high yields (62-90%) via a hydrazone mediated Diels-Alder/aromatization sequence. The addition of acetic anhydride expands the dienophile scope and improves yields. Moreover, replacing the typically used dimethyl hydrazone with its pyrrolidine analogue, shortens reaction times and further increases yields. The hydrazone auxiliary is readily converted into either an aldehyde or a nitrile group, thereby providing a plethora of functionalized anilides. The developed procedure was also applied to 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF) to successfully prepare a phthalimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H M van der Loo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J P Kaniraj
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J O P Broekman
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark L G Borst
- Symeres B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Pouwer
- Symeres B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Heeres
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Oluwasanmi A, Lindsay S, Curtis A, Perrie Y, Hoskins C. Chain length impact on the retro Diels-Alder mediated release of gemcitabine from hybrid nanoparticles towards pancreatic cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123304. [PMID: 37572860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported gold coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Au-IONP's) have demonstrated their effectiveness as drug delivery vehicles for gemcitabine conjugated to a thermally labile Diels-Alder linker containing a chain of 4 carbon atoms (TTLD4) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Heat generated via laser irradiation of Au-IONPs facilitated retro Diels-Alder mediated release in a burst release profile where approximately half of all total release over 180 min occurred within the first 5 min. Two analogues of TTLD4, which differ only in linker chain length (TTLD3 & TTLD6) were synthesised and conjugated to Au-IONP's. Heat-mediated release of gemcitabine at 45 °C over 180 min from these formulations was confirmed to be based on linker length, which was 94%, 76% and 45% for TTLD3, TTLD4 and TTLD6, respectively. Drug loading of the Diels-Alder linkers in a 5:1 Drug/Au-IONP w/w ratio appears to favour those containing an even number of carbons TTLD4 (76%) & TTLD6 (57%) over TTLD3 (25%), possibly due to the linker likely being positioned perpendicular to the Au-IONP surface because of the 120 °C-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Sarah Lindsay
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Anthony Curtis
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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8
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van der Loo CHM, Schim van der Loeff R, Martín A, Gomez-Sal P, Borst MLG, Pouwer K, Minnaard AJ. π-Facial selectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction of glucosamine-based chiral furans and maleimides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1888-1894. [PMID: 36607338 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02221d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Furans derived from carbohydrate feedstocks are a versatile class of bio-renewable building blocks and have been used extensively to access 7-oxanorbornenes via Diels-Alder reactions. Due to their substitution patterns these furans typically have two different π-faces and therefore furnish racemates in [4 + 2]-cycloadditions. We report the use of an enantiopure glucosamine derived furan that under kinetic conditions predominantly affords the exo-product with a high π-face selectivity of 6.5 : 1. The structure of the product has been resolved unequivocally by X-ray crystallography, and a multi-gram synthesis (2.8 g, 58% yield) confirms the facile accessibility of this multifunctional enantiopure building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H M van der Loo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rutger Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Avelino Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andres M. Del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gomez-Sal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andres M. Del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark L G Borst
- Symeres B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Pouwer
- Symeres B.V., Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Bednarczyk P, Mozelewska K, Klebeko J, Rokicka J, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P. Impact of the Chemical Structure of Photoreactive Urethane (Meth)Acrylates with Various (Meth)Acrylate Groups and Built-In Diels-Alder Reaction Adducts on the UV-Curing Process and Self-Healing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040924. [PMID: 36850208 PMCID: PMC9967232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of UV-curable urethane (meth)acrylates were obtained by copolymerization of the Diels-Alder adduct (HODA), isophorone diisocyanate, PEG1000, and various hydroxy (meth)acrylates. The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of the chemical structure of the introduced (meth)acrylic groups, i.e., hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl methacrylate, on the UV-curing process and self-healing properties of cured coatings. The chemical structure of prepolymers was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, whereas the UV-curing process was monitored in real time using FTIR and photo-DSC. In turn, the self-healing properties were characterized in relation to the thermally reversible mechanism, which was tested using the following methods: an FTIR spectroscope equipped with a heating attachment; DSC and TG apparatus; and an optical microscope equipped with a stage with programmable heating. The result of comprehensive research on the self-healing of photocurable coatings in the context of the presence of various photoreactive groups and the course of the curing process allows one to control the self-healing process by reducing the effective healing temperature. The self-healing properties, taken together with the fast UV curing of the coatings and excellent properties of cured coatings, make the material attractive for a variety of applications, in particular in cases where coatings are not repaired, e.g., for economic reasons or when it is not possible, such as in flexible electronic screens, car paint film, and aircraft interior finishes.
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10
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Kim B, Lee J, Bae HY, Son SU, Song C. Supramolecular Phthalimide Networks Via Tandem Diels-Alder Reaction-Aromatization Using Biomass-Derived Furanic Dienes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200711. [PMID: 36281910 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of phthalimide derivatives are important goals for applications in fields such as pharmaceutical science and optoelectronics. In the present study, a facile and convenient synthetic pathway (no heat or acid/catalyst needed) is devised to produce phthalimides from a biomass-derived furan by directly introducing an N-carbamate group at the C-2 position of the furan ring via thermal Curtius rearrangement. The electron-donating N-carbamate group increases the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the furan diene, resulting in a significant increase of the rate of the Diels-Alder reaction with maleimide compared to the conventional furfuryl furan. Interestingly, the Diels-Alder adduct smoothly undergoes aromatization (dehydration) to generate the phthalimide motif. It is shown that the biomass-derived phthalimides can produce supramolecular gels and act as sensors of basic anions like F- and CN- . The novel synthetic pathway to phthalimide derivatives from a biomass-derived furan can potentially be used to develop novel phthalimide motifs for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byounghyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Yong Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Uk Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. Targeting Valuable Chemical Commodities: Hydrazine-mediated Diels-Alder Aromatization of Biobased Furfurals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201139. [PMID: 35833422 PMCID: PMC9804822 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A hydrazine-mediated approach towards renewable aromatics production via Diels-Alder aromatization of readily available, biobased furfurals was explored as alterative to the more classical approaches that rely on reactive but uneconomical reduced dienes (e. g., 2,5-dimethylfuran). To enable cycloaddition chemistry with these otherwise unreactive formyl furans, substrate activation by N,N-dimethyl hydrazone formation was investigated. The choice of the reaction partner was key to the success of the transformation, and in this respect acrylic acid showed the most promising results in the synthesis of aromatics. This strategy allowed for selectivities up to 60 % for a complex transformation consisting of Diels-Alder cycloaddition, oxabridge opening, decarboxylation, and dehydration. Exploration of the furfural scope yielded generic structure-reactivity-stability relationships. The proposed methodology enabled the redox-efficient, operationally simple, and mild synthesis of renewable (p-disubstituted) aromatics of commercial importance under remarkably mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C. Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628 CADelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Jan C. van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628 CADelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
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12
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Hooper A, Burns AS. Thermal Stability and Utility of Dienes as Protecting Groups for Acrylamides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:833-840. [PMID: 35586437 PMCID: PMC9109275 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamides are privileged electrophiles used in targeted covalent therapies, often installed at the end of a synthetic sequence due to their reactive nature. Herein, we report several diene-acrylamide adducts with a range of thermal stabilities toward retro-Diels-Alder deprotection of the acrylamide, enabling this masked functionality to be introduced early in a synthetic route and deprotected in a specific temperature range. Through kinetic studies, we identify solvent and structural trends that impact the stability of trimethylsilyl cyclopentadiene (TMS-CP) acrylamide adducts. TMS-CP protected acrylamides were installed on several amine-containing drugs, whose acrylamides were thermally unveiled (T = 160 °C, time ≤ 1 h) in moderate to high yields. We also showcase the potential utility of this protection strategy by improving the yield of a base-promoted SNAr reaction when the acrylamide is masked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie
R. Hooper
- Rodger
Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander S. Burns
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
L.L.C., San Diego, California 92121, United States
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13
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Cioc RC, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels-Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114720. [PMID: 35014138 PMCID: PMC9304315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived furanic platform molecules have emerged as promising building blocks for renewable chemicals and functional materials. To this aim, the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition stands out as a versatile strategy to convert these renewable resources in highly atom-efficient ways. Despite nearly a century worth of examples of furan DA chemistry, clear structure-reactivity-stability relationships are still to be established. Detailed understanding of the intricate interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in these very particular [4+2] cycloadditions is essential to push further development and truly expand the scope beyond the ubiquitous addend combinations of electron-rich furans and electron-deficient olefins. Herein, we provide pertinent examples of DA chemistry, taken from various fields, to highlight trends, establish correlations and answer open questions in the field with the aim to support future efforts in the sustainable chemicals and materials production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C. Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNOLeeghwaterstraat 442628CADelftThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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14
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Mihajlovic M, Rikkers M, Mihajlovic M, Viola M, Schuiringa G, Ilochonwu BC, Masereeuw R, Vonk L, Malda J, Ito K, Vermonden T. Viscoelastic Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Double-Network Hydrogels with Reversible Cross-Links. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1350-1365. [PMID: 35195399 PMCID: PMC8924925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelastic hydrogels are gaining interest as they possess necessary requirements for bioprinting and injectability. By means of reversible, dynamic covalent bonds, it is possible to achieve features that recapitulate the dynamic character of the extracellular matrix. Dually cross-linked and double-network (DN) hydrogels seem to be ideal for the design of novel biomaterials and bioinks, as a wide range of properties required for mimicking advanced and complex tissues can be achieved. In this study, we investigated the fabrication of chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid (CS/HA)-based DN hydrogels, in which two networks are interpenetrated and cross-linked with the dynamic covalent bonds of very different lifetimes. Namely, Diels-Alder adducts (between methylfuran and maleimide) and hydrazone bonds (between aldehyde and hydrazide) were chosen as cross-links, leading to viscoelastic hydrogels. Furthermore, we show that viscoelasticity and the dynamic character of the resulting hydrogels could be tuned by changing the composition, that is, the ratio between the two types of cross-links. Also, due to a very dynamic nature and short lifetime of hydrazone cross-links (∼800 s), the DN hydrogel is easily processable (e.g., injectable) in the first stages of gelation, allowing the material to be used in extrusion-based 3D printing. The more long-lasting and robust Diels-Alder cross-links are responsible for giving the network enhanced mechanical strength and structural stability. Being highly charged and hydrophilic, the cross-linked CS and HA enable a high swelling capacity (maximum swelling ratio ranging from 6 to 12), which upon confinement results in osmotically stiffened constructs, able to mimic the mechanical properties of cartilage tissue, with the equilibrium moduli ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 MPa. Moreover, the mesenchymal stromal cells were viable in the presence of the hydrogels, and the effect of the degradation products on the macrophages suggests their safe use for further translational applications. The DN hydrogels with dynamic covalent cross-links hold great potential for the development of novel smart and tunable viscoelastic materials to be used as biomaterial inks or bioinks in bioprinting and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihajlovic
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Rikkers
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Department
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Viola
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerke Schuiringa
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Blessing C. Ilochonwu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne Vonk
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Arrizabalaga JH, Casey JS, Becca JC, Liu Y, Jensen L, Hayes DJ. Development of Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Intracellular Delivery of miR-148b in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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16
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Kawai K, Ikeda K, Sato A, Kabasawa A, Kojima M, Kokado K, Kakugo A, Sada K, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. 1,2-Disubstituted 1,2-Dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dione as a Dynamic Covalent Bonding Unit at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1370-1379. [PMID: 35040645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent bonds are useful tools in a wide range of applications. Although various reversible chemical reactions have been studied for this purpose, the requirement for harsh conditions, such as high temperature and low or high pH, to activate generally stable covalent bonds limits their potential applications involving biomolecules or household utilization. Here, we report the design, synthesis, characterization, and dynamic covalent bonding properties of 1,2-disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dione (TETRAD). Hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of TETRAD with furan derivatives and their retro-reactions proceeded rapidly at room temperature under neutral conditions, enabling a chemically induced sol-gel transition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akane Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Kabasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenta Kokado
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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17
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Cioc R, Crockatt M, Van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx P. The Interplay between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Furan Diels‐Alder Chemistry for Sustainable Chemicals Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Cioc
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Marc Crockatt
- TNO Sustainable Process and Energy Systems NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Pieter Bruijnincx
- Utrecht University Chemistry Universiteitsweg99Netherlands 3584 CG Utrecht NETHERLANDS
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18
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Milrod ML, Northrop BH. Computational investigation of cycloadditions between cyclopentadiene and tropone-3,4-dimethylester. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8443-8453. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01623k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermally promoted cycloaddition reactions of tropone-3,4-dimethylester and cyclopentadiene have been investigated using density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X level and the CBS-QB3 method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L. Milrod
- Wesleyan University, Department of Chemistry, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Brian H. Northrop
- Wesleyan University, Department of Chemistry, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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19
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Li H, Yang S. Advances in Diels-Alder/aromatization of biomass furan derivatives towards renewable aromatic hydrocarbons. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effective upgrading of renewable resources into high value-added chemicals is of great significance to achieve the sustainable economic development, as well as the implementation of carbon neutral technologies practically....
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20
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Zhou Q, Sang Z, Rajagopalan KK, Sliozberg Y, Gardea F, Sukhishvili SA. Thermodynamics and Stereochemistry of Diels–Alder Polymer Networks: Role of Crosslinker Flexibility and Crosslinking Density. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhen Sang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kartik Kumar Rajagopalan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yelena Sliozberg
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Frank Gardea
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory South, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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21
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Galkin KI, Ananikov VP. Intermolecular Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Furfural-Based Chemicals from Renewable Resources: A Focus on the Regio- and Diastereoselectivity in the Reaction with Alkenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11856. [PMID: 34769287 PMCID: PMC8584476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent strong trend toward green and sustainable chemistry has promoted the intensive use of renewable carbon sources for the production of polymers, biofuels, chemicals, monomers and other valuable products. The Diels-Alder reaction is of great importance in the chemistry of renewable resources and provides an atom-economic pathway for fine chemical synthesis and for the production of materials. The biobased furans furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, which can be easily obtained from the carbohydrate part of plant biomass, were recognized as "platform chemicals" that will help to replace the existing oil-based refining to biorefining. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of furanic dienes with various dienophiles represents the ideal example of a "green" process characterized by a 100% atom economy and a reasonable E-factor. In this review, we first summarize the literature data on the regio- and diastereoselectivity of intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions of furfural derivatives with alkenes with the aim of establishing the current progress in the efficient production of practically important low-molecular-weight products. The information provided here will be useful and relevant to scientists in many fields, including medical and pharmaceutical research, polymer development and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I. Galkin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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22
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Stevens KG, McFarlane LO, Platts K, O'Brien-Simpson N, Li W, Blencowe A, Trim PJ, Pukala TL. Retro Diels-Alder Fragmentation of Fulvene-Maleimide Bioconjugates for Mass Spectrometric Detection of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12204-12212. [PMID: 34461717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diels-Alder chemistry is a well-explored avenue for the synthesis of bioactive materials; however, its potential applications have recently expanded following the development of reactions that can be performed in buffered aqueous environments at low temperatures, including fulvene-maleimide [4 + 2] cycloadditions. In this study, we synthesized two novel amine-reactive fulvene linkers to demonstrate the application of this chemistry for generating mass spectrometry-cleavable labels ("mass tags"), which can be used for the labeling and detection of proteins. Successful conjugation of these linkers to maleimide-labeled peptides was observed at low temperatures in phosphate-buffered saline, allowing the non-destructive modification of proteins with such mass tags. The labile nature of fulvene-maleimide adducts in the gas phase also makes them suitable for both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric analysis. Unlike previous examples of MALDI mass tags, we show that fulvene-maleimide cycloaddition adducts fragment predictably upon gas-phase activation without the need for bulky photocleavable groups. Further exploration of this chemistry could therefore lead to new approaches for mass spectrometry-based bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Lewis O McFarlane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kirsten Platts
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Neil O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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23
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Yildirim O, Grigalunas M, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Dynamic Catalytic Highly Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20012-20020. [PMID: 34236754 PMCID: PMC8456807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In dynamic covalent chemistry, reactions follow a thermodynamically controlled pathway through equilibria. Reversible covalent‐bond formation and breaking in a dynamic process enables the interconversion of products formed under kinetic control to thermodynamically more stable isomers. Notably, enantioselective catalysis of dynamic transformations has not been reported and applied in complex molecule synthesis. We describe the discovery of dynamic covalent enantioselective metal‐complex‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions. We have developed a stereodivergent tandem synthesis of structurally and stereochemically complex molecules that generates eight stereocenters with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity through asymmetric reversible bond formation in a dynamic process in two consecutive Ag‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with electron‐poor olefins. Time‐dependent reversible dynamic covalent‐bond formation gives enantiodivergent and diastereodivergent access to structurally complex double cycloadducts with high selectivity from a common set of reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Yildirim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technichal University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Technichal University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technichal University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technichal University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany.,Nottingham Trent University, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Cifton Lane, NG11 8NS, Nottingham, UK
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Technichal University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Yildirim O, Grigalunas M, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Waldmann H. Dynamic Catalytic Highly Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Okan Yildirim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Department of Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Technichal University Dortmund Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Department of Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Technichal University Dortmund Faculty of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technichal University Dortmund Faculty of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Department of Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Technichal University Dortmund Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
- Nottingham Trent University Department of Chemistry and Forensics Cifton Lane NG11 8NS Nottingham UK
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Department of Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Technichal University Dortmund Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
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25
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Cioc RC, Smak TJ, Crockatt M, van der Waal JC, Bruijnincx PCA. Furoic acid and derivatives as atypical dienes in Diels-Alder reactions. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:5503-5510. [PMID: 34381306 PMCID: PMC8327927 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The furan Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction has become an important tool in green chemistry, being central to the sustainable synthesis of many chemical building blocks. The restriction to electron-rich furans is a significant limitation of the scope of suitable dienes, in particular hampering the use of the furans most readily obtained from biomass, furfurals and their oxidized variants, furoic acids. Herein, it is shown that despite their electron-withdrawing substituents, 2-furoic acids and derivatives (esters, amides) are in fact reactive dienes in Diels-Alder couplings with maleimide dienophiles. The reactions benefit from a substantial rate-enhancement when water is used as solvent, and from activation of the 2-furoic acids by conversion to the corresponding carboxylate salts. This approach enables Diels-Alder reactions to be performed under very mild conditions, even with highly unreactive dienes such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. The obtained DA adducts of furoic acids are shown to be versatile synthons in the conversion to various saturated and aromatic carbocyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan C Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Smak
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Crockatt
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO Leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 CA Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van der Waal
- Department of Sustainable Process and Energy Systems, TNO Leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 CA Delft The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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26
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Hu X, Zeng T, Husic CC, Robb MJ. Mechanically Triggered Release of Functionally Diverse Molecular Payloads from Masked 2-Furylcarbinol Derivatives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1216-1224. [PMID: 34345671 PMCID: PMC8323246 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are appealing targets for drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, and many other applications. Mechanically sensitive molecules called mechanophores are uniquely suited to enable molecular release with excellent selectivity and control, but mechanophore designs capable of releasing cargo with diverse chemical functionality are limited. Here, we describe a general and highly modular mechanophore platform based on masked 2-furylcarbinol derivatives that spontaneously decompose under mild conditions upon liberation via a mechanically triggered reaction, resulting in the release of a covalently installed molecular payload. We identify key structure-property relationships for the reactivity of 2-furylcarbinol derivatives that enable the mechanically triggered release of functionally diverse molecular cargo with release kinetics being tunable over several orders of magnitude. In particular, the incorporation of an electron-donating phenoxy group on the furan ring in combination with an α-methyl substituent dramatically lowers the activation barrier for fragmentation, providing a highly active substrate for molecular release. Moreover, we find that phenoxy substitution enhances the thermal stability of the mechanophore without adversely affecting its mechanochemical reactivity. The generality and efficacy of this molecular design platform are demonstrated using ultrasound-induced mechanical force to trigger the efficient release of a broad scope of cargo molecules, including those bearing alcohol, phenol, alkylamine, arylamine, carboxylic acid, and sulfonic acid functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Shang J, Gong H, Zhang Q, Cui Z, Li S, Lv P, Pan T, Ge Y, Qi Z. The dynamic covalent reaction based on diselenide-containing crown ether irradiated by visible light. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Gevrek TN, Sanyal A. Furan-containing polymeric Materials: Harnessing the Diels-Alder chemistry for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Oluwasanmi A, Hoskins C. Potential use of the Diels-Alder reaction in biomedical and nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120727. [PMID: 34029667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction and its retro breakdown has garnered increasing research focus due to several of its advantageous properties including, atomic conservation, reversibility, and substituent retention. This is especially true in biomedical application and nanomedicine development which display a preference for rapid, efficient, and clean "click" chemistry reactions allowing for delivery of active ingredients and subsequent release upon temperature elevation. There are multiple variations on the Diels-Alder reaction based around substitution position and materials being coupled which can affect the temperature threshold for and rate of the retro reaction reversal. Hence, the Diels-Alder reaction offers a simple coupling reaction for active ingredients with tailorable release. In this review the incorporation of the Diels-Alder chemistries and linkers within the biomedical and nanomedicine field will be discussed, as well as its use in future potential technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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30
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Fu Q, Yan Q, Zhou M, Xie W, Fu H. Study on
UV
/sunlight curable
self‐healing
topological polysulfide polymer network based on disulfide exchange. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Qiming Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Weidi Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Heqing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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31
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Yang C, Liu Z, Li Y, Zhou S, Lu C, Guo Y, Ramirez M, Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu Z, Houk KN, Zhang D, Guo X. Electric field-catalyzed single-molecule Diels-Alder reaction dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabf0689. [PMID: 33523936 PMCID: PMC7817103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise time trajectories and detailed reaction pathways of the Diels-Alder reaction were directly observed using accurate single-molecule detection on an in situ label-free single-molecule electrical detection platform. This study demonstrates the well-accepted concerted mechanism and clarifies the role of charge transfer complexes with endo or exo configurations on the reaction path. An unprecedented stepwise pathway was verified at high temperatures in a high-voltage electric field. Experiments and theoretical results revealed an electric field-catalyzed mechanism that shows the presence of a zwitterionic intermediate with one bond formation and variation of concerted and stepwise reactions by the strength of the electric field, thus establishing a previously unidentified approach for mechanistic control by electric field catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Shuyao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yilin Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
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32
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Dennis JM, Savage AM, Mrozek RA, Lenhart JL. Stimuli‐responsive mechanical properties in polymer glasses: challenges and opportunities for defense applications. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Dennis
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Alice M Savage
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Randy A Mrozek
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
| | - Joseph L Lenhart
- United States Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Adelphi MD USA
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33
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34
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Ji J, Hu D, Yuan J, Wei Y. An Adaptable Cryptosystem Enabled by Synergies of Luminogens with Aggregation-Induced-Emission Character. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004616. [PMID: 33108008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The strong emission in the solid state and the feasibility of introducing stimuli responsiveness make aggregation-induced-emission luminogens promising for optical information encryption. Yet, the vast majority of previous reports rely on subtle changes in the molecular conformation or intermolecular interactions, limiting the robustness, multiplicity, capacity, and security of the resulting cryptosystems. Herein, a versatile cryptographic system is presented based on three interconnected and orthogonal covalent transformations concerning a tetraphenylethylene-maleimide conjugate. The cryptosystem is adapted into four configurations with different functionalities by organizing the reactions and molecules in different ways. These variants either balance the accessibility and security of the encrypted information or improve the security and density in data encryption. Significantly, they allow variable decryption from a single encryption and reconstruction of the chemical nature hidden in the fluorescent pattern can only be accessed through given algorithms. These results highlight the importance of multi-component synergies in advancing information encryption systems, which is enabled by the robustness and diversity stemming from the covalent nature of these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Danning Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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35
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Ebner F, Sigmund LM, Greb L. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity of the Calix[4]pyrrolato Aluminate: Triggerable C−C Bond Formation and Rate Control in Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ebner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lukas Maximilian Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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36
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Ebner F, Sigmund LM, Greb L. Metal-Ligand Cooperativity of the Calix[4]pyrrolato Aluminate: Triggerable C-C Bond Formation and Rate Control in Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17118-17124. [PMID: 32573936 PMCID: PMC7540271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC) had a remarkable impact on transition metal chemistry and catalysis. By use of the calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate, [1]- , which features a square-planar AlIII , we transfer this concept into the p-block and fully elucidate its mechanisms by experiment and theory. Complementary to transition metal-based MLC (aromatization upon substrate binding), substrate binding in [1]- occurs by dearomatization of the ligand. The aluminate trapps carbonyls by the formation of C-C and Al-O bonds, but the products maintain full reversibility and outstanding dynamic exchange rates. Remarkably, the C-C bonds can be formed or cleaved by the addition or removal of lithium cations, permitting unprecedented control over the system's constitutional state. Moreover, the metal-ligand cooperative substrate interaction allows to twist the kinetics of catalytic hydroboration reactions in a unique sense. Ultimately, this work describes the evolution of an anti-van't Hoff/Le Bel species from their being as a structural curiosity to their application as a reagent and catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ebner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lukas Maximilian Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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37
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Spotte-Smith EWC, Yu P, Blau SM, Prasher RS, Jain A. Aqueous Diels-Alder reactions for thermochemical storage and heat transfer fluids identified using density functional theory. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2137-2150. [PMID: 32652662 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal storage and transfer fluids have important applications in industrial, transportation, and domestic settings. Current thermal fluids have relatively low specific heats, often significantly below that of water. However, by introducing a thermochemical reaction to a base fluid, it is possible to enhance the fluid's thermal properties. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) is used to screen Diels-Alder reactions for use in aqueous thermal fluids. From an initial set of 52 reactions, four are identified with moderate aqueous solubility and predicted turning temperature near the liquid region of water. These reactions are selectively modified through 60 total functional group substitutions to produce novel reactions with improved solubility and thermal properties. Among the reactions generated by functional group substitution, seven have promising predicted thermal properties, significantly improving specific heat (by as much as 30.5%) and energy storage density (by as much as 4.9%) compared to pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samuel M Blau
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anubhav Jain
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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38
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Wang H, Park M, Dong R, Kim J, Cho YK, Tlusty T, Granick S. Boosted molecular mobility during common chemical reactions. Science 2020; 369:537-541. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobility of reactants and nearby solvent is more rapid than Brownian diffusion during several common chemical reactions when the energy release rate exceeds a threshold. Screening a family of 15 organic chemical reactions, we demonstrate the largest boost for catalyzed bimolecular reactions, click chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and Sonogashira coupling. Boosted diffusion is also observed but to lesser extent for the uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reaction, but not for substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 within instrumental resolution. Diffusion coefficient increases as measured by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas in microfluidics experiments, molecules in reaction gradients migrate “uphill” in the direction of lesser diffusivity. This microscopic consumption of energy by chemical reactions transduced into mechanical motion presents a form of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Myeonggon Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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39
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O’Dea RM, Willie JA, Epps TH. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:476-493. [PMID: 35648496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable polymers from lignocellulosic biomass have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of commercial plastics while also offering significant performance and cost benefits relative to petrochemical-derived macromolecules. However, most currently available biobased polymers are hampered by insufficient thermomechanical properties, low economic feasibility (e.g., high relative cost), and reduced scalability in comparison to petroleum-based incumbents. Future biobased materials must overcome these limitations to be competitive in the marketplace. Additionally, sustainability challenges at the beginning and end of the polymer lifecycle need to be addressed using green chemistry practices and improved end-of-life waste management strategies. This viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments that can mitigate many concerns with present materials and discusses key aspects of next-generation, biobased polymers derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jordan A. Willie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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40
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Zhao P, Xia J, Cao M, Xu H. Wavelength-Controlled Light-Responsive Polymer Vesicle Based on Se-S Dynamic Chemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:163-168. [PMID: 35638677 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength-controlled Se-S dynamic chemistry was put forward recently as a convenient way to regulate the balance of a selenide sulfide exchange reaction. In this paper, we synthesized an asymmetric polymeric amphiphile linked with a Se-S bond and then induced it to self-assemble into vesicles in water. When the visible light was applied to the assembly solution with addition of toluene, Se-S bonds containing vesicles were ruptured. Thus, the wavelength-controlled light responses of relatively stable polymer assembly were accomplished by introduction of the Se-S dynamic covalent bond, and the response mechanism of the Se-S bond in the vesicle was explored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that fracture of the Se-S bond led to the dissociation of assembly. Introduction of Se-S dynamic chemistry into the molecular assembly area enriched the light-responsive polymer systems and would bring many potential applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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41
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Cadoni E, Rosa-Gastaldo D, Manicardi A, Mancin F, Madder A. Exploiting Double Exchange Diels-Alder Cycloadditions for Immobilization of Peptide Nucleic Acids on Gold Nanoparticles. Front Chem 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 32039162 PMCID: PMC6989547 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of PNA-decorated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has revealed to be more difficult as compared to the generation of DNA-functionalized ones. The less polar nature of this artificial nucleic acid system and the associated tendency of the neutral poly-amidic backbone to aspecifically adsorb onto the gold surface rather than forming a covalent bond through gold-thiol interaction, combined with the low solubility of PNAs itself, form the main limiting factors in the functionalization of AuNP. Here, we provide a convenient methodology that allows to easily conjugate PNAs to AuNP. Positively charged PNAs containing a masked furan moiety were immobilized via a double exchange Diels-Alder cycloaddition onto masked maleimide-functionalized AuNPs in a one-pot fashion. Conjugated PNA strands retain their ability to selectively hybridize with target DNA strands. Moreover, the duplexes resulting from hybridization can be detached through a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, thus allowing straightforward catch-and-release of specific nucleic acid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cadoni
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alex Manicardi
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Tremblay-Parrado KK, Avérous L. Renewable Responsive Systems Based on Original Click and Polyurethane Cross-Linked Architectures with Advanced Properties. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:238-251. [PMID: 31490633 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical architecture from oleic acid, consisting of a diol structure containing pendant furan rings, denoted the furan oligomer (FO) was synthesized and fully characterized. The FO was integrated into a linear rapeseed-based polyurethane (PU) backbone and cross-linked through a Diels-Alder (DA) reaction by using pendant furan rings and a short polypropylene oxide-based bismaleimide. This is the first time that a thermoreversible PU network based on vegetable oil has been reported. The effects of varying proportions of FO in linear and cross-linked systems, by DA, were studied. These materials were analyzed by classic characterization techniques. The stability and recyclability of the cross-linked materials were shown by successive reprocessing cycles and reanalyzing the mechanical properties. Self-healing properties were macroscopically exhibited and investigated by tensile tests on healed materials. The resulting cross-linked materials present a large range of properties, such as tunable mechanical and thermoresponsive behavior, good thermal recyclability, and self-healing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
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43
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Carneiro de Oliveira J, Laborie MP, Roucoules V. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Diels-Alder Reaction between Furfuryl Alcohol and N-Hydroxymaleimides-An Assessment for Materials Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020243. [PMID: 31936088 PMCID: PMC7024143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Diels–Alder reactions in materials science is of increasing interest. The main reason for that is the potential thermoreversibility of the reaction. Aiming to predict the behavior of a material modified with maleimido and furyl moieties, 1H NMR and UV-Vis solution studies of the Diels–Alder reaction between furfuryl alcohol and two N-hydroxymaleimides are explored in the present study. Rate constants, activation energy, entropy, and enthalpy of formation were determined from each technique for both reacting systems. Endo and exo isomers were distinguished in 1H NMR, and the transition from a kinetic, controlled Diels–Alder reaction to a thermodynamic one could be observed in the temperature range studied. A discussion on the effect of that on the application in a material was performed. The approach selected considers a simplified equilibrium of the Diels–Alder reaction as the kinetic model, allowing materials scientists to evaluate the suitability of using the reacting molecules for the creation of thermoresponsive materials. The proposed approach determines the kinetic constants without the direct influence of the equilibrium constant value, thereby allowing a more objective data analysis. The effects of the selection of kinetic model, analytical method, and data treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamerson Carneiro de Oliveira
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- IS2M, UMR 7361, CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Correspondence:
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44
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Wang B, Li Z. Investigation of swelling, mechanical and recycling properties of heat-repairing materials. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03331f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cross-linked polymer with excellent application potential in environmental protection recycling was synthesized based on the Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Zhiying Li
- College of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
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45
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Tillman KR, Meacham R, Rolsma AN, Barankovich M, Witkowski AM, Mather PT, Graf T, Shipp DA. Dynamic covalent exchange in poly(thioether anhydrides). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent exchange (DCE) of anhydride moieties is examined in both model compounds and network polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Tillman
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Rebecca Meacham
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Anne N. Rolsma
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | | | - Ana M. Witkowski
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | | | - Tyler Graf
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Bucknell University
- Lewisburg
- USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
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Heat driven self-healing isocyanate-based crosslinked three-arm Star-shaped polyglycolide based on dynamic transesterification. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Widstrom AL, Lear BJ. Structural and solvent control over activation parameters for a pair of retro Diels-Alder reactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18267. [PMID: 31797942 PMCID: PMC6892874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the temperature dependent NMR of two Diels-Alder adducts of furan: one formed with maleic anhydride and the other with N-methylmaleimide. These adducts are the products of so-called 'click' reactions, widely valued for providing simple, reliable, and robust reactivity. Under our experimental conditions, these adducts undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction and we use our temperature dependent NMR to determine the rates of these reactions at multiple temperatures-ultimately providing estimates of the activation parameters for the reversion. We repeat these measurements in three solvents. We find that, in all solvents, the barrier to reversion is larger for the adduct formed with N-methylmaleimide. The barrier to reversion for this adduct is relatively insensitive to changes in solvent while the adduct formed with maleic anhydride responds more strongly to changes in solvent polarity. The differences in reaction barrier and solvent dependence arises because the adduct formed with N-methylmalemide is more stable-leading to a larger barrier to reversion-while the adduct formed with maleic anhydride experiences a larger change in dipole during the reaction-leading to a larger solvent dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Widstrom
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Lear
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Dobbins DJ, Scheutz GM, Sun H, Crouse CA, Sumerlin BS. Glass‐transition temperature governs the thermal decrosslinking behavior of Diels–Alder crosslinked polymethacrylate networks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Dobbins
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611‐7200
- Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate Eglin AFB Florida 32542
| | - Georg M. Scheutz
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611‐7200
| | - Hao Sun
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611‐7200
| | | | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611‐7200
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Madl CM, Heilshorn SC. Rapid Diels-Alder Cross-linking of Cell Encapsulating Hydrogels. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:8035-8043. [PMID: 32410775 PMCID: PMC7224313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts in the design of hydrogel biomaterials have focused on better mimicking the native cellular microenvironment to direct cell fate. To simultaneously control multiple material parameters, several orthogonal chemistries may be needed. However, present strategies to prepare cell-encapsulating hydrogels make use of relatively few chemical reactions. To expand this chemical toolkit, we report the preparation of hydrogels based on a Diels-Alder reaction between fulvenes and maleimides with markedly improved gelation kinetics and hydrolytic stability. Fulvene-maleimide gels cross-link up to 10-times faster than other commonly used DA reaction pairs and remain stable for months under physiological conditions. Furthermore, fulvene-maleimide gels presenting relevant biochemical cues, such as cell-adhesive ligands and proteolytic degradability, support the culture of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, this rapid DA reaction was combined with an orthogonal click reaction to demonstrate how the use of selective chemistries can provide new avenues to incorporate multiple functionalities in hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive CCSR 4215, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Mikšátko J, Aurélio D, Kovaříček P, Michlová M, Veverka M, Fridrichová M, Matulková I, Žáček M, Kalbáč M, Vejpravová J. Thermoreversible magnetic nanochains. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16773-16780. [PMID: 31309957 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reversible organization of nanomagnets into highly anisotropic assemblies is of considerable interest for many applications, including theragnostic strategies in vivo. The current preparation strategies lead to structures that are not stable without the permanent presence of an applied magnetic field (MF); otherwise, irreversible assemblies are produced with moderate shape anisotropy at nanoscales. Here, we present a new approach based on the thermoreversible Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of an external MF that enables the assembly of single-domain nanomagnets into narrow chains with lengths of several micrometers. The MF-assisted click chemistry approach included (i) the synthesis of nanoparticles through a modified hydrothermal method, (ii) their functionalization via ligand exchange, (iii) the MF-assisted formation of chains, and (iv) the linkage of the nanomagnets in the presence of the magnetic field. Moreover, the chains can be again disassembled at elevated temperatures through a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. We thus demonstrated for the first time that MF-assisted click chemistry is a convenient method for large-scale preparation of highly anisotropic assemblies of nanosized magnets that can be reversibly decomposed by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Mikšátko
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - David Aurélio
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Michlová
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Veverka
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Fridrichová
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Matulková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Žáček
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Vejpravová
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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