1
|
Rossi V, Nielson SE, Ortolano A, Lonardo I, Haroldsen E, Comer D, Price OM, Wallace N, Hevel JM. Oligomerization of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 and its effect on methyltransferase activity and substrate specificity. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5118. [PMID: 39022984 PMCID: PMC11255602 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Proper protein arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is critical for maintaining cellular health, while dysregulation is often associated with disease. How the activity of PRMT1 is regulated is therefore paramount, but is not clearly understood. Several studies have observed higher order oligomeric species of PRMT1, but it is unclear if these exist at physiological concentrations and there is confusion in the literature about how oligomerization affects activity. We therefore sought to determine which oligomeric species of PRMT1 are physiologically relevant, and quantitatively correlate activity with specific oligomer forms. Through quantitative western blotting, we determined that concentrations of PRMT1 available in a variety of human cell lines are in the sub-micromolar to low micromolar range. Isothermal spectral shift binding data were modeled to a monomer/dimer/tetramer equilibrium with an EC50 for tetramer dissociation of ~20 nM. A combination of sedimentation velocity and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments directly confirmed that the major oligomeric species of PRMT1 at physiological concentrations would be dimers and tetramers. Surprisingly, the methyltransferase activity of a dimeric PRMT1 variant is similar to wild type, tetrameric PRMT1 with some purified substrates, but dimer and tetramer forms of PRMT1 show differences in catalytic efficiencies and substrate specificity for other substrates. Our results define an oligomerization paradigm for PRMT1, show that the biophysical characteristics of PRMT1 are poised to support a monomer/dimer/tetramer equilibrium in vivo, and suggest that the oligomeric state of PRMT1 could be used to regulate substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Sarah E. Nielson
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Ariana Ortolano
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Isabella Lonardo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Emeline Haroldsen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Drake Comer
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Owen M Price
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | | | - Joan M. Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin Y, Exell J, Lin H, Zhang C, Welsher KD. Hour-Long, Kilohertz Sampling Rate Three-Dimensional Single-Virus Tracking in Live Cells Enabled by StayGold Fluorescent Protein Fusions. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5590-5600. [PMID: 38808440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A viral infection process covers a large range of spatiotemporal scales. Tracking the viral infection process with fluorescent labels over long durations while maintaining a fast sampling rate requires bright and highly photostable labels. StayGold is a recently identified green fluorescent protein that has a greater photostability and higher signal intensity under identical illumination conditions compared to existing fluorescence protein variants. Here, StayGold protein fusions were used to generate virus-like particles (StayGold-VLPs) to achieve hour-long 3D single-virus tracking (SVT) with 1000 localizations per second (kHz sampling rate) in live cells. The expanded photon budget from StayGold protein fusions prolonged the tracking duration, facilitating a comprehensive study of viral trafficking dynamics with high temporal resolution over long time scales. The development of StayGold-VLPs presents a simple and general VLP labeling strategy for better performance in SVT, enabling exponentially more information to be collected from single trajectories and allowing for the future possibility of observing the entire life cycle of a single virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jack Exell
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haoting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kevin D Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Y, Exell J, Lin H, Zhang C, Welsher KD. Hour-long, Kilohertz Sampling Rate 3D Single-virus Tracking in Live Cells Enabled by StayGold Fluorescent Protein Fusions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585070. [PMID: 38559049 PMCID: PMC10979972 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The viral infection process covers a large range of spatiotemporal scales. Tracking the viral infection process with fluorescent labels over long durations while maintaining a fast sampling rate requires bright and highly photostable labels. StayGold is a recently identified green fluorescent protein that has a greater photostability and higher signal intensity under identical illumination conditions as compared to existing fluorescence protein variants. Here, StayGold protein fusions were used to generate virus-like particles (StayGold-VLPs) to achieve hour-long 3D single-virus tracking (SVT) with one thousand localizations per second (kHz sampling rate) in live cells. The expanded photon budget from StayGold protein fusions prolonged the tracking duration, facilitating a comprehensive study of viral trafficking dynamics with high temporal resolution over long timescales. The development of StayGold-VLPs presents a simple and general VLP labeling strategy for better performance in SVT, enabling exponentially more information to be collected from single trajectories and allowing for the future possibility of observing the whole life cycle of a single virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jack Exell
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haoting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kevin D. Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong BS, Dunnington EL, Wu R, Kim JI, Hu K, Ro TH, Fu D. Facilitated Transport of EGFR Inhibitors Plays an Important Role in Their Cellular Uptake. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1547-1555. [PMID: 38214696 PMCID: PMC11012238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein commonly targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a front-line therapy for patients with many cancers including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Effective treatment requires efficient intracellular drug uptake and target binding. However, despite the recent success in the development of new TKI drugs, the mechanisms of uptake for many TKIs are still poorly understood due to the difficulty in imaging and measuring nonfluorescent drug molecules at a subcellular resolution. It has previously been shown that weakly basic TKI drugs are sequestered in lysosomes. Leveraging this property, we apply hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging to directly visualize and quantify two Food and Drug Administration-approved EGFR inhibitor drugs (lapatinib and afatinib) inside living cells and the changes in their cellular uptake upon the addition of organic cation transporter inhibitors. These single-cell quantitative measurements provide new insight into the role of membrane transporters in the uptake of TKI drugs in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erin L Dunnington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ruibing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kailun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Thomas H Ro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blumenfeld Z, Bera K, Castrén E, Lester HA. Antidepressants enter cells, organelles, and membranes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:246-261. [PMID: 37783840 PMCID: PMC10700606 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
We begin by summarizing several examples of antidepressants whose therapeutic actions begin when they encounter their targets in the cytoplasm or in the lumen of an organelle. These actions contrast with the prevailing view that most neuropharmacological actions begin when drugs engage their therapeutic targets at extracellular binding sites of plasma membrane targets-ion channels, receptors, and transporters. We review the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic principles underlying the movements of drugs into subcellular compartments. We note the relationship between protonation-deprotonation events and membrane permeation of antidepressant drugs. The key properties relate to charge and hydrophobicity/lipid solubility, summarized by the parameters LogP, pKa, and LogDpH7.4. The classical metric, volume of distribution (Vd), is unusually large for some antidepressants and has both supracellular and subcellular components. A table gathers structures, LogP, PKa, LogDpH7.4, and Vd data and/or calculations for most antidepressants and antidepressant candidates. The subcellular components, which can now be measured in some cases, are dominated by membrane binding and by trapping in the lumen of acidic organelles. For common antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), the target is assumed to be the eponymous reuptake transporter(s), although in fact the compartment of target engagement is unknown. We review special aspects of the pharmacokinetics of ketamine, ketamine metabolites, and other rapidly acting antidepressants (RAADs) including methoxetamine and scopolamine, psychedelics, and neurosteroids. Therefore, the reader can assess properties that markedly affect a drug's ability to enter or cross membranes-and therefore, to interact with target sites that face the cytoplasm, the lumen of organelles, or a membrane. In the current literature, mechanisms involving intracellular targets are termed "location-biased actions" or "inside-out pharmacology". Hopefully, these general terms will eventually acquire additional mechanistic details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zack Blumenfeld
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kallol Bera
- Department of Neurosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leow JWH, Gu Y, Chan ECY. Investigating the relevance of CYP2J2 inhibition for drugs known to cause intermediate to high risk torsades de pointes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106475. [PMID: 37225005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) metabolizes endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), to bioactive regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites. This endogenous metabolic pathway has been postulated to play a homeostatic role in cardiac electrophysiology. However, it is unknown if drugs that cause intermediate to high risk torsades de pointes (TdP) exhibit inhibitory effects against CYP2J2 metabolism of AA to EETs. In this study, we demonstrated that 11 out of 16 drugs screened with intermediate to high risk of TdP as defined by the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative are concurrently reversible inhibitors of CYP2J2 metabolism of AA, with unbound inhibitory constant (Ki,AA,u) values ranging widely from 0.132 to 19.9 µM. To understand the physiological relevancy of Ki,AA,u, the in vivo unbound drug concentration within human heart tissue (Cu,heart) was calculated via experimental determination of in vitro unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) for 10 CYP2J2 inhibitors using AC16 human ventricular cardiomyocytes as well as literature-derived values of fraction unbound in plasma (fu,p) and plasma drug concentrations in clinical scenarios leading to TdP. Notably, all CYP2J2 inhibitors screened belonging to the high TdP risk category, namely vandetanib and bepridil, exhibited highest Kpuu values of 18.2 ± 1.39 and 7.48 ± 1.16 respectively although no clear relationship between Cu,heart and risk of TdP could eventually be determined. R values based on basic models of reversible inhibition as per FDA guidelines were calculated using unbound plasma drug concentrations (Cu,plasma) and adapted using Cu,heart which suggested that 4 out of 10 CYP2J2 inhibitors with intermediate to high risk of TdP demonstrate greatest potential for clinically relevant in vivo cardiac drug-AA interactions. Our results shed novel insights on the relevance of CYP2J2 inhibition in drugs with risk of TdP. Further studies ascertaining the role of CYP2J2 metabolism of AA in cardiac electrophysiology, characterizing inherent cardiac ion channel activities of drugs with risk of TdP as well as in vivo evidence of drug-AA interactions will be required prior to determining if CYP2J2 inhibition could be an alternative mechanism contributing to drug-induced TdP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Wen Hui Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hammar R, Sellin ME, Artursson P. Epithelial and microbial determinants of colonic drug distribution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106389. [PMID: 36690119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic epithelium and a rich microbiota, separated by multi-layered mucus, make up the complex colonic cellular environment. Both cellular systems are characterized by high inter- and intraindividual differences, but their impact on drug distribution and efficacy remains incompletely understood. This research gap is pressing, as, e.g., inflammatory disorders of the colon are on the rise globally. In an effort to help close this gap, we provide considerations on determining colonic epithelial and microbial cellular parameters, and their impact on drug bioavailability. First, we cover the major cell types found in vivo within the epithelium and microbiota, and discuss how they can be modeled in vitro. We then draw attention to their structural similarities and differences with regard to determinants of drug distribution. Once a drug is solubilized in the luminal fluids, there are two main classes of such determinants: 1) binding processes, and 2) transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Binding lowers the unbound intracellular fraction (fu,cell), which will, in turn, limit the amount of drug available for transport to desired sites. Transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes are ADME proteins impacting intracellular accumulation (Kp). Across cell types, we point out which processes are likely particularly impactful. Together, fu,cell and Kp can be used to describe intracellular bioavailability (Fic), which is a measure of local drug distribution, with consequences for efficacy. Determining these cellular parameters will be beneficial in understanding colonic drug distribution and will advance the field of drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekkah Hammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nichols AL, Blumenfeld Z, Luebbert L, Knox HJ, Muthusamy AK, Marvin JS, Kim CH, Grant SN, Walton DP, Cohen BN, Hammar R, Looger L, Artursson P, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors within Cells: Temporal Resolution in Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Membrane. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2222-2241. [PMID: 36868853 PMCID: PMC10072302 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1519-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most prescribed treatment for individuals experiencing major depressive disorder. The therapeutic mechanisms that take place before, during, or after SSRIs bind the serotonin transporter (SERT) are poorly understood, partially because no studies exist on the cellular and subcellular pharmacokinetic properties of SSRIs in living cells. We studied escitalopram and fluoxetine using new intensity-based, drug-sensing fluorescent reporters targeted to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cultured neurons and mammalian cell lines. We also used chemical detection of drug within cells and phospholipid membranes. The drugs attain equilibrium in neuronal cytoplasm and ER at approximately the same concentration as the externally applied solution, with time constants of a few s (escitalopram) or 200-300 s (fluoxetine). Simultaneously, the drugs accumulate within lipid membranes by ≥18-fold (escitalopram) or 180-fold (fluoxetine), and possibly by much larger factors. Both drugs leave cytoplasm, lumen, and membranes just as quickly during washout. We synthesized membrane-impermeant quaternary amine derivatives of the two SSRIs. The quaternary derivatives are substantially excluded from membrane, cytoplasm, and ER for >2.4 h. They inhibit SERT transport-associated currents sixfold or 11-fold less potently than the SSRIs (escitalopram or fluoxetine derivative, respectively), providing useful probes for distinguishing compartmentalized SSRI effects. Although our measurements are orders of magnitude faster than the therapeutic lag of SSRIs, these data suggest that SSRI-SERT interactions within organelles or membranes may play roles during either the therapeutic effects or the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors stabilize mood in several disorders. In general, these drugs bind to SERT, which clears serotonin from CNS and peripheral tissues. SERT ligands are effective and relatively safe; primary care practitioners often prescribe them. However, they have several side effects and require 2-6 weeks of continuous administration until they act effectively. How they work remains perplexing, contrasting with earlier assumptions that the therapeutic mechanism involves SERT inhibition followed by increased extracellular serotonin levels. This study establishes that two SERT ligands, fluoxetine and escitalopram, enter neurons within minutes, while simultaneously accumulating in many membranes. Such knowledge will motivate future research, hopefully revealing where and how SERT ligands engage their therapeutic target(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Nichols
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Zack Blumenfeld
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007
| | - Laura Luebbert
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailey J Knox
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Anand K Muthusamy
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Viginia 20147
| | - Charlene H Kim
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Stephen N Grant
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - David P Walton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Bruce N Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Rebekkah Hammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loren Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Viginia 20147
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dennis A Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Altrichter Y, Bou-Dib P, Kuznia C, Seitz O. Towards a templated reaction that translates RNA in cells into a proaptotic peptide-PNA conjugate. J Pept Sci 2023:e3477. [PMID: 36606596 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-templated chemistry opens the intriguing prospect of triggering the synthesis of drugs only in diseased cells. Herein, we explore the feasibility of using RNA-templated chemical reactions for the activation of a known Smac peptidomimetic compound (SMC), which has proapoptotic activity. Two peptide nucleic acid (PNA) conjugates were used to enable conditional activation of a masked SMC by reduction of an azide either by Staudinger reduction or catalytic photoreduction using a ruthenium complex. The latter provided ~135 nM SMC-PNA on as little as 10 nM (0.01 eq.) template. For the evaluation of the templated azido-SMC reduction system in cellulo, a stable HEK 293 cell line was generated, which overexpressed a truncated, non-functional form of the XIAP mRNA target. We furthermore describe the development of electroporation protocols that enable a robust delivery of PNA conjugates into HEK 293 cells. The action of the reactive PNA conjugates was evaluated by viability and flow cytometric apoptosis assays. In addition, electroporated probes were re-isolated and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Unfortunately, the ruthenium-PNA conjugate proved phototoxic, and treatment of cells with PNA-linked reducing agent and the azido-masked SMC conjugate did not result in a greater viability loss than treatment with scrambled sequence controls. Intracellular product formation was not detectable. A control experiment in total cellular RNA isolate indicated that the templated reaction can in principle proceed in a complex system. The results of this first-of-its-kind study reveal the numerous hurdles that must be overcome if RNA molecules are to trigger the synthesis of pro-apoptotic drugs inside cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Altrichter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bou-Dib
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Kuznia
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, He M, Xie Q, Su A, Yang K, Liu L, Liang J, Li Z, Huang X, Hu J, Liu Q, Song B, Hu C, Chen L, Wang Y. Predicting In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Antivirals by Intracellular Bioavailability and Biochemical Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45023-45035. [PMID: 36530252 PMCID: PMC9753181 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular drug response (concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum cellular effect, EC50) can be predicted by the intracellular bioavailability (F ic) and biochemical activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) of drugs. In an ideal model, the cellular negative log of EC50 (pEC50) equals the sum of log F ic and the negative log of IC50 (pIC50). Here, we measured F ic's of remdesivir, favipiravir, and hydroxychloroquine in various cells and calculated their anti-SARS-CoV-2 EC50's. The predicted EC50's are close to the observed EC50's in vitro. When the lung concentrations of antiviral drugs are higher than the predicted EC50's in alveolar type 2 cells, the antiviral drugs inhibit virus replication in vivo, and vice versa. Overall, our results indicate that both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of drugs can be predicted by their intracellular bioavailability and biochemical activity without using virus. This virus-free strategy can help medicinal chemists and pharmacologists to screen antivirals during early drug discovery, especially for researchers who are not able to work in the high-level biosafety lab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Zhang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Mingfeng He
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ailing Su
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Kuangyang Yang
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Lichu Liu
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Jianhui Liang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xiuxin Huang
- The
First Clinical College of Changsha Medical College, Changsha410219, China
| | - Jianshu Hu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
| | - Qian Liu
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Bing Song
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of
Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes
and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dimitrijevic D, Fabian E, Nicol B, Funk-Weyer D, Landsiedel R. Toward Realistic Dosimetry In Vitro: Determining Effective Concentrations of Test Substances in Cell Culture and Their Prediction by an In Silico Mass Balance Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1962-1973. [PMID: 36264934 PMCID: PMC9682521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nominal concentrations (CNom) in cell culture media are routinely used to define concentration-effect relationships in the in vitro toxicology. The actual concentration in the medium (CMedium) can be affected by adsorption processes, evaporation, or degradation of chemicals. Therefore, we measured the total and free concentration of 12 chemicals, covering a wide range of lipophilicity (log KOW -0.07-6.84), in the culture medium (CMedium) and cells (CCell) after incubation with Balb/c 3T3 cells for up to 48 h. Measured values were compared to predictions using an as yet unpublished in silico mass balance model that combined relevant equations from similar models published by others. The total CMedium for all chemicals except tamoxifen (TAM) were similar to the CNom. This was attributed to the cellular uptake of TAM and accumulation into lysosomes. The free (i.e., unbound) CMedium for the low/no protein binding chemicals were similar to the CNom, whereas values of all moderately to highly protein-bound chemicals were less than 30% of the CNom. Of the 12 chemicals, the two most hydrophilic chemicals, acetaminophen (APAP) and caffeine (CAF), were the only ones for which the CCell was the same as the CNom. The CCell for all other chemicals tended to increase over time and were all 2- to 274-fold higher than CNom. Measurements of CCytosol, using a digitonin method to release cytosol, compared well with CCell (using a freeze-thaw method) for four chemicals (CAF, APAP, FLU, and KET), indicating that both methods could be used. The mass balance model predicted the total CMedium within 30% of the measured values for 11 chemicals. The free CMedium of all 12 chemicals were predicted within 3-fold of the measured values. There was a poorer prediction of CCell values, with a median overprediction of 3- to 4-fold. In conclusion, while the number of chemicals in the study is limited, it demonstrates the large differences between CNom and total and free CMedium and CCell, which were also relatively well predicted by the mass balance model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Dimitrijevic
- Free
University of Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Königin-Luise-Straße
2−4, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- BASF
SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Beate Nicol
- Safety
& Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever
U.K., Sharnbrook, MK44 ILQBedford, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothee Funk-Weyer
- BASF
SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Free
University of Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Königin-Luise-Straße
2−4, 14195Berlin, Germany,BASF
SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany,. Fax: +49 621 60-58134
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kenny PW. Hydrogen-Bond Donors in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14261-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Kenny
- Berwick-on-Sea, North Coast Road, Blanchisseuse, Saint George, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poller B, Werner S, Domange N, Mettler L, Stein RR, Loretan J, Wartmann M, Faller B, Huth F. Time Matters - In vitro Cellular Disposition Kinetics Help Rationalizing Cellular Potency Disconnects. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:878-889. [PMID: 36189672 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2130837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Loss in potency is commonly observed in early drug discovery when moving from biochemical to more complex cellular systems. Among other factors, low permeability is often considered to cause such potency disconnects.We developed a novel cellular disposition assay in MDCK cells to determine passive uptake clearance (PSinf), cell-to-medium ratios at steady-state (Kp) and the time to reach 90% steady-state (TTSS90) from a single experiment in a high-throughput format.The assay was validated using 40 marketed drugs, showing a wide distribution of PSinf and Kp values. The parameters generally correlated with transcellular permeability and lipophilicity, while PSinf data revealed better resolution in the high and low permeability ranges compared to traditional permeability data. A linear relationship between the Kp/PSinf ratio and TTSS90 was mathematically derived and experimentally validated, demonstrating the dependency of TTSS90 on the rate and extent of cellular accumulation.Cellular disposition parameters could explain potency (IC50) disconnects noted for seven Bruton's tyrosine kinase degrader compounds in a cellular potency assay. In contrast to transcellular permeability, PSinf data enabled identification of the compounds with IC50 disconnects based on their time to reach equilibrium. Overall, the novel assay offers the possibility to address potency disconnects in early drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birk Poller
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Werner
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Domange
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lina Mettler
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R Stein
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Loretan
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Faller
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Huth
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Huang J, Chen R, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Xue C, Li Y, Zheng L, Huang Y, Wang Q, Chen Y, Gong Z. Comparative pharmacokinetic study of the five anti-inflammatory active ingredients of Inula cappa in a normal and an LPS-induced inflammatory cell model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981112. [PMID: 36199688 PMCID: PMC9527281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inula cappa is a commonly used medicine in the Miao area of Guizhou Province in China. We established an in vitro inflammatory model of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells to study the different pharmacokinetics of five anti-inflammatory active ingredients in the I. cappa extract namely luteolin (LUT), chlorogenic acid (CA), cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA) and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA), in a normal and an inflammatory cell model. First, RAW264.7 cells were treated in vitro with l μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to establish an inflammatory cell model. Then, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the five ingredients were compared in normal and inflammatory cells after treatment with 200 μg/ml and 800 μg/ml of I. cappa extracts. After treatment with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h, the volume of RAW264.7 cells was increased, the morphology was changed, the antennae were obvious, and the secretion of inflammatory factors nitric oxide and TNF-α was increased. The pharmacokinetics results showed that the five ingredients in normal and inflammatory cells exhibited an increase in Cmax and AUC values with increasing doses, and the Cmax and AUC values of five ingredients were positively correlated with the extract concentration. Each of these five ingredients presented nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics. After treatment with 200 μg/ml of I. cappa extract, the uptake of five ingredients increased in inflammatory cells, Tmax was prolonged, MRT and t1/2 were prolonged, and CL_F and Vz_F were decreased, while after treatment with 800 μg/ml of I. cappa extract, the uptake of five ingredients decreased, Tmax was prolonged, absorption was faster, and MRT and t1/2 were prolonged. The five analyzed components in I. cappa extract exerted different effects on normal cells and LPS-induced inflammatory cells. Compared to normal cells, the uptake of five ingredients in inflammatory cells was faster and the AUC and Cmax values increased with increasing doses, showing a dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetic effects of the five analyzed ingredients in I. cappa extract are changed in the inflammatory state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruixing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yueting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Chen, ; Zipeng Gong,
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Chen, ; Zipeng Gong,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gardner I, Xu M, Han C, Wang Y, Jiao X, Jamei M, Khalidi H, Kilford P, Neuhoff S, Southall R, Turner DB, Musther H, Jones B, Taylor S. Non-specific binding of compounds in in vitro metabolism assays: a comparison of microsomal and hepatocyte binding in different species and an assessment of the accuracy of prediction models. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:943-956. [PMID: 36222269 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific binding in in vitro metabolism systems leads to an underestimation of the true intrinsic metabolic clearance of compounds being studied. Therefore in vitro binding needs to be accounted for when extrapolating in vitro data to predict the in vivo metabolic clearance of a compound. While techniques exist for experimentally determining the fraction of a compound unbound in in vitro metabolism systems, early in drug discovery programmes computational approaches are often used to estimate the binding in the in vitro system.Experimental fraction unbound data (n = 60) were generated in liver microsomes (fumic) from five commonly used pre-clinical species (rat, mouse, dog, minipig, monkey) and humans. Unbound fraction in incubations with mouse, rat or human hepatocytes was determined for the same 60 compounds. These data were analysed to determine the relationship between experimentally determined binding in the different matrices and across different species. In hepatocytes there was a good correlation between fraction unbound in human and rat (r2=0.86) or mouse (r2=0.82) hepatocytes. Similar correlations were observed between binding in human liver microsomes and microsomes from rat, mouse, dog, Göttingen minipig or monkey liver microsomes (r2 of >0.89, n = 51 - 52 measurements in different species). Physicochemical parameters (logP, pKa and logD) were predicted for all evaluated compounds. In addition, logP and/or logD were measured for a subset of compounds.Binding to human hepatocytes predicted using 5 different methods was compared to the measured data for a set of 59 compounds. The best methods evaluated used measured microsomal binding in human liver microsomes to predict hepatocyte binding. The collated physicochemical data were used to predict the human fumic using four different in silico models for a set of 53-60 compounds. The correlation (r2) and root mean square error between predicted and observed microsomal binding was 0.69 & 0.20, 0.47 & 0.23, 0.56 & 0.21 and 0.54 & 0.26 for the Turner-Simcyp, Austin, Hallifax-Houston and Poulin models, respectively. These analyses were extended to include measured literature values for binding in human liver microsomes for a larger set of compounds (n=697). For the larger dataset of compounds, microsomal binding was well predicted for neutral compounds (r2=0.67 - 0.70) using the Poulin, Austin, or Turner-Simcyp methods but not for acidic or basic compounds (r2<0.5) using any of the models. While the lipophilicity-based models can be used, the in vitro binding should be measured for compounds where more certainty is needed, using appropriately calibrated assays and possibly established weak, moderate, and strong binders as reference compounds to allow comparison across databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Xu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Kilford
- Certara UK Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Labcorp Drug Development, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry Jones
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Taylor
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vallianatou T, Tsopelas F, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Prediction Models for Brain Distribution of Drugs Based on Biomimetic Chromatographic Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123668. [PMID: 35744794 PMCID: PMC9227077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput approaches for the valid estimation of brain disposition is of great importance in the early drug screening of drug candidates. However, the complexity of brain tissue, which is protected by a unique vasculature formation called the blood−brain barrier (BBB), complicates the development of robust in silico models. In addition, most computational approaches focus only on brain permeability data without considering the crucial factors of plasma and tissue binding. In the present study, we combined experimental data obtained by HPLC using three biomimetic columns, i.e., immobilized artificial membranes, human serum albumin, and α1-acid glycoprotein, with molecular descriptors to model brain disposition of drugs. Kp,uu,brain, as the ratio between the unbound drug concentration in the brain interstitial fluid to the corresponding plasma concentration, brain permeability, the unbound fraction in the brain, and the brain unbound volume of distribution, was collected from literature. Given the complexity of the investigated biological processes, the extracted models displayed high statistical quality (R2 > 0.6), while in the case of the brain fraction unbound, the models showed excellent performance (R2 > 0.9). All models were thoroughly validated, and their applicability domain was estimated. Our approach highlighted the importance of phospholipid, as well as tissue and protein, binding in balance with BBB permeability in brain disposition and suggests biomimetic chromatography as a rapid and simple technique to construct models with experimental evidence for the early evaluation of CNS drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (A.T.-K.)
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna Tsantili-Kakoulidou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (A.T.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lay CS, Thomas DA, Evans JP, Jones EJ, Gatfield KM, Craggs PD. A kinetic intra-cellular assay (KICA) to measure quantitative compound binding kinetics within living cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101078. [PMID: 35059653 PMCID: PMC8760444 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kinetic Intra-Cellular Assay (KICA) is a recombinant cell-based technique that utilizes NanoBRET technology. KICA enables the measurement of intracellular binding kinetics. This protocol describes steps for cellular transfection and expression, followed by addition of a target specific fluorophore conjugated probe and a range of concentrations of competitor compounds, followed by the measurement of BRET in a 384 well format. Fitting the BRET data allows measurement of forward and reverse binding rates and the determination of KD. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Lay et al. (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Lay
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
- Arctoris, Oxford OX14 4SA, UK
| | - John P. Evans
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Emma J. Jones
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kelly M. Gatfield
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
- GSK-Francis Crick Institute Linklabs, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soliman ME, Adewumi AT, Akawa OB, Subair TI, Okunlola FO, Akinsuku OE, Khan S. Simulation Models for Prediction of Bioavailability of Medicinal Drugs-the Interface Between Experiment and Computation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35292867 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral drug bioavailability (BA) problems have remained inevitable over the years, impairing drug efficacy and indirectly leading to eventual human morbidity and mortality. However, some conventional lab-based methods improve drug absorption leading to enhanced BA, and the recent experimental techniques are up-and-coming. Nevertheless, some have inherent drawbacks in improving the efficacy of poorly insoluble and low impermeable drugs. Drug BA and strategies to overcome these challenges were briefly highlighted. This review has significantly unravelled the different computational models for studying and predicting drug bioavailability. Several computational approaches provide mechanistic insights into the oral drug delivery system simulation of descriptors like solubility, permeability, transport protein-ligand interactions, and molecular structures. The in silico techniques have long been known still are just being applied to unravel drug bioavailability issues. Many publications have reported novel applications of the computational models towards achieving improved drug BA, including predicting gastrointestinal tract (GIT) drug absorption properties and passive intestinal membrane permeability, thus maximizing time and resources. Also, the classical molecular simulation models for free solvation energies of soluble-related processes such as solubilization, dissolutions, supersaturation, and precipitation have been used in virtual screening studies. A few of the tools are GastroPlusTM that supports biowaiver for drugs, mainly BCS class III and predicts drug compounds' absorption and pharmacokinetic process; SimCyp® simulator for mechanistic modelling and simulation of drug formulation processes; pharmacodynamics analysis on non-linear mixed-effects modelling; and mathematical models, predicting absorption potential/maximum absorption dose. This review provides in silico-experiment annexation in the drug bioavailability enhancement, possible insights that lead to critical opinion on the applications and reliability of the various in silico models as a growing tool for drug development and discovery, thus accelerating drug development processes.
Collapse
|
20
|
The physiology and genetics of bacterial responses to antibiotic combinations. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:478-490. [PMID: 35241807 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several promising strategies based on combining or cycling different antibiotics have been proposed to increase efficacy and counteract resistance evolution, but we still lack a deep understanding of the physiological responses and genetic mechanisms that underlie antibiotic interactions and the clinical applicability of these strategies. In antibiotic-exposed bacteria, the combined effects of physiological stress responses and emerging resistance mutations (occurring at different time scales) generate complex and often unpredictable dynamics. In this Review, we present our current understanding of bacterial cell physiology and genetics of responses to antibiotics. We emphasize recently discovered mechanisms of synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions, hysteresis in temporal interactions between antibiotics that arise from microbial physiology and interactions between antibiotics and resistance mutations that can cause collateral sensitivity or cross-resistance. We discuss possible connections between the different phenomena and indicate relevant research directions. A better and more unified understanding of drug and genetic interactions is likely to advance antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kay E, Stulz R, Becquart C, Lovric J, Tängemo C, Thomen A, Baždarević D, Najafinobar N, Dahlén A, Pielach A, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Strömberg R, Ämmälä C, Andersson S, Kurczy M. NanoSIMS Imaging Reveals the Impact of Ligand-ASO Conjugate Stability on ASO Subcellular Distribution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020463. [PMID: 35214195 PMCID: PMC8876276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to specific cell types via targeted endocytosis is challenging due to the low cell surface expression of target receptors and inefficient escape of ASOs from the endosomal pathway. Conjugating ASOs to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) leads to efficient target knockdown, specifically in pancreatic β-cells. It is presumed that ASOs dissociate from GLP1 intracellularly to enable an ASO interaction with its target RNA. It is unknown where or when this happens following GLP1-ASO binding to GLP1R and endocytosis. Here, we use correlative nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy to explore GLP1-ASO subcellular trafficking in GLP1R overexpressing HEK293 cells. We isotopically label both eGLP1 and ASO, which do not affect the eGLP1-ASO conjugate function. We found that the eGLP1 peptide and ASO are not detected at the same level in the same endosomes, within 30 min of GLP1R-HEK293 cell exposure to eGLP1-ASO. When we utilized different linker chemistry to stabilize the GLP1-ASO conjugate, we observed more ASO located with GLP1 compared to cell incubation with the less stable conjugate. Overall, our work suggests that the ASO separates from GLP1 relatively early in the endocytic pathway, and that linker chemistry might impact the GLP1-ASO function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kay
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Rouven Stulz
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; (R.S.); (R.S.)
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Cécile Becquart
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Jelena Lovric
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Carolina Tängemo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Aurélien Thomen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Dženita Baždarević
- Bioscience, Early Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anders Dahlén
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Pielach
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.P.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.P.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; (R.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Carina Ämmälä
- Bioscience, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Michael Kurczy
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.B.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Summerfield SG, Yates JWT, Fairman DA. Free Drug Theory - No Longer Just a Hypothesis? Pharm Res 2022; 39:213-222. [PMID: 35112229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Free Drug Hypothesis is a well-established concept within the scientific lexicon pervading many areas of Drug Discovery and Development, and yet it is poorly defined by virtue of many variations appearing in the literature. Clearly, unbound drug is in dynamic equilibrium with respect to absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and indeed, interaction with the desired pharmacological target. Binding interactions be they specific (e.g. high affinity) or nonspecific (e.g. lower affinity/higher capacity) are governed by the same fundamental physicochemical tenets including Hill-Langmuir Isotherms, the Law of Mass Action and Drug Receptor Theory. With this in mind, it is time to recognise a more coherent version and consider it the Free Drug Theory and a hypothesis no longer. Today, we have the experimental and modelling capabilities, pharmacological knowledge, and an improved understanding of unbound drug distribution (e.g. Kpuu) to raise the bar on our understanding and analysis of experimental data. The burden of proof should be to rule out mechanistic possibilities and/or experimental error before jumping to the conclusion that any observations contradict these fundamentals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Summerfield
- UK Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - James W T Yates
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David A Fairman
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Route of intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity of sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112528. [PMID: 34906777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular uptake concentration determines drug absorption, drug activity, and toxicity. Sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin are promising bioactive components from Sesame indicum L. Their respective intracellular uptake pathway and cytotoxicity were evaluated using melanoma and non-cancerous cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were built to identify the molecular features affecting drug uptake in cells. The respective intracellular uptake pathway for sesamol vs. sesamin and sesamolin was carrier-mediated vs. passive transport. Topological polar surface area (PSA) and 2D autocorrections increase the intracellular concentration (C/M ratio) of these compounds. Sesamol has the lowest C/M ratio compared to sesamin and sesamolin, but only sesamol inhibits the cell viability of melanoma and provides an inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50) against melanoma cells. The slightly aqueous solubility of sesamin and sesamolin, therefore, limits testing of their cytotoxicity. In conclusion, sesamol has the potential to inhibit melanoma cell growth, but requires improvement of the C/M ratio to increase its physicochemical properties. Thus, in order to investigate the cytotoxicity of sesamin and sesamolin against melanoma cells a solubility enhancer is needed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hellinen L, Koskela A, Vattulainen E, Liukkonen M, Wegler C, Treyer A, Handin N, Svensson R, Myöhänen T, Poso A, Kaarniranta K, Artursson P, Urtti A. Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase: A promising pathway to prevent the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112501. [PMID: 34891119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a currently untreatable vision threatening disease. Impaired proteasomal clearance and autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and subsequent photoreceptor damage are connected with dry AMD, but detailed pathophysiology is still unclear. In this paper, we discover inhibition of cytosolic protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), as a potential pathway to treat dry AMD. We showed that PREP inhibitor exposure induced autophagy in the RPE cells, shown by increased LC3-II levels and decreased p62 levels. PREP inhibitor treatment increased total levels of autophagic vacuoles in the RPE cells. Global proteomics was used to examine the phenotype of a commonly used cell model displaying AMD characteristics, oxidative stress and altered protein metabolism, in vitro. These RPE cells displayed induced protein aggregation and clear alterations in macromolecule metabolism, confirming the relevance of the cell model. Differences in intracellular target engagement of PREP inhibitors were observed with cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). These differences were explained by intracellular drug exposure (the unbound cellular partition coefficient, Kpuu). Importantly, our data is in line with previous observations regarding the discrepancy between PREP's cleaving activity and outcomes in autophagy. This highlights the need to further explore PREP's role in autophagy so that more effective compounds can be designed to battle diseases in which autophagy induction is needed. The present work is the first report investigating the PREP pathway in the RPE and we predict that the PREP inhibitors can be further optimized for treatment of dry AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Elina Vattulainen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Mikko Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramsden D, Perloff ES, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Ho T, Patel R, Kozminski KD, Fullenwider CL, Zhang JG. Predictive In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation for Time Dependent Inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 Using Pooled Human Hepatocytes, Human Liver Microsomes, and a Simple Mechanistic Static Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:114-127. [PMID: 34789487 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes can lead to significant increases in exposure of co-medicants. The majority of reported in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) data have historically focused on CYP3A4 leaving the assessment of other CYP isoforms insubstantial. To this end, the utility of human hepatocytes (HHEP) and microsome (HLM) to predict clinically relevant DDIs was investigated with a focus on CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Evaluation of IVIVE for CYP2B6 was limited to only weak inhibition. A search of the University of Washington Drug-Drug Interaction Database was conducted to identify a clinically relevant weak, moderate and strong inhibitor for selective substrates of CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, resulting in 18 inhibitors for in vitro characterization against 119 clinical interaction studies. Pooled human hepatocytes and HLM were pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of inhibitors for designated timepoints. Time dependent inhibition (TDI) was detected in HLM for four moderate/strong inhibitors suggesting that some optimization of incubation conditions (i.e. lower protein concentrations) is needed to capture weak inhibition. Clinical risk assessment was conducted by incorporating the in vitro derived kinetic parameters kinact and KI into static equations recommended by regulatory authorities. Significant overprediction was observed when applying the basic models recommended by regulatory agencies. Mechanistic static models (MSM), which consider the fraction of metabolism through the impacted enzyme, using the unbound hepatic inlet concentration lead to the best overall prediction accuracy with 92% and 85% of data from HHEPs and HLM, respectively, within 2-fold of the observed value. Significance Statement Collectively, the data demonstrate that coupling time-dependent inactivation parameters derived from pooled human hepatocytes and HLM with a mechanistic static model provides an easy and quantitatively accurate means to determine clinical DDI risk from in vitro data. Weak and moderate inhibitors did not show TDI under standard incubation conditions using HLM and optimization of incubation conditions is warranted. Recommendations are made with respect to input parameters for IVIVE of TDI with non-CYP3A enzymes using available data from HLM and HHEPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke S Perloff
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | | | - Thuy Ho
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | - Reena Patel
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| | - Kirk D Kozminski
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, United States
| | | | - J George Zhang
- Corning Gentest Contract Research Services, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kong NR, Liu H, Che J, Jones LH. Physicochemistry of Cereblon Modulating Drugs Determines Pharmacokinetics and Disposition. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1861-1865. [PMID: 34795877 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide engage cereblon and mediate a protein interface with neosubstrates such as zinc finger transcription factors promoting their polyubiquitination and degradation. The IMiDs have garnered considerable excitement in drug discovery, leading to exploration of targeted protein degradation strategies. Although the molecular modes-of-action of the IMiDs and related degraders have been the subject of intense research, their pharmacokinetics and disposition have been relatively understudied. Here, we assess the effects of physicochemistry of the IMiDs, the phthalimide EM-12, and the candidate drug CC-220 (iberdomide) on lipophilicity, solubility, metabolism, permeability, intracellular bioavailability, and cell-based potency. The insights yielded in this study will enable the rational property-based design and development of targeted protein degraders in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R. Kong
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hu Liu
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jianwei Che
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lyn H. Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ye M, Kong Y, Zhang C, Lv Y, Cheng S, Hou D, Xian Y. Near-Infrared Light Controllable DNA Walker Driven by Endogenous Adenosine Triphosphate for in Situ Spatiotemporal Imaging of Intracellular MicroRNA. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14253-14262. [PMID: 34409836 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful signal amplification tool, the DNA walker has been widely applied to detect rare microRNA (miRNA) in vivo. Despite the significant advances, a near-infrared (NIR) light controllable DNA walker for signal amplification powered by an endogenous initiator has not been realized, which is crucial for spatiotemporal imaging of miRNA in living cells with high sensitivity. Herein, we constructed a NIR-photoactivatable DNA walker system, which was powered by endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for in situ miRNA imaging with spatial and temporal resolution. The system was very stable with an extremely low fluorescent background for the bioimaging in living cells. We employed upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the carriers of the DNA probe and transducers of converting NIR to UV light. Coupled with the DNA walker fueled by intracellular ATP, a smart system based on the NIR light initiated DNA walker was successfully developed for precise spatiotemporal control in living cells. Triggered by NIR light, the DNA walker could autonomously and progressively travel along the track with the assistance of intracellular ATP. The system has been successfully applied for in situ miRNA imaging in different cell lines with highly spatial and temporal resolution. This strategy can expand NIR photocontrol the DNA walker for precise imaging in a biological system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yujing Kong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yifei Lv
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shasha Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dongyan Hou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuezhong Xian
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain extracellular fluid surrogacy is context-specific: insights from LeiCNS-PK3.0 simulations. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:725-741. [PMID: 34142308 PMCID: PMC8405486 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Predicting brain pharmacokinetics is critical for central nervous system (CNS) drug development yet difficult due to ethical restrictions of human brain sampling. CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles are often altered in CNS diseases due to disease-specific pathophysiology. We previously published a comprehensive CNS physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model that predicted the PK profiles of small drugs at brain and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Here, we improved this model with brain non-specific binding and pH effect on drug ionization and passive transport. We refer to this improved model as Leiden CNS PBPK predictor V3.0 (LeiCNS-PK3.0). LeiCNS-PK3.0 predicted the unbound drug concentrations of brain ECF and CSF compartments in rats and humans with less than two-fold error. We then applied LeiCNS-PK3.0 to study the effect of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, CSF volume and flow, on brain extracellular fluid (ECF) pharmacokinetics. The effect of altered CSF dynamics was simulated using LeiCNS-PK3.0 for six drugs and the resulting drug exposure at brain ECF and lumbar CSF were compared. Simulation results showed that altered CSF dynamics changed the CSF PK profiles, but not the brain ECF profiles, irrespective of the drug's physicochemical properties. Our analysis supports the notion that lumbar CSF drug concentration is not an accurate surrogate of brain ECF, particularly in CNS diseases. Systems approaches account for multiple levels of CNS complexity and are better suited to predict brain PK.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cooper E, Choi PJ, Denny WA, Jose J, Dragunow M, Park TIH. The Use of Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes as Drug-Conjugate Systems in the Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:654921. [PMID: 34141613 PMCID: PMC8204086 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.654921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer therapeutics for brain tumors must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the tumor in adequate quantities and overcome the resistance conferred by the local tumor microenvironment. Clinically approved chemotherapeutic agents have been investigated for brain neoplasms, but despite their effectiveness in peripheral cancers, failed to show therapeutic success in brain tumors. This is largely due to their poor bioavailability and specificity towards brain tumors. A targeted delivery system might improve the efficacy of the candidate compounds by increasing the retention time in the tumor tissue, and minimizing the numerous side effects associated with the non-specific distribution of the chemotherapy agent. Heptamethine cyanine dyes (HMCDs) are a class of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) compounds that have recently emerged as promising agents for drug delivery. Initially explored for their use in imaging and monitoring neoplasms, their tumor-targeting properties have recently been investigated for their use as drug carrier systems. This review will explore the recent developments in the tumour-targeting properties of a specific group of NIRF cyanine dyes and the preclinical evidence for their potential as drug-delivery systems in the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J. Choi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hugh Green Biobank, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I.-H. Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pannecoucke E, Van Trimpont M, Desmet J, Pieters T, Reunes L, Demoen L, Vuylsteke M, Loverix S, Vandenbroucke K, Alard P, Henderikx P, Deroo S, Baatz F, Lorent E, Thiolloy S, Somers K, McGrath Y, Van Vlierberghe P, Lasters I, Savvides SN. Cell-penetrating Alphabody protein scaffolds for intracellular drug targeting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabe1682. [PMID: 33771865 PMCID: PMC7997521 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic scope of antibody and nonantibody protein scaffolds is still prohibitively limited against intracellular drug targets. Here, we demonstrate that the Alphabody scaffold can be engineered into a cell-penetrating protein antagonist against induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein MCL-1, an intracellular target in cancer, by grafting the critical B-cell lymphoma 2 homology 3 helix of MCL-1 onto the Alphabody and tagging the scaffold's termini with designed cell-penetration polypeptides. Introduction of an albumin-binding moiety extended the serum half-life of the engineered Alphabody to therapeutically relevant levels, and administration thereof in mouse tumor xenografts based on myeloma cell lines reduced tumor burden. Crystal structures of such a designed Alphabody in complex with MCL-1 and serum albumin provided the structural blueprint of the applied design principles. Collectively, we provide proof of concept for the use of Alphabodies against intracellular disease mediators, which, to date, have remained in the realm of small-molecule therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Pannecoucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maaike Van Trimpont
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindy Reunes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Demoen
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Blake RA, Sadowsky JD, Adaligil E, Adhikari P, Bhakta S, Blaquiere N, Chen J, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Gascoigne KE, Hartman SJ, He M, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Liu L, Liu L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Meng F, Mulvihill MM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Staben LR, Staben ST, Wai J, Wang J, Wei B, Wilson C, Xin J, Xu Z, Yao H, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhu X. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of Chimeric BRD4 Degraders. Part 1: Exploration of Antibody Linker, Payload Loading, and Payload Molecular Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2534-2575. [PMID: 33596065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological and medicinal impacts of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and related chimeric molecules that effect intracellular degradation of target proteins via ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination continue to grow. However, these chimeric entities are relatively large compounds that often possess molecular characteristics, which may compromise oral bioavailability, solubility, and/or in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. We therefore explored the conjugation of such molecules to monoclonal antibodies using technologies originally developed for cytotoxic payloads so as to provide alternate delivery options for these novel agents. In this report, we describe the first phase of our systematic development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) derived from bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4)-targeting chimeric degrader entities. We demonstrate the antigen-dependent delivery of the degrader payloads to PC3-S1 prostate cancer cells along with related impacts on MYC transcription and intracellular BRD4 levels. These experiments culminate with the identification of one degrader conjugate, which exhibits antigen-dependent antiproliferation effects in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emel Adaligil
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Karen E Gascoigne
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven J Hartman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mingtao He
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liang Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee O'Donohue
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianfeng Xin
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nowak RP, Jones LH. Target Validation Using PROTACs: Applying the Four Pillars Framework. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 26:474-483. [PMID: 33334221 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220979584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional compounds that recruit the E3 ubiquitin ligase machinery to proteins of interest, resulting in their ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Targeted protein degradation has generated considerable interest in drug discovery because inhibition of one particular function of a protein often does not deliver the therapeutic efficacy that results from whole-protein depletion. However, the physicochemistry and intrinsically complex pharmacology of PROTACs present challenges, particularly for the development of orally bioavailable drugs. Here we describe the application of a translational pharmacology framework (called the four pillars) to expedite PROTAC development by informing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) understanding and helping elucidate structure-activity relationships. Experimental methods are reviewed that help illuminate exposure of the drug or probe at the site of action (pillar 1) and engagement of its target(s) (pillar 2) that drive functional pharmacological effects (pillar 3) resulting in modulation of a relevant phenotype (pillar 4). We hope the guidance will be useful to those developing targeted protein degraders and help establish PROTAC molecules as robust target validation chemical probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław P Nowak
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu L, Dumbrepatil AB, Fleischhacker AS, Marsh ENG, Ragsdale SW. Heme oxygenase-2 is post-translationally regulated by heme occupancy in the catalytic site. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17227-17240. [PMID: 33051205 PMCID: PMC7863905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-2 (HO2) and -1 (HO1) catalyze heme degradation to biliverdin, CO, and iron, forming an essential link in the heme metabolism network. Tight regulation of the cellular levels and catalytic activities of HO1 and HO2 is important for maintaining heme homeostasis. HO1 expression is transcriptionally regulated; however, HO2 expression is constitutive. How the cellular levels and activity of HO2 are regulated remains unclear. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of post-translational regulation of cellular HO2 levels by heme. We find that, under heme-deficient conditions, HO2 is destabilized and targeted for degradation, suggesting that heme plays a direct role in HO2 regulation. HO2 has three heme binding sites: one at its catalytic site and the others at its two heme regulatory motifs (HRMs). We report that, in contrast to other HRM-containing proteins, the cellular protein level and degradation rate of HO2 are independent of heme binding to the HRMs. Rather, under heme deficiency, loss of heme binding to the catalytic site destabilizes HO2. Consistently, an HO2 catalytic site variant that is unable to bind heme exhibits a constant low protein level and an enhanced protein degradation rate compared with the WT HO2. Finally, HO2 is degraded by the lysosome through chaperone-mediated autophagy, distinct from other HRM-containing proteins and HO1, which are degraded by the proteasome. These results reveal a novel aspect of HO2 regulation and deepen our understanding of HO2's role in maintaining heme homeostasis, paving the way for future investigation into HO2's pathophysiological role in heme deficiency response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arti B Dumbrepatil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hann MM. Lessons in Transcellular Membrane Transport Re-Learned. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:548-551. [PMID: 33144234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A brief note on the studies we have conducted on total and free drug concentration of thousands of drug discovery compounds in HeLa cells as measured by an approach inspired by the work of Professor Per Arturrsson. We conclude that the familiar QSAR equations of Corwin Hansch which were modelled as a bell shape by using logP and -logP2 terms can be similarly seen in our results and this can be interpreted with the aid of chromatographic Immobilised Artificial Membrane measurements. We also point out the differences between our measurements and those widely used based on Artificial Membrane Permeability Assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Hann
- Medicinal Sciences and Technologies, GSK Medicine's Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tampio J, Huttunen J, Montaser A, Huttunen KM. Targeting of Perforin Inhibitor into the Brain Parenchyma Via a Prodrug Approach Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation and Improve Cell Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4563-4577. [PMID: 32754897 PMCID: PMC7515946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic protein perforin has a crucial role in infections and tumor surveillance. Recently, it has also been associated with many brain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have attracted interest as novel drug candidates. We have previously reported that converting a perforin inhibitor into an L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-utilizing prodrug can improve the compound's brain drug delivery not only across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but also into the brain parenchymal cells: neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The present study evaluated whether the increased uptake into mouse primary cortical astrocytes and subsequently improvements in the cellular bioavailability of this brain-targeted perforin inhibitor prodrug could enhance its pharmacological effects, such as inhibition of production of caspase-3/-7, lipid peroxidation products and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation mouse model. It was demonstrated that increased brain and cellular drug delivery could improve the ability of perforin inhibitors to elicit their pharmacological effects in the brain at nano- to picomolar levels. Furthermore, the prodrug displayed multifunctional properties since it also inhibited the activity of several key enzymes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and most probably also cyclooxygenases (COX) at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, this prodrug is a potential drug candidate for preventing Aβ-accumulation and ACh-depletion in addition to combatting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis within the brain. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Matsson P, Baranczewski P, Giacomini KM, Andersson TB, Palm J, Palm K, Charman WN, Bergström CAS. A Tribute to Professor Per Artursson - Scientist, Explorer, Mentor, Innovator, and Giant in Pharmaceutical Research. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2-11. [PMID: 33096136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to Professor Per Artursson and the groundbreaking contributions he has made and continues to make in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Per is one of the most cited researchers in his field, with more than 30,000 citations and an h-index of 95 as of September 2020. Importantly, these citations are distributed over the numerous fields he has explored, clearly showing the high impact the research has had on the discipline. We provide a short portrait of Per, with emphasis on his personality, driving forces and the inspirational sources that shaped his career as a world-leading scientist in the field. He is a curious scientist who deftly moves between disciplines and has continued to innovate, expand boundaries, and profoundly impact the pharmaceutical sciences throughout his career. He has developed new tools and provided insights that have significantly contributed to today's molecular and mechanistic approaches to research in the fields of intestinal absorption, cellular disposition, and exposure-efficacy relationships of pharmaceutical drugs. We want to celebrate these important contributions in this special issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Per's honor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Retired)
| | - Johan Palm
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Palm
- Early Product Development and Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William N Charman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jain S, Jariyal H, Srivastava A, Sengupta P. Target specific intracellular quantification of etoposide by quadrupole-time of flight based mass spectrometric method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122233. [PMID: 32673832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (ETP), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent has an intracellular target site of action. Unfortunately, the concentration of ETP in plasma does not properly reflect the concentration in its intracellular site of action. As per our knowledge, no reported bioanalytical method is available for intracellular quantification of ETP. In this research, we developed an LC-MS/MS method to quantitate ETP in intracellular compartments of MCF-7 cells. The Abcam nuclear extraction kit was used for extracting the nuclear and cytosolic protein from MCF-7 cells. The method showed excellent linearity in the 20-1000 ng/mL range. The intra and inter-day precision (%CV) including LLOQ were found to be in the range of 2.19-16.96% and 6.71-11.21%, respectively, with an accuracy of 86.87 to 110.37% and 93.03 to 100.50%, respectively. The concentration of ETP in nuclear and cytosolic fraction was successfully quantitated using the developed method. The developed method can be applied to understand the efficacy of different formulations based on the intracellular ETP concentration in vitro. It can be considered as a model method for quantification of other similar categories of drugs in their actual intracellular site of action after required optimization in the methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Jain
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Heena Jariyal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060554. [PMID: 32560065 PMCID: PMC7355663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities with high performance quantitation instrumentation. We present here a screening of melanin binding with label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) that utilizes the natural autofluorescence of melanin. We determined equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 11 model compounds with melanin nanoparticles. MST categorized the compounds into extreme (chloroquine, penicillin G), high (papaverine, levofloxacin, terazosin), intermediate (timolol, nadolol, quinidine, propranolol), and low melanin binders (atropine, methotrexate, diclofenac) and displayed good correlation with binding parameter values obtained with the conventional binding study and LC/MS analytics. Further, correlation was seen between predicted melanin binding in human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE-choroid) and Kd values obtained with MST. This method represents a useful and fast approach for classification of compounds regarding melanin binding. Thus, the method can be utilized in various fields, including drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
Collapse
|
39
|
Trünkle C, Lechner C, Korr D, Bouché L, Barak N, Fernández-Montalván A, Süssmuth RD, Reichel A. Concentration Dependence of the Unbound Partition Coefficient Kpuu and Its Application to Correct for Exposure-Related Discrepancies between Biochemical and Cellular Potency of KAT6A Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:553-562. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
40
|
Deng L, Huang X, Ren J. In Situ Study of the Drug–Target Protein Interaction in Single Living Cells by Combining Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy with Affinity Probes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7020-7027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang F, Li S, Gan T, Stott GM, Flint A, Chou TF. Allosteric p97 Inhibitors Can Overcome Resistance to ATP-Competitive p97 Inhibitors for Potential Anticancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:685-694. [PMID: 32162487 PMCID: PMC9049325 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge of targeted cancer therapy is the selection for drug-resistant mutations in tumor cells leading to loss of treatment effectiveness. p97/VCP is central regulator of protein homeostasis and a promising anticancer target because of its vital role in cell growth and survival. One ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor, CB-5083, has entered clinical trials. Selective pressure on HCT116 cells dosed with CB-5083 identified five different resistant mutants. Identification of p97 inhibitors with different mechanisms of action would offer the potential to overcome this class of resistance mutations. Our results demonstrate that two CB-5083 resistant p97 mutants, N660 K and T688 A, were also resistant to several other ATP-competitive p97 inhibitors, whereas inhibition by two allosteric p97 inhibitors NMS-873 and UPCDC-30245 were unaffected by these mutations. We also established a CB-5083 resistant cell line that harbors a new p97 double mutation (D649 A/T688 A). While CB-5083, NMS-873, and UPCDC-30245 all effectively inhibited proliferation of the parental HCT116 cell line, NMS-873 and UPCDC-30245 were 30-fold more potent in inhibiting the CB-5083 resistant D649 A/T688 A double mutant than CB-5083. Our results suggest that allosteric p97 inhibitors are promising alternatives when resistance to ATP-competitive p97 inhibitors arises during anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Current address: Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Current address: Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Taiping Gan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Gordon M Stott
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrew Flint
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Current address: Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sodhi JK, Liu S, Benet LZ. Challenging the Relevance of Unbound Tissue-to-Blood Partition Coefficient (Kp uu) on Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2020; 37:73. [PMID: 32215750 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the theoretical/practical utility of the liver-to-blood partition coefficient (Kpuu) for predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and compare the Kpuu-approach to the extended clearance concept AUCR-approach. METHODS The Kpuu relationship was derived from first principles. Theoretical simulations investigated the impact of changes in a single hepatic-disposition process on unbound systemic (AUCB,u) and hepatic exposure (AUCH,u) versus Kpuu. Practical aspects regarding Kpuu utilization were examined by predicting the magnitude of DDI between ketoconazole and midazolam employing published ketoconazole Kpuu values. RESULTS The Kpuu hepatic-disposition relationship is based on the well-stirred model. Simulations emphasize that changes in influx/efflux intrinsic clearances result in Kpuu changes, however AUCH,u remains unchanged. Although incorporation of Kpuu is believed to improve DDI-predictions, utilizing published ketoconazole Kpuu values resulted in prediction errors for a midazolam DDI. CONCLUSIONS There is limited benefit in using Kpuu for DDI-predictions as the AUCR-based approach can reasonably predict DDIs without measurement of intracellular drug concentrations, a difficult task hindered by experimental variability. Further, Kpuu changes can mislead as they may not correlate with changes in AUCB,u or AUCH,u. The well-stirred model basis of Kpuu when applied to hepatic-disposition implies that nuances of intracellular drug distribution are not considered by the Kpuu model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Loyez M, Hassan EM, Lobry M, Liu F, Caucheteur C, Wattiez R, DeRosa MC, Willmore WG, Albert J. Rapid Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells Using a Multiresonant Optical Fiber Aptasensor with Plasmonic Amplification. ACS Sens 2020; 5:454-463. [PMID: 31967461 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are responsible for metastasis in several forms of cancer, represents an important goal in oncological diagnosis and treatment. These cells remain extremely challenging to detect, despite numerous previous studies, due to their low concentration (1-10 cells/mL of blood). In this work, an all-fiber plasmonic aptasensor featuring multiple narrowband resonances in the near-infrared wavelength range was developed to detect metastatic breast cancer cells. To this aim, specific aptamers against mammaglobin-A were selected and immobilized as receptors on the sensor surface. In vitro assays confirm that the label-free and real-time detection of cancer cells [limit of detection (LOD) of 49 cells/mL] occurs within 5 min, while the additional use of functionalized gold nanoparticles allows a 2-fold amplification of the biosensor response. Differential measurements on selected optical resonances were used to process the sensor response, and results were confirmed by microscopy. The detection of only 10 cancer cells/mL was achieved with relevant specificity against control cells and with quick response time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Médéric Loyez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eman M. Hassan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Maxime Lobry
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunications Department, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Electronics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunications Department, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Maria C. DeRosa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - William G. Willmore
- Institute of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jacques Albert
- Department of Electronics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Olson KR, Gao Y, Steiger AK, Pluth MD, Tessier CR, Markel TA, Boone D, Stahelin RV, Batinic-Haberle I, Straubg KD. Effects of Manganese Porphyrins on Cellular Sulfur Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040980. [PMID: 32098303 PMCID: PMC7070779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese porphyrins (MnPs), MnTE-2-PyP5+, MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, are superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics and form a redox cycle between O2 and reductants, including ascorbic acid, ultimately producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We previously found that MnPs oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to polysulfides (PS; H2Sn, n = 2–6) in buffer. Here, we examine the effects of MnPs for 24 h on H2S metabolism and PS production in HEK293, A549, HT29 and bone marrow derived stem cells (BMDSC) using H2S (AzMC, MeRho-AZ) and PS (SSP4) fluorophores. All MnPs decreased intracellular H2S production and increased intracellular PS. H2S metabolism and PS production were unaffected by cellular O2 (5% versus 21% O2), H2O2 or ascorbic acid. We observed with confocal microscopy that mitochondria are a major site of H2S production in HEK293 cells and that MnPs decrease mitochondrial H2S production and increase PS in what appeared to be nucleoli and cytosolic fibrillary elements. This supports a role for MnPs in the metabolism of H2S to PS, the latter serving as both short- and long-term antioxidants, and suggests that some of the biological effects of MnPs may be attributable to sulfur metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (Y.G.); (C.R.T.); (D.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1 (574) 631-7560
| | - Yan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (Y.G.); (C.R.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Andrea K. Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (A.K.S.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; (A.K.S.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Charles R. Tessier
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (Y.G.); (C.R.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, 705 Riley Hospital Dr, RI 2500, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - David Boone
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (Y.G.); (C.R.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Karl D. Straubg
- Central Arkansas Veteran’s Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bonifácio MJ, Sousa F, Aires C, Loureiro AI, Fernandes-Lopes C, Pires NM, Palma PN, Moser P, Soares-da-Silva P. Preclinical pharmacological evaluation of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor BIA 10-2474. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2123-2142. [PMID: 31901141 PMCID: PMC7161550 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose In 2016, one person died and four others had mild‐to‐severe neurological symptoms during a phase I trial of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10‐2474. Experimental Approach Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were performed with BIA 10‐2474, PF‐04457845 and JNJ‐42165279 using mice, rats and human FAAH expressed in COS cells. Selectivity was evaluated by activity‐based protein profiling (APBB) in rats. BIA 10‐2474 effect in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was investigated. Key Results BIA 10‐2474 was 10‐fold less potent than PF‐04457845 in inhibiting human FAAH in situ but inhibited mouse brain and liver FAAH with ED50 values of 13.5 and 6.2 μg·kg−1, respectively. Plasma and brain BIA 10‐2474 levels were consistent with in situ potency and neither BIA 10‐2474 nor its metabolites accumulated following repeat administration. FAAH and α/β‐hydrolase domain containing 6 were the primary targets of BIA 10‐2474 and, at higher exposure levels, ABHD11, PNPLA6, PLA2G15, PLA2G6 and androgen‐induced protein 1. At 100 mg·kg−1 for 28 days, the level of several lipid species containing arachidonic acid increased. Daily treatment of SHRSP with BIA 10‐2474 did not affect mortality rate or increased the incidence of haemorrhage or oedema in surviving animals. Conclusions and Implications BIA 10‐2474 potently inhibits FAAH in vivo, similarly to PF‐04457845 and interacts with a number of lipid processing enzymes, some previously identified in human cells as off‐targets particularly at high levels of exposure. These interactions occurred at doses used in toxicology studies, but the implication of these off‐targets in the clinical trial accident remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-João Bonifácio
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Cátia Aires
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Ana I Loureiro
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes-Lopes
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Nuno M Pires
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Pedro Nuno Palma
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Paul Moser
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research, Bial-Portela & Cª., S.A., Coronado (S Mamede & S Romão), Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Knoll A, Kankowski S, Schöllkopf S, Meier JC, Seitz O. Chemo-biological mRNA imaging with single nucleotide specificity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 55:14817-14820. [PMID: 31763632 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unambiguous imaging of C → U edited mRNA calls for a method that distinguishes a locally high concentration of unbound probe or single nucleotide mismatched target from a locally low concentration of matched mRNA target. To address this issue, we combine FIT probes as a "chemical" detection system with the "biological" MS2 technique. Ratio measurements provide a convenient parameter to discriminate the edited from the unedited state of mRNA encoding for GlyR α2 in HEK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Knoll
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Astrocyte-Targeted Transporter-Utilizing Derivatives of Ferulic Acid Can Have Multifunctional Effects Ameliorating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3528148. [PMID: 31814871 PMCID: PMC6877910 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3528148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural phenolic antioxidant, which can exert also several other beneficial effects to combat neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. One of these properties is the inhibition of several enzymes and factors, such as β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipoxygenases (LOXs), mammalian (or mechanistic) target for rapamycin (mTOR), and transcription factor NF-κB. We have previously synthesized three L-type amino acid transporter 1- (LAT1-) utilizing FA-derivatives with the aim to develop brain-targeted prodrugs of FA. In the present study, the cellular uptake and bioavailability of these FA-derivatives were evaluated in mouse primary astrocytic cell cultures together with their inhibitory effects towards BACE1, COX/LOX, mTOR, NF-κB, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and oxidative stress. According to the results, all three FA-derivatives were taken up 200–600 times more effectively at 10 μM concentration into the astrocytes than FA, with one derivative having a high intracellular bioavailability (Kp,uu), particularly at low concentrations. Moreover, all of the derivatives were able to inhibit BACE1, COX/LOX, AChE, and oxidative stress measured as decreased cellular lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, one of the derivatives modified the total mTOR amount. Therefore, these derivatives have the potential to act as multifunctional compounds preventing β-amyloid accumulation as well as combating inflammation and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. Thus, this study shows that converting a parent drug into a transporter-utilizing derivative not only may increase its brain and cellular uptake, and bioavailability but can also broaden the spectrum of pharmacological effects elicited by the derivative.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jakubiak P, Cantrill C, Urtti A, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Establishment of an In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Melanin Binding and the Extension of the Ocular Half-Life of Small-Molecule Drugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4890-4901. [PMID: 31670965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of drugs bind effectively to melanin, and this binding influences their ocular pharmacokinetic and distribution profiles. We aimed to establish a correlation between in vitro melanin binding and in vivo ocular pharmacokinetics (PK). The extent of melanin binding in vitro was determined for a set of model drugs; binding kinetics and binding isotherms were generated and fitted to a mechanistic model to derive the drug-melanin binding parameters (Bmax, KD, kon, and koff). In addition, in vitro ADME properties such as cellular permeability, P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, plasma protein binding, and octanol partition coefficients were determined. Moreover, cellular uptake was measured in the nonpigmented ARPE-19 cells and in lightly pigmented human epidermal melanocytes. Finally, in vivo ocular PK studies were performed in albino and pigmented rats using intravenous injections. Substantial drug enrichment accompanied by a very long residence time was observed in pigmented ocular tissues, which could be linked to the melanin binding determined in vitro and to the intracellular drug uptake into the pigmented cells. The resulting ocular PK profile is shown to be a consequence of the interplay of melanin binding with concurrent processes such as systemic clearance, plasma protein binding, cellular permeation, P-glycoprotein efflux, pH partitioning, and tissue binding. Understanding this interplay at a mechanistic level could help in the rational design and development of new small-molecule drug candidates with the desired PK/pharmacodynamic profile to target the back of the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carina Cantrill
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
A Cell-Free Approach Based on Phospholipid Characterization for Determination of the Cell Specific Unbound Drug Fraction (f u,cell). Pharm Res 2019; 36:178. [PMID: 31701258 PMCID: PMC6838048 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The intracellular fraction of unbound compound (fu,cell) is an important parameter for accurate prediction of drug binding to intracellular targets. fu,cell is the result of a passive distribution process of drug molecules partitioning into cellular structures. Initial observations in our laboratory showed an up to 10-fold difference in the fu,cell of a given drug for different cell types. We hypothesized that these differences could be explained by the phospholipid (PL) composition of the cells, since the PL cell membrane is the major sink of unspecific drug binding. Therefore, we determined the fu,cell of 19 drugs in cell types of different origin. Method The cells were characterized for their total PL content and we used mass spectrometric PL profiling to delineate the impact of each of the four major cellular PL subspecies: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). The cell-based experiments were compared to cell-free experiments that used beads covered by PL bilayers consisting of the most abundant PL subspecies. Results PC was found to give the largest contribution to the drug binding. Improved correlations between the cell-based and cell-free assays were obtained when affinities to all four major PL subspecies were considered. Together, our data indicate that fu,cell is influenced by PL composition of cells. Conclusion We conclude that cellular PL composition varies between cell types and that cell-specific mixtures of PLs can replace cellular assays for determination of fu,cell as a rapid, small-scale assay covering a broad dynamic range. . ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-019-2717-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
50
|
Amon S, Meier-Abt F, Gillet LC, Dimitrieva S, Theocharides APA, Manz MG, Aebersold R. Sensitive Quantitative Proteomics of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1454-1467. [PMID: 30975897 PMCID: PMC6601215 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir119.001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes in multicellular organisms depend on the function and interactions of specialized cell types operating in context. Some of these cell types are rare and thus obtainable only in minute quantities. For example, tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells are numerically scarce, but functionally highly relevant, and fulfill critical roles in development, tissue maintenance, and disease. Whereas low numbers of cells are routinely analyzed by genomics and transcriptomics, corresponding proteomic analyses have so far not been possible due to methodological limitations. Here we describe a sensitive and robust quantitative technique based on data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. We quantified the proteome of sets of 25,000 human hematopoietic stem/multipotent progenitor cells (HSC/MPP) and three committed progenitor cell subpopulations of the myeloid differentiation pathway (common myeloid progenitors, megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors, and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors), isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from five healthy donors. On average, 5,851 protein groups were identified per sample. A subset of 4,131 stringently filtered protein groups was quantitatively compared across the 20 samples, defining unique signatures for each subpopulation. A comparison of proteomic and transcriptomic profiles indicated HSC/MPP-specific divergent regulation of biochemical functions such as telomerase maintenance and quiescence-inducing enzymes, including isocitrate dehydrogenases. These are essential for maintaining stemness and were detected at proteome, but not transcriptome, level. The method is equally applicable to almost any rare cell type, including healthy and cancer stem cells or physiologically and pathologically infiltrating cell populations. It thus provides essential new information toward the detailed biochemical understanding of cell development and functionality in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Amon
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Meier-Abt
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;; §Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic C Gillet
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Slavica Dimitrieva
- ¶Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus G Manz
- §Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;; ‖Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|