1
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Wang N, Maginn EJ. GAFF-Based Polarizable Force Field Development and Validation for Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:871-881. [PMID: 38227791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in many applications, including gas separations, electrochemistry, lubrication, and catalysis. Understanding how the different properties of ILs are related to their chemical structure and composition is crucial for these applications. Experimental investigations often provide limited insights and can be tedious in exploring a range of state points. Therefore, molecular simulations have emerged as a powerful tool that not only offers a microscopic perspective but also enables rapid screening and prediction of physical properties. The accuracy of these predictions, however, depends on the quality of the intermolecular potentials (force fields) used. The widely used classical fixed charge models, such as GAFF, OPLS, and CL&P, are popular due to their simplicity and computational efficiency. However, it has been shown that the use of integer charges with these classical models leads to sluggish dynamics. The use of scaled charge models can improve the dynamics, but these mean-field approaches are unable to account for polarization effects explicitly. Several different approaches have been proposed to include polarizability in IL force fields. In this work, we follow the protocol of the CL&Pol model to develop a Drude oscillator model based on the GAFF force field (Goloviznina, K., et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2019, 15, 5858). We compare the performance of the model for eight imidazolium- and pyrrolidinium-based ILs against that of other models. We find that the new model provides reasonable estimations of density, self-diffusivity, and structural properties for these ILs and suggests a relatively simple way of extending the general GAFF model to more ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Shah S, Pietsch T, Ruck M. Facile Synthesis of Anhydrous Rare-Earth Trichlorides from their Oxides in Chloridoaluminate Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317480. [PMID: 38059405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Wide applications of anhydrous rare-earth (RE) trichlorides RECl3 in organometallic chemistry, for the synthesis of optical and magnetic materials, and as catalysts require a facile approach for their synthesis. The known methods use or produce toxic substances, are complicated and have limited reliability and upscaling. It has been shown that task-specific ionic liquids (ILs) can dissolve many metal oxides without special reaction conditions at moderate temperature, making the metals accessible to downstream chemistry. Using imidazolium chloridoaluminate ILs, pure crystalline anhydrous RECl3 (RE=La-Nd, Sm-Dy) can be synthesized in one step from RE oxides in high yield. The Lewis acidic IL acts as solvent and reaction partner. The by-product [Al4 O2 Cl10 ]2- , which was detected spectroscopically, remains in solution. The reacted IL can be removed quantitatively by washing. ILs with various imidazolium cations and AlCl3 content and the effect of temperature and reaction time were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Shah
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Lee J, Fairley M, Goff GS, Brennecke JF. Quantification of zwitterion betaine in betaine bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and its influence on liquid-liquid equilibrium with water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13599-13602. [PMID: 37888958 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03565d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as extractants for separation of metals, including rare earth elements. In particular, protonated betaine bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HBet][TFSI]) exhibits liquid-liquid phase behavior with water that can be tuned by complexation with various metals. Here we show that previously undetected neutral zwitterionic betaine formed during the IL synthesis can affect the phase behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseong Lee
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Melissa Fairley
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - George S Goff
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Joan F Brennecke
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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4
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Li HY, Chu YH. Expeditious Discovery of Small-Molecule Thermoresponsive Ionic Liquid Materials: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6817. [PMID: 37836660 PMCID: PMC10574798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of low-melting molten salts (<100 °C) constituted entirely of ions, and their research has gained tremendous attention in line with their remarkably growing applications (>124,000 publications dated 30 August 2023 from the Web of ScienceTM). In this review, we first briefly discussed the recent developments and unique characteristics of ILs and zwitterionic liquids (ZILs). Compared to molecular solvents and other conventional organic compounds, (zwitter) ionic liquids carry negligible volatility and are potentially recyclable and reusable. For structures, both ILs and ZILs can be systematically tailor-designed and engineered and are synthetically fine-tunable. As such, ionic liquids, including chiral, supported, task-specific ILs, have been widely used as powerful ionic solvents as well as valuable additives and catalysts for many chemical reactions. Moreover, ILs have demonstrated their value for use as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enhancers for DNA amplification, chemoselective artificial olfaction for targeted VOC analysis, and recognition-based affinity extraction. As the major focus of this review, we extensively discussed that small-molecule thermoresponsive ILs (TILs) and ZILs (zwitterionic TILs) are new types of smart materials and can be expeditiously discovered through the structure and phase separation (SPS) relationship study by the combinatorial approach. Using this SPS platform developed in our laboratory, we first depicted the rapid discovery of N,N-dialkylcycloammonium and 1,3,4-trialkyl-1,2,3-triazolium TILs that concomitantly exhibited LCST (lower critical solution temperature) phase transition in water and displayed biochemically attractive Tc values. Both smart IL materials were suited for applications to proteins and other biomolecules. Zwitterionic TILs are ZILs whose cations and anions are tethered together covalently and are thermoresponsive to temperature changes. These zwitterionic TIL materials can serve as excellent extraction solvents, through temperature change, for biomolecules such as proteins since they differ from the common TIL problems often associated with unwanted ion exchanges during extractions. These unique structural characteristics of zwitterionic TIL materials greatly reduce and may avoid the denaturation of proteins under physiological conditions. Lastly, we argued that both rational structural design and combinatorial library synthesis of small-molecule TIL materials should take into consideration the important issues of their cytotoxicity and biosafety to the ecosystem, potentially causing harm to the environment and directly endangering human health. Finally, we would concur that before precise prediction and quantitative simulation of TIL structures can be realized, combinatorial chemistry may be the most convenient and effective technology platform to discover TIL expeditiously. Through our rational TIL design and combinatorial library synthesis and screening, we have demonstrated its power to discover novel chemical structures of both TILs and zwitterionic TILs. Undoubtedly, we will continue developing new small-molecule TIL structures and studying their applications related to other thermoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan;
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Richter J, Pietsch T, Elsner N, Ruck M. Critical Investigation of Betaine Hydrochloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Ionometallurgical Metal Production. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300114. [PMID: 37548281 PMCID: PMC10405249 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of betainium hydrochloride, urea and glycerol is examined with respect to ionometallurgical metal extraction and compared with the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][NTf2 ]). The DES dissolves numerous metal oxides, where not only betaine and chloride act as stabilizing ligands, but also nascent ammonia seems to be essential. From such solutions, cobalt, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and even vanadium can be electrodeposited, demonstrating the feasibility of ionometallurgy. However, repeated recycling of the DES is not conceivable. NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry identify numerous decomposition reactions taking place at 60 °C already. The by-products that are formed not only make recycling more difficult, but also pose a toxicity problem. The opportunities and obstacles of DESs and ILs for their application in ionometallurgy are critically discussed. It is shown that a thorough understanding of the underlying chemical processes is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Noah Elsner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
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Richter J, Pietsch T, Ruck M. Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300090. [PMID: 36872889 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the environmental problems of numerous metal production processes, there is a growing need for more energy-efficient approaches. Cobalt is considered a strategic element that is extracted not only from ores but also from spent Li-ion batteries. One promising new approach is ionometallurgy, which is the extraction of metal oxides by ionic liquids (ILs). This study concerns new investigations into ionometallurgical processing of CoO, Co3 O4 , and LiCoO2 in the IL betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][NTf2 ]. Three crystal structures of cobalt-betaine complex compounds and combined spectroscopic and diffraction studies provide insights into the dissolution process. In addition, an optimized dissolution procedure for metal oxides is presented, avoiding the previously reported decomposition of the IL. Subsequent cobalt electrodeposition is only possible from cationic complex species, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of the complex equilibria. The presented method is also compared to other recently reported approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Qu S, Hadjittofis E, Malaret F, Hallett J, Smith R, Campbell KS. Controlling simonkolleite crystallisation via metallic Zn oxidation in a betaine hydrochloride solution. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2437-2452. [PMID: 37143811 PMCID: PMC10153477 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00108c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles, with a hexagonal flake structure, are of significant interest across a range of applications including photocatalysis and biomedicine. Simonkolleite (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O), a layered double hydroxide, is a precursor for ZnO. Most simonkolleite synthesis routes require precise pH adjustment of Zn-containing salts in alkaline solution, and still produce some undesired morphologies along with the hexagonal one. Additionally, liquid-phase synthesis routes, based on conventional solvents, are environmentally burdensome. Herein aqueous ionic liquid, betaine hydrochloride (betaine·HCl), solutions are used to directly oxidise metallic Zn, producing pure simonkolleite nano/microcrystals (X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis). Imaging (scanning electron microscopy) showed regular and uniform hexagonal simonkolleite flakes. Morphological control, as a function of reaction conditions (betaine·HCl concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature), was achieved. Different growth mechanisms were observed as a function of the concentration of betaine·HCl solution, both traditional classical growth of individual crystals and non-traditional growth patterns; the latter included examples of Ostwald ripening and oriented attachment. After calcination, simonkolleite's transformation into ZnO retains its hexagonal skeleton; this produces a nano/micro-ZnO with a relatively uniform shape and size through a convenient reaction route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Qu
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Sheffield UK
| | - Eftychios Hadjittofis
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Sheffield UK
- UCB Pharma SA Belgium Brussels Belgium
| | - Francisco Malaret
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering London UK
- Nanomox Ltd. London UK
| | - Jason Hallett
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering London UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Sheffield UK
| | - Kyra Sedransk Campbell
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Sheffield UK
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8
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Shah S, Pietsch T, Ruck M. N-heterocyclic carbene-mediated oxidation of copper(I) in an imidazolium ionic liquid. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2022-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aerobic oxidation of copper(I) to copper(II) was studied in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [BMIm][OAc]. Temperatures above 100 °C promote the deprotonation of the C2 atom of the imidazolium ring and the dissolution of CuCl. 1H and 13C NMR spectra indicate the formation of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex [NHC] CuICl under inert conditions. Upon aerobic oxidation, air-stable blue-green crystals of [BMIm]2[CuII
2(OAc)4Cl2] precipitate in high yield and the NHC is recovered. X-ray diffraction on a single-crystal of the complex salt revealed a monoclinic structure with space group P21/n. The centrosymmetric dinuclear acetate complex [Cu2(OAc)4Cl2]2– has the paddle-wheel motif and is weakly paramagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Shah
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden , Germany
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9
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Du C, Ma S, Xie M, Yang F, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Ma Y. Recovery of high-value rare earth elements from waste NdFeB by the water-soluble ammonium salt [Hbet]cl. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Daskalopoulou E, Hartley JM, Rivera RM, Zante G, Abbott AP. Anion effect on the redox properties of copper ions in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4854-4861. [PMID: 36692445 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has long been claimed that the anion of the DES or IL is critical for controlling the redox properties of metal ions. In this study we investigate the effect of different salt anions on the copper redox properties and speciation, and compare that with the effect of the different solvent anions, when a single copper salt is used in a range of solvents. It is shown that the effect of the solvent anion is much more significant than that of the salt anion on the redox properties. It is also found that copper species remain the same copper tetrachloride species despite the starting salt. An exception is seen for the copper(I) salt, which makes linear dichloride species, as well as the copper(II) acetate system, which displays concentration dependence. When the anion of the ionic liquid is changed, the copper species change correspondingly with the coordinating strength of the solvent anion, leading to a greater difference in redox response, which is due to the different species present. Thus, these speciation differences can be used to modify the redox potentials in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guillaume Zante
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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Gildenast H, van Terwingen S, Wendland L, Niclas Neumann J, Kalf I, Fränzl H, Englert U. Zwitterion coordination to hard cations: synthesis and characterization of betaine coordination compounds with divalent Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba and of trivalent Y, La and Pr. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Sanadhya S, Tucker ZD, Gulotty EM, Boggess W, Ashfeld BL, Moghaddam S. Thermodynamic descriptors of sensible heat driven liquid-liquid phase separation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Surface and Void Space Analysis of the Crystal Structures of Two Lithium Bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide Salts. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of two crystal structures of lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide is presented. Two orientations of the anion, that is a cis and trans orientation, are observed. Both structures exhibit unique interactions leading to the formation of discrete fluorous domains in the solid-state. A notable difference in the F···F interactions is seen when contrasting the two orientations wherein the trans geometry has a higher percentage of fluorine interactions than the cis orientation. The inclusion of water molecules in one of the structures also leads to the formation of a polar domain formed through a series of cyclical hydrogen bonding rings. The two structures allow for a detailed examination of the bond distances and angles involved in the formation of the two structures. Analysis of the void space in the two structures leads to the observation that the trans conformation exhibits notably higher void space as compared with the cis orientation. Hirshfeld surface analysis is used to help rationalize the interactions leading to unique changes in geometries and structure.
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Stoy L, Kulkarni Y, Huang CH. Optimization of Iron Removal in the Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash Using a Recyclable Ionic Liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5150-5160. [PMID: 35380811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are essential for modern technologies, and the United States currently lacks a secure domestic supply. Coal combustion residuals, specifically coal fly ash (CFA), can be a potential source. Our previous work demonstrated that REEs could be preferentially extracted from CFA using the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf2N]), and the process yielded a mildly acidic REE-rich solution with coextracted Fe and regenerated IL. In this study, we investigated three strategies to limit Fe coextraction: magnetic separation, complexing salts, and ascorbic acid (AA) reduction. Magnetic separation of CFA was ineffective in significantly lowering the Fe content in the IL phase. When NaCl was used instead of NaNO3 during extraction, chloride complexation lowered iron distribution to the IL phase over the aqueous phase (DFe) by five folds, from ∼75 to ∼14, while REE leaching (LREEs) and recovery (RREEs) both increased. Using AA for iron reduction lowered the overall amount of Fe extracted and further decreased DFe to ∼0.16, effectively shifting Fe preference from the IL phase to the aqueous phase. Combining the strategies of NaCl, AA, and supplemental betaine addition, leaching and extraction of REEs from CFA by [Hbet][Tf2N] were achieved in higher efficiency for REE recovery with minimized Fe concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stoy
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yamini Kulkarni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Seidl V, Romero AH, Heinemann FW, Scheurer A, Vogel CS, Unruh T, Wasserscheid P, Meyer K. A New Class of Task‐Specific Imidazolium Salts and Ionic Liquids and Their Corresponding Transition‐Metal Complexes for Immobilization on Electrochemically Active Surfaces. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200100. [PMID: 35172023 PMCID: PMC9315159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adding to the versatile class of ionic liquids, we report the detailed structure and property analysis of a new class of asymmetrically substituted imidazolium salts, offering interesting thermal characteristics, such as liquid crystalline behavior, polymorphism or glass transitions. A scalable general synthetic procedure for N‐polyaryl‐N’‐alkyl‐functionalized imidazolium salts with para‐substituted linker (L) moieties at the aryl chain, namely [LPhmImHR]+ (L=Br, CN, SMe, CO2Et, OH; m=2, 3; R=C12, PEGn; n=2, 3, 4), was developed. These imidazolium salts were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD), NMR spectroscopy and thermochemical methods (DSC, TGA). Furthermore, these imidazolium salts were used as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand precursors for mononuclear, first‐row transition metal complexes (MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, ZnII, CuI, AgI, AuI) and for the dinuclear Ti‐supported Fe‐NHC complex [(OPy)2Ti(OPh2ImC12)2(FeI2)] (OPy=pyridin‐2‐ylmethanolate). The complexes were studied concerning their structural and magnetic behavior via multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy, SC‐XRD analyses, variable temperature and field‐dependent (VT‐VF) SQUID magnetization methods, X‐band EPR spectroscopy and, where appropriate, zero‐field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Seidl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Angel H. Romero
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal Instituto de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo 11400 Uruguay
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Scheurer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Carola S. Vogel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Physik Institut für Physik der kondensierten Materie Staudtstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Physik Institut für Physik der kondensierten Materie Staudtstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Wang G, Xing Z, Zhang X, Liu F, Zhang Q. Thermodynamic, excess Properties and Intermolecular interactions of ionic liquid 1- Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium thiocyanate and propylene carbonate mixtures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Yu CL, Chen HY, Lo NC, Lee CL, Chen PY. Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Copper Nanoparticles Electrochemically Co-deposited with Cadmium towards the Electroreduction of Nitrate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lanaridi O, Schnürch M, Limbeck A, Schröder K. Liquid- and Solid-based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102262. [PMID: 34962087 PMCID: PMC9306556 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wide application range and ascending demand for platinum group metals combined with the progressive depletion of their natural resources renders their efficient recycling a very important and pressing matter. Primarily environmental considerations associated with state-of-the-art recovery processes have shifted the focus of the scientific community toward the investigation of alternative recycling approaches. Within this context, ionic liquids have gained considerable attention in the last two decades chiefly sparked by properties such as tunabilty, low-volatility, and relatively easy recyclability. In this review an understanding of the state-of-the-art processes, including their drawbacks and limitations, is provided. The core of the discussion is focused on platinum group metal recovery with ionic liquid-based systems. A brief insight in some environmental considerations related to ionic liquids is also provided while some discussion on research gaps, common misconceptions related to ionic liquids and outlook on unresolved issues could not be absent from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lanaridi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Schröder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
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Goutham R, Rohit P, Vigneshwar SS, Swetha A, Arun J, Gopinath KP, Pugazhendhi A. Ionic liquids in wastewater treatment: A review on pollutant removal and degradation, recovery of ionic liquids, economics and future perspectives. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Mohapatra PK, Mahanty B. Direct dissolution of metal oxides in ionic liquids as a smart strategy for separation: Current status and prospective. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2038204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bholanath Mahanty
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, India
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21
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Zhang X, Feng S, Su M, Zhu Y, Zhang Q. Thermodynamic and structural properties of the ionic liquid binary system of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate and methanol. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1974876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sihan Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingming Su
- Import and Export Food Safety Department, Dalian Customs District P. R. C, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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22
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Chen P, Richter J, Wang G, Li D, Pietsch T, Ruck M. Ionometallurgical Step-Electrodeposition of Zinc and Lead and its Application in a Cycling-Stable High-Voltage Zinc-Graphite Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102058. [PMID: 34323367 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionometallurgy is a new development aiming at the sustainable low-temperature conversion of naturally occurring metal ores and minerals to their metals or valuable chemicals in ionic liquids (ILs) or deep eutectic solvents. The IL betainium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][NTf2 ], is especially suited for this process due to its redox-stability and specific-functionalization. The potentiostatic electrodeposition of zinc and lead starting directly from ZnO and PbO, which dissolve in [Hbet][NTf2 ] in high concentrations is reported. The initial reduction potentials of zinc(II) and lead(II) are about -1.5 and -1.0 V, respectively. The ionic conductivity of the solution of ZnO in [Hbet][NTf2 ] is measured and the effect of various temperatures and potentials on the morphology of the deposited material is explored. The IL proves to be stable under the chosen conditions. From IL-solutions, where ZnO, PbO, and MgO have been dissolved, metallic Zn and Pb are deposited under potentiostatic control either consecutively by step-electrodeposition or together in a co-electrodeposition. Using the method, Zn is also deposited on 3D copper foam and assembles into high-voltage zinc-graphite battery. It exhibits a working-voltage up to 2.7 V, an output midpoint discharge-voltage of up to 2.16 V, up to 98.6% capacity-retention after 150 cycles, and good rate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gang Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dongqi Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming more and more significant as they play crucial roles in many advanced technologies. Therefore, the development of optimized processes for their recovery, whether from primary resources or from secondary sources, has become necessary, including recovery from mine tailings, recycling of end-of-life products and urban and industrial waste. Ionic solvents, including ionic liquids (ILs) and deep-eutectic solvents (DESs), have attracted much attention since they represent an alternative to conventional processes for metal recovery. These systems are used as reactive agents in leaching and extraction processes. The most significant studies reported in the last decade regarding the recovery of REEs are presented in this review.
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25
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Stoy L, Diaz V, Huang CH. Preferential Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash Using a Recyclable Ionic Liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9209-9220. [PMID: 34159779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent global geopolitical tensions have exacerbated the scarcity of rare-earth elements (REEs), which are critical across many industries. REE-rich coal fly ash (CFA), a coal combustion residual, has been proposed as a potential source. Conventional REE-CFA recovery methods are energy- and material-intensive and leach elements indiscriminately. This study has developed a new valorization process based on the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf2N]) for preferential extraction of REEs from different CFAs. Efficient extraction relies on [Hbet][Tf2N]'s thermomorphic behavior with water: upon heating, water and the IL form a single liquid phase, and REEs are leached from CFA via a proton-exchange mechanism. Upon cooling, the water and IL separate, and leached elements partition between the two phases. REEs were preferentially extracted over bulk elements from CFAs into the IL phase and then recovered in a subsequent mild-acid stripping step, regenerating the IL. Alkaline pretreatment significantly improved REE leaching efficiency from recalcitrant Class-F CFAs, and additional betaine improved REE and bulk element separation. Weathered CFA showed slightly higher REE leaching efficiency than unweathered CFA, and Class-C CFA demonstrated higher leaching efficiency but less selective partitioning than Class-F CFAs. Significantly, this method consistently exhibits a particularly high extraction efficiency for scandium across different CFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stoy
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Victoria Diaz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Verma PK, Mahanty B, Ali SM, Mohapatra PK. In Situ Preconcentration during the Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid-Assisted Dissolution of Uranium Trioxide in an Ionic Liquid: Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10147-10157. [PMID: 34212725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of uranium oxide was carried out using a solution of HD2EHP in C8mim·NTf2, which was apparently facilitated by the in situ generation of water during the complex formation reaction. The dissolved complex in the ionic liquid phase led to splitting of the latter into a light phase and a heavy phase where the former contained predominantly the UO2(HL2)2 complex (HL = HD2EHP), while the latter contained the ionic liquid as supported by FTIR and UV-Visible spectral analyses. The complexation of the uranyl ion was suggested to take place in the equatorial plane where two dimeric units of the H-bonded HD2EHP molecules took part in complexation. An increase in temperature facilitated the dissolution rate with an activation energy of 31.0 ± 2.8 kJ/mol. The cyclic voltammetry studies indicated potential chances of recovery of the dissolved uranium by electrodeposition at the cathode. The proposed dimeric structure of HD2EHP in the complexation with U(VI) was supported by DFT studies also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen K Verma
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Bholanath Mahanty
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sk Musharaf Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasanta K Mohapatra
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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27
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Migliorati V, Fazio G, Pollastri S, Gentili A, Tomai P, Tavani F, D'Angelo P. Solubilization properties and structural characterization of dissociated HgO and HgCl2 in deep eutectic solvents. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Nonenzymatic glucose‐reactive electrodes fabricated from facilely‐precipitated cobalt hydroxide, commercial graphene nanopowder and ionic liquid binder. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Task-Specific Ionic Liquids with Lactate Anion Applied to Improve ZnO Dispersibility in the Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050774. [PMID: 33802422 PMCID: PMC7959287 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) are ionic liquids with structures and, consequently, properties and behaviors designed for particular applications. In this work, task-specific ILs with alkylammonium or benzalkonium cations and carboxyl groups in the form of lactate anions were used to promote the homogeneous dispersion of the curatives in the elastomer matrix. The reaction of carboxyl groups of TSILs with zinc oxide, which acts as a vulcanization activator, was confirmed. This interaction improved the solubility and dispersibility of zinc oxide particles in the ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) monomer matrix, which consequently affected the curing characteristics of rubber compounds. Most importantly, TSILs increased the efficiency of vulcanization by shortening the time, lowering the temperature and increasing the enthalpy of this process, while maintaining safe processing of elastomer composites. EPDM vulcanizates containing TSILs with lactate anion were characterized by satisfactory functional properties.
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30
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Mikeli E, Balomenos E, Panias D. Utilizing Recyclable Task-Specific Ionic Liquid for Selective Leaching and Refining of Scandium from Bauxite Residue. Molecules 2021; 26:818. [PMID: 33557389 PMCID: PMC7914435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted great interest in the field of extractive metallurgy mainly because they can be utilized in low temperature leaching processes where they exhibit selectivity and recyclability. A major drawback in mixed aqueous-IL systems, is IL dissolution in the aqueous phase, which leads to IL losses, increasing the overall processing cost. This study advances the method for recovering scandium (Sc) from bauxite residue (BR) using as leaching agent the IL betainium bistriflimide, [Hbet][Tf2N] mixed with water, which has been reported in previous publications. Ionic liquid leachate (IL-PLS) was prepared by leaching BR with a mixture of [Hbet][Tf2N]-H2O and subjected to different stripping experiments using hydrochloric acid. The advancement, presented in this work, is related with the optimization of the metal extraction (stripping) from the IL-PLS, where an aqueous solution with high Sc concentration and minimum metal impurities and minimum IL co-extraction is produced. It is further proven that the metal cation extraction is defined by the stoichiometry of the acidic solution and the dissolution (losses) of the IL in the aqueous phase can be minimized by adjusting the volume ratio and the acid concentration. A two-step stripping process described, achieves the selective increase of Sc concentration by 8 times in the aqueous solution, while maintaining cumulative IL losses to similar levels as the optimum 1 step non-Sc selective stripping process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mikeli
- Laboratory of Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Zografos, Greece;
| | - Efthimios Balomenos
- Laboratory of Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Zografos, Greece;
- Mytilineos SA-Metallurgy Business Unit, Alumina and Aluminium Plant, Ag Nickolas, 32003 Viotia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Panias
- Laboratory of Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Zografos, Greece;
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31
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Nouranian S, Asiaee A, Rahmani F, Jiang S, Lopez AM, Fiske MR, Edmunson JE, Fox ET, Kaukler WF, Alkhateb H. Solvation of potential stable cations and anions originating from the Martian regolith in select ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Richter J, Knies M, Ruck M. Speciation of Copper(II)-Betaine Complexes as Starting Point for Electrochemical Copper Deposition from Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:97-109. [PMID: 33565734 PMCID: PMC7874252 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of ionic liquids for the dissolution of metal oxides is a promising field for the development of more energy- and resource-efficient metallurgical processes. Using such solutions for the production of valuable chemicals or electrochemical metal deposition requires a detailed understanding of the chemical system and the factors influencing it. In the present work, several compounds are reported that crystallize after the dissolution of copper(II) oxide in the ionic liquid [Hbet][NTf2 ]. Dependent on the initial amount of chloride, the reaction temperature and the purity of the reagent, copper crystallizes in complexes with varying coordination geometries and ligands. Subsequently, the influence of these different complex species on electrochemical properties is shown. For the first time, copper is deposited from the ionic liquid [Hbet][NTf2 ], giving promising opportunities for more resource-efficient copper plating. The copper coatings were analyzed by SEM and EDX measurements. Furthermore, a mechanism for the decomposition of [Hbet][NTf2 ] in the presence of chloride is suggested and supported by experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Maximilian Knies
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids01187DresdenGermany
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33
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Okamura H, Hirayama N. Recent Progress in Ionic Liquid Extraction for the Separation of Rare Earth Elements. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:119-130. [PMID: 33100311 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in solvent extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) using an ionic liquid (IL) as the extraction solvent. These IL extraction systems are advantageous owing to the affinity of ILs for both charged and neutral hydrophobic species, in contrast to conventional organic solvent extraction systems. Herein, REE extraction studies using ILs are detailed and classified based on the type of extraction system, namely extraction using anionic ligands, extraction using neutral ligands, synergistic extraction, extraction without extractants, and a specific system using task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs). In IL extraction systems, the extracted complexes are often different from those in organic solvent systems, and the REE extraction and separation efficiencies are often significantly enhanced. Synergistic IL extraction is an effective approach to improving the extractability and separability of REEs. The development of novel TSILs suitable for IL extraction systems is also effective for REE separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okamura
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hirayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Japan
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34
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Rudnev AV. Electrodeposition of lanthanides from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanides belong to the most important raw materials and are highly demanded in high-tech industry. Low-temperature electrochemical deposition of lanthanides and lanthanide-based alloys for recycling and obtaining functional materials can provide a real alternative to the currently used high-temperature electrolysis of molten salts. The review summarizes the advancements in the field of electrodeposition of lanthanides from organic ionic systems, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. The growing interest in these ionic systems is due to their excellent physicochemical properties, in particular non-volatility, thermal and electrochemical stability. The review also discusses further prospects and potential of the electrochemical approach for obtaining lanthanide-containing advanced materials.
The bibliography includes 219 references.
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35
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Lo N, Hsu W, Chen Y, Sun I, Chen P. Facile Nonenzymatic Glucose Electrode Composed of Commercial CuO Powder and Ionic Liquid Binder. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai‐Chang Lo
- Department of Chemistry National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan ROC
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan ROC
| | - Wei‐Shan Hsu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan ROC
| | - I‐Wen Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan ROC
| | - Po‐Yu Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan ROC
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan ROC
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36
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Yao A, Xiong X, Kang M, Guo Y, Chen C, Chu T. Direct dissolution of UO 2 in carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquids in the presence or absence of Fe-containing ionic liquids. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14881-14890. [PMID: 33074270 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of UO2 is a prerequisite for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. This study showed that UO2 could be directly dissolved in a single carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquid (IL), [HOOCMmim][Tf2N] 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide, or [HOOCEtmim][Tf2N] 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide. The addition of an extra Fe-containing IL, [Emim][FeCl4] (Emim, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) or [Bmim][FeCl4] (Bmim, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) could significantly improve the dissolution kinetics. Results demonstrated that the dissolution process in the early stage could be described by using the pseudo first-order rate law. The apparent activation energy for UO2 dissolution in the mixture of the Fe-containing IL and carboxyl-functionalized IL was calculated to be ∼67 kJ mol-1, implying that the reaction was mainly controlled by a chemical process. Nevertheless, the influence of the diffusion process is non-negligible since the IL has a relatively high viscosity that can retard the diffusion of the formed uranyl species from the UO2 surface. Spectroscopic studies and density functional theory calculations indicated that the uranyl ion coordinated with carboxylate groups is the predominant product for UO2 dissolution in the single carboxyl-functionalized IL, while uranyl chloride complexes would also form in the mixed ILs. The dissolved uranyl species can be successfully recovered from the ILs by extraction. The success of UO2 dissolution in the carboxyl-functionalized IL with or without the Fe-containing IL indicates that the Fe-containing IL and oxygen can serve as an effective catalyst and oxidant for the dissolution of UO2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aining Yao
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, China.
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37
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Fan FL, Chen DS, Huang QG, Wang JR, Tan CM, Wu XL, Qin Z. Radiation effect on ionic liquid [Hbet][Tf2N] for Nd2O3 separation from simulated spent nuclear fuels. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Li M, Yu X, Zhou C, Yagoub AEA, Ji Q, Chen L. Construction of an integrated platform for 5-HMF production and separation based on ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Thermo-responsive switchable solvents for simultaneous microalgae cell disruption, oil extraction-reaction, and product separation for biodiesel production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Lee J, Kang Y, Kim JS, Park J, Lee JJ, Kim BK. Electrochemical Descaling of Metal Oxides from Stainless Steel Using an Ionic Liquid-Acid Solution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:15709-15714. [PMID: 32637846 PMCID: PMC7331208 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxide scales often formed on the surface of stainless steel, and it is of high interest to descale the surface oxide effectively and environment-friendly during steel smelting and engineering processing. It is generally done by treating the oxide layer under strong and harsh mixed acid (HNO3 + HF) conditions or in a strong molten salt (NaOH + NaNO3) environment at high temperatures, while the generation of very harmful and environmentally hazardous gases, such as NO x , is inevitable. A novel, simple, fast, and environment-friendly electrochemical method at ambient temperature is proposed in this research to remove the oxide scale from the stainless steel surface using an ionic liquid with a small amount of HCl. It was found that the optimized electrochemical anodization treatment in an ionic liquid environment could significantly improve the descaling efficiency at least 50 times faster than the simple passive and slow dissolution in a mixture of an ionic liquid and a concentrated acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Technical
Research Laboratories, POSCO, Pohang 37859, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongdeuk Park
- Department
of Energy & Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy
Harvesting and Conversion Technology, Dongguk
University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department
of Energy & Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy
Harvesting and Conversion Technology, Dongguk
University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Ramsingh Girase T, Patil KJ, Kapdi AR, Gupta GR. Palladium Acetate/[CPy][Br]: An Efficient Catalytic System towards the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Stilbene Derivatives via Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg Road Matunga Mumbai 400019
| | - Gaurav R. Gupta
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg Road Matunga Mumbai 400019
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42
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Du Y, Cyprichová V, Hoppe K, Schuur B, Brilman W. Process evaluation of swing strategies to recover N-ethylbutylamine after wet lipid extraction from microalgae. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Makino T, Kanakubo M. NH 3 absorption in Brønsted acidic imidazolium- and ammonium-based ionic liquids. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Brønsted ionic liquids, consisting of sulfo and carboxy groups, absorbed larger amounts of NH3 than the nonfunctionalized ionic liquids. The spectroscopic analyses indicated that the Brønsted ionic liquids absorbed NH3 physically and chemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Makino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Sendai 983-8551
- Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanakubo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Sendai 983-8551
- Japan
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44
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Foong CY, Wirzal MDH, Bustam MA. A review on nanofibers membrane with amino-based ionic liquid for heavy metal removal. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Pateli IM, Abbott AP, Binnemans K, Rodriguez Rodriguez N. Recovery of yttrium and europium from spent fluorescent lamps using pure levulinic acid and the deep eutectic solvent levulinic acid–choline chloride. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28879-28890. [PMID: 35520061 PMCID: PMC9055884 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvometallurgical approach for the recovery of rare-earth elements from lamp phosphor waste was developed. The solubility of individual phosphors in different deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) was measured. The DES levulinic acid–choline chloride (xChCl = 0.33) showed high solubility of the YOX phosphor (Y2O3:Eu3+) and low solubility of the HALO phosphor (Sr,Ca)10(PO4)(Cl,F)2:Sb3+,Mn2+, which does not contain any rare-earth element. This DES was selected for further investigation. When the DES was compared to pure levulinic acid, very similar leaching behaviour was observed, showing that the proton activity is more important than the chloride as a metal ligand. The leaching of YOX and HALO using levulinic acid–choline chloride (xChCl = 0.33) or pure levulinic acid was optimised in terms of water content, temperature and leaching time. The optimised parameters were validated in a synthetic mixture of phosphors and in real lamp phosphor waste. The co-dissolution of HALO is higher in the real waste than in the synthetic mixture. The real waste was also leached with an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, which was non-selective against dissolution of YOX, and with the functionalised ionic liquid betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The ionic liquid gave a similar selectivity as levulinic acid, but is much more expensive. The recovery of the metals from the pregnant leach solution was tested via precipitation with oxalic acid and solvent extraction. Oxalic acid precipitation was not suitable for the DES system. The metals could be extracted via solvent extraction with the acidic extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and stripped by an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. Pure levulinic acid was found to be more suitable than the corresponding ChCl-based DES for the selective recovery of YOX. Yttrium and europium are selectively recovered from spent fluorescent lamps using levulinic acid-based solvents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna M. Pateli
- University of Leicester
- Chemistry Department
- Materials Centre
- LE1 7RH Leicester
- UK
| | - Andrew P. Abbott
- University of Leicester
- Chemistry Department
- Materials Centre
- LE1 7RH Leicester
- UK
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46
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47
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Volia MF, Tereshatov EE, Boltoeva M, Folden CM. Indium and thallium extraction into betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid from aqueous hydrochloric acid media. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carrier-free In and Tl radionuclides were extracted into a protic ionic liquid [Hbet][Tf2N] from HCl media with and without the presence of zwitterionic betaine in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Volia
- Cyclotron Institute
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
| | | | - M. Boltoeva
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- IPHC UMR 7178
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - C. M. Folden
- Cyclotron Institute
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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48
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Richter J, Ruck M. Synthesis and Dissolution of Metal Oxides in Ionic liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2019; 25:E78. [PMID: 31878305 PMCID: PMC6983208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have proven to be suitable solvents and reactants for low-temperature reactions. To date, several attempts were made to apply this promising class of materials to metal oxide chemistry, which, conventionally, is performed at high temperatures. This review gives an overview about the scientific approaches of the synthesis as well as the dissolution of metal oxides in ILs and DESs. A wide range of metal oxides along with numerous ILs and DESs are covered by this research. With ILs and DESs being involved, many metal oxide phases as well as different particle morphologies were obtained by means of relatively simple reactions paths. By the development of acidic task-specific ILs and DESs, even difficultly soluble metal oxides were dissolved and, hence, made accessible for downstream chemistry. Especially the role of ILs in these reactions is in the focus of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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49
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George M, Zhang GR, Schmitt N, Brunnengräber K, Sandbeck DJS, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S, Etzold BJM. Effect of Ionic Liquid Modification on the ORR Performance and Degradation Mechanism of Trimetallic PtNiMo/C Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019; 9:8682-8692. [PMID: 31534827 PMCID: PMC6740176 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ionic
liquids (ILs) modification, following the concept of “solid
catalyst with ionic liquid layer (SCILL)”, has been demonstrated
to be an effective approach to improving both activity and stability
of Pt-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. In this work,
the SCILL concept has been applied to a trimetallic PtNiMo/C system,
which has been documented recently to be significantly advantageous
over the benchmark PtNi-based catalysts for oxygen reduction. To achieve
this, two hydrophobic ILs ([BMIM][NTF2] and [MTBD][BETI]) were used
to modify PtNiMo/C with four IL-loading amounts between 7 and 38 wt
%. We found that the Pt mass activity (@0.9 V) could be improved by
up to 50% with [BMIM][NTF2] and even 70% when [MTBD][BETI] is used.
Exceeding a specific IL loading amount, however, leads to a mass transport
related activity drop. Moreover, it is also disclosed that both ILs
can effectively suppress the formation of nonreactive oxygenated species,
while at the same time imposing little effect on the electrochemical
active surface area. For a deeper understanding of the degradation
mechanism of pristine and IL modified PtNiMo/C, we applied identical
location transmission electron microscopy and in situ scanning flow cell coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
techniques. It is disclosed that the presence of ILs has selectively
accelerated the dissolution of Mo and eventually results in a more
severe degradation of PtNiMo/C. This shows that future research needs
to identify ILs that prevent the Mo dissolution to leverage the potential
of the IL modification of PtNiMo catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael George
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolai Schmitt
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Brunnengräber
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel J. S. Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Cu and CuPb electrodes prepared via potentiostatic electrodeposition from metal oxides in hydrophobic protic amide-type ionic liquid/water mixture under ambient air for nonenzymatic nitrate reduction. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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