1
|
Mars–van Krevelen mechanism for CO oxidation on the polyoxometalates-supported Rh single-atom catalysts: An insight from density functional theory calculations. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
2
|
Jordan JW, Fung KLY, Skowron ST, Allen CS, Biskupek J, Newton GN, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Single-molecule imaging and kinetic analysis of intermolecular polyoxometalate reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7377-7387. [PMID: 34163827 PMCID: PMC8171355 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We induce and study reactions of polyoxometalate (POM) molecules, [PW12O40]3- (Keggin) and [P2W18O62]6- (Wells-Dawson), at the single-molecule level. Several identical carbon nanotubes aligned side by side within a bundle provided a platform for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of ca. 100 molecules encapsulated within the nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the entrapment of POM molecules their proximity to one another is effectively controlled, limiting molecular motion in two dimensions but leaving the third dimension available for intermolecular reactions between pairs of neighbouring molecules. By coupling the information gained from high resolution structural and kinetics experiments via the variation of key imaging parameters in the TEM, we shed light on the reaction mechanism. The dissociation of W-O bonds, a key initial step of POM reactions, is revealed to be reversible by the kinetic analysis, followed by an irreversible bonding of POM molecules to their nearest neighbours, leading to a continuous tungsten oxide nanowire, which subsequently transforms into amorphous tungsten-rich clusters due to progressive loss of oxygen atoms. The overall intermolecular reaction can therefore be described as a step-wise reductive polycondensation of POM molecules, via an intermediate state of an oxide nanowire. Kinetic analysis enabled by controlled variation of the electron flux in TEM revealed the reaction to be highly flux-dependent, which leads to reaction rates too fast to follow under the standard TEM imaging conditions. Although this presents a challenge for traditional structural characterisation of POM molecules, we harness this effect by controlling the conditions around the molecules and tuning the imaging parameters in TEM, which combined with theoretical modelling and image simulation, can shed light on the atomistic mechanisms of the reactions of POMs. This approach, based on the direct space and real time chemical reaction analysis by TEM, adds a new method to the arsenal of single-molecule kinetics techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd. Didcot OX11 0DE UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3HP UK
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sahraoui Y, Chaliaa S, Maaref A, Haddad A, Bessueille F, Jaffrezic‐Renault N. Synergistic Effect of Polyoxometalate and Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Peroxidase‐like Mimics and Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Sahraoui
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Sciences of Monastir Avenue of Environment 5019 Monastir Tunisia
- University of LyonInstitute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL 5280 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sana Chaliaa
- University of MonastirLaboratory of Materials and Crystallochemistry, Superior Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Avenue El Mourouj 5111 Mahdia Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Maaref
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Sciences of Monastir Avenue of Environment 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Amor Haddad
- University of MonastirLaboratory of Materials and Crystallochemistry, Superior Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Avenue El Mourouj 5111 Mahdia Tunisia
| | - Francois Bessueille
- University of LyonInstitute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL 5280 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic‐Renault
- University of LyonInstitute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL 5280 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tao M, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Geletii YV, Wang X, Hill CL. Heterogenization of polyoxometalates as solid catalysts in aerobic oxidation of glycerol. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of heterogeneous catalysts LnPMo12O40 (L = Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Zn2+) and HxPMo11LO39 (L = Zn2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ti4+) were prepared using a simple calcination treatment and were evaluated in aerobic oxidation of glycerol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Tao
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yue Li
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dalla Francesca K, Lenfant S, Laurans M, Volatron F, Izzet G, Humblot V, Methivier C, Guerin D, Proust A, Vuillaume D. Charge transport through redox active [H 7P 8W 48O 184] 33- polyoxometalates self-assembled onto gold surfaces and gold nanodots. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1863-1878. [PMID: 30637426 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are redox-active molecular oxides, which attract growing interest for their integration into nano-devices, such as high-density data storage non-volatile memories. In this work, we investigated the electrostatic deposition of the negatively charged [H7P8W48O184]33- POM onto positively charged 8-amino-1-octanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) preformed onto gold substrates or onto an array of gold nanodots. The ring-shaped [H7P8W48O184]33- POM was selected as an example of large POMs with high charge storage capacity. To avoid the formation of POM aggregates onto the substrates, which would introduce variability in the local electrical properties, special attention has to be paid to the preformed SAM seeding layer, which should itself be deprived of aggregates. Where necessary, rinsing steps were found to be crucial to eliminate these aggregates and to provide uniformly covered substrates for subsequent POM deposition and electrical characterizations. This especially holds for commercially available gold/glass substrates while these rinsing steps were not essential in the case of template stripped gold of very low roughness. Charge transport through the related molecular junctions and nanodot molecule junctions (NMJs) has been probed by conducting-AFM. We analyzed the current-voltage curves with different models: electron tunneling though the SAMs (Simmons model), transition voltage spectroscopy (TVS) method or molecular single energy level mediated transport (Landauer equation) and we discussed the energetics of the molecular junctions. We concluded to an energy level alignment of the alkyl spacer and POM lowest occupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), probably due to dipolar effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dalla Francesca
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu CG, Zhang LL, Chen XM. CO oxidation over the polyoxometalate-supported single-atom catalysts M1/POM (Fe, Co, Mn, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, and Pt; POM = [PW12O40]3–): a computational study on the activation of surface oxygen species. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6228-6235. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03843k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore the catalytic performance of a series of the M1/POM (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, and Pt; POM = [PW12O40]3−) single-atom catalysts for CO oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Guang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
| | - Li-Long Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sinha S, Sheng Y, Griffiths I, Young NP, Zhou S, Kirkland AI, Porfyrakis K, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10439-10451. [PMID: 30256088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (Gd3N@C80) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd. We show that hydrogen can be used to reduce the temperature of MF fragmentation and metal ejection, enabling Gd nanocluster formation on graphene surfaces at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The process of MF fragmentation and metal ejection is captured in situ and reveals that after metal release, the C80 cage opens further and fuses with the surface monolayer carbon glass on graphene, creating a highly stable carbon layer for further Gd adatom adhesion. Small voids and defects (∼1 nm) in the surface carbon glass act as trapping sites for Gd atoms, leading to atomic self-assembly of 2D monolayer Gd clusters. These results show that MFs can adhere to graphene surfaces at temperatures well above their bulk sublimation point, indicating that the surface bound MFs have strong adhesion to dangling bonds on graphene surfaces. The ability to create dispersed single Gd adatoms and Gd nanoclusters on graphene may have impact in spintronics and magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Griffiths
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center , Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vats N, Rauschenbach S, Sigle W, Sen S, Abb S, Portz A, Dürr M, Burghard M, van Aken PA, Kern K. Electron microscopy of polyoxometalate ions on graphene by electrospray ion beam deposition. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4952-4961. [PMID: 29485651 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM) has enabled atomically resolved imaging of molecules adsorbed on low-dimensional materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and few-layer-graphene. However, conventional methods for depositing molecules onto such supports lack selectivity and specificity. Here, we describe the chemically selective preparation and deposition of molecules-like polyoxometalate (POM) anions [PW12O40]3- using electrospray ion-beam deposition (ES-IBD) along with high-resolution TEM imaging. This approach provides access to sub-monolayer coatings of intact molecules on freestanding graphene, which enables their atomically resolved ex situ characterization by low-voltage AC-HRTEM. The capability to tune the deposition parameters in either soft or reactive landing mode, combined with the well-defined high-vacuum deposition conditions, renders the ES-IBD based method advantageous over alternative methods such as drop-casting. Furthermore, it might be expanded towards depositing and imaging large and nonvolatile molecules with complex structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Vats
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiyoshi N. Keggin-type polyoxometalate nanosheets: synthesis and characterization via scanning transmission electron microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5217-5220. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02978d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxometalate nanosheets were synthesized and their structure was elucidated at the atomic and molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Hiyoshi
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Sendai 983-8551
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei X, Wei J, Huang L, Yan T, Luo F. Facile fabricating the polyoxometalates functionalized graphene nanocomposite applied in electrocatalytic reduction. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Fakhri H, Mahjoub AR, Aghayan H. Effective removal of methylene blue and cerium by a novel pair set of heteropoly acids based functionalized graphene oxide: Adsorption and photocatalytic study. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Vujković MJ, Vidoeski BA, Jovanović SP, Bajuk-Bogdanović DV, Budimir MD, Marković ZM, Pavlović VB, Todorović-Marković BM, Holclajtner-Antunović ID. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY EXFOLIATED GRAPHENE-MOLYBDOPHOSPHATE HYBRID MATERIALS FOR CHARGE STORAGE DEVICES. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Choe J, Lee Y, Fang L, Lee GD, Bao Z, Kim K. Direct imaging of rotating molecules anchored on graphene. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13174-13180. [PMID: 27333828 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant research interest in controlling and imaging molecular dynamics, such as translational and rotational motions, especially at a single molecular level. Here we applied aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (ACTEM) to actuate and directly image the rotational motions of molecules anchored on a single-layer-graphene sheet. Nanometer-sized carbonaceous molecules anchored on graphene provide ideal systems for monitoring rotational motions via ACTEM. We observed the preferential registry of longer molecular axis along graphene zigzag or armchair lattice directions due to the stacking-dependent molecule-graphene energy landscape. The calculated cross section from elastic scattering theory was used to experimentally estimate the rotational energy barriers of molecules on graphene. The observed energy barrier was within the range of 1.5-12 meV per atom, which is in good agreement with previous calculation results. We also performed molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed that the edge atoms of the molecule form stably bonds to graphene defects and can serve as a pivot point for rotational dynamics. Our study demonstrates the versatility of ACTEM for the investigation of molecular dynamics and configuration-dependent energetics at a single molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongheon Choe
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Botos A, Biskupek J, Chamberlain TW, Rance GA, Stoppiello CT, Sloan J, Liu Z, Suenaga K, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Carbon Nanotubes as Electrically Active Nanoreactors for Multi-Step Inorganic Synthesis: Sequential Transformations of Molecules to Nanoclusters and Nanoclusters to Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8175-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akos Botos
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Process Research Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig T. Stoppiello
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Warwick
Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Liu
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Inorganic
Functional Materials Research Institute National, Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central
Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bosch-Navarro C, Perkins LM, Kashtiban RJ, Rourke JP, Shannon IJ, Sloan J. Selective Imaging of Discrete Polyoxometalate Ions on Graphene Oxide under Variable Voltage Conditions. ACS NANO 2016; 10:796-802. [PMID: 26714041 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monosubstituted lacunary Keggin [CoSiW11O39](6-) ions on graphene oxide (GO) were used in a comparative imaging study using aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy at two different acceleration voltages, 80 and 200 kV. By performing a set of static and dynamical studies, together with image simulations, we show how the use of lower voltages results in better stability and resolution of the underlying GO support while the use of higher voltages permits better resolution of the individual tungsten atoms and leads to less kinetic motion of the cluster, thus leading to a more accurate identification of cluster orientation and better stability under dynamical imaging conditions. Applying different voltages also influences the visibility of both GO and the lighter Co at lower or higher voltages, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | | | - Ian J Shannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ke X, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G. Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1541-57. [PMID: 26425406 PMCID: PMC4578338 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major revolution for electron microscopy in the past decade is the introduction of aberration correction, which enables one to increase both the spatial resolution and the energy resolution to the optical limit. Aberration correction has contributed significantly to the imaging at low operating voltages. This is crucial for carbon-based nanomaterials which are sensitive to electron irradiation. The research of carbon nanomaterials and nanohybrids, in particular the fundamental understanding of defects and interfaces, can now be carried out in unprecedented detail by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM). This review discusses new possibilities and limits of AC-TEM at low voltage, including the structural imaging at atomic resolution, in three dimensions and spectroscopic investigation of chemistry and bonding. In situ TEM of carbon-based nanomaterials is discussed and illustrated through recent reports with particular emphasis on the underlying physics of interactions between electrons and carbon atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ke
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma Surface (ChiPS), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bosch-Navarro C, Laker ZPL, Thomas HR, Marsden AJ, Sloan J, Wilson NR, Rourke JP. Covalently Binding Atomically Designed Au9 Clusters to Chemically Modified Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9560-3. [PMID: 26148646 PMCID: PMC4539594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to identify individual Au9 clusters on a sulfur-functionalized graphene surface. The clusters were preformed in solution and covalently attached to the surface without any dispersion or aggregation. Comparison of the experimental images with simulations allowed the rotational motion, without lateral displacement, of individual clusters to be discerned, thereby demonstrating a robust covalent attachment of intact clusters to the graphene surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concha Bosch-Navarro
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK). .,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK).
| | - Zachary P L Laker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Helen R Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | | | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Neil R Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK).
| | - Jonathan P Rourke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK).
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bosch-Navarro C, Laker ZPL, Thomas HR, Marsden AJ, Sloan J, Wilson NR, Rourke JP. Covalently Binding Atomically Designed Au9Clusters to Chemically Modified Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
19
|
van de Put MWP, Patterson JP, Bomans PHH, Wilson NR, Friedrich H, van Benthem RATM, de With G, O'Reilly RK, Sommerdijk NAJM. Graphene oxide single sheets as substrates for high resolution cryoTEM. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1265-70. [PMID: 25516333 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CryoTEM is an important tool in the analysis of soft matter, where generally defocus conditions are used to enhance the contrast in the images, but this is at the expense of the maximum resolution that can be obtained. Here, we demonstrate the use of graphene oxide single sheets as support for the formation of 10 nm thin films for high resolution cryoTEM imaging, using DNA as an example. With this procedure, the overlap of objects in the vitrified film is avoided. Moreover, in these thin films less background scattering occurs and as a direct result, an increased contrast can be observed in the images. Hence, imaging closer to focus as compared with conventional cryoTEM procedures is achieved, without losing contrast. In addition, we demonstrate an ~1.8 fold increase in resolution, which is crucial for accurate size analysis of nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel W P van de Put
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Skowron ST, Bayliss PA, Bichoutskaia E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Isotope substitution extends the lifetime of organic molecules in transmission electron microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:622-629. [PMID: 25208335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterisation of individual molecules by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is fundamentally limited by the element and electron energy-specific interactions of the material with the high energy electron beam. Here, the key mechanisms controlling the interactions between the e-beam and C-H bonds, present in all organic molecules, are examined, and the low atomic weight of hydrogen-resulting in its facile atomic displacement by the e-beam-is identified as the principal cause of the instability of individual organic molecules. It is demonstrated theoretically and proven experimentally that exchanging all hydrogen atoms within molecules with the deuterium isotope, and therefore doubling the atomic weight of the lightest atoms in the structure, leads to a more than two-fold increase in the stability of organic molecules in the e-beam. Substitution of H for D significantly reduces the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the e-beam to the atom (main factor contributing to stability) and also increases the barrier for bond dissociation, primarily due to the changes in the zero-point energy of the C-D vibration (minor factor). The extended lifetime of coronene-d12 , used as a model molecule, enables more precise analysis of the inter-molecular spacing and more accurate measurement of the molecular orientations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hiyoshi N, Kamiya Y. Observation of microporous cesium salts of 12-tungstosilicic acid using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9975-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteropolyanions and their arrays in microporous cesium salts of 12-tungstosilicic acid, Cs2.5H1.5[SiW12O40] and Cs4.0[SiW12O40], were observed by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Hiyoshi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Sendai 983-8551
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Kamiya
- Research Faculty of Environmental Earth Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hadad C, Ke X, Carraro M, Sartorel A, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G, Bonchio M, Quintana M, Prato M. Positive graphene by chemical design: tuning supramolecular strategies for functional surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:885-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Ke X, Turner S, Quintana M, Hadad C, Montellano-López A, Carraro M, Sartorel A, Bonchio M, Prato M, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G. Dynamic motion of Ru-polyoxometalate ions (POMs) on functionalized few-layer graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3922-3927. [PMID: 23813798 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ke
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim Y, Shanmugam S. Polyoxometalate-reduced graphene oxide hybrid catalyst: synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12197-12204. [PMID: 24168268 DOI: 10.1021/am4043245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of polyoxometalate (POM) on chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets was carried out through electron transfer interaction and electrostatic interaction between POM and graphene sheets to make a heterogeneous catalyst in aqueous media. Well dispersed individual phosphomolybdic acid (PMo) clusters were observed by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The interaction between polyoxometalate and the graphene sheet was confirmed by using various spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, UV-vis, and Raman. The UV-visible, IR, and cyclic voltammetry results revealed alteration of the electronic structure of deposited PMo as a result of strong interaction with the graphene oxide surface. Electrochemical properties of the PMo-rGO catalyst were investigated in an aqueous acidic electrolyte. The hybrid catalyst showed enhanced electro-oxidation of nitrite compared with pure homogeneous PMo and rGO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 711-817, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Li H, Li S, Liu F, Wu D, Feng X, Wu L. Electrochemical-Reduction-Assisted Assembly of a Polyoxometalate/Graphene Nanocomposite and Its Enhanced Lithium-Storage Performance. Chemistry 2013; 19:10895-902. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Liu G, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Dispersible Graphene Oxide–Polymer Nanocomposites. POLYMER–GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849736794-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
27
|
Patterson JP, Sanchez AM, Petzetakis N, Smart TP, Epps TH, Portman I, Wilson NR, O'Reilly RK. A simple approach to characterizing block copolymer assemblies: graphene oxide supports for high contrast multi-technique imaging. SOFT MATTER 2012; 8:3322-3328. [PMID: 24049544 PMCID: PMC3774068 DOI: 10.1039/c2sm07040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers are well-known to self-assemble into a range of 3-dimensional morphologies. However, due to their nanoscale dimensions, resolving their exact structure can be a challenge. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful technique for achieving this, but for polymeric assemblies chemical fixing/staining techniques are usually required to increase image contrast and protect specimens from electron beam damage. Graphene oxide (GO) is a robust, water-dispersable, and nearly electron transparent membrane: an ideal support for TEM. We show that when using GO supports no stains are required to acquire high contrast TEM images and that the specimens remain stable under the electron beam for long periods, allowing sample analysis by a range of electron microscopy techniques. GO supports are also used for further characterization of assemblies by atomic force microscopy. The simplicity of sample preparation and analysis, as well as the potential for significantly increased contrast background, make GO supports an attractive alternative for the analysis of block copolymer assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Fax: +0247 652 4112; Tel: +0247 652 3236
| | - Ana M. Sanchez
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Fax: +0247 652 4112; Tel: +0247 652 3236
| | - Nikos Petzetakis
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Fax: +0247 652 4112; Tel: +0247 652 3236
| | - Thomas P. Smart
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical Engineering, 150, Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical Engineering, 150, Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ian Portman
- University of Warwick, Department of Life Sciences, Electron Microscopy, Facility Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Wilson
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Fax: +0247 652 4112; Tel: +0247 652 3236
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Fax: +0247 652 4112; Tel: +0247 652 3236
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bichoutskaia E, Liu Z, Kuganathan N, Faulques E, Suenaga K, Shannon IJ, Sloan J. High-precision imaging of an encapsulated Lindqvist ion and correlation of its structure and symmetry with quantum chemical calculations. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1190-1199. [PMID: 22252225 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) of discrete Lindqvist [W(6)O(19)](2-) polyoxometalate ions inserted from an ethanolic solution of [NBu(4)](2)[W(6)O(19)] into double walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) allows a higher precision structural study to be performed than previously reported. W atom column separations within the constituent W(6) tungsten cage can now be visualized with sufficient clarity that reliable correlation with structural predictions from density functional theory (DFT) can be achieved. Calculations performed on [W(6)O(19)](2-) anions encapsulated in carbon nanotubes show good agreement with measured separations between pairs of W(2) atom columns imaged within equatorial WO(6) polyhedral pairs and also single W atom positions located within individual axial WO(6) octahedra. Structural data from the tilted chiral encapsulating DWNT were also determined simultaneously with the anion structural measurements, allowing the influence of the conformation of the encapsulating tubule to be included in the DFT calculation and compared against that of other candidate encapsulating nanotubes. Additional DFT calculations performed using Li(+) cations as a model for the [NBu(4)](+) counterions indicate that the latter may help to induce charge transfer between the DWNT and the [W(6)O(19)](2-) ion and this may help to constrain the motion of the ion in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bichoutskaia
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wen S, Guan W, Wang J, Lang Z, Yan L, Su Z. Theoretical investigation of structural and electronic propertyies of [PW12O40]3− on graphene layer. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4602-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Aparicio-Anglès X, Miró P, Clotet A, Bo C, Poblet JM. Polyoxometalates adsorbed on metallic surfaces: immediate reduction of [SiW12O40]4− on Ag(100). Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
31
|
Chen Y, Zhang B, Liu G, Zhuang X, Kang ET. Graphene and its derivatives: switching ON and OFF. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4688-707. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
32
|
Schäffel F, Wilson M, Warner JH. Motion of light adatoms and molecules on the surface of few-layer graphene. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9428-9441. [PMID: 22087879 DOI: 10.1021/nn2036494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is applied to investigate the feasibility of continuous electron beam cleaning of graphene and monitor the removal of residual species as present on few-layer graphene (FLG) surfaces. This combined approach allows us to detect light adatoms and evaluate their discontinuous sporadic motional behavior. Furthermore, the formation and dynamic behavior of isolated molecules on the FLG surface can be captured. The preferential source of adatoms and adsorbed molecules appeared to be carbonaceous clusters accumulated from residual solvents on the graphene surface. TEM image simulations provide potential detail on the observed molecular structures. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the experimentally observed dynamics occurring on the energy scale imposed by the presence of the 80 kV electron beam and help elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schäffel
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang X, Yin Z, Wu S, Qi X, He Q, Zhang Q, Yan Q, Boey F, Zhang H. Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1876-902. [PMID: 21630440 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1147] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional, single-layer sheet of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous attention and research interest, owing to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, and excellent mechanical strength. Other forms of graphene-related materials, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and exfoliated graphite, have been reliably produced in large scale. The promising properties together with the ease of processibility and functionalization make graphene-based materials ideal candidates for incorporation into a variety of functional materials. Importantly, graphene and its derivatives have been explored in a wide range of applications, such as electronic and photonic devices, clean energy, and sensors. In this review, after a general introduction to graphene and its derivatives, the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of graphene-based materials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin YC, Jin C, Lee JC, Jen SF, Suenaga K, Chiu PW. Clean transfer of graphene for isolation and suspension. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2362-8. [PMID: 21351739 DOI: 10.1021/nn200105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of large-area clean graphene sheets is the first step toward the development of high-performance applications in surface chemistry and biotechnology as well as in high-mobility electronics. Here we demonstrate the clean transfer of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on Cu foil, with surface cleanness defined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with Raman scattering on the same position of suspended graphene sheets. For clean graphene, the Raman spectra exhibit distinctive features that can explicitly discriminate from that of graphene covered with a thin layer of amorphous carbon such as residual poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). By applying this technique to graphene sheets with various degrees of surface cleanness, we show that the quantitative characterization of the thickness of surface contaminants is possible based on multiple reflections and interference of light in samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|