1
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Zhao C, Bhagwandin DD, Xu W, Ruffieux P, Khan SI, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Rubin Y. Dramatic Acceleration of the Hopf Cyclization on Gold(111): From Enediynes to Peri-Fused Diindenochrysene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2474-2483. [PMID: 38227949 PMCID: PMC10835731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hopf et al. reported the high-temperature 6π-electrocyclization of cis-hexa-1,3-diene-5-yne to benzene in 1969. Subsequent studies using this cyclization have been limited by its very high reaction barrier. Here, we show that the reaction barrier for two model systems, (E)-1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1a) and (E)-3,4-bis(4-iodophenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1b), is decreased by nearly half on a Au(111) surface. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to monitor the Hopf cyclization of enediynes 1a,b on Au(111). Enediyne 1a undergoes two sequential, quantitative Hopf cyclizations, first to naphthalene derivative 2, and finally to chrysene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a gold atom from the Au(111) surface is involved in all steps of this reaction and that it is crucial to lowering the reaction barrier. Our findings have important implications for the synthesis of novel graphene nanoribbons. Ullmann-like coupling of enediyne 1b at 20 °C on Au(111), followed by a series of Hopf cyclizations and aromatization reactions at higher temperatures, produces nanoribbons 12 and 13. These results show for the first time that graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized on a Au(111) surface using the Hopf cyclization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhao
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dayanni D Bhagwandin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Wangwei Xu
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
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2
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Krinninger M, Bock N, Kaiser S, Reich J, Bruhm T, Haag F, Allegretti F, Heiz U, Köhler K, Lechner BAJ, Esch F. On-Surface Carbon Nitride Growth from Polymerization of 2,5,8-Triazido- s-heptazine. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:6762-6770. [PMID: 37719034 PMCID: PMC10500973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides have recently come into focus for photo- and thermal catalysis, both as support materials for metal nanoparticles as well as photocatalysts themselves. While many approaches for the synthesis of three-dimensional carbon nitride materials are available, only top-down approaches by exfoliation of powders lead to thin-film flakes of this inherently two-dimensional material. Here, we describe an in situ on-surface synthesis of monolayer 2D carbon nitride films as a first step toward precise combination with other 2D materials. Starting with a single monomer precursor, we show that 2,5,8-triazido-s-heptazine can be evaporated intact, deposited on a single crystalline Au(111) or graphite support, and activated via azide decomposition and subsequent coupling to form a covalent polyheptazine network. We demonstrate that the activation can occur in three pathways, via electrons (X-ray illumination), via photons (UV illumination), and thermally. Our work paves the way to coat materials with extended carbon nitride networks that are, as we show, stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krinninger
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Functional Nanomaterials
Group, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Nicolas Bock
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kaiser
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Johanna Reich
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Functional Nanomaterials
Group, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruhm
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Professorship
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University
of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair of Experimental
Physics (E20), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair of Experimental
Physics (E20), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Klaus Köhler
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Professorship
of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University
of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Barbara A. J. Lechner
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Functional Nanomaterials
Group, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Technical University
of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Friedrich Esch
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching D-85748, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2 exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallic bis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
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4
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Sultana J, Garg A, Kulshrestha A, Rohman SS, Dutta B, Singh K, Kumar A, Guha AK, Sarma D. Zn@CS: An Efficient Cu-Free Catalyst System for Direct Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions and Multicomponent Synthesis of 4-Aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles in H2O and DES. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Wang J, Niu K, Xu C, Zhu H, Ding H, Han D, Zheng Y, Xi J, You S, Deng C, Lin H, Rosen J, Zhu J, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Influence of Molecular Configurations on the Desulfonylation Reactions on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21596-21605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanjing Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiahao Xi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sifan You
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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6
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Mendieta‐Moreno JI, Mallada B, de la Torre B, Cadart T, Kotora M, Jelínek P. Unusual Scaffold Rearrangement in Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Driven by Concerted Action of Single Gold Atoms on a Gold Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208010. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Mallada
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry Palacký University Olomouc Str. 17. listopadu 12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Timothée Cadart
- Department of Organic Chemistry Charles University 128 00 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kotora
- Department of Organic Chemistry Charles University 128 00 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
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7
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Bhattacherjee D, Kovalev IS, Kopchuk DS, Rahman M, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Das P, Purohit R, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON. Mechanochemical Approach towards Multi-Functionalized 1,2,3-Triazoles and Anti-Seizure Drug Rufinamide Analogs Using Copper Beads. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227784. [PMID: 36431885 PMCID: PMC9693609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly regiospecific, copper-salt-free and neat conditions have been demonstrated for the 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reactions under mechanochemical conditions. A group of structurally challenging alkynes and heterocyclic derivatives was efficiently implemented to achieve highly functionalized 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in good to excellent yield by using the Cu beads without generation of unwanted byproducts. Furthermore, the high-speed ball milling (HSBM) strategy has also been extended to the synthesis of the commercially available pharmaceutical agent, Rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug (AED) and its analogues. The same strategy was also applied for the synthesis of the Cl-derivative of Rufinamide. Analysis of the single crystal XRD data of the triazole was also performed for the final structural confirmation. The Cu beads are easily recoverable from the reaction mixture and used for the further reactions without any special treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Bhattacherjee
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S. Kovalev
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Matiur Rahman
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pralay Das
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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8
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Li DY, Wang Y, Hou XY, Ren YT, Kang LX, Xue FH, Zhu YC, Liu JW, Liu M, Shi XQ, Qiu X, Liu PN. On-Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117714. [PMID: 35179282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
[3]Radialenes are the smallest carbocyclic structures with unusual topologies and cross-conjugated π-electronic structures. Here, we report a novel [1+1+1] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of aza[3]radialenes on the Ag(111) surface, where the steric hindrance of the chlorine substituents guides the selective and orientational assembling of the isocyanide precursors. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, we determined the atomic structure of the produced aza[3]radialenes. Furthermore, two reaction pathways including synergistic and stepwise are proposed based on density functional theory calculations, which reveal the role of the chlorine substituents in the activation of the isocyano groups via electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Sino-Danish College, Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin-Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fu-Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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9
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Li D, Wang Y, Hou X, Ren Y, Kang L, Xue F, Zhu Y, Liu J, Liu M, Shi X, Qiu X, Liu P. On‐Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng‐Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Sino-Danish College Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yin‐Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Li‐Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Fu‐Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ya‐Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jian‐Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing‐Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pei‐Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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10
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Heterogeneous Gold Nanoparticle-Based Catalysts for the Synthesis of Click-Derived Triazoles via the Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A supported gold nanoparticle-catalyzed strategy has been utilized to promote a click chemistry reaction for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles via the azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reaction. While the advent of effective non-copper catalysts (i.e., Ru, Ag, Ir) has demonstrated the catalysis of the AAC reaction, additional robust catalytic systems complementary to the copper catalyzed AAC remain in high demand. Herein, Au nanoparticles supported on Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO, along with gold reference catalysts (gold on carbon and gold on titania supplied by the World Gold Council) were used as catalysts for the AAC reaction. The supported Au nanoparticles with metal loadings of 0.7–1.6% (w/w relative to support) were able to selectively obtain 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in moderate yields up to 79% after 15 min, under microwave irradiation at 150 °C using a 0.5–1.0 mol% catalyst loading through a one-pot three-component (terminal alkyne, organohalide and sodium azide) procedure according to the “click” rules. Among the supported Au catalysts, Au/TiO2 gave the best results.
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11
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Castro‐Esteban J, Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pérez D, Gross L, Peña D. An on‐surface Diels–Alder reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro‐Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research—Zurich 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
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12
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Castro-Esteban J, Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pérez D, Gross L, Peña D. An on-surface Diels-Alder reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26346-26350. [PMID: 34664770 PMCID: PMC9298865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most popular reactions in organic chemistry. However, its use in the field of on‐surface synthesis is hampered by the spatial restrictions of this cycloaddition reaction. Herein we selected a cyclic strained triyne to demonstrate an on‐surface hexadehydro‐Diels–Alder reaction in a single molecule. The reaction was studied in detail by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO‐functionalized tips. Our results pave the way to use this iconic pericyclic reaction for on‐surface synthesis, introducing the concept of atom economy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Liu L, Timmer A, Kolodzeiski E, Gao HY, Mönig H, Klaasen H, Meng X, Ren J, Studer A, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H. Conformational evolution following the sequential molecular dehydrogenation of PMDI on a Cu(111) surface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6373-6378. [PMID: 36133488 PMCID: PMC9417866 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular spatial conformational evolution following the corresponding chemical reaction pathway at surfaces is important to understand and optimize chemical processes. Combining experimental and theoretical methods, the sequential N-H and C-H dehydrogenation of pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) on a Cu(111) surface are reported. STM experiments and atomistic modeling allow structural analysis at each well-defined reaction step. First, exclusively the aromatic N-H dehydrogenation of the imide group is observed. Subsequently, the C-H group at the benzene core of PMDI gets activated leading to a dehydrogenation reaction forming metalorganic species where Cu adatoms pronouncedly protruding from the surface are coordinated by one or two PMDI ligands at the surface. All reactions of PMDI induce conformational changes at the surface as confirmed by STM imaging and DFT simulations. Such conformational evolution in sequential N-H and C-H activation provides a detailed insight to understand molecular dehydrogenation processes at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Timmer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Leibnizstraße 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jindong Ren
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
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14
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Vandenbroucke SST, Nisula M, Petit R, Vos R, Jans K, Vereecken PM, Dendooven J, Detavernier C. An IR Spectroscopy Study of the Degradation of Surface Bound Azido-Groups in High Vacuum. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12608-12615. [PMID: 34669405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlled surface functionalization with azides to perform on surface "click chemistry" is desired for a large range of fields such as material engineering and biosensors. In this work, the stability of an azido-containing self-assembled monolayer in high vacuum is investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The intensity of the antisymmetric azide stretching vibration is found to decrease over time, suggesting the degradation of the azido-group in high vacuum. The degradation is further investigated at three different temperatures and at seven different nitrogen pressures ranging from 1 × 10-6 mbar to 5 × 10-3 mbar. The degradation is found to increase at higher temperatures and at lower nitrogen pressures. The latter supporting the theory that the degradation reaction involves the decomposition into molecular nitrogen. For the condition with the highest degradation detected, only 63% of azides is found to remain at the surface after 8 h in vacuum. The findings show a significant loss in control of the surface functionalization. The instability of azides in high vacuum should therefore always be considered when depositing or postprocessing azido-containing layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie S T Vandenbroucke
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikko Nisula
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Robin Petit
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Rita Vos
- Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Jans
- Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe M Vereecken
- Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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15
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Arakawa K, Shimada T, Ishida T, Takagi S. "In-water" Dehydration Reaction of an Aromatic Diol on an Inorganic Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11978-11985. [PMID: 34482684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a synthetic saponite surface on the "in-water" dehydration reaction of diol was examined using 4-formyl-1-methylquinolinium salt (MQu+) as a substrate. The equilibrium between aldehyde (MQu+-Aldehyde) and diol (MQu+-Diol) was affected by the surrounding environment. The equilibrium behavior was observed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and UV-vis absorption measurements. Although MQu+ was completely in the form of MQu+-Diol in water, the equilibrium almost shifted to the MQu+-Aldehyde side when MQu+ was adsorbed on the saponite surface in water. In addition, the MQu+-Aldehyde ratio depended on the negative charge density of saponite. The factors that determine MQu+-Aldehyde: MQu+-Diol ratio were discussed from the thermodynamic analysis of the system. These data indicate that the electrostatic interaction between the charged saponite surface and MQu+ stabilized the aldehyde side enthalpically and destabilized it entropically. The major reason for these results is considered to be the difference in adsorption stabilization between MQu+-Aldehyde and MQu+-Diol on saponite surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tamao Ishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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16
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Cirera B, Riss A, Mutombo P, Urgel JI, Santos J, Di Giovannantonio M, Widmer R, Stolz S, Sun Q, Bommert M, Fasel R, Jelínek P, Auwärter W, Martín N, Écija D. On-surface synthesis of organocopper metallacycles through activation of inner diacetylene moieties. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12806-12811. [PMID: 34703567 PMCID: PMC8494042 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of organometallic complexes is at the heart of modern organic chemistry and catalysis. Recently, on-surface synthesis has emerged as a disruptive paradigm to design previously precluded compounds and nanomaterials. Despite these advances, the field of organometallic chemistry on surfaces is still at its infancy. Here, we introduce a protocol to activate the inner diacetylene moieties of a molecular precursor by copper surface adatoms affording the formation of unprecedented organocopper metallacycles on Cu(111). The chemical structure of the resulting complexes is characterized by scanning probe microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, being complemented by density functional theory calculations and scanning probe microscopy simulations. Our results pave avenues to the engineering of organometallic compounds and steer the development of polyyne chemistry on surfaces. The diacetylene skeletons of DNBD precursors are attacked on Cu(111) by copper adatoms resulting in the synthesis of organocopper metallacycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Cirera
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR (ISM-CNR) via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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17
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Daraie M, Heravi MM, Mohammadi P, Daraie A. Silver incorporated into g-C 3N 4/Alginate as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst for promoting click and A 3 and KA 2 coupling reaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14086. [PMID: 34238938 PMCID: PMC8266845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe3O4/g-C3N4/Alginate-Ag nanocomposite as a novel and effective nanocatalyst was successfully prepared. This nanocomposite was fully characterized using several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the catalytic activity of this novel and characterized nanocatalyst was investigated in the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via click reaction and A3 and KA2 coupling reaction in aqueous media. The prepared nanocatalyst was simply recovered by using an external magnet and reused for several times with a slight loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Daraie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pourya Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Daraie
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Robotic, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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18
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Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Rey D, Aguilar-Galindo F, Berdonces-Layunta A, Peña D, de Oteyza DG. Reassessing Alkyne Coupling Reactions While Studying the Electronic Properties of Diverse Pyrene Linkages at Surfaces. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4937-4946. [PMID: 33630588 PMCID: PMC7992190 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of alkyne and halogen functional groups in the same molecule allows for the possibility of many different reactions when utilized in on-surface synthesis. Here, we use a pyrene-based precursor with both functionalities to examine the preferential reaction pathway when it is heated on an Au(111) surface. Using high-resolution bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy, we identify multiple stable intermediates along the prevailing reaction pathway that initiate with a clearly dominant Glaser coupling, together with a multitude of other side products. Importantly, control experiments with reactants lacking the halogen functionalization reveal the Glaser coupling to be absent and instead show the prevalence of non-dehydrogenative head-to-head alkyne coupling. We perform scanning tunneling spectroscopy on a rich variety of the product structures obtained in these experiments, providing key insights into the strong dependence of their HOMO-LUMO gaps on the nature of the intramolecular coupling. A clear trend is found of a decreasing gap that is correlated with the conversion of triple bonds to double bonds via hydrogenation and to higher levels of cyclization, particularly with nonbenzenoid product structures. We rationalize each of the studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- (J.L.)
| | - Mohammed S. G. Mohammed
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- (D.P.)
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- (D.G.d.O.)
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19
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Meng X, Klaasen H, Viergutz L, Schulze Lammers B, Witteler MC, Mönig H, Amirjalayer S, Liu L, Neugebauer J, Gao H, Studer A, Fuchs H. Azo bond formation on metal surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1458-1464. [PMID: 33197115 PMCID: PMC7839811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The formation of azo compounds via redox cross‐coupling of nitroarenes and arylamines, challenging in solution phase chemistry, is achieved by on‐surface chemistry. Reaction products are analyzed with a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By using well‐designed precursors containing both an amino and a nitro functionality, azo polymers are prepared on surface via highly efficient nitro‐amino cross‐coupling. Experiments conducted on other substrates and surface orientations reveal that the metal surface has a significant effect on the reaction efficiency. The reaction was further found to proceed from partially oxidized/reduced precursors in dimerization reactions, shedding light on the mechanism that was studied by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Melanie C. Witteler
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hong‐Ying Gao
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
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20
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Meng X, Klaasen H, Viergutz L, Schulze Lammers B, Witteler MC, Mönig H, Amirjalayer S, Liu L, Neugebauer J, Gao H, Studer A, Fuchs H. Azobindungsbildung auf Metalloberflächen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Melanie C. Witteler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Hong‐Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
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21
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Amirjalayer S, Bakker A, Freitag M, Glorius F, Fuchs H. Cooperation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on a Gold Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21230-21235. [PMID: 32822093 PMCID: PMC7702088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise tailoring of interface structures is crucial for developing functional materials. We demonstrate an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based molecular tool, which modifies the structure of a gold surface with atomic accuracy by the formation of gold nanorods. After adsorption on the gold surface, individual surface atoms are pulled out by the NHCs, generating single-atom surface defects and mobile NHC-Au species. Atomistic calculations reveal that these molecular "ballbots" can act as assembling tools to dislocate individual surface atoms. The predicted functionality of these carbene-based complexes is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Cooperative operation of these NHC-Au species induces a step-wise formation of gold nanorods. Consequently, the surface is re-structured by a zipper-type mechanism. Our work presents a foundation to utilize molecular-based nanotools to design surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Anne Bakker
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
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22
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Amirjalayer S, Bakker A, Freitag M, Glorius F, Fuchs H. Kooperative Zusammenarbeit von N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf einer Goldoberfläche. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Anne Bakker
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
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23
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Wang T, Pan Y, Zhang W, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Huang J, Feng L, Berdonces-Layunta A, Han D, Xu Q, Wu X, Tait SL, de Oteyza DG, Zhu J. On-Surface Synthesis of a Five-Membered Carbon Ring from a Terminal Alkynyl Bromide: A [4 + 1] Annulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5902-5907. [PMID: 32633516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an on-surface synthesis of five-membered carbon ring via a [4 + 1] annulation reaction, starting from a simple terminal alkynyl bromide, 4-(bromoethynyl)biphenyl, on Ag(110). The combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations unravel the reaction pathway and mechanism. Three basic reaction steps are involved, successively including the formation of alkynyl-Ag-alkynyl bridged organometallic dimer, the generation of alkylidene carbene intermediate, and the final [4 + 1] annulation involving a hydrogen transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Yu Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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24
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Loudy CM, Chasvised S, Paybou C, Courrèges C, Allouche J, Martinez H, Bousquet A, Billon L. Revealing surface functionalities via microwave for the para-fluoro-Thiol click reaction. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Wang C, Qian C, Li Z, Wei N, Zhang N, Wang Y, He H. Molecular Insights into the Abnormal Wetting Behavior of Ionic Liquids Induced by the Solidified Ionic Layer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Riss A, Richter M, Paz AP, Wang XY, Raju R, He Y, Ducke J, Corral E, Wuttke M, Seufert K, Garnica M, Rubio A, V Barth J, Narita A, Müllen K, Berger R, Feng X, Palma CA, Auwärter W. Polycyclic aromatic chains on metals and insulating layers by repetitive [3+2] cycloadditions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1490. [PMID: 32198456 PMCID: PMC7083871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast potential of organic materials for electronic, optoelectronic and spintronic devices entails substantial interest in the fabrication of π-conjugated systems with tailored functionality directly at insulating interfaces. On-surface fabrication of such materials on non-metal surfaces remains to be demonstrated with high yield and selectivity. Here we present the synthesis of polyaromatic chains on metallic substrates, insulating layers, and in the solid state. Scanning probe microscopy shows the formation of azaullazine repeating units on Au(111), Ag(111), and h-BN/Cu(111), stemming from intermolecular homo-coupling via cycloaddition reactions of CN-substituted polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylide (PAMY) intermediates followed by subsequent dehydrogenation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry demonstrates that the reaction also takes place in the solid state in the absence of any catalyst. Such intermolecular cycloaddition reactions are promising methods for direct synthesis of regioregular polyaromatic polymers on arbitrary insulating surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marcus Richter
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuanqin He
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jacob Ducke
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eduardo Corral
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Wuttke
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuela Garnica
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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27
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Di Giovannantonio M, Keerthi A, Urgel JI, Baumgarten M, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Fasel R, Müllen K. On-Surface Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction of Dibromo-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1721-1725. [PMID: 31931559 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions is a powerful tool to achieve molecular structures that cannot be accessed via traditional wet chemistry. Nevertheless, only a very limited number of chemical reactions out of the wide variety known from solution chemistry have been reported to proceed readily on atomically flat substrates. Cycloadditions are a class of reactions that are particularly important in the synthesis of sp2-hybridized carbon-based nanostructures. Here, we report on a specific type of [4 + 2] cycloaddition, namely, a dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction, performed between bis(phenylethynyl)-benzene precursors on Au(111). Unlike a Diels-Alder reaction, DDA exploits ethynyl groups to achieve the formation of an extra six-membered ring. Despite its extensive use in solution chemistry for more than a century, this reaction has never been reported to occur on surfaces. The specific choice of our precursor molecule has led to the successful synthesis of benzo- and naphtho-fused tetracene and heptacene products bearing styryl groups, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. The two products arise from dimerization and trimerization of the precursor molecules, respectively, and their observation opens perspectives to use DDA reactions as a novel on-surface synthesis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , M13 9PL Manchester , U.K
| | - José I Urgel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 904-0495 Okinawa , Japan
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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28
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29
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Chen H, Zhu H, Huang Z, Rong W, Wu K. Two-Sidedness of Surface Reaction Mediation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902080. [PMID: 31418920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous catalytic process involves many surface elementary steps that affect the overall catalytic performance in one way or another. In general, a high-performance heterogeneous catalyst should meet the main criteria: excellent catalytic activity and high selectivity toward target products. Using surface science techniques, the two-sidedness of the surface reaction mediations can be explored, from the perspectives of the surface and the molecule manipulations. The surface manipulation refers to a reaction that is mediated by composition and structure of the substrate as well as surface species, while the molecular manipulation relates to a reaction that is mediated by the reacting molecule via the precursor selection, environmental control, or external excitation. The best catalytic system should consist of the most efficient catalyst and the best suitable reacting molecule, in addition to its economic benefit and environmental amity. Recent research progress in surface reaction mediation is outlined, and its two-sidedness is governed by the Arrhenius equation. This should shed new light on the connection between basic theory and surface reaction mediation strategies. To conclude, challenges and possible opportunities are elaborated for efficient surface reaction mediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Rong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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30
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Identifying Multinuclear Organometallic Intermediates in On‐Surface [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16485-16489. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
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31
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Identifying Multinuclear Organometallic Intermediates in On‐Surface [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
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32
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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33
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17736-17744. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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34
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Sultana J, Sarma D. Ag-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition: copper free approaches for synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2019.1673443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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35
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Four- and Six-Member Cyclic Products via Sequential Aryl-Aryl Coupling on a Au(111) Surface. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2292-2296. [PMID: 31050084 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We synthesize four- and six-member cyclic products via sequential multi-step aryl-aryl coupling reactions of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene molecules on a Au(111) surface. The final products as well as the organo-gold intermediate structures are identified using scanning tunneling microscopy and density-functional theory simulation. By adjusting reaction temperature and post-annealing temperature, we enhance/suppress the yields of the four-member and six-member cyclic products. We propose an underlying mechanism which is associated with different reaction kinetics of the first-order and second-order reactions. This work exemplifies intricate kinetically-controlled on-surface synthesis when multiple reactions of different reaction order are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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36
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Gurdal Y. Aromatic versus aliphatic thiols on Au(111) surface: a DFT exploration of adsorption registry and electronic structure. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1663844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Gurdal
- Department of Bioengineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
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37
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Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8356-8361. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
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38
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Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
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39
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Mai W, Zuo Y, Zhang X, Leng K, Liu R, Chen L, Lin X, Lin Y, Fu R, Wu D. A versatile bottom-up interface self-assembly strategy to hairy nanoparticle-based 2D monolayered composite and functional nanosheets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10241-10244. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04664j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A universal bottom-up interface self-assembly strategy for fabricating hairy nanoparticle-based 2D monolayered composite and functional nanosheets was presented.
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40
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Klaasen H, Liu L, Gao HY, Viergutz L, Held PA, Knecht T, Meng X, Börner MC, Barton D, Amirjalayer S, Neugebauer J, Studer A, Fuchs H. Intermolecular coupling and intramolecular cyclization of aryl nitriles on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11611-11614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface dimerization reaction of an organic nitrile on Au(111) is reported. The reaction cascade yielding a diazapyrene core was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, computational studies and reference compounds.
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41
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Wang ZG, Li N, Wang T, Ding B. Surface-Guided Chemical Processes on Self-Assembled DNA Nanostructures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14954-14962. [PMID: 29884022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-liquid interfaces have been of great significance in the activation of chemical reactions via restricting the conformation or orientation of the reactants. Self-assembled DNA nanostructures encoded with tremendous chemical and physical information provide an efficient platform to unravel and regulate mechanisms of surface chemical processes. In this review, we discuss the surface addressability, morphological features, and charged properties of DNA nanostructures as well as the recognition, catalytic, and dynamic properties of DNA molecules. We highlight the synergies between the surface properties of DNA nanostructures and the molecular features of DNA strands, which is a key to the synthesis of conductive polymer nanomaterials with well-defined shapes or electronic/optical properties. We also focus on the control over the substrate channeling pathways of enzyme networks or metal nucleation on DNA nanostructures toward the production of specifically emissive metal nanoclusters. In the end, we provide an outlook of future possible directions based on the rational design of DNA-based self-assembly, including dynamic energy transfer, stimuli-responsive synthesis, and programmable activation of the mechanophores on the surfaces of DNA nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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42
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Klaasen H, Liu L, Meng X, Held PA, Gao HY, Barton D, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Neugebauer J, Fuchs H, Studer A. Reaction Selectivity in On-Surface Chemistry by Surface Coverage Control-Alkyne Dimerization versus Alkyne Trimerization. Chemistry 2018; 24:15303-15308. [PMID: 30079553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the influence of molecular coverage in on-surface C-C-bond formation on reaction outcome. 6-Ethynyl-2-naphthoic acid (ENA) was chosen as organic component and Ag(111) as substrate. The alkyne moiety in ENA can either react by dimerization to ENA dimers (Glaser coupling or hydroalkynylation) or cyclotrimerization to generate a benzene core as connecting moiety. Dimer formation is preferred at high surface coverage whereas trimerization is the major reaction pathway at low coverage. Mechanistic studies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Alexander Held
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Barton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,present address: Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A, Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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43
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Cai L, Yu X, Liu M, Sun Q, Bao M, Zha Z, Pan J, Ma H, Ju H, Hu S, Xu L, Zou J, Yuan C, Jacob T, Björk J, Zhu J, Qiu X, Xu W. Direct Formation of C-C Double-Bonded Structural Motifs by On-Surface Dehalogenative Homocoupling of gem-Dibromomethyl Molecules. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7959-7966. [PMID: 30016072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are of great importance in a variety of chemistry-related disciplines and applications. The recently developed bottom-up on-surface synthesis strategy provides us with opportunities for the fabrication of various nanostructures in a flexible and facile manner, which could be investigated by high-resolution microscopic techniques in real space. Herein, we designed and synthesized molecular precursors functionalized with benzal gem-dibromomethyl groups. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy, high-resolution synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations demonstrated that it is feasible to achieve the direct formation of C-C double-bonded structural motifs via on-surface dehalogenative homocoupling reactions on the Au(111) surface. Correspondingly, we convert the sp3-hybridized state to an sp2-hybridized state of carbon atoms, i. e., from an alkyl group to an alkenyl one. Moreover, by such a bottom-up strategy, we have successfully fabricated poly(phenylenevinylene) chains on the surface, which is anticipated to inspire further studies toward understanding the nature of conductive polymers at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqi Zha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Zou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry , Ulm University , Albert Einstein Allee 47 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM , Linköping University , 581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
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44
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Micrometre-long covalent organic fibres by photoinitiated chain-growth radical polymerization on an alkali-halide surface. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Mönig H. Copper-oxide tip functionalization for submolecular atomic force microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9874-9888. [PMID: 30124700 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05332d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing submolecular imaging in real-space by non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) has been a major breakthrough in the field of organic surface chemistry. The key for the drastically increased resolution in these experiments is to functionalize a metallic tip apex with an inert probe particle. However, due to their weak bonding at the metal apex, these probe particles show a pronounced dynamic lateral deflection in the measurements. This constitutes a major limitation of this approach as it involves image distortions, an overestimation of bond lengths, and even artificial bond-like contrast features where actually no bonds exist. In this contribution, recent progress by using an alternative approach by copper-oxide tip functionalization is reviewed. Copper-oxide tips (CuOx tips) consist of a bulk copper apex, terminated by a covalently connected single oxygen atom, which chemically passivates the tip. Such CuOx tips can be identified by contrast analysis at specific surface sites and allow for submolecular resolution. A comparative analysis of data recorded with flexible tips allows a detailed discussion of the contrast mechanisms and related artificial effects. It is concluded with an assessment of limitations, future challenges and opportunities in such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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46
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Wen J, Wu K, Yang D, Tian J, Huang Z, Filatov AS, Lei A, Lin XM. Low-Pressure Flow Chemistry of CuAAC Click Reaction Catalyzed by Nanoporous AuCu Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25930-25935. [PMID: 30032615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry has been widely used in bioconjugation, polymer synthesis, and the development of new anticancer drugs. Here, we report a nanoporous membrane made of AuCu alloy nanowires, which can effectively catalyze copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azide and terminal alkyne (CuAAC) in flow condition with pressure less than one bar. Comparison studies of the nanowires before and after the reaction using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal Cu(0) and Cu(I) are main species that promote the reaction. This simple strategy can be used to synthesize a variety of compounds with triazole linkage and extended to gram level chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Wen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Kun Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Tian
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
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47
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Liu L, Klaasen H, Timmer A, Gao HY, Barton D, Mönig H, Neugebauer J, Fuchs H, Studer A. α-Diazo Ketones in On-Surface Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6000-6005. [PMID: 29627973 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of a biphenyl bis α-diazo ketone on Cu(111) and Au(111) surfaces to provide furandiyl bridged poly-para-phenylenes is reported. Polymerization on Cu(111) occurs via initial N2 fragmentation leading to Cu-biscarbene complexes at room temperature as polymeric organometallic structure. At 135 °C, carbene coupling affords polymeric α,β-unsaturated 1,4-diketones, while analogous alkene formation on the Au(111) surface occurs at room temperature. Further temperature increase leads to deoxygenative cyclization of the 1,4-diketone moieties to provide alternating furandiyl biphenyl copolymers on Cu(111) (165 °C) and Au(111) (240 °C) surfaces. This work shows a new approach to generate Cu-biscarbene intermediates on surfaces, opening the pathway for the controlled generation of biphenyl copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacheng Liu
- Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | | | - Alexander Timmer
- Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Dennis Barton
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit , University of Luxembourg , 162 A, Avenue de la Faïencerie , L-1511 Luxembourg
| | - Harry Mönig
- Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | | | - Harald Fuchs
- Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
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48
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Di Bernardo I, Hines P, Abyazisani M, Motta N, MacLeod J, Lipton-Duffin J. On-surface synthesis of polyethylenedioxythiophene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3723-3726. [PMID: 29589016 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01465e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of conjugated polymers is made challenging by the need to promote the desired reaction while preventing or minimizing unwanted ancillary reactions that compromise the product integrity. We perform a comprehensive study of the reactions of 2,5-dichloro-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene on coinage metal surfaces, and demonstrate that only on Ag(111) can we obtain a planar polymer product, polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT).
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49
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Richter A, Floris A, Bechstein R, Kantorovich L, Kühnle A. On-surface synthesis on a bulk insulator surface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:133001. [PMID: 29460853 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab0b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has rapidly emerged as a most promising approach to prepare functional molecular structures directly on a support surface. Compared to solution synthesis, performing chemical reactions on a surface offers several exciting new options: due to the absence of a solvent, reactions can be envisioned that are otherwise not feasible due to the insolubility of the reaction product. Perhaps even more important, the confinement to a two-dimensional surface might enable reaction pathways that are not accessible otherwise. Consequently, on-surface synthesis has attracted great attention in the last decade, with an impressive number of classical reactions transferred to a surface as well as new reactions demonstrated that have no classical analogue. So far, the majority of the work has been carried out on conducting surfaces. However, when aiming for electronic decoupling of the resulting structures, e.g. for the use in future molecular electronic devices, non-conducting surfaces are highly desired. Here, we review the current status of on-surface reactions demonstrated on the (10.4) surface of the bulk insulator calcite. Besides thermally induced C-C coupling of halogen-substituted aryls, photochemically induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition has been proven possible on this surface. Moreover, experimental evidence exists for coupling of terminal alkynes as well as diacetylene polymerization. While imaging of the resulting structures with dynamic atomic force microscopy provides a direct means of reaction verification, the detailed reaction pathway often remains unclear. Especially in cases where the presence of metal atoms is known to catalyze the corresponding solution chemistry reaction (e.g. in the case of the Ullmann reaction), disclosing the precise reaction pathway is of importance to understand and generalize on-surface reactivity on a bulk insulator surface. To this end, density-functional theory calculations have proven to provide atomic-scale insights that have greatly contributed to unravelling the details of on-surface synthesis on a bulk insulator surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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50
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Leng X, Lu Y, Feng G, Wang Z, Li W, Liu X, Zhang R, Zhang N, Wang L. Surface-assisted dehydrogenative homocoupling and cyclodehydrogenation of mesityl groups on a copper surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9151-9154. [PMID: 28765848 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time an adjacent dehydrogenative homocoupling and cyclodehydrogenation reaction of mesityl groups to form a synthetic nanoribbon on Cu(110). Submolecular resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the formation of an ethylene (-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-) unit or an aromatic six-membered ring group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Leng
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
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