1
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Liang X, Karnaukh KM, Zhao L, Seshadri S, DuBose AJ, Bailey SJ, Cao Q, Cooper M, Xu H, Haggmark M, Helgeson ME, Gordon M, Luzzatto-Fegiz P, Read de Alaniz J, Zhu Y. Dynamic Manipulation of Droplets on Liquid-Infused Surfaces Using Photoresponsive Surfactant. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:684-694. [PMID: 38559290 PMCID: PMC10979485 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fast and programmable transport of droplets on a substrate is desirable in microfluidic, thermal, biomedical, and energy devices. Photoresponsive surfactants are promising candidates to manipulate droplet motion due to their ability to modify interfacial tension and generate "photo-Marangoni" flow under light stimuli. Previous works have demonstrated photo-Marangoni droplet migration in liquid media; however, migration on other substrates, including solid and liquid-infused surfaces (LIS), remains an outstanding challenge. Moreover, models of photo-Marangoni migration are still needed to identify optimal photoswitches and assess the feasibility of new applications. In this work, we demonstrate 2D droplet motion on liquid surfaces and on LIS, as well as rectilinear motion in solid capillary tubes. We synthesize photoswitches based on spiropyran and merocyanine, capable of tension changes of up to 5.5 mN/m across time scales as short as 1.7 s. A millimeter-sized droplet migrates at up to 5.5 mm/s on a liquid, and 0.25 mm/s on LIS. We observe an optimal droplet size for fast migration, which we explain by developing a scaling model. The model also predicts that faster migration is enabled by surfactants that maximize the ratio between the tension change and the photoswitching time. To better understand migration on LIS, we visualize the droplet flow using tracer particles, and we develop corresponding numerical simulations, finding reasonable agreement. The methods and insights demonstrated in this study enable advances for manipulation of droplets for microfluidic, thermal and water harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Liang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Kseniia M. Karnaukh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Serena Seshadri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Austin J. DuBose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Sophia J. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Qixuan Cao
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Marielle Cooper
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Haggmark
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Paolo Luzzatto-Fegiz
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Yangying Zhu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
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2
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de Vries A, Goloviznina K, Reiter M, Salanne M, Lukatskaya MR. Solvation-Tuned Photoacid as a Stable Light-Driven pH Switch for CO 2 Capture and Release. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:1308-1317. [PMID: 38385123 PMCID: PMC10877570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Photoacids are organic molecules that release protons under illumination, providing spatiotemporal control of the pH. Such light-driven pH switches offer the ability to cyclically alter the pH of the medium and are highly attractive for a wide variety of applications, including CO2 capture. Although photoacids such as protonated merocyanine can enable fully reversible pH cycling in water, they have a limited chemical stability against hydrolysis (<24 h). Moreover, these photoacids have low solubility, which limits the pH-switching ability in a buffered solution such as dissolved CO2. In this work, we introduce a simple pathway to dramatically increase stability and solubility of photoacids by tuning their solvation environment in binary solvent mixtures. We show that a preferential solvation of merocyanine by aprotic solvent molecules results in a 60% increase in pH modulation magnitude when compared to the behavior in pure water and can withstand stable cycling for >350 h. Our results suggest that a very high stability of merocyanine photoacids can be achieved in the right solvent mixtures, offering a way to bypass complex structural modifications of photoacid molecules and serving as the key milestone toward their application in a photodriven CO2 capture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Vries
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et
Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Reiter
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et
Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Maria R. Lukatskaya
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Yang Y, Li C, Palmer LC, Stupp SI. Autonomous hydrogel locomotion regulated by light and electric fields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi4566. [PMID: 37531426 PMCID: PMC10396299 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous robotic functions in materials beyond simple stimulus-response actuation require the development of functional soft matter that can complete well-organized tasks without step-by-step control. We report the design of photo- and electroactivated hydrogels that can capture and deliver cargo, avoid obstacles, and return without external, stepwise control. By incorporating two spiropyran monomers with different chemical substituents in the hydrogel, we created chemically random networks that enabled photoregulated charge reversal and autonomous behaviors under a constant electric field. In addition, using perturbations in the electric field induced by a dielectric inhomogeneity, the hydrogel could be attracted to high dielectric constant materials and autonomously bypasses the low dielectric constant materials under the guidance of the electric field vector. The photo- and electroactive hydrogels investigated here can autonomously perform tasks using constant external stimuli, an encouraging observation for the potential development of molecularly designed intelligent robotic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chuang Li
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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4
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Marco A, Guirado G, Sebastián RM, Hernando J. Spiropyran-based chromic hydrogels for CO 2 absorption and detection. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176661. [PMID: 37288075 PMCID: PMC10242082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By enabling rapid, cost-effective, user-friendly and in situ detection of carbon dioxide, colorimetric CO2 sensors are of relevance for a variety of fields. However, it still remains a challenge the development of optical chemosensors for CO2 that combine high sensitivity, selectivity and reusability with facile integration into solid materials. Herein we pursued this goal by preparing hydrogels functionalized with spiropyrans, a well-known class of molecular switches that undergo different color changes upon application of light and acid stimuli. By varying the nature of the substituents of the spiropyran core, different acidochromic responses are obtained in aqueous media that allow discriminating CO2 from other acid gases (e.g., HCl). Interestingly, this behavior can be transferred to functional solid materials by synthesizing polymerizable spiropyran derivatives, which are used to prepare hydrogels. These materials preserve the acidochromic properties of the incorporated spiropyrans, thus leading to selective, reversible and quantifiable color changes upon exposure to different CO2 amounts. In addition, CO2 desorption and, therefore, recovery of the initial state of the chemosensor is favored by irradiation with visible light. This makes spiropyran-based chromic hydrogels promising systems for the colorimetric monitorization of carbon dioxide in a diversity of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordi Hernando
- *Correspondence: Rosa María Sebastián, ; Jordi Hernando,
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5
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Olesińska-Mönch M, Deo C. Small-molecule photoswitches for fluorescence bioimaging: engineering and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:660-669. [PMID: 36622788 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has revolutionised our understanding of biological systems, enabling the visualisation of biomolecular structures and dynamics in complex systems. The possibility to reversibly control the optical or biochemical properties of fluorophores can unlock advanced applications ranging from super-resolution microscopy to the design of multi-stimuli responsive and functional biosensors. In this Highlight, we review recent progress in small-molecule photoswitches applied to biological imaging with an emphasis on molecular engineering strategies and promising applications, while underlining the main challenges in their design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Olesińska-Mönch
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Claire Deo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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6
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Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
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7
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Synthesis and structural characterization of new spiropyran containing conjugated vinyl-3Н-indolium moiety and its hydrolysis product. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-023-03147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Pugachev AD, Ozhogin IV, Kozlenko AS, Tkachev VV, Shilov GV, Makarova NI, Rostovtseva IA, Borodkin GS, El-Sewify IM, Aldoshin SM, Metelitsa AV, Lukyanov BS. Comprehensive study of substituent effects on structure and photochromic properties of 1,3-benzoxazine-4-one spiropyrans. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Spiropyran/Merocyanine Amphiphile in Various Solvents: A Joint Experimental–Theoretical Approach to Photophysical Properties and Self-Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911535. [PMID: 36232836 PMCID: PMC9569490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This joint experimental-theoretical work focuses on molecular and photophysical properties of the spiropyran-containing amphiphilic molecule in organic and aqueous solutions. Being dissolved in tested organic solvents, the system demonstrates positive photochromism, i.e., upon UV stimulus the colorless spiropyran form is transformed into colorful merocyanine isomer. However, the aqueous solution of the amphiphile possesses a negative photochromism: the orange-red merocyanine form becomes thermodynamically more stable in water, and both UV and vis stimuli lead to the partial or complete photobleaching of the solution. The explanation of this phenomenon is given on the basis of density functional theory calculations and classical modeling including thermodynamic integration. The simulations reveal that stabilization of merocyanine in water proceeds with the energy of ca. 70 kJ mol−1, and that the Helmholtz free energy of hydration of merocyanine form is 100 kJ mol−1 lower as compared to the behavior of SP isomer in water. The explanation of such a difference lies in the molecular properties of the merocyanine: after ring-opening reaction this molecule transforms into a zwitterionic form, as evidenced by the electrostatic potential plotted around the opened form. The presence of three charged groups on the periphery of a flat conjugated backbone stimulates the self-assembly of merocyanine molecules in water, ending up with the formation of elongated associates with stack-like building blocks, as shown in molecular dynamics simulations of the aqueous solution with the concentration above critical micelle concentration. Our quantitative evaluation of the hydrophilicity switching in spiropyran/merocyanine containing surfactants may prompt the search for new systems, including colloidal and polymeric ones, aiming at remote tuning of their morphology, which could give new promising shapes and patterns for the needs of modern nanotechnology.
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10
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Mukherjee D, Chakraborty G, Hasan MN, Pal U, Singh P, Rakshit T, Alsantali RI, Saha Dasgupta T, Ahmed S, Das R, Pal SK. Reversible photoswitching of spiropyran in biomolecular interfaces: A combined spectroscopy and computational study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Marcelo G, Salardón N, Pecharromán C, Mendicuti F, Trabado I, Batanero B. Tuneable fluorescence and structural colour in PNIPAM microgel assemblies. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Wimberger L, Andréasson J, Beves JE. Basic-to-acidic reversible pH switching with a merocyanine photoacid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5610-5613. [PMID: 35437566 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of merocyanine photoacids has previously been largely limited to neutral and acidic pH values. Here we introduce a new merocyanine photoacid with superior pH switching qualities. By increasing the pKa in the dark (pKdarka) and the solubility we increased the reversible visible light induced pH jump to 3.5 units. Moreover, it is the first demonstration of a merocyanine photoacid able to generate a significant pH drop from a basic (pH 8.3) to an acidic (pH 5.2) environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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13
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Shinohara M, Xu W, Kim S, Fukaminato T, Niidome T, Kurihara S. Photo-control of cellular uptake by the selective adsorption of spiropyran derivatives on albumin. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Shinohara
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
| | - Sunnum Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukaminato
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
| | - Seiji Kurihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.ku, Tokyo 116-0013
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14
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Su P, Wen L, Yan J, Zheng K, Zhang N. Baso-chromic spiropyrrolizine: The spiromerocyanine isomerization and alkaline detection. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Meeks A, Lerch MM, Schroeder TBH, Shastri A, Aizenberg J. Spiropyran Photoisomerization Dynamics in Multiresponsive Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:219-227. [PMID: 34965115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive, spiropyran-functionalized hydrogels have been used to create reversibly photoactuated structures for applications ranging from microfluidics to nonlinear optics. Tailoring a spiropyran-functionalized hydrogel system for a particular application requires an understanding of how co-monomer composition affects the switching dynamics of the spiropyran chromophore. Such gels are frequently designed to be responsive to different stimuli such as light, temperature, and pH. The coupling of these influences can significantly alter spiropyran behavior in ways not currently well understood. To better understand the influence of responsive co-monomers on the spiropyran isomerization dynamics, we use UV-vis spectroscopy and time-dependent fluorescence intensity measurements to study spiropyran-modified hydrogels polymerized from four common hydrogel precursors of different pH and temperature responsivity: acrylamide, acrylic acid, N-isopropylacrylamide, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. In acidic and neutral gels, we observe unusual nonmonotonic, triexponential fluorescence dynamics under 405 nm irradiation that cannot be explicated by either the established spiropyran-merocyanine interconversion model or hydrolysis. To explain these results, we introduce an analytical model of spiropyran interconversions that includes H-aggregated merocyanine and its light-triggered disaggregation under 405 nm irradiation. This model provides an excellent fit to the observed fluorescence dynamics and elucidates exactly how creating an acidic internal gel environment promotes the fast and complete conversion of the hydrophilic merocyanine speciesto the hydrophobic spiropyran form, which is desired in most light-sensitive hydrogel actuators. This can be achieved by incorporating acrylic acid monomers and by minimizing the aggregate concentration. Beyond spiropyran-functionalized gel actuators, these conclusions are particularly critical for nonlinear optical computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Meeks
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael M Lerch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas B H Schroeder
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ankita Shastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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16
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Shiraishi Y, Takagi S, Yomo K, Hirai T. Spontaneous Isomerization of a Hydroxynaphthalene-Containing Spiropyran in Polar Solvents Enhanced by Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35619-35628. [PMID: 34984293 PMCID: PMC8717586 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of spiropyran dyes exhibiting solvent-driven isomerization even in the dark condition is an important subject for the design of optical materials. A conventional synthesis strategy involves the conjugation of indoline moieties with electron-deficient aromatic moieties. Herein, we report that a spiropyran conjugated with a hydroxynaphthalene moiety (1) is a new member exhibiting solvent-driven isomerization, even bearing an electron-donating -OH moiety. The dye exists as a colorless spirocyclic (SP) form in nonpolar media. It, however, shows a blue color in polar media, especially in aqueous media, due to the formation of ring-opened merocyanine (MC) forms, where the isomerization terminates in 10 s even at room temperature. The spontaneous SP → MC isomerization originates from the MC forms stabilized by the highly delocalized π-electrons on the hydroxynaphthalene moiety. The solvation in polar media and the hydrogen bonding interaction with water molecules decrease the ground-state energy of the MC forms, triggering spontaneous isomerization. The dye exhibits two MC absorption bands assigned to the trans-trans-cis (TTC) and cis-trans-cis (CTC) isomers. The absorbance of the CTC band increases more significantly with an increase in the water content, and the increase exhibits a linear relationship with a hydrogen-bond donor acidity of solvents. The phenolate oxygen of the CTC form has larger hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity, resulting in stronger stabilization by the water molecule.
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17
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Wimberger L, Prasad SKK, Peeks MD, Andréasson J, Schmidt TW, Beves JE. Large, Tunable, and Reversible pH Changes by Merocyanine Photoacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20758-20768. [PMID: 34846132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of generating precise pH changes will allow pH-dependent processes to be controlled remotely and noninvasively with light. We introduce a series of new merocyanine photoswitches, which deliver reversible bulk pH changes up to 3.2 pH units (pH 6.5 to pH 3.3) upon irradiation with 450 nm light, displaying tunable and predictable timescales for thermal recovery. We present models to show that the key parameters for optimizing the bulk pH changes are measurable: the solubility of the photoswitch, the acidity of the merocyanine form, the thermal equilibrium position between the spiropyran and the merocyanine isomers, and the increased acidity under visible light irradiation. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined the quantum yields for the ring-closing reaction and found that the lifetimes of the transient cis-merocyanine isomers ranged from 30 to 550 ns. Quantum yields did not appear to be a limitation for bulk pH switching. The models we present use experimentally determined parameters and are, in principle, able to predict the change in pH obtained for any related merocyanine photoacid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Kim J, Yun H, Lee YJ, Lee J, Kim SH, Ku KH, Kim BJ. Photoswitchable Surfactant-Driven Reversible Shape- and Color-Changing Block Copolymer Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13333-13341. [PMID: 34379395 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer particles that switch their shape and color in response to light are of great interest for the development of programmable smart materials. Herein, we report block copolymer (BCP) particles with reversible shapes and colors activated by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) and visible lights. This shape transformation of the BCP particles is achieved by a spiropyran-dodecyltrimethylammoium bromide (SP-DTAB) surfactant that changes its amphiphilicity upon photoisomerization. Under UV light (365 nm) irradiation, the hydrophilic ring-opened merocyanine form of the SP-DTAB surfactant affords the formation of spherical, onion-like BCP particles. In contrast, when exposed to visible light, surfactants with the ring-closed form yield prolate or oblate BCP ellipsoids with axially stacked nanostructures. Importantly, the change in BCP particle morphology between spheres and ellipsoids is reversible over multiple UV and visible light irradiation cycles. In addition, the shape- and color-switchable BCP particles are integrated to form a composite hydrogel, demonstrating their potential as high-resolution displays with reversible patterning capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Lee
- Packaging Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Bucheon, Gyeonggi 14449, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Ku
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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20
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Fagan A, Bartkowski M, Giordani S. Spiropyran-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Front Chem 2021; 9:720087. [PMID: 34395385 PMCID: PMC8358077 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.720087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers are rapidly growing in popularity in the field of drug delivery. The ability of nanocarriers to encapsulate and distribute poorly soluble drugs while minimising their undesired effects is significantly advantageous over traditional drug delivery. Nanocarriers can also be decorated with imaging moieties and targeting agents, further incrementing their functionality. Of recent interest as potential nanocarriers are spiropyrans; a family of photochromic molecular switches. Due to their multi-responsiveness to endo- and exogenous stimuli, and their intrinsic biocompatibility, they have been utilised in various drug delivery systems (DDSs) to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the developments in spiropyran-based DDSs. The benefits and drawbacks of utilising spiropyrans in drug delivery are assessed and an outline of spiropyran-based drug delivery systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Liu G, Cui C, Jiang L, Gao H, Gao J. Visible light-induced hydrogels towards reversible adsorption and desorption based on trivalent chromium in aqueous solution. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Kaiser C, Halbritter T, Heckel A, Wachtveitl J. Proton-Transfer Dynamics of Photoacidic Merocyanines in Aqueous Solution. Chemistry 2021; 27:9160-9173. [PMID: 33929051 PMCID: PMC8361770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoacids attract increasing scientific attention, as they are valuable tools to spatiotemporally control proton‐release reactions and pH values of solutions. We present the first time‐resolved spectroscopic study of the excited state and proton‐release dynamics of prominent merocyanine representatives. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements of a pyridine merocyanine with two distinct protonation sites revealed dissimilar proton‐release mechanisms: one site acts as a photoacid generator as its pKa value is modulated in the ground state after photoisomerization, while the other functions as an excited state photoacid which releases its proton within 1.1 ps. With a pKa drop of 8.7 units to −5.5 upon excitation, the latter phenolic site is regarded a super‐photoacid. The 6‐nitro derivative exhibits only a phenolic site with similar, yet slightly less photoacidic characteristics and both compounds transfer their proton to methanol and ethanol. In contrast, for the related 6,8‐dinitro compound an intramolecular proton transfer to the ortho‐nitro group is suggested that is involved in a rapid relaxation into the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaiser
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, Reykjavik, postcode is missing, Iceland.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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23
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Xue Y, Tian J, Tian W, Zhang K, Xuan J, Zhang X. Spiropyran based recognitions of amines: UV-Vis spectra and mechanisms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119385. [PMID: 33422868 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As one of the important photochromic molecules, spiropyran (SP) compounds are widely used as detectors and fluorescence probes in the environment and bio-imaging field. Although great achievements have been attained for various sophisticated spiropyrans in metal ion sensing, less success is achieved in sensing organic molecules due to the weak interaction between the spiropyran and the target of the organic molecule. In this study, a spiropyran derivative containing a hydroxyl group (SPOH) was employed for the recognition of four kinds of amines via ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra. The aliphatic primary amines, aromatic primary amines, aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines, aromatic secondary and tertiary amines were successfully distinguished according to the shapes and trends of their UV-Vis absorption spectra. The chemical reaction between aliphatic, aromatic primary amines and SPOH as well as alkalinity are two vital interaction mechanisms for the recognition process which are testified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Although SP is generally water-insoluble, it is easy to achieve soluble by fixing SPOH inside micelle or vesicle and thus the results in this study is meaningful for amine recognition utility in environments and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Jintao Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Weiguo Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Junji Xuan
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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24
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Synthesis, optical properties and in vitro cell viability of novel spiropyrans and their photostationary states. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Avagliano D, Sánchez‐Murcia PA, González L. Spiropyran Meets Guanine Quadruplexes: Isomerization Mechanism and DNA Binding Modes of Quinolizidine-Substituted Spiropyran Probes. Chemistry 2020; 26:13039-13045. [PMID: 32368812 PMCID: PMC7589282 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent delivery of a fluorescent quinolizidine-substituted spiropyran, which is able to switch in vivo and bind to guanine quadruplexes (G4) at physiological pH values, urged us to elucidate its molecular switching and binding mechanism. Combining multiscale dynamical studies and accurate quantum chemical calculations, we show that, both in water and in the G4 environment, the switching of the spiropyran ring is not promoted by an initial protonation event-as expected by the effect of low pH solutions-but that the deprotonated merocyanine form is an intermediate of the reaction leading to the protonated open species. Additionally, we investigate the binding of both deprotonated and protonated open forms of merocyanine to c-MYC G4s. Both species bind to G4s albeit with different hydrogen-bond patterns and provide distinct rotamers around the exocyclic double bond of the merocyanine forms. Altogether, our study sheds light on the pharmacophoric points for the binding of these probes to DNA, and thereby, contributes to future developments of new G4 binders of the remarkable family of quinolizidine-substituted spiropyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez‐Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction DiscoveryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 17-A1090ViennaAustria
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26
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Chen X, Li H, Lam K. A multiphysics model of photo-sensitive hydrogels in response to light-thermo-pH-salt coupled stimuli for biomedical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Luo J, Zhou G, Zheng H, Zhan K, Liu B, Zhao L. Tracking of the molecular geometrical changes in the primary event of photoinduced ring-opening reactions of a spiropyran model in gas phase. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1814971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Luo
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guocui Zhou
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Zheng
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyun Zhan
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Berton C, Busiello DM, Zamuner S, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K, Pezzato C. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protonated merocyanine photoacids in water. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8457-8468. [PMID: 34123105 PMCID: PMC8163397 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable-state photoacids (mPAHs) are chemical species whose photo-activated state is long-lived enough to allow for proton diffusion. Liao's photoacid (1) represents the archetype of mPAHs, and is being widely used on account of its unique capability to change the acidity of aqueous solutions reversibly. The behavior of 1 in water, however, still remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide in-depth insights on the thermodynamics and kinetics of 1 in water through a series of comparative 1H NMR and UV-Vis studies and relative modelling. Under dark conditions, we quantified a three-component equilibrium system where the dissociation (K a) of the open protonated form (MCH) is followed by isomerization (K c) of the open deprotonated form (MC) to the closed spiropyran form (SP) - i.e., in the absence of light, the ground state acidity can be expressed as K GS a = K a(1 + K c). On the other hand, under powerful and continuous light irradiation we were able to assess, for the first time experimentally, the dissociation constant (K MS a) of the protonated metastable state (cis-MCH). In addition, we found that thermal ring-opening of SP is always rate-determining regardless of pH, whereas hydrolysis is reminiscent of what is found for Schiff bases. The proposed methodology is general, and it was applied to two other compounds bearing a shorter (ethyl, 2) and a longer (butyl, 3) alkyl-1-sulfonate bridge. We found that the pK a remains constant, whereas both pK c and pK MS a linearly increase with the length of the alkyl bridge. Importantly, all results are consistent with a four-component model cycle, which describes perfectly the full dynamics of proton release/uptake of 1-3 in water. The superior hydrolytic stability and water solubility of compound 3, together with its relatively high pK GS a (low K c), allowed us to achieve fully reversible jumps of 2.5 pH units over 18 consecutive cycles (6 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Berton
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniel Maria Busiello
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stefano Zamuner
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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29
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Sun BB, Yao BH, Fu ZS, He YQ. Preparation and analysis of photochromic behavior of carboxymethyl chitin derivatives containing spiropyran moieties. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:106-117. [PMID: 33029079 PMCID: PMC7473278 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1796362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
1ʹ-(2-Acryloxyethyl)-3,3ʹ-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2 H-1-benzopyran-2,2ʹ-indoline] (SPA) was synthesized and grafted onto a water-soluble carboxymethyl chitin (CMCH) macromolecule to prepare a photochromic copolymer (CMCH-g-SPA). The structure of CMCH-g-SPA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, water-solubility evaluation, and UV-vis spectroscopy. XRD patterns of CMCH-g-SPA revealed that grafting copolymerization disrupts the CMCH semicrystalline structure, thus improving water solubility. UV-vis spectroscopy results supported the negative photochromic behavior of the merocyanine (MC) form of CMCH-g-SPA (CMCH-g-MCA) present in a water solution of the target copolymer. In addition to high solvent polarity, the intermolecular and intramolecular electrostatic attraction between the indolenine cation and the COO− anion were found to be influencing factors, which stabilize these MC form of spiropyran groups grafted onto CMCH. In a water solution, visible light bleaching was completed over a short period (8 minutes) under artificial visible light irradiation and the thermal coloration reaction, whose rate constant at 25 °C was 4.64 × 10−4 s−1, which fit the first-order reaction equation. After ten photochromic cycles in water solution, the relative absorption intensity of CMCH-g-MCA decreased by 7.92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Vocational and Technical College of Defense Industry, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing-Hua Yao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang-Qing He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
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30
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Schnurbus M, Kabat M, Jarek E, Krzan M, Warszynski P, Braunschweig B. Spiropyran Sulfonates for Photo- and pH-Responsive Air-Water Interfaces and Aqueous Foam. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6871-6879. [PMID: 32049534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Responsive foams and interfaces are interesting building blocks for active materials that respond and adapt to external stimuli. We have used the photochromic reaction of a spiropyran sulfonate surfactant to render interfacial, rising bubbles as well as foaming properties active to light stimuli. In order to address the air-water interface on a molecular level, we have applied sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy which has provided qualitative information on the surface excess and the interfacial charging state as a function of light irradiation and solution pH. Under blue light irradiation, the surfactant forms a closed ring spiro form (SP), whereas under dark conditions the ring opens and the merocyanine (MC) form is generated. Using SFG spectroscopy, we show that at the interface, different pH conditions of the bulk solution lead to changes in the interfacial charging state. We have exploited the fact that the MC surfactant's O-H group can be deprotonated as a function of pH and used that to tune the molecules net charge at the interface. In fact, SFG spectroscopy shows that with increasing pH the intensity of the O-H stretching band from interfacial water molecules increases, which we associate to an increase in surface net charge. At a pH of 5.3, irradiation with blue light leads to a reversible decrease of O-H intensities, whereas the C-H intensities were unchanged compared to the corresponding intensities under dark conditions. These results are indicative of changes in the surface net charge with light irradiation, which are also expected to influence the foam stability via changes in the electrostatic disjoining pressure. In fact, measurements of the foam stabilities are consistent with this hypothesis and show higher foam stability under dark conditions. At pH 2.7 this behavior is reversed as far as the surface tension and surface charging as well as the foam stability are concerned. This is corroborated by rising bubble experiments, which demonstrated an unprecedented reduction of ∼30% in bubble velocity when the bubbles were irradiated with blue light compared to the velocity of bubbles with the surfactants in the dark state. Clearly, the light-triggered changes can be used to control foams, rising bubbles, and fluid interfaces on a molecular level which renders them active to light stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schnurbus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kabat
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jarek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcel Krzan
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Warszynski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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31
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Morim DR, Meeks A, Shastri A, Tran A, Shneidman AV, Yashin VV, Mahmood F, Balazs AC, Aizenberg J, Saravanamuttu K. Opto-chemo-mechanical transduction in photoresponsive gels elicits switchable self-trapped beams with remote interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3953-3959. [PMID: 32029591 PMCID: PMC7049136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902872117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation photonics envisions circuitry-free, rapidly reconfigurable systems powered by solitonic beams of self-trapped light and their particlelike interactions. Progress, however, has been limited by the need for reversibly responsive materials that host such nonlinear optical waves. We find that repeatedly switchable self-trapped visible laser beams, which exhibit strong pairwise interactions, can be generated in a photoresponsive hydrogel. Through comprehensive experiments and simulations, we show that the unique nonlinear conditions arise when photoisomerization of spiropyran substituents in pH-responsive poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel transduces optical energy into mechanical deformation of the 3D cross-linked hydrogel matrix. A Gaussian beam self-traps when localized isomerization-induced contraction of the hydrogel and expulsion of water generates a transient waveguide, which entraps the optical field and suppresses divergence. The waveguide is erased and reformed within seconds when the optical field is sequentially removed and reintroduced, allowing the self-trapped beam to be rapidly and repeatedly switched on and off at remarkably low powers in the milliwatt regime. Furthermore, this opto-chemo-mechanical transduction of energy mediated by the 3D cross-linked hydrogel network facilitates pairwise interactions between self-trapped beams both in the short range where there is significant overlap of their optical fields, and even in the long range--over separation distances of up to 10 times the beam width--where such overlap is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Morim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Amos Meeks
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ankita Shastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Victor V Yashin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Fariha Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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32
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Stimuli-chromism of photoswitches in smart polymers: Recent advances and applications as chemosensors. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Garcia J, Addison JB, Liu SZ, Lu S, Faulkner AL, Hodur BM, Balmond EI, Or VW, Yun JH, Trevino K, Shen B, Shaw JT, Frank NL, Louie AY. Antioxidant Sensing by Spiropyrans: Substituent Effects and NMR Spectroscopic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6799-6809. [PMID: 31284715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive small molecules for probing biologically active antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) has important ramifications in the detection of oxidative stress. An ideal sensor for biological applications should exhibit sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for detection at physiological concentrations and be reversible to allow continuous and dynamic monitoring of antioxidant levels. Designing a suitable sensor thus requires a detailed understanding of activation properties and mechanism of action. In this work, we report a new set of GSH-responsive spiropyrans and demonstrate how changes in the electronic structure of spiropyrans influence GSH sensing with high specificity versus other structurally similar and biologically relevant redox-active molecules. The sensitivity, selectivity, kinetics, binding constant, and reversibility of GSH-responsive-substituted spiropyrans were investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy and laser irradiation experiments. Detailed studies of the mechanism of interaction between spiropyrans with GSH were investigated using NMR spectroscopy. Understanding how electronic effects impact the sensing ability of spiropyrans toward antioxidants and elucidating the mechanism of the spiropyran-GSH interaction will facilitate the design of more effective sensors for detection of antioxidants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Garcia
- Chemistry Department , De La Salle University , 2401 Taft Avenue , 1004 Manila , Philippines
| | | | | | - Samuel Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8 V 2Y2 , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Natia L Frank
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8 V 2Y2 , Canada
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34
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Avagliano D, Sánchez-Murcia PA, González L. DNA-binding mechanism of spiropyran photoswitches: the role of electrostatics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8614-8618. [PMID: 30801589 PMCID: PMC6484825 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding mechanism of the protonated open form of three spiropyran derivatives into a 12-mer (poly-dAT)2 has been unveiled by means of computational methods.
The binding mechanism of the protonated open form of three spiropyran derivatives into a 12-mer (poly-dAT)2 has been unveiled by means of computational methods. It is found that the electrostatic term in the probe:DNA binding energy, modulates the binding mode, providing new guidelines for the design of spiropyran photoswitches with specific binding modes to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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35
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Lachmann D, Lahmy R, König B. Fulgimides as Light‐Activated Tools in Biological Investigations. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Lachmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - R. Lahmy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - B. König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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36
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Spiropyran as a potential molecular diagnostic tool for double-stranded RNA detection. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1:6. [PMID: 32903305 PMCID: PMC7421392 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are duplex RNAs that can induce immune response when present in mammalian cells. These RNAs are historically associated with viral replication, but recent evidence suggests that human cells naturally encode endogenous dsRNAs that can regulate antiviral machineries in cellular contexts beyond immune response. Results In this study, we use photochromic organic compound spiropyran to profile and quantitate dsRNA expression. We show that the open form of spiropyran, merocyanine, can intercalate between RNA base pairs, which leads to protonation and alteration in the spectral property of the compound. By quantifying the spectral change, we can detect and quantify dsRNA expression level, both synthetic and cellular. We further demonstrate that spiropyrans can be used as a molecular diagnostic tool to profile endogenously expressed dsRNAs. Particularly, we show that spiropyrans can robustly detect elevated dsRNA levels when colorectal cancer cells are treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, an FDA-approved DNA-demethylating agent used for chemotherapy, thus demonstrating the use of spiropyran for predicting responsiveness to the drug treatment. Conclusion As dsRNAs are signature of virus and accumulation of dsRNAs is implicated in various degenerative disease, our work establishes potential application of spiropyrans as a simple spectral tool to diagnose human disease based on dsRNA expression.
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37
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Grimm O, Maßmann SC, Schacher FH. Synthesis and solution behaviour of dual light- and temperature-responsive poly(triethylene glycol-co-spiropyran) copolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on the synthesis and characterization of materials featuring a dual-responsive copolymer segment consisting of photo-responsive spiropyran (SPA) and temperature-responsive triethylene glycol acrylate (TEGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Sarina C. Maßmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Centre for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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38
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Avagliano D, Sánchez-Murcia PA, González L. Directional and regioselective hole injection of spiropyran photoswitches intercalated into A/T-duplex DNA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17971-17977. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03398j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hole electron transfer of UV excited spiropyran intercalated in dsDNA is directional, asymmetric and regioselective, as shown by quantitative multiscale computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
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39
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Feeney MJ, Thomas SW. Tuning the Negative Photochromism of Water-Soluble Spiropyran Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Feeney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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40
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Grimm O, Schacher FH. Dual Stimuli-Responsive P(NIPAAm-co-SPA) Copolymers: Synthesis and Response in Solution and in Films. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E645. [PMID: 30966679 PMCID: PMC6403943 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and solution properties of dual stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-spiropyran acrylate) (P(NIPAAm-co-SPA)) copolymers of varying composition prepared via nitroxide-mediated copolymerization. The resulting copolymers feature molar masses from 40,000 to 100,000 g/mol according to static light scattering and an SPA content of up to 5.3%. The latter was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and UV⁻Vis spectroscopy. These materials exhibit reversible response upon irradiation in polymeric films for a minimum of three cycles; their response in solution to both light and temperature was also investigated in an aqueous TRIS buffer (pH 8). Irradiation was carried out using LED setups with wavelengths of 365 and 590 nm. In aqueous solution, a custom-made setup using a fiber-coupled 200 W Hg(Xe) lamp with 340 and 540 nm filters was used and additional heating of the copolymer solutions during irradiation allowed to study influence of the presence of either the spiropyran or merocyanine form on the cloud point temperature. Hereby, it was found that increasing the SPA content leads to a more pronounced difference between both states and decreasing cloud points in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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41
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Gurke J, Budzák Š, Schmidt BM, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. Efficient Light-Induced pK a Modulation Coupled to Base-Catalyzed Photochromism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29516590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable acid-base pairs, whose pKa values can be reversibly altered, are attractive molecular tools to control chemical and biological processes with light. A significant, light-induced pKa change of three units in aqueous medium has been realized for two thermally stable states, which can be interconverted using UV and green light. The light-induced pKa modulation is based on incorporating a 3-H-thiazol-2-one moiety into the framework of a diarylethene photoswitch, which loses the heteroaromatic stabilization of the negatively charged conjugate base upon photochemical ring closure, and hence becomes significantly less acidic. In addition, the efficiency of the photoreactions is drastically increased in the deprotonated state, giving rise to catalytically enhanced photochromism. It appears that protonation has a significant influence on the shape of the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, as indicated by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gurke
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského, 40, SK-97400, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Gurke J, Budzák Š, Schmidt BM, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. Effiziente lichtinduzierte p
K
a
‐Modulation, gekoppelt mit basenkatalysierter Photochromie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 Frankreich
- Institut für Chemie Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Matej Bel Universität Tajovského, 40 SK-97400 Banská Bystrica Slowakische Republik
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 Frankreich
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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43
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Johnson NM, Smolin YY, Hagaman D, Soroush M, Lau KKS, Ji HF. Suitability of N-propanoic acid spiropyrans and spirooxazines for use as sensitizing dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:2981-2989. [PMID: 28079224 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the fabrication and evaluation of color-changing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) that include N-propanoic acid-functionalized spiropyrans and spirooxazines as sensitizing dyes. We investigated the photophysical properties of these compounds in various solvents and pH conditions using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and their behavior on TiO2 photoanode surfaces using a combination of UV-Vis and FT-IR. Their performance as sensitizing dyes for DSSCs was also analyzed. This study revealed a number of unique properties for this class of compounds that affect their performance as both photochromic compounds and DSSC sensitizers, which allow for future creation of efficient photochromic DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Yuriy Y Smolin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Hagaman
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth K S Lau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hai-Feng Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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Kwangmettatam S, Kudernac T. Light-fuelled reversible expansion of spiropyran-based vesicles in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5311-5314. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01780h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles formed by a spiropyran-based amphiphile show reversible expansion upon illumination
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Kwangmettatam
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
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45
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Abstract
Proton transfer is one of the most common processes in nature, and many chemical, material, and biological processes are sensitive to proton concentration, from acid-catalyzed reactions to the activities of many enzymes. Photoacids that reversibly undergo proton dissociation upon irradiation promise remote spatial and temporal control over proton-sensitive processes and could provide a way to convert photoenergy into other types of energy. The recently discovered metastable-state photoacids can produce a large proton concentration with high efficiency and good reversibility. A reversible pH change of over 2 units has been demonstrated using an aqueous solution of a metastable-state photoacid. Additionally, moderate-intensity visible light, for example, from LEDs and sunlight, can be used to activate this type of photoacid. This photocontrolled proton release occurs in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions and in polymeric materials. Therefore, this type of photoacid can be conveniently incorporated into different systems to control various proton transfer processes. Metastable-state photoacids are generally designed by linking an electron-accepting moiety and a weakly acidic nucleophilic moiety with a double bond. Photoinduced trans-cis isomerization of the double bond allows a nucleophilic cyclization reaction to occur between the two moieties. The tandem reaction generates a highly acidic metastable form, which releases a proton. In the dark, the metastable form relaxes to the original form and takes back the proton. Several electron-accepting and nucleophilic moieties have been used to construct different types of metastable-state photoacids for different applications. The advantages and disadvantages of these photoacids in terms of their photoacidity, dark acidity, reversibility, stability, etc. will be discussed in this Account. Metastable-state photoacids have been used to catalyze bond formation and bond-breaking reactions in which the reactions can be activated and stopped by turning on and off irradiation, respectively. They have been used to reversibly protonate molecules to affect the ionic and hydrogen bonding between molecules or between different moieties of a molecule. Protonation can also alter the electronic configuration of molecules to change their electronic and optical properties. Since a proton has a positive charge, photoacids have been used to control ion exchange processes. Applying metastable-state photoacids to control Fisher esterification, volume-changing hydrogels, the killing of bacteria, odorant release, the color of materials, the formation of nanoparticles, and polymer conductivity has been reported by our group. Metastable-state photoacids have also been utilized to control supramolecular assemblies, molecular switches, microbial fuel cells, cationic sensors, nanoparticle aggregation, and ring-opening polymerizations. The future prospects of this research area will be discussed at the end of this Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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46
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Halbritter T, Kaiser C, Wachtveitl J, Heckel A. Pyridine–Spiropyran Derivative as a Persistent, Reversible Photoacid in Water. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8040-8047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Christoph Kaiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
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47
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Sumi M, Makino A, Inaba T, Sako Y, Fujimori F, Greimel P, Kobayashi T. Photoswitchable phospholipid FRET acceptor: Detergent free intermembrane transfer assay of fluorescent lipid analogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2900. [PMID: 28588242 PMCID: PMC5460167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed and characterized a novel photoswitchable phospholipid analog termed N-nitroBIPS-DPPG. The fluorescence can be switched on and off repeatedly with minimal photobleaching by UV or visible light exposure, respectively. The rather large photochromic head group is inserted deeply into the interfacial membrane region conferring a conical overall lipid shape, preference for a positive curvature and only minimal intermembrane transfer. Utilizing the switchable NBD fluorescence quenching ability of N-nitroBIPS-DPPG, a detergent free intermembrane transfer assay system for NBD modified lipids was demonstrated and validated. As NBD quenching can be turned off, total NBD associated sample fluorescence can be determined without the need of detergents. This not only reduces detergent associated systematic errors, but also simplifies assay handling and allows assay extension to detergent insoluble lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sumi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Humanities and Life Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, 1-18-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8602, Japan
| | - Asami Makino
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujimori
- Graduate School of Humanities and Life Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, 1-18-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8602, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,UMR 7213 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67401, Illkirch, France.
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48
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Kaiser C, Halbritter T, Heckel A, Wachtveitl J. Thermal, Photochromic and Dynamic Properties of Water-Soluble Spiropyrans. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaiser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laure-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laure-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laure-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laure-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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49
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Moldenhauer D, Gröhn F. Water-Soluble Spiropyrans with Inverse Photochromism and Their Photoresponsive Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2017; 23:3966-3978. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moldenhauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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50
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Piskorz K, Dust JM, Buncel E, Lebel O, Nunzi JM. Deceleration of thermal ring closure in a glass-forming mexylaminotriazine-substituted merocyanine (MC) linked to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new glass-forming photochromic spiropyran dye is reported, and its ring closure reaction is hindered by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Piskorz
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Julian M. Dust
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Grenfell Campus
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- Corner Brook
- Canada
| | - Erwin Buncel
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Department of Physics
- Engineering Physics and Astronomy
| |
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