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Ali I, Islam MR, Yin J, Eichhorn SJ, Chen J, Karim N, Afroj S. Advances in Smart Photovoltaic Textiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3871-3915. [PMID: 38261716 PMCID: PMC10851667 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Energy harvesting textiles have emerged as a promising solution to sustainably power wearable electronics. Textile-based solar cells (SCs) interconnected with on-body electronics have emerged to meet such needs. These technologies are lightweight, flexible, and easy to transport while leveraging the abundant natural sunlight in an eco-friendly way. In this Review, we comprehensively explore the working mechanisms, diverse types, and advanced fabrication strategies of photovoltaic textiles. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the recent progress made in various types of photovoltaic textiles, emphasizing their electrochemical performance. The focal point of this review centers on smart photovoltaic textiles for wearable electronic applications. Finally, we offer insights and perspectives on potential solutions to overcome the existing limitations of textile-based photovoltaics to promote their industrial commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Stephen J. Eichhorn
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, The University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
- Nottingham
School of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent
University, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4GG, U.K.
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
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2
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Kumar S, Bharti P, Pradhan B. Performance optimization of efficient PbS quantum dots solar cells through numerical simulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10511. [PMID: 37386087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) solar cells are less efficient because of the carrier recombination within the material. The electron and hole transport layers have high impact on the performance of CQDs based solar cells which makes its investigation a very important component of the development of the more efficient devices. In this work, we have tried performance optimization in tetrabutyl ammonium iodide capped lead sulfide (PbS) CQDs (PbS-TBAI) as absorber layers based solar cells by incorporating different hole transport layers (HTLs) to achieve better power conversion efficiency (PCE) in different device architectures by SCAPS-1D numerical simulation software. It was observed from the simulation that the ITO/TiO2/PbS-TBAI/HTL/Au device architecture shows higher power conversion efficiency as compared to the conventional experimentally realized device architecture of ITO/TiO2/PbS-TBAI/PbS-EDT/HTL/Au. The influence of interface defect density (IDD) at the interface TiO2/PbS-TBAI has also been studied where IDD is varied from 1 × 1013 cm-2 to 1 × 1018 cm-2 while keeping the rest of the device parameters intact. The result shows a noteworthy reduction in the PV performance of the device at higher IDD. This modelled device structure provides a new direction toward the experimental realization in high efficiency PbS QDs solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pragya Bharti
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Basudev Pradhan
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India.
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Green and Efficient Energy Technology (GEET), Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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Baek GW, Kim YJ, Lee M, Kwon Y, Chun B, Park G, Seo H, Yang H, Kwak J. Progress in the Development of Active-Matrix Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Driven by Non-Si Thin-Film Transistors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15238511. [PMID: 36500003 PMCID: PMC9736594 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the key accomplishments and further prospects of active-matrix (AM) quantum-dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) display. We present an overview and state-of-the-art of QLEDs as a frontplane and non-Si-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) as a backplane to meet the requirements for the next-generation displays, such as flexibility, transparency, low power consumption, fast response, high efficiency, and operational reliability. After a brief introduction, we first review the research on non-Si-based TFTs using metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, and semiconducting carbon nanotubes as the driving unit of display devices. Next, QLED technologies are analyzed in terms of the device structure, device engineering, and QD patterning technique to realize high-performance, full-color AM-QLEDs. Lastly, recent research on the monolithic integration of TFT-QLED is examined, which proposes a new perspective on the integrated device. We anticipate that this review will help the readership understand the fundamentals, current state, and issues on TFTs and QLEDs for future AM-QLED displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Woo Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunwoo Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsoo Chun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganghyun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kubra K, Islam MR, Hasan Khan MS, Islam MS, Hasan MT. Study of Two-Dimensional Janus WXY (X≠Y= S, Se, and Te) Trilayer Homostructures for Photovoltaic Applications Using DFT Screening of Different Stacking Patterns. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12947-12955. [PMID: 35474833 PMCID: PMC9026136 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on the first-principles density functional theory, Janus WXY (X ≠ Y = S, Se, and Te) trilayer homostructures for different stacking patterns are studied in this work to analyze their appropriateness in fabricating photovoltaic (PV) devices. A total of fifteen trilayer homostructures are proposed, corresponding to the suitable five stacking patterns, such as AAA, AA'A, ABA, AB'A, and A'BA' for each Janus WXY (X ≠ Y = S, Se, and Te) material. Structural and energetic parameters for all the fifteen structures are evaluated and compared to find energetically stable structures, and dynamic stability is confirmed by phonon dispersion curves. All these configurations being homostructure, lattice mismatch is found to be very low (∼0.05%), unlike heterostructure, making them feasible for optoelectronics and PV applications. WSSe AAA, WSSe AA'A, and WSeTe AA'A are dynamically stable along with negative binding energy and show type-II band alignment, enabling effective spatial carrier separation of photogenerated carriers. The optical properties of dynamically stable WSSe AAA and WSSe AA'A structures are also calculated, and the absorption coefficients at the visible light region are found to be ∼3.5 × 105 cm-1, which is comparable to the perovskite material absorption coefficient. Moreover, we have compared the optical characteristics of dynamically stable WSSe AAA and WSSe AA'A structures with their monolayer structures to realize the significance of stacking trilayer structures. Electrical properties such as mobility and conductivity for dynamically stable WSSe AAA and WSSe AA'A structures are evaluated to suggest them as a probable efficient material in PV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijatul Kubra
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rafiqul Islam
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sakib Hasan Khan
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shaffatul Islam
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh (WUB), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Hasan
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
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Electronic, Optical, and Thermoelectric Properties of Bulk and Monolayer Germanium Tellurides. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of germanium tellurides (GeTe) were investigated through a series of first-principles calculations of band structures, absorption coefficients, and thermoelectric transport coefficients. We consider bulk GeTe to consist of cubic and rhombohedral phases, while the two-dimensional (2D) GeTe monolayers can form as a 2D puckered or buckled honeycomb crystals. All of the GeTe variants in the bulk and monolayer shapes are excellent light absorbers in a wide frequency range: (1) bulk cubic GeTe in the near-infrared regime, (2) bulk rhombohedral GeTe and puckered monolayer GeTe in the visible-light regime, and (3) buckled monolayer GeTe in the ultraviolet regime. We also found specifically that the buckled monolayer GeTe exhibits remarkable thermoelectric performance compared to the other GeTe phases due to a combination of electronic band convergence, a moderately wide band gap, and unique 2D density of states from the quantum confinement effect.
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Liang H, Duan Y. Structural reconstruction and visible-light absorption versus internal electrostatic field in two-dimensional GaN-ZnO alloys. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11994-12003. [PMID: 34212965 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GaN-ZnO alloys are more promising semiconductors than their counterparts for optoelectronic applications due to the abrupt red shift in the visible-light range. Unfortunately, the strong internal electrostatic field (IEF) seriously hinders to further improve the optoelectronic performance due to the charge density of surface states. We point out a structural model to extremely improve the visible-light absorption by overcoming the bottleneck of the IEF in the two-dimensional (2D) nonisovalent alloys. The novel haeckelite (8|4) configuration with the nearly zero IEF shows much better optoelectronic performances than the conventional wurtzite configuration. Meanwhile, we explore the thickness-driven structural transitions from the planar hexagonal to the 8|4 and to the wurtzite configurations. The visible-light absorption efficiency quickly rises up from the bulk wurtzite to the bulk 8|4 to the 2D 8|4 and to the MoS2-based heterostructures with the different-layer 8|4 configurations. The heterointerfacial coupling is an effective way to further reduce the IEF and hence to significantly improve the visible-light absorptions by enlarging the population of band edge states in the 8|4 configuration. We suggest that the 8|4 configuration is more prospective for diverse optoelectronic applications in 2D GaN-ZnO alloys than in binary counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpu Liang
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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8
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Heo DY, Do HH, Ahn SH, Kim SY. Metal-Organic Framework Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2061. [PMID: 32927727 PMCID: PMC7569814 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-derived materials have been used for several applications, such as hydrogen storage and separation, catalysis, and drug delivery, owing to them having a significantly large surface area and open pore structure. In recent years, MOFs have also been applied to thin-film solar cells, and attractive results have been obtained. In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the MOF materials are used in the form of an additive for electron and hole transport layers, interlayer, and hybrid perovskite/MOF. MOFs have the potential to be used as a material for obtaining PSCs with high efficiency and stability. In this study, we briefly explain the synthesis of MOFs and the performance of organic and dye-sensitized solar cells with MOFs. Furthermore, we provide a detailed overview on the performance of the most recently reported PSCs using MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Ha Huu Do
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
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9
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Buitrago E, Novello AM, Meyer T. Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Buitrago
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Safety Competence Center (DSPS-SCC) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Group of Chemical and Physical Safety (ISIC-GSCP) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Novello
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Safety Competence Center (DSPS-SCC) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Group of Chemical and Physical Safety (ISIC-GSCP) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thierry Meyer
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Safety Competence Center (DSPS-SCC) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Group of Chemical and Physical Safety (ISIC-GSCP) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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10
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Zhang Y, Wu G, Liu F, Ding C, Zou Z, Shen Q. Photoexcited carrier dynamics in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: insights into individual quantum dots, quantum dot solid films and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:49-84. [PMID: 31825404 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) record of colloidal quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) has considerably improved from below 4% to 16.6% in the last few years. However, the record PCE value of QDSCs is still substantially lower than the theoretical efficiency. So far, there have been several reviews on recent and significant achievements in QDSCs, but reviews on photoexcited carrier dynamics in QDSCs are scarce. The photovoltaic performances of QDSCs are still limited by the photovoltage, photocurrent and fill factor that are mainly determined by the photoexcited carrier dynamics, including carrier (or exciton) generation, carrier extraction or transfer, and the carrier recombination process, in the devices. In this review, the photoexcited carrier dynamics in the whole QDSCs, originating from individual quantum dots (QDs) to the entire device as well as the characterization methods used for analyzing the photoexcited carrier dynamics are summarized and discussed. The recent research including photoexcited multiple exciton generation (MEG), hot electron extraction, and carrier transfer between adjacent QDs, as well as carrier injection and recombination at each interface of QDSCs are discussed in detail herein. The influence of photoexcited carrier dynamics on the physiochemical properties of QDs and photovoltaic performances of QDSC devices is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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Meyer EL, Mbese JZ, Agoro MA. The Frontiers of Nanomaterials (SnS, PbS and CuS) for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications: An Exciting New Infrared Material. Molecules 2019; 24:E4223. [PMID: 31757087 PMCID: PMC6930557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, extensive studies have been done on solar cells on how to harness the unpleasant climatic condition for the binary benefits of renewable energy sources and potential energy solutions. Photovoltaic (PV) is considered as, not only as the future of humanity's source of green energy, but also as a reliable solution to the energy crisis due to its sustainability, abundance, easy fabrication, cost-friendly and environmentally hazard-free nature. PV is grouped into first, second and third-generation cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), classified as third-generation PV, have gained more ground in recent times. This is linked to their transparency, high efficiency, shape, being cost-friendly and flexibility of colour. However, further improvement of DSSCs by quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) has increased their efficiency through the use of semiconducting materials, such as quantum dots (QDs), as sensitizers. This has paved way for the fabrication of semiconducting QDs to replace the ideal DSSCs with quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Moreover, there are no absolute photosensitizers that can cover all the infrared spectrum, the infusion of QD metal sulphides with better absorption could serve as a breakthrough. Metal sulphides, such as PbS, SnS and CuS QDs could be used as photosensitizers due to their strong near infrared (NIR) absorption properties. A few great dependable and reproducible routes to synthesize better QD size have attained much ground in the past and of late. The injection of these QD materials, which display (NIR) absorption with localized surface plasmon resonances (SPR), due to self-doped p-type carriers and photocatalytic activity could enhance the performance of the solar cell. This review will be focused on QDs in solar cell applications, the recent advances in the synthesis method, their stability, and long term prospects of QDSSCs efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson L. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
| | - Johannes Z. Mbese
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Mojeed A. Agoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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McDonald C, Ni C, Maguire P, Connor P, Irvine JTS, Mariotti D, Svrcek V. Nanostructured Perovskite Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101481. [PMID: 31635204 PMCID: PMC6835749 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, lead halide perovskites have emerged as one of the leading photovoltaic materials due to their long carrier lifetimes, high absorption coefficients, high tolerance to defects, and facile processing methods. With a bandgap of ~1.6 eV, lead halide perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies in excess of 25%. Despite this, poor material stability along with lead contamination remains a significant barrier to commercialization. Recently, low-dimensional perovskites, where at least one of the structural dimensions is measured on the nanoscale, have demonstrated significantly higher stabilities, and although their power conversion efficiencies are slightly lower, these materials also open up the possibility of quantum-confinement effects such as carrier multiplication. Furthermore, both bulk perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites have been demonstrated to form hybrids with silicon nanocrystals, where numerous device architectures can be exploited to improve efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of perovskite solar cells, and report the current progress in nanoscale perovskites, such as low-dimensional perovskites, perovskite quantum dots, and perovskite-nanocrystal hybrid solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum McDonald
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Chengsheng Ni
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Paul Maguire
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT14 8RT, UK.
| | - Paul Connor
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK.
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK.
| | - Davide Mariotti
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT14 8RT, UK.
| | - Vladimir Svrcek
- Research Center for Photovoltaics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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Liu L, Yu X, Yi Z, Chi F, Wang H, Yuan Y, Li D, Xu K, Zhang X. High efficiency solar cells tailored using biomass-converted graded carbon quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15083-15090. [PMID: 31380538 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of mesoscopic solar cells is highly dependent on electron extraction under solar irradiation and determines the charge recombination processes within devices. Boosting charge transfer via building energy level alignment has been proved to be a promising method to enhance the output power of solar cells. In the current work, we present the successful fabrication of functional biomass-converted carbon quantum dots with graded energy levels by doping nitrogen or sulphur atoms from lotus root powder. When employed as light absorbers for mesoscopic solar cells, light harvesting and electron extraction can be markedly increased arising from the band alignment of graded carbon quantum dots, yielding maximal power conversion efficiencies of 0.158% and 0.208% for bi- and tri-cascaded photovoltaics, respectively. The primary results demonstrate that the employment of an energy-graded architecture is a promising strategy to optimize the device output. Following this line of thought, we further fabricate a co-sensitized device by integrating graded carbon quantum dots with N719 dyes to enhance the electron extraction capability. The final device yields an efficiency as high as 9.04%, showing the potential application of carbon quantum dots in high-performance solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- Zhongshan Branch of State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, PR China.
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14
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Kim TG, Kwak GY, Do K, Kim KJ. High efficiency Si quantum dot heterojunction solar cells using a single SiO X:B layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:325404. [PMID: 30952144 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Si quantum dots (QDs) have been fabricated from SiO2/SiOx multilayer structures to create a homogeneous size. However, this structure achieved much lower efficiencies than would be expected in the Si QD photovoltaic field. This is because Si QD generation and photoexcited carrier transport is restricted by the adjacent SiO2 layer. In this study, we applied a single SiOx:B layer fabrication method to the Si QD heterojunction solar cells. The number of generated Si QDs and the photo-excited carrier lifetime was maximized when the oxygen partial pressure and boron doping concentration parameters were 2.7 × 10-5 Torr and 2.27 × 1021 atoms cm-3, respectively. As a result, in excess of 17% power conversion efficiency for the Si QD heterojunction solar cell was achieved using the single layer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gun Kim
- Division of Industrial Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Science and Standards, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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15
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Highly efficient, PbS:Hg quantum dot–sensitized, plasmonic solar cells with TiO2 triple-layer photoanode. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shen T, Binks D, Yuan J, Cao G, Tian J. Enhanced-performance of self-powered flexible quantum dot photodetectors by a double hole transport layer structure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9626-9632. [PMID: 31065662 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of self-powered quantum dot (QD) photodetectors is increased if they are fabricated on flexible substrates. However, the performance of such photodetectors is typically significantly worse than similar devices fabricated on glass substrates due to poor charge transport performance. Here, a novel flexible self-powered CdSexTe1-x QD photodetector with a double hole transport layer of PEDOT:PSS/P-TPD has been fabricated, which achieves a performance comparable to that of rigid devices. The energy level of the P-TPD layer matches well with that of the PEDOT:PSS and QD layers, which significantly enhances photodetection capability across a spectral region that spans the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared (UV-NIR). A low dark current density (1.03 × 10-6 mA cm-2) and a large specific detectivity of approximately 2.6 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 450 nm are demonstrated, significantly outperforming previously reported flexible QD-based detectors. This improvement in performance is attributed to both increased hole transport efficiency and the inhibition of electron transport from the QDs into the PEDOT:PSS layer. The photodetector also exhibits good sensitivity under weak illumination, producing a photocurrent of 196 × 10-6 mA cm-2 under an irradiance of 5 μW cm-2. Moreover, no significant performance degradation is observed after 150 bending cycles to an angle of 60 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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17
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Ma C, Shi C, Lv K, Ying C, Fan S, Yang Y. Gradient-band-gap strategy for efficient solid-state PbS quantum-dot sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8402-8407. [PMID: 30985839 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00324j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve charge separation and enhance open-circuit voltage (Voc) in solid-state quantum-dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), gradient-band-gap PbS quantum-dots were first and easily constructed by two-step spin-coating the Pb(NO3)2 solution and the mixed solution of Na2S and 1,2-ethanedithiol via successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR). The fabricated solid-state gradient-band-gap PbS QDSCs exhibited a Voc of 0.70 V, a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 9.65 mA·cm-2, a fill factor (FF) of 0.60, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.08%, while the inverse gradient-band-gap PbS QDSCs showed a Voc of 0.59 V, a Jsc of 5.86 mA·cm-2, an FF of 0.49 and a PCE of 1.69%. By optimization, the best solid-state gradient-band-gap PbS QDSCs achieved a Voc of 0.65 V and a PCE of 6.29% under 1 sun, and a Voc of 0.60 V and a PCE of 7.21% under 0.5 sun. The Voc of 0.65 V was relatively high, and the PCE of 6.29% was the highest value among solid-state QDSCs constructed using SILAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China.
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18
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Shrestha A, Batmunkh M, Tricoli A, Qiao SZ, Dai S. Nahinfrarotaktive Bleichalkogenid‐Quantenpunkte: Herstellung, postsynthetischer Ligandenaustausch und Anwendungen in Solarzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aabhash Shrestha
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australien
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australien
| | - Munkhbayar Batmunkh
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australien
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park Adelaide SA 5042 Australien
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australien
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australien
| | - Shi Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australien
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australien
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brunel University London Uxbridge UB8 3 Großbritannien
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19
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Wang W, Zhao L, Wang Y, Xue W, He F, Xie Y, Li Y. Facile Secondary Deposition for Improving Quantum Dot Loading in Fabricating Quantum Dot Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4300-4307. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lianjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weinan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fangfang He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiling Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Shrestha A, Batmunkh M, Tricoli A, Qiao SZ, Dai S. Near-Infrared Active Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots: Preparation, Post-Synthesis Ligand Exchange, and Applications in Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5202-5224. [PMID: 29878530 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) of lead chalcogenides (e.g. PbS, PbSe, and PbTe) are attractive near-infrared (NIR) active materials that show great potential in a wide range of applications, such as, photovoltaics (PV), optoelectronics, sensors, and bio-electronics. The surface ligand plays an essential role in the production of QDs, post-synthesis modification, and their integration to practical applications. Therefore, it is critically important that the influence of surface ligands on the synthesis and properties of QDs is well understood for their applications in various devices. In this Review we elaborate the application of colloidal synthesis techniques for the preparation of lead chalcogenide based QDs. We specifically focus on the influence of surface ligands on the synthesis of QDs and their solution-phase ligand exchange. Given the importance of lead chalcogenide QDs as potential light harvesters, we also pay particular attention to the current progress of these QDs in photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabhash Shrestha
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Munkhbayar Batmunkh
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shi Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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21
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Kar M, Rajbanshi B, Sarkar R, Pal S, Sarkar P. Periodically-ordered one and two dimensional CdTe QD superstructures: a path forward in photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19391-19402. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By using the state-of-the-art theoretical method, we herein explore the potentiality of covalently linked periodically-ordered 1D chain, 2D hexagonal and square ordered superstructures of CdTe QDs in photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Kar
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Biplab Rajbanshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Ritabrata Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Gour Banga
- Malda-732103
- India
| | - Sougata Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Gour Banga
- Malda-732103
- India
| | - Pranab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
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22
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Park J, Hwang S, Jeong S, Kim S, Bang J, Cho S. Heterojunction Area-Controlled Inorganic Nanocrystal Solar Cells Fabricated Using Supra-Quantum Dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43768-43773. [PMID: 30411612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A supra-quantum dot (SQD) is a three-dimensional structure formed by the attachment of quantum dots. The SQDs have sizes of tens of nanometer and they maintain the characteristics of the individual quantum dots fairly well. Moreover, their sizes and elemental compositions can be tuned precisely. On the basis of their unique features, in this work, SQDs are used as constituents of the interpenetrating photoactive layers of inorganic nanocrystal p-n heterojunction solar cells to control the p-type and n-type domain sizes (i.e., p-n heterojunction areas) for optimizing the charge-carrier collection. SQD-containing p-n heterojunction solar cells exhibit improved charge transport and thereby higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) (3.03%) owing to their intermediate p-type and n-type domain sizes, which are between those of a bilayer nanorod p-n heterojunction solar cell (PCE: 1.21%) and an interpenetrating nanorod p-n heterojunction solar cell (PCE: 2.40%). This work demonstrates that the self-assembly of nanoscale materials can be utilized for tailoring the spatial distributions of charge carriers, which is beneficial for obtaining an enhanced device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Park
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Namgu, Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Hwang
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Namgu, Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Jeong
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Namgu, Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Namgu, Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Bang
- Electronic Conversion Materials Division , Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology , Jinju 52852 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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23
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Maiti S, Dana J, Ghosh HN. Correlating Charge‐Carrier Dynamics with Efficiency in Quantum‐Dot Solar Cells: Can Excitonics Lead to Highly Efficient Devices? Chemistry 2018; 25:692-702. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Radiation & Photochemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India
- Department of ChemistrySavitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Jayanta Dana
- Radiation & Photochemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Hirendra N. Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali Punjab 160062 India
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24
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Abstract
From a niche field over 30 years ago, quantum dots (QDs) have developed into viable materials for many commercial optoelectronic devices. We discuss the advancements in Pb-based QD solar cells (QDSCs) from a viewpoint of the pathways an excited state can take when relaxing back to the ground state. Systematically understanding the fundamental processes occurring in QDs has led to improvements in solar cell efficiency from ~3% to over 13% in 8 years. We compile data from ~200 articles reporting functioning QDSCs to give an overview of the current limitations in the technology. We find that the open circuit voltage limits the device efficiency and propose some strategies for overcoming this limitation.
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25
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Xia C, Wu W, Yu T, Xie X, van Oversteeg C, Gerritsen HC, de Mello Donega C. Size-Dependent Band-Gap and Molar Absorption Coefficients of Colloidal CuInS 2 Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8350-8361. [PMID: 30085648 PMCID: PMC6117745 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the quantum dot (QD) concentration in a colloidal suspension and the quantitative understanding of the size-dependence of the band gap of QDs are of crucial importance from both applied and fundamental viewpoints. In this work, we investigate the size-dependence of the optical properties of nearly spherical wurtzite (wz) CuInS2 (CIS) QDs in the 2.7 to 6.1 nm diameter range (polydispersity ≤10%). The QDs are synthesized by partial Cu+ for In3+ cation exchange in template Cu2- xS nanocrystals, which yields CIS QDs with very small composition variations (In/Cu = 0.91 ± 0.11), regardless of their sizes. These well-defined QDs are used to investigate the size-dependence of the band gap of wz CIS QDs. A sizing curve is also constructed for chalcopyrite CIS QDs by collecting and reanalyzing literature data. We observe that both sizing curves follow primarily a 1/ d dependence. Moreover, the molar absorption coefficients and the absorption cross-section per CIS formula unit, both at 3.1 eV and at the band gap, are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the molar absorption coefficients of CIS QDs follow a power law at the first exciton transition energy (ε E1 = 5208 d2.45) and scale with the QD volume at 3.1 eV. This latter observation implies that the absorption cross-section per unit cell at 3.1 eV is size-independent and therefore can be estimated from bulk optical constants. These results also demonstrate that the molar absorption coefficients at 3.1 eV are more reliable for analytical purposes, since they are less sensitive to size and shape dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Xia
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials
Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Yu
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials
Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christina van Oversteeg
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular
Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials
Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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26
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Yang C, Zhang G, Feng L, Li B, Li Z, Chen R, Qin C, Gao Y, Xiao L, Jia S. Suppressing the photobleaching and photoluminescence intermittency of single near-infrared CdSeTe/ZnS quantum dots with p-phenylenediamine. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11889-11902. [PMID: 29716105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic photobleaching and photoluminescence (PL) intermittency of single quantum dots (QDs), originating from photo-oxidation and photo-ionization respectively, are roadblocks for most single-dot applications. Here, we effectively suppress the photobleaching and the PL intermittency of single near-infrared emitting QDs with p-phenylenediamine (PPD). The PPD cannot only be used as a high-efficient reducing agent to remove reactive oxygen species around QDs to suppress the photo-oxidation, but can also bond with the surface defect sites of single QDs to reduce electron trap states to suppress the photo-ionization. It is shown that the survival time of single QDs, the on-state probability of PL intensity traces, and the total number of emitted photons are significantly increased for single QDs in PPD compared with that on glass coverslip.
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27
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Jiménez-Solano A, Galisteo-López JF, Míguez H. Absorption and Emission of Light in Optoelectronic Nanomaterials: The Role of the Local Optical Environment. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2077-2084. [PMID: 29620899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter is central to the development of optoelectronic devices. This becomes particularly relevant for a new generation of devices offering the possibility of solution processing with competitive efficiencies as well as new functionalities. These devices, containing novel materials such as inorganic colloidal quantum dots or hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites, commonly demand thin (tens of nanometers) active layers in order to perform optimally and thus maximizing the way electromagnetic radiation interacts with these layers is essential. In this Perspective, we discuss the relevance of tailoring the optical environment of the active layer in an optoelectronic device and illustrate it with two real-world systems comprising photovoltaic cells and light emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Juan F Galisteo-López
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla , C/Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
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28
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Shaikh JS, Shaikh NS, Mali SS, Patil JV, Pawar KK, Kanjanaboos P, Hong CK, Kim JH, Patil PS. Nanoarchitectures in dye-sensitized solar cells: metal oxides, oxide perovskites and carbon-based materials. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4987-5034. [PMID: 29488524 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have aroused great interest and been regarded as a potential renewable energy resource among the third-generation solar cell technologies to fulfill the 21st century global energy demand. DSSCs have notable advantages such as low cost, easy fabrication process and being eco-friendly in nature. The progress of DSSCs over the last 20 years has been nearly constant due to some limitations, like poor long-term stability, narrow absorption spectrum, charge carrier transportation and collection losses and poor charge transfer mechanism for regeneration of dye molecules. The main challenge for the scientific community is to improve the performance of DSSCs by using different approaches, like finding new electrode materials with suitable nanoarchitectures, dyes in composition with promising semiconductors and metal quantum dot fluorescent dyes, and cost-effective hole transporting materials (HTMs). This review focuses on DSSC photo-physics, which includes charge separation, effective transportation, collection and recombination processes. Different nanostructured materials, including metal oxides, oxide perovskites and carbon-based composites, have been studied for photoanodes, and counter electrodes, which are crucial to achieve DSSC devices with higher efficiency and better stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S Shaikh
- Thin film materials laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India.
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29
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Sekhar MC, Paul S, De A, Samanta A. An Ultrafast Transient Absorption Study of Charge Separation and Recombination Dynamics in CdSe QDs and Methyl Viologen: Dependence on Surface Stoichiometry. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Chandra Sekhar
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Sneha Paul
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Apurba De
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Anunay Samanta
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad 500046 India
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30
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Maiti S, Azlan F, Anand P, Jadhav Y, Dana J, Haram SK, Ghosh HN. Boosting the Efficiency of Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells through Formation of the Cation-Exchanged Hole Transporting Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:50-57. [PMID: 29219326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In search of a viable way to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells, we have designed a method by introducing a hole transporting layer (HTL) of p-type CuS through partial cation exchange process in a postsynthetic ligand-assisted assembly of nanocrystals (NCs). High-quality CdSe and CdSSe gradient alloy NCs were synthesized through colloidal method, and the charge carrier dynamics was monitored through ultrafast transient absorption measurements. A notable increase in the short-circuit current concomitant with the increase in open-circuit voltage and the fill factor led to 45% increment in PCE for CdSe-based solar cells upon formation of the CuS HTL. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further revealed that the CuS layer formation increases recombination resistance at the TiO2/NC/electrolyte interface, implying that interfacial recombination gets drastically reduced because of smooth hole transfer to the redox electrolyte. Utilizing the same approach for CdSSe alloy NCs, the highest PCE (4.03%) was obtained upon CuS layer formation compared to 3.26% PCE for the untreated one and 3.61% PCE with the conventional ZnS coating. Therefore, such strategies will help to overcome the kinetic barriers of hole transfer to electrolytes, which is one of the major obstacles of high-performance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Farazuddin Azlan
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Pranav Anand
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Yogesh Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jayanta Dana
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Santosh K Haram
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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31
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Pan Z, Rao H, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J, Zhong X. Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7659-7702. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the development of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiao Pan
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Huashang Rao
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12006 Castelló
- Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12006 Castelló
- Spain
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
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32
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Wu Q, Hou J, Zhao H, Liu Z, Yue X, Peng S, Cao H. Charge recombination control for high efficiency CdS/CdSe quantum dot co-sensitized solar cells with multi-ZnS layers. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2214-2221. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04356b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ZnS as an inorganic passivation agent has been proven to be effective in suppressing charge recombination and enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- College of Science/Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
| | - Juan Hou
- College of Science/Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- College of Science/Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
| | - Xuanyu Yue
- College of Science/Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
| | - Shanglong Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology/ Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Haibin Cao
- College of Science/Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- P. R. China
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Wang J, Shu H, Zhao T, Liang P, Wang N, Cao D, Chen X. Intriguing electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional Janus transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18571-18578. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02612b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional Janus transition metal dichalcogenides with an asymmetric structure present intriguing electronic, transport, and optical properties, which make them ideally suitable for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Haibo Shu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Tianfeng Zhao
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Science
- China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Dan Cao
- College of Science
- China Jiliang University
- 310018 Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- 200083 Shanghai
- China
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34
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Boosting electron extraction of inverted polymer solar cells using solution-processed nanocrystals as cathode interlayer. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Sahraei R, Soheyli E, Faraji Z, Soleiman-Beigi M. Facile, one-pot and scalable synthesis of highly emissive aqueous-based Ag,Ni:ZnCdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots with high chemical and optical stability. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:475604. [PMID: 29019466 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa92b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report here on a one-pot, mild and low cost aqueous-based synthetic route for the preparation of colloidally stable and highly luminescent dual-doped Ag,Ni:ZnCdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The pure dopant emission of the Ni-doped core/shell QDs was found to be highly affected by the presence of a second dopant ion (Ag+). Results showed that the PL emission intensity increases while its peak position experiences an obvious blue shift with an increase in the content of Ag+ ions. Regarding the optical observations, we provide a simple scheme for absorption-recombination processes of the carriers through impurity centers. To obtain optimum conditions with a better emission characteristic, we also study the effect of different reaction parameters, such as refluxing temperature, the pH of the core and shell solution, molar ratio of the dopant ions (Ni:(Zn+Cd) and Ag:(Zn+Cd)), and concentration of the core and shell precursors. Nonetheless, the most effective parameter is the presence of the ZnS shell in a suitable amount to eliminate surface trap states and enhance their emission intensity. It can also improve the bio-compatibility of the prepared QDs by restricting the Cd2+ toxic ions inside the core of the QDs. The present suggested route also revealed the remarkable optical and chemical stability of the colloidal QDs which establishes them as a decent kind of nano-scale structure for light emitting applications, especially in biological technologies. The suggested process also has the potential to be scaled-up while maintaining the emission characteristics and structural quality necessary for industrial applications in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sahraei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ilam, 65315-516, Ilam, Iran
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Bai Z, Hao L, Huang Z, Qin S, Zhang Z. Enhancement effect of defect fluorescence of ZnSe quantum dots on a heterojuction of ZnSe quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:045001. [PMID: 28836503 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied an enhancement effect of defect fluorescence of ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) on a heterojunction of ZnSe QDs and gold nanoparticles. The photoluminescence (PL) of Au/ZnSe heterojunction is excited by using a 150 nm diameter ultraviolet laser spot of a scanning near-field optical microscope. Owing to the charge transfer of photon-generated carriers from ZnSe QDs, the enhanced PL effect is observed, which results from the increase of the built-in electric field to hinder the electron transfer to gold nanoparticles and is trapped by the defect states of ZnSe QDs. The broadening of defect fluorescence spectra and the reduction of excitonic fluorescence in multi-heterojunction of ZnSe QDs and gold nanoparticles are also observed which is attributed to an increase of their contact areas. We believe that enhanced defect fluorescence method described in this paper have potential applications in forming uniform optoelectronic heterojunction in controlling and boosting fluorescent efficiency of weak PL devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Bai
- College of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang City, 550025, People's Republic of China. Guizhou Province Key Lab. for Photoelectric Technology and Application, Guizhou University, Guiyang City, 550025, People's Republic of China
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37
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Stolle CJ, Lu X, Yu Y, Schaller RD, Korgel BA. Efficient Carrier Multiplication in Colloidal Silicon Nanorods. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5580-5586. [PMID: 28762274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Auger recombination lifetimes, absorption cross sections, and the quantum yields of carrier multiplication (CM), or multiexciton generation (MEG), were determined for solvent-dispersed silicon (Si) nanorods using transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS). Nanorods with an average diameter of 7.5 nm and aspect ratios of 6.1, 19.3, and 33.2 were examined. Colloidal Si nanocrystals of similar diameters were also studied for comparison. The nanocrystals and nanorods were passivated with organic ligands by hydrosilylation to prevent surface oxidation and limit the effects of surface trapping of photoexcited carriers. All samples used in the study exhibited relatively efficient photoluminescence. The Auger lifetimes increased with nanorod length, and the nanorods exhibited higher CM quantum yield and efficiency than the nanocrystals with a similar band gap energy Eg. Beyond a critical length, the CM quantum yield decreases. Nanorods with the aspect ratio of 19.3 had the highest CM quantum yield of 1.6 ± 0.2 at 2.9Eg, which corresponded to a multiexciton yield that was twice as high as observed for the spherical nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jackson Stolle
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaotang Lu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yixuan Yu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratories , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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38
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A novel CdTe/Eu-MOF photoanode for application in quantum dot-sensitized solar cell to improve power conversion efficiency. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kubie L, King LA, Kern ME, Murphy JR, Kattel S, Yang Q, Stecher JT, Rice WD, Parkinson BA. Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrathin Silver Sulfide Nanoplatelets. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8471-8477. [PMID: 28752997 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of ultrathin silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanoplatelets (NPLs) synthesized via a one-pot method in ethylene glycol with 3-mercaptopropionic acid serving as both the sulfur precursor and the platelet ligand. The colloidally synthesized nanoplatelets are exceptionally thin, with a thickness of only 3.5 ± 0.2 Å and a 1S exciton Bohr diameter to confinement ratio of ∼12.6. The NPL growth is shown to be quantized by layer thickness using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses of the NPLs show that they correspond to the (202) plane of the β-Ag2S structure. The PL quantum yield of these NPLs is ∼30%, suggesting their potential use in biomedical imaging. Optoelectronic properties were evaluated via sensitized photocurrent spectroscopy with the resulting spectra closely matching the distinctive absorption spectral shape of the Ag2S NPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Kubie
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Laurie A King
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Meghan E Kern
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Joseph R Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Subash Kattel
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Joshua T Stecher
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Bruce A Parkinson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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Tan L, Yang F, Kim MR, Li P, Gangadharan DT, Margot J, Izquierdo R, Chaker M, Ma D. Enhanced Long-term and Thermal Stability of Polymer Solar Cells in Air at High Humidity with the Formation of Unusual Quantum Dot Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26257-26267. [PMID: 28718290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the practical applications of polymer solar cells (PSCs), their stability recently has received increasing attention. Herein, a new strategy was developed to largely enhance the long-term and thermal stability of PSCs in air with a relatively high humidity of 50-60% without any encapsulation. In this strategy, semiconductor PbS/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were incorporated into the photoactive blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). By replacing the initial ligands of oleic acid with halide ligands on the surface of PbS/CdS QDs via solution-phase ligand exchange, we were able to form unusual, continuous QD networks in the film of P3HT:PCBM, which effectively stabilized the photoactive layer. Air-processed PSCs based on the stabilized P3HT:PCBM film showed excellent long-term stability under high humidity, providing over 3% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) simultaneously. Around 91% of pristine PCE was retained after 30 days storage in high-humidity air without encapsulation. This constitutes a remarkable improvement compared to ∼53% retained PCE for the QD-free devices, which can be ascribed to the efficient suppression of both PCBM aggregation and oxidation of the thiophene ring in P3HT, thanks to the formation of robust QD networks. Furthermore, the presence of QD networks was able to enhance the stability of the P3HT:PCBM film against thermal stress/oxidation under high-humidity environment (50-60%) as well. The device kept 60% of pristine PCE after thermal treatment for 12 h at 85 °C in air, which is more than twice higher than that for the QD-free device. To the best of our knowledge, the work represents the first unambiguous demonstration of the formation of QD networks in the photoactive layer and of their important contribution to the stability of PSCs. This strategy is highly promising for other fullerene-based PSCs and opens a new avenue toward achieving PSCs with high PCE and excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tan
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Mee Rahn Kim
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Pandeng Li
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Deepak Thrithamarassery Gangadharan
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Département d'informatique, University du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Joëlle Margot
- Département de physique, Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ricardo Izquierdo
- Département d'informatique, University du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) , Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mohamed Chaker
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Dongling Ma
- Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
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He X, Qiu Y, Yang S. Fully-Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Nanocrystals: A New Research Frontier of Optoelectronic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700775. [PMID: 28639413 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic trihalide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging as a new class of superstar semiconductors with excellent optoelectronic properties and great potential for a broad range of applications in lighting, lasing, photon detection, and photovoltaics. This article provides an up-to-date review on the developments of fully-inorganic trihalide perovskite NCs by emphasizing their controllable solution fabrication strategies, structural phase transformation, tunable optoelectronic properties, stability, as well as their photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Among the properties to be surveyed, particular focus is on the size-, shape-, and composition-dependent photoluminescence properties. Finally, by identifying new challenges, suggestions are provided for further research and potential development of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong He
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213001, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yongcai Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Wu G, Mora-Seró I, Ding C, Liu F, Huang Q, Ogomi Y, Hayase S, Toyoda T, Wang R, Otsuki J, Shen Q. Improvement of Photovoltaic Performance of Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells Using Organic Small Molecule as Hole-Selective Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2163-2169. [PMID: 28447790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel organic small molecule bis-triphenylamine with spiro(fluorene-9,9'-xanthene) as the conjugated system, named BTPA-4, is successfully synthesized and employed as the hole-selective layer (HSL) in colloidal quantum dots solar cells (CQDSCs). The introduction of BTPA-4 layer can significantly prolong effective carrier lifetime (τeff), increase charge recombination resistance (Rrec), and thus diminish the interfacial charge recombination at the PbS-QDs/Au electrode interface. The effect of BTPA-4 as HSL in the device performance is especially significant for the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), with a ∼ 10% and 15% enhancement respectively, comparing with those of device without the HSL. Furthermore, the PbS CQDSCs with BTPA-4 possessed a noticeably stable property for over 100 days of storage under ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Guohua Wu
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University , 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Chao Ding
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Feng Liu
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Qingxun Huang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yuhei Ogomi
- Faculty of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
| | - Shuzi Hayase
- Faculty of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Sustainable Energy and Buildings, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture , No.15 Yongyuan Road, Huangcun, Daxing, Beijing 102616, China
| | - Joe Otsuki
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University , 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Qing Shen
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Liao T, Sun Z, Dou SX. Theoretically Manipulating Quantum Dots on Two-Dimensional TiO 2 Monolayer for Effective Visible Light Absorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8255-8262. [PMID: 28218505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low solar energy harvesting and conversion efficiency has become a major problem in solar energy science and engineering owing to the difficulty in capturing solar energy across the wide solar spectrum, especially in the visible light range. Inspired by the extraordinary properties of materials arising from decreased dimensions, in this study, we explore a nanocontact system formed by a two-dimensional (2D) TiO2 monolayer and II-VI semiconductor (CdX)13 (X = S, Se, and Te) nanocages for engineering the visible light absorption. The nanocontact system, via either Ti-X or Cd-O bond coupling mechanism, forms an ideal type II band alignment, where the stronger donor-acceptor coupling in the Ti-X contact system more efficiently relaxes the coupled geometry and helps it to couple to more electrons, therefore leading to an enhancement of the absorption peaks in the visible frequency range. On changing the element X in (CdX)13 from S to Se then Te, a red shift of the visible light absorption peaks accompanied by stimulating optical response of the whole nanocontact system was observed. Nanocontacting semiconductors comprising low-dimensional (CdX)13 nanocage@TiO2 monolayer systems, which promote charge separation and optical absorption in the visible range that arise from the effects of adsorbent nature, decreasing size, and efficient interfacial coupling mechanism, are therefore promising photovoltaic and photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Australia and ‡School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ziqi Sun
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Australia and ‡School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Australia and ‡School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Peng W, Du J, Pan Z, Nakazawa N, Sun J, Du Z, Shen G, Yu J, Hu JS, Shen Q, Zhong X. Alloying Strategy in Cu-In-Ga-Se Quantum Dots for High Efficiency Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5328-5336. [PMID: 28092935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
I-III-VI2 group "green" quantum dots (QDs) are attracting increasing attention in photoelectronic conversion applications. Herein, on the basis of the "simultaneous nucleation and growth" approach, Cu-In-Ga-Se (CIGSe) QDs with light harvesting range of about 1000 nm were synthesized and used as sensitizer to construct quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), wild-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses demonstrate that the Ga element was alloyed in the Cu-In-Se (CISe) host. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and femtosecond (fs) resolution transient absorption (TA) measurement results indicate that the alloying strategy could optimize the electronic structure in the obtained CIGSe QD material, thus matching well with TiO2 substrate and favoring the photogenerated electron extraction. Open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) tests indicate that the intrinsic recombination in CIGSe QDSCs was well suppressed relative to that in CISe QDSCs. As a result, CIGSe based QDSCs with use of titanium mesh supported mesoporous carbon counter electrode exhibited a champion efficiency of 11.49% (Jsc = 25.01 mA/cm2, Voc = 0.740 V, FF = 0.621) under the irradiation of full one sun in comparison with 9.46% for CISe QDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Du
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxiao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Naoki Nakazawa
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications , Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Jiankun Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhonglin Du
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gencai Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin-Song Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications , Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Roy A, Das PP, Tathavadekar M, Das S, Devi PS. Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:210-221. [PMID: 28243559 PMCID: PMC5301656 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells, bovine serum albumin (BSA) (a nonhazardous protein) was used in the synthesis of colloidal CdS nanoparticles (NPs). This system has been employed to replace the commonly used N719 dye molecule. Various nanostructured forms of ZnO, namely, nanorod and nanoparticle-based photoanodes, have been sensitized with colloidal CdS NPs to evaluate their effective performance towards quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). A polysulphide (S x2-)-based electrolyte and Cu x S counter electrode were used for cell fabrication and testing. An interesting improvement in the performance of the device by imposing nanorods as a scattering layer on a particle layer has been observed. As a consequence, a maximum conversion efficiency of 1.06% with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.67 V was achieved for the ZnO nanorod/nanoparticle assembled structure. The introduction of ZnO nanorods over the nanoparticle led to a significant enhancement of the overall efficiency compared to the corresponding bare nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Roy
- Sensor and Actuator Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700032, India
- CSIR - Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE), New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Pratim Das
- Sensor and Actuator Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700032, India
- CSIR - Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE), New Delhi, India
| | - Mukta Tathavadekar
- CSIR - Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE), New Delhi, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Sumita Das
- Sensor and Actuator Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi
- Sensor and Actuator Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700032, India
- CSIR - Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE), New Delhi, India
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46
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Lee YS, Gopi CVVM, Eswar Reddy A, Nagaraju C, Kim HJ. High performance of TiO2/CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells with a Cu–ZnS passivation layer. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03898k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Cu–ZnS passivation layer effectively suppresses the charge recombination and increases the light harvesting in QDSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- South Korea
| | | | | | - Chandu Nagaraju
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- South Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- South Korea
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47
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Raphael E, Jara DH, Schiavon MA. Optimizing photovoltaic performance in CuInS2 and CdS quantum dot-sensitized solar cells by using an agar-based gel polymer electrolyte. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27635k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) offer new opportunities to address the clean energy challenge, being one of the top candidates for third generation photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Raphael
- Department of Natural Science
- Federal University of São João del-Rei – UFSJ
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
- Radiation Laboratory
| | - D. H. Jara
- Radiation Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - M. A. Schiavon
- Department of Natural Science
- Federal University of São João del-Rei – UFSJ
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
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Wang H, Sun P, Cong S, Wu J, Gao L, Wang Y, Dai X, Yi Q, Zou G. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots for "green" Quantum Dot Solar Cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:27. [PMID: 26781285 PMCID: PMC4717124 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considering the environment protection, "green" materials are increasingly explored for photovoltaics. Here, we developed a kind of quantum dots solar cell based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots. The nitrogen-doped carbon dots were prepared by direct pyrolysis of citric acid and ammonia. The nitrogen-doped carbon dots' excitonic absorption depends on the N-doping content in the carbon dots. The N-doping can be readily modified by the mass ratio of reactants. The constructed "green" nitrogen-doped carbon dots solar cell achieves the best power conversion efficiency of 0.79 % under AM 1.5 G one full sun illumination, which is the highest efficiency for carbon dot-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Cong
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Lijun Gao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Dai
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Yi
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifu Zou
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Water-Soluble CdTe/CdS Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals: How Their Optical Properties Depend on the Synthesis Methods. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Hou B, Cho Y, Kim B, Hong J, Park JB, Ahn SJ, Sohn JI, Cha S, Kim JM. Highly Monodispersed PbS Quantum Dots for Outstanding Cascaded-Junction Solar Cells. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2016; 1:834-839. [PMID: 28035335 PMCID: PMC5180466 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High-performance cascaded-junction quantum dot solar cells (CJQDSCs) are fabricated from as-prepared highly monodispersed lead sulfide QDs. The cells have a high power conversion of 9.05% and a short-circuit current density of 32.51 mA cm-2. A reliable and effective stratagem for fabricating high-quality lead sulfide quantum dots (QD) is explored through a "monomer" concentration-controlled experiment. Robust QDSC performances with different band gaps are demonstrated from the as-proposed synthesis and processing stratagems. Various potential CJQDSCs can be envisioned from the band edge evolution of the QDs as a function of size and ligands reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Yuljae Cho
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Byung
Sung Kim
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - John Hong
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Jeonju
Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Ahn
- New and Renewable Energy Research Division, Photovoltaic Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jung Inn Sohn
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - SeungNam Cha
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
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