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Yang Z, Yang Y, Huang Y, Shao Y, Hao H, Yao S, Xi Q, Guo Y, Tong L, Jian M, Shao Y, Zhang J. Wet-spinning of carbon nanotube fibers: dispersion, processing and properties. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae203. [PMID: 39301072 PMCID: PMC11409889 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the intrinsic excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) have been expected to become promising candidates for the next-generation of high-performance fibers. They have received considerable interest for cutting-edge applications, such as ultra-light electric wire, aerospace craft, military equipment, and space elevators. Wet-spinning is a broadly utilized commercial technique for high-performance fiber manufacturing. Thus, compared with array spinning from drawable CNTs vertical array and direct dry spinning from floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD), the wet-spinning technique is considered to be a promising strategy to realize the production of CNTFs on a large scale. In this tutorial review, we begin with a summative description of CNTFs wet-spinning process. Then, we discuss the high-concentration CNTs wet-spinning dope preparation strategies and corresponding non-covalent adsorption/charge transfer mechanisms. The filament solidification during the coagulation process is another critical procedure for determining the configurations and properties for derived CNTFs. Next, we discuss post-treatment, including continuous drafting and thermal annealing, to further optimize the CNTs orientation and compact configuration. Finally, we summarize the physical property-structure relationship to give insights for further performance promotion in order to satisfy the prerequisite for detailed application. Insights into propelling high-performance CNTFs production from lab-scale to industry-scale are proposed, in anticipation of this novel fiber having an impact on our lives in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanyan Shao
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - He Hao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shendong Yao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qiqing Xi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yinben Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lianming Tong
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
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2
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Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Alvarez-Corzo I, Xu K, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Upscaling Thermoelectrics: Micron-Thick, Half-a-Meter-Long Carbon Nanotube Films with Monolithic Integration of p- and n-Legs. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:2978-2987. [PMID: 38828035 PMCID: PMC11137818 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In order for organic thermoelectrics to successfully establish their own niche as energy-harvesting materials, they must reach several crucial milestones, including high performance, long-term stability, and scalability. Performance and stability are currently being actively studied, whereas demonstrations of large-scale compatibility are far more limited and for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are still missing. The scalability challenge includes material-related economic considerations as well as the availability of fast deposition methods that produce large-scale films that simultaneously satisfy the thickness constraints required for thermoelectric modules. Here we report on true solutions of CNTs that form gels upon air exposure, which can then be dried into micron-thick films. The CNT ink can be extruded using a slot-shaped nozzle into a continuous film (more than half a meter in the present paper) and patterned into alternating n- and p-type components, which are then folded to obtain the finished thermoelectric module. Starting from a given n-type film, differentiation between the n and p components is achieved by a simple postprocessing step that involves a partial oxidation reaction and neutralization of the dopant. The presented method allows the thermoelectric legs to seamlessly interconnect along the continuous film, thus avoiding the need for metal electrodes, and, most importantly, it is compatible with large-scale printing processes. The resulting thermoelectric legs retain 80% of their power factor after 100 days in air and about 30% after 300 days. Using the proposed methodology, we fabricate two thermoelectric modules of 4 and 10 legs that can produce maximum power outputs of 1 and 2.4 μW, respectively, at a temperature difference ΔT of 46 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Corzo
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Kai Xu
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
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3
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Totah HS, Moujdin IA, Abulkhair HA, Albeirutty M. Influence of Inner Gas Curing Technique on the Development of Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Reinforcement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7179. [PMID: 38005108 PMCID: PMC10672929 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive shrinkage and tensile strength characterization of unsaturated polyester (UPE-8340) and vinyl ester (VE-922) epoxy matrices and composites reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted. The aspect ratio of UPE and VE with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was kept at 1:16.6; however, the weight of the MWCNTs was varied from 0.03 to 0.3 gm for the doping of the reinforced nanocomposites. Using a dumbbell-shaped mold, samples of the epoxy matrix without MWCNTs and with reinforced UPE/MWCNT and VE/MWCNT nanocomposites were made. The samples were then cured in a typical ambient chamber with air and an inner gas (carbon dioxide). The effect of the MWCNTs on UPE- and VE-reinforced composites was studied by observing the curing kinetics, shrinkage, and tensile properties, as well as the surface free energy of each reinforced sample in confined saline water. The CO2 curing results reveal that the absence of O2 shows a significantly lower shrinkage rate and higher tensile strength and flexural modulus of UPE- and VE-reinforced nanocomposite samples compared with air-cured reinforced nanocomposites. The construction that was air- and CO2-cured produced results in the shape of a dumbbell, and a flawless surface was seen. The results also show that smaller quantities of MWCNTs made the UPET- and VE-reinforced nanocomposites more stable when they were absorbed and adsorbed in concentrated salt water. Perhaps, compared to air-cured nanocomposites, CO2-cured UPE and VE nanocomposites were better at reducing shrinkage, having important mechanical properties, absorbing water, and being resistant to seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Saber Totah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Abdulelah Abulkhair
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Albeirutty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Lee JW, Kim SS, Lee MW, Hwang JY, Moon SY. High-Strength Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced with Photochemically Treated CNTs. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19789-19797. [PMID: 37305311 PMCID: PMC10249089 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy nanocomposite was prepared using a photochemical surface modification process of CNTs. The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-excimer lamp treatment created reactive sites on the CNT surface. Increasing the irradiation time increased the oxygen functional groups and changed the oxygen bonding state such as C=O, C-O, and -COOH. By the VUV-excimer irradiation on CNTs, the epoxy infiltrated well between the CNT bundles and formed a strong chemical bond between CNT and epoxy. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the nanocomposites with VUV-excimer irradiated sample during 30 min (R30) were found to increase by 30 and 68% compared to using pristine CNT, respectively. R30 was not pulled out and remained embedded in the matrix until the fracture occurred. The VUV-excimer irradiation is an effective surface modification and functionalization method for improving the mechanical properties of CNT nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeongi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Wook Lee
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Hwang
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Young Moon
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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5
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Zhou G, Li M, Liu C, Liu C, Li Z, Mei C. 3D Printed Nitrogen-Doped Thick Carbon Architectures for Supercapacitor: Ink Rheology and Electrochemical Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206320. [PMID: 36748294 PMCID: PMC10074055 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The 3D printing technique offers huge opportunities for customized thick-electrode designs with high loading densities to enhance the area capacity in a limited space. However, key challenges remain in formulating 3D printable inks with exceptional rheological performance and facilitating electronic/ion transport in thick bulk electrodes. Herein, a hybrid ink consisting of woody-derived cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and urea is formulated for the 3D printing nitrogen-doped thick electrodes, in which CNFs serve as both dispersing and thickening agents for MWCNTs, whereas urea acts as a doping agent. By systematically tailoring the concentration-dependent rheological performance and 3D printing process of the ink, a variety of gel architectures with high geometric accuracy and superior shape fidelity are successfully printed. The as-printed gel architecture is then transformed into a nitrogen-doped carbon block with a hierarchical porous structure and superior electrochemical performance after freeze-drying and annealing treatments. Furthermore, a quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor assembled with two interdigitated carbon blocks obtained by a 3D printing technique combined with a nitrogen-doping strategy delivers an energy density of 0.10 mWh cm-2 at 0.56 mW cm-2 . This work provides guidance for the formulation of the printable ink used for 3D printing of high-performance thick carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhou
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Mei‐Chun Li
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
- School of Petroleum EngineeringChina University of Petroleum (East China)QingdaoShandong266580China
| | - Chaozheng Liu
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Chuhang Liu
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Zhenglin Li
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Changtong Mei
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210000China
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6
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Jiao X, Shi C, Zhao Y, Xu L, Liu S, Hou PX, Liu C, Cheng HM. Efficient Fabrication of High-Quality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Macroscopic Conductive Fibers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20263-20271. [PMID: 36475640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-purity and well-graphitized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with excellent physiochemical properties are ideal building blocks for the assembly of various CNT macrostructures for a wide range of applications. We report the preparation of high-quality SWCNTs on a large scale using a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method. Under the optimum conditions, the conversion rate of the carbon source to SWCNTs reached 28.8%, and 20.4% of the metal nanoparticles were active for SWCNT growth, which are 15% and ∼400 times higher than those previously reported for FCCVD synthesis, respectively. As a result, the prepared SWCNTs have a very low residual catalyst content of ∼1.9 wt % and a high rapid oxidation temperature of 717 °C. Using these high-quality SWCNTs, we spun macroscopic SWCNT fibers by a wet-spinning process. The resulting fibers had a high electrical conductivity of 6.67 MS/m, which is 32% higher than the best value previously reported for SWCNT fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Jiao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaokang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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7
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Walhout PK, He Z, Dutagaci B, Nawrocki G, Feig M. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Rhodamine B Zwitterion Diffusion in Polyelectrolyte Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10256-10272. [PMID: 36440862 PMCID: PMC9813770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes continue to find wide interest and application in science and engineering, including areas such as water purification, drug delivery, and multilayer thin films. We have been interested in the dynamics of small molecules in a variety of polyelectrolyte (PE) environments; in this paper, we report simulations and analysis of the small dye molecule rhodamine B (RB) in several very simple polyelectrolyte solutions. Translational diffusion of the RB zwitterion has been measured in fully atomistic, 2 μs long molecular dynamics simulations in four different polyelectrolyte solutions. Two solutions contain the common polyanion sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), one with a 30-mer chain and the other with 10 trimers. The other two solutions contain the common polycation poly(allyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA), one with two 15-mers and the other with 10 trimers. RB diffusion was also simulated in several polymer-free solutions to verify its known experimental value for the translational diffusion coefficient, DRB, of 4.7 × 10-6 cm2/s at 300 K. RB diffusion was slowed in all four simulated PE solutions, but to varying degrees. DRB values of 3.07 × 10-6 and 3.22 × 10-6 cm2/s were found in PSS 30-mer and PSS trimer solutions, respectively, whereas PDDA 15-mer and trimer solutions yielded values of 2.19 × 10-6 and 3.34 × 10-6 cm2/s. Significant associations between RB and the PEs were analyzed and interpreted via a two-state diffusion model (bound and free diffusion) that describes the data well. Crowder size effects and anomalous diffusion were also analyzed. Finally, RB translation along the polyelectrolytes during association was characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe He
- Wheaton College, Chemistry Department, 501 College Ave, Wheaton, IL 60187
| | - Bercem Dutagaci
- Michigan State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 218, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Grzegorz Nawrocki
- Michigan State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 218, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Michael Feig
- Michigan State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 218, East Lansing, MI 48824
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8
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Sonication-Free Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Sorption-Capacity Aerogel Fabrication. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217657. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogenously dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in solvents has been one critical step towards exploiting their exceptional properties in high-performance components. However, the solubility of SWNTs is severely limited by the inert tube surfaces and strong tube-tube van der Waals attractions. Starting with carbon nanotubides, i.e., negatively charged SWNTs reduced by alkali metals, we herein propose a sonication-free approach to prepare an aqueous dispersion of SWNTs. The approach combines the spontaneous dissolution of nanotubides in polar aprotic solvents with polyvinylpyrrolidone wrapping and dialysis in deionized H2O, which results in well-dispersed, neutralized SWNTs. The gelation of concentrated SWNT dispersion leads to the formation of hydrogels, which is subsequently transformed into SWNT aerogels through lyophilization. The prepared SWNT aerogels exhibit high-mass-sorption capacities for organic solvent absorption, paving the way towards harvesting the extraordinary properties of SWNTs.
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9
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Gao X, Isayev AI, Zhang X. Continuous film casting of polycarbonate/single‐walled carbon nanotubes composites with ultrasound‐assisted twin‐screw extruder: Effect of screw configuration. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Avraam I. Isayev
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department of Materials Engineering Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology Xuzhou Jiangsu China
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10
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Lee H, Park J, Cho H, Lee J, Lee KH. Investigation of shear-induced rearrangement of carbon nanotube bundles using Taylor-Couette flow. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38152-38160. [PMID: 35498094 PMCID: PMC9044060 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic assemblies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) usually have a poor alignment and a low packing density due to their hierarchical structure. To realize the inherent properties of CNTs at the macroscopic scale, the CNT assemblies should have a highly aligned and densified structure. Shear-aligning processes are commonly employed for this purpose. This work investigates how shear flows affect the rearrangement of CNT bundles in macroscopic assemblies. We propose that buckling behavior of CNT bundles in a shear flow causes the poor alignment of CNT bundles and a low packing density of CNT assemblies; the flow pattern and the magnitude of shear stress induced by the flow are key factors to regulate this buckling behavior. To obtain CNT assemblies with a high packing density, the CNTs should undergo a laminar flow that has a sufficiently low shear stress. Understanding the effect of shear flow on the structure of CNT bundles may guide improvement of fabrication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea +82-54-279-2003
| | - Jinhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea +82-54-279-2003
| | - Hyunjung Cho
- LG Chem R&D Campus Daejeon 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34122 South Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 Beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu Busan 46241 Republic of Korea +82-51-510-2495
| | - Kun-Hong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea +82-54-279-2003
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11
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Moore J, Paineau E, Launois P, Shaffer MSP. Continuous Binder-Free Fibers of Pure Imogolite Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17940-17947. [PMID: 33830735 PMCID: PMC8153543 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) display a range of useful properties and provide an ideal material system to study the assembly of nanomaterials into macroscopic fibers. A method of wet spinning pure, binder-free imogolite fibers has been developed using double-walled germanium imogolite nanotubes. The nanotube aspect ratio can be controlled during the initial synthesis and is critical to the spinning process. Fibers made from short nanotubes (<100 nm) have very low gel strengths, while dopes with longer nanotubes (500-1000 nm) are readily spinnable. The tensile behavior of the resulting imogolite nanotube fibers is strongly influenced by relative humidity (RH), with a modulus of 30 GPa at 10% RH compared to 2.8 GPa at 85% RH, as well as a change in failure mode. This result highlights the importance of inter-nanotube interactions in such assemblies and provides a useful strategy for further exploration. Interestingly, in the absence of a matrix phase, a degree of misorientation appears to improve load transfer between the individual INTs within the porous fiber, likely due to an increase in the number of interparticle contacts. Imogolite nanotubes are an appealing analogue to other nanotube fiber systems, and it is hoped that learnings from this system can also be used to improve carbon nanotube fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
F. Moore
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Erwan Paineau
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Launois
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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13
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Smith McWilliams AD, Tang Z, Ergülen S, de Los Reyes CA, Martí AA, Pasquali M. Real-Time Visualization and Dynamics of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Undergoing Brownian Motion. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4185-4192. [PMID: 32383879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first real-time imaging of individualized boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) via stabilization with a rhodamine surfactant and fluorescence microscopy. We study the rotational and translational diffusion and find them to agree with predictions based on a confined, high-aspect-ratio rigid rod undergoing Brownian motion. We find that the behavior of BNNTs parallels that of individualized carbon nanotubes (CNTs), indicating that BNNTs could also be used as model rigid rods to study soft matter systems, while avoiding the experimental disadvantages of CNTs due to their strong light absorption. The use and further development of our technique and findings will accelerate the application of BNNTs from material engineering to biological studies.
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14
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Zhang X, Lu W, Zhou G, Li Q. Understanding the Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Smart Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902028. [PMID: 31250496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of fiber-based smart electronics has provoked increasing demand for high-performance and multifunctional fiber materials. Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers, the 1D macroassembly of CNTs, have extensively been utilized to construct wearable electronics due to their unique integration of high porosity/surface area, desirable mechanical/physical properties, and extraordinary structural flexibility, as well as their novel corrosion/oxidation resistivity. To take full advantage of CNT fibers, it is essential to understand their mechanical and conductive properties. Herein, the recent progress regarding the intrinsic structure-property relationship of CNT fibers, as well as the strategies of enhancing their mechanical and conductive properties are briefly summarized, providing helpful guidance for scouting ideally structured CNT fibers for specific flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Weibang Lu
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Gengheng Zhou
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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15
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Goh GL, Agarwala S, Yeong WY. Aerosol-Jet-Printed Preferentially Aligned Carbon Nanotube Twin-Lines for Printed Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019. [PMID: 31660713 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201801318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is of great importance for the fabrication of high-speed electronic devices such as a transistor as the electron mobilities can be greatly enhanced with aligned CNT architectures. Here, we report, for the first time, a methodology to obtain preferentially aligned CNT traces on a flexible polyimide substrate utilizing the high-resolution aerosol jet printing technique and evaporation-driven self-assembly process. A self-assembled twin-line of CNT ("coffee-ring" effect) is observed in the deposit patterns, and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images reveal highly self-ordered CNT in the resulting CNT twin-line. Various aerosol jet parameters have been investigated to obtain printed tracks in the range of 30-80 μm and conductive tracks (single CNT twin-line width) in the range of 600-1500 nm. The smallest CNT twin-line obtained in this experiment is found to be approximately 16 μm using a suitable sheath-to-atomizer flow ratio. Image analysis of FESEM images confirms the formation of aligned CNT traces at the ink periphery. The effect of the line width on the degree of alignment of the CNT is studied and evaluated. The electrical resistance of the CNT trace is adjustable by controlling the number of print passes and print speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Goh
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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16
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Wan Z, Chen C, Meng T, Mojtaba M, Teng Y, Feng Q, Li D. Multifunctional Wet-Spun Filaments through Robust Nanocellulose Networks Wrapping to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42808-42817. [PMID: 31625715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) hold potential for fabricating multifunctional composites with remarkable performance. However, it is technically tough to fabricate materials by CNFs and SWNTs with their intact properties, mainly because of the weakly synergistic interaction. Hence, constructing sturdy interfaces and sequential connectivity not only can enhance mechanical strength but also are capable of improving the electrical conductivity. In that way, we report CNF/SWNT filaments composed of axially oriented building blocks with robust CNF networks wrapping to SWNTs. The composite filaments obtained through the combination of three-mill-roll and wet-spinning strategy display high strength up to ∼472.17 MPa and a strain of ∼11.77%, exceeding most results of CNF/SWNT composites investigated in the previous literature. Meanwhile, the filaments possess an electrical conductivity of ∼86.43 S/cm, which is also positively dependent on temperature changes. The multifunctional filaments are further manufactured as a strain sensor to measure mass variation and survey muscular movements, leading to becoming optimistic incentives in the fields of portable gauge measuring and wearable bioelectronic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmin Wan
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Taotao Meng
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Mansoorianfar Mojtaba
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Youchao Teng
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Qian Feng
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province 210037 , P.R. China
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17
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Abol-Fotouh D, Dörling B, Zapata-Arteaga O, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Gómez A, Reparaz JS, Laromaine A, Roig A, Campoy-Quiles M. Farming thermoelectric paper. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2019; 12:716-726. [PMID: 30930961 PMCID: PMC6394882 DOI: 10.1039/c8ee03112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Waste heat to electricity conversion using thermoelectric generators is emerging as a key technology in the forthcoming energy scenario. Carbon-based composites could unleash the as yet untapped potential of thermoelectricity by combining the low cost, easy processability, and low thermal conductivity of biopolymers with the mechanical strength and good electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Here we use bacteria in environmentally friendly aqueous media to grow large area bacterial nanocellulose (BC) films with an embedded highly dispersed CNT network. The thick films (≈10 μm) exhibit tuneable transparency and colour, as well as low thermal and high electrical conductivity. Moreover, they are fully bendable, can conformally wrap around heat sources and are stable above 500 K, which expands the range of potential uses compared to typical conducting polymers and composites. The high porosity of the material facilitates effective n-type doping, enabling the fabrication of a thermoelectric module from farmed thermoelectric paper. Because of vertical phase separation of the CNTs in the BC composite, the grown films at the same time serve as both the active layer and separating layer, insulating each thermoelectric leg from the adjacent ones. Last but not least, the BC can be enzymatically decomposed, completely reclaiming the embedded CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa Abol-Fotouh
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
- City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) , New Borg Al-Arab , 21934 , Egypt
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Andrés Gómez
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - J Sebastian Reparaz
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Anna Roig
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
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18
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Clancy AJ, Bayazit MK, Hodge SA, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7363-7408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Mustafa K. Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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19
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Fajardo-Díaz JL, López-Urías F, Muñoz-Sandoval E. Wrinkled Nitrogen-doped Carbon Belts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3546. [PMID: 29476123 PMCID: PMC5824786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes are nanomaterials with outstanding properties such as electrical, thermal, mechanical strength, flexibility, and high surface area. These nanomaterials are used as building blocks for the construction of novel and astonishing 3D-dimensional networks. In the present work, nitrogen-doped carbon belt (N-CB) structures containing wrinkled carbon fibres as building blocks were synthesized under unstable conditions in a chemical vapour deposition experiment. N-CB structures with 0.2-3.0 microns of wide and 350 nm thick were assembled from complex individual wrinkled carbon fibres grown on Co/Cu films. These complex structures have a tubular appearance, showing holed and wrinkled graphite layers. Sulphur and copper atoms drastically affect the catalytic role of cobalt, changing the conventional growth of carbon nanotubes. Chemical functional groups, N-doping, and carbons hybridizations involved in the winkled carbon fibres are investigated. These findings provides a novel material that can be used as an excellent oxygen-reduction reaction catalyst or nano-electronics component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Fajardo-Díaz
- Advanced Materials Division, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Florentino López-Urías
- Advanced Materials Division, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Muñoz-Sandoval
- Advanced Materials Division, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico.
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20
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Fong D, Adronov A. Investigation of Hybrid Conjugated/Nonconjugated Polymers for Sorting of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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21
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Clancy AJ, Anthony DB, Fisher SJ, Leese HS, Roberts CS, Shaffer MSP. Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8764-8773. [PMID: 28620663 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Long single-walled carbon nanotubes, with lengths >10 μm, can be spontaneously dissolved by stirring in a sodium naphthalide N,N-dimethylacetamide solution, yielding solutions of individualised nanotubide ions at concentrations up to 0.74 mg mL-1. This process was directly compared to ultrasonication and found to be less damaging while maintaining greater intrinsic length, with increased individualisation, yield, and concentration. Nanotubide solutions were spun into fibres using a new reactive coagulation process, which covalently grafts a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix to the nanotubes directly at the point of fibre formation. The grafting process insulated the nanotubes electrically, significantly enhancing the dielectric constant to 340% of the bulk polymer. For comparison, samples were prepared using both Supergrowth nanotubes and conventional shorter commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes. The resulting nanocomposites showed similar, high loadings (ca. 20 wt%), but the fibres formed with Supergrowth nanotubes showed significantly greater failure strain (up to ∼25%), and hence more than double the toughness (30.8 MJ m-3), compared to composites containing typical ∼1 μm SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clancy
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - D B Anthony
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - S J Fisher
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - H S Leese
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C S Roberts
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - M S P Shaffer
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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22
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Lu Z, Chao Y, Ge Y, Foroughi J, Zhao Y, Wang C, Long H, Wallace GG. High-performance hybrid carbon nanotube fibers for wearable energy storage. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5063-5071. [PMID: 28265639 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable energy storage devices are of practical interest, but few have been commercially exploited. Production of electrodes with extended cycle life, as well as high energy and power densities, coupled with flexibility, remains a challenge. Herein, we have demonstrated the development of a high-performance hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber-based supercapacitor for the first time using conventional wet-spinning processes. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoflakes were deposited onto the as-prepared CNT fibers by electrodeposition to form highly flexible nanocomposites fibers. As-prepared fibers were characterized by electron microscopy, electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical measurements. It was found that the specific capacitance was over 152 F g-1 (156 F cm-3), which is about 500% higher than the multi-walled carbon nanotube/MnO2 yarn-based supercapacitors. The measured energy density was 14.1 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 202 W kg-1. These values are 232% and 32% higher than the energy density and power density of MWNT/MnO2 yarn-based supercapacitor, respectively. It was found that the cyclic retention ability was more stable, revealing a 16% increase after 10 000 cycles. Such substantial enhancements of key properties of the hybrid material can be associated with the synergy of CNT and MnO2 nanoparticles in the fiber structure. The use of wet-spun hybrid CNT for fiber-based supercapacitors has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Lu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, China
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23
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Song J, Li J, Guo Z, Liu W, Ma Q, Feng F, Dong C. A novel fluorescent sensor based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots with excellent stability for selective detection of doxycycline in raw milk. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots obtained from casein exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of doxycycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Song
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Chemistry
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen
- China
| | - Ziying Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Shanxi Datong University
- Datong
- China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Shanxi Datong University
- Datong
- China
| | - Qi Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Shanxi Datong University
- Datong
- China
| | - Feng Feng
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Chemistry
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
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24
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Jiang C, Peng Z, de los Reyes C, Young CC, Tsentalovich DE, Jamali V, Ajayan PM, Tour JM, Pasquali M, Martí AA. Increased solubility and fiber spinning of graphenide dispersions aided by crown-ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1498-1501. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphenide solutions in NMP have been prepared by dispersing potassium intercalated graphite with the assistance of 18-crown-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - Colin C. Young
- Applied Physics Program
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | | | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute
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25
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Luo C, Li F, Li D, Fu Q, Pan C. Bioinspired Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Spider Silk Structure for Ultrahigh Mechanical Property. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31256-31263. [PMID: 27779376 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique hierarchical structure, natural spider silk features exceptional mechanical properties such as high tensile strength and great extensibility, making it one of the toughest materials. Herein, we design bioinspired spider silk single-walled carbon nanotubes (BISS-SWCNTs) that combine the hierarchical structure of spider silk and the high strength and conductivity of SWCNTs. To imitate the hierarchical structure, Fe nanoparticles are embedded on the surface of directly synthesized SWCNTs skeleton followed by coating an amorphous carbon layer. The carbon layer forms the spider silk-featured skin-core structure with SWCNTs, thus making the tube junction tougher. The embedded Fe nanoparticles act as glue spots for preventing interfacial slippages between the BISS-SWCNTs and the reinforced matrix. With only 2.1 wt % BISS-SWCNTs added, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the BISS-SWCNTs/PMMA composites can be improved by 300%. More importantly, the BISS-SWCNTs also retain the high conductivity and transmittance of the pristine SWCNTs film. This unique bioinspired material will be of great importance in applications of multifunctional composite materials and has important implications for the future of biomimetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Luo
- School of Physics and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures and ‡Center for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fangying Li
- School of Physics and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures and ‡Center for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Delong Li
- School of Physics and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures and ‡Center for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Physics and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures and ‡Center for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunxu Pan
- School of Physics and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures and ‡Center for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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26
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Fong D, Bodnaryk WJ, Rice NA, Saem S, Moran-Mirabal JM, Adronov A. Influence of Polymer Electronics on Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Chemistry 2016; 22:14560-6. [PMID: 27514320 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation and isolation of semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on a large scale remains a barrier to many commercial applications. Selective extraction of semiconducting SWNTs by wrapping and dispersion with conjugated polymers has been demonstrated to be effective, but the structural parameters of conjugated polymers that dictate selectivity are poorly understood. Here, we report nanotube dispersions with a poly(fluorene-co-pyridine) copolymer and its cationic methylated derivative, and show that electron-deficient conjugated π-systems bias the dispersion selectivity toward metallic SWNTs. Differentiation of semiconducting and metallic SWNT populations was carried out by a combination of UV/Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements. These results provide new insight into the rational design of conjugated polymers for the selective dispersion of metallic SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William J Bodnaryk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole A Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sokunthearath Saem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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27
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Huang K, Saha A, Dirian K, Jiang C, Chu PLE, Tour JM, Guldi DM, Martí AA. Carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous solution by ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13488-13497. [PMID: 27353007 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes with appended pyrene groups have been synthesized and used to disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in aqueous solutions. To this end, planar pyrene groups enable association by means of π-stacking onto carbon nanotubes and, in turn, the attachment of the cationic ruthenium complexes. Importantly, the ionic nature of the ruthenium complexes allows the formation of stable dispersions featuring individualized SWCNTs in water as confirmed in a number of spectroscopic and microscopic assays. In addition, steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to probe the excited state interactions between the ruthenium complexes and SWCNTs. These studies show that the photoluminescence of both, that is, of the ruthenium complexes and of SWCNTs, are quenched when they interact with each other. Pump-probe transient absorption experiments were performed to shed light onto the nature of the photoluminescence quenching, showing carbon nanotube-based bands with picosecond lifetimes, but no new bands which could be unambigously assigned to photoinduced charge transfer process. Thus, from the spectroscopic data, we conclude that quenching of the photoluminescence of the ruthenium complexes is due to energy transfer to proximal SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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28
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Meng F, Tang C, Wang B, Liu T, Zhu X, Miao P. Peptide and carbon nanotubes assisted detection of apoptosis by square wave voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Williams TS, Orloff ND, Baker JS, Miller SG, Natarajan B, Obrzut J, McCorkle LS, Lebron-Colón M, Gaier J, Meador MA, Liddle JA. Trade-off between the Mechanical Strength and Microwave Electrical Properties of Functionalized and Irradiated Carbon Nanotube Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9327-9334. [PMID: 27044063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets represent a novel implementation of CNTs that enable the tailoring of electrical and mechanical properties for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. Small molecule functionalization and postprocessing techniques, such as irradiation with high-energy particles, are methods that can enhance the mechanical properties of CNTs. However, the effect that these modifications have on the electrical conduction mechanisms has not been extensively explored. By characterizing the mechanical and electrical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheets with different functional groups and irradiation doses, we can expand our insights into the extent of the trade-off that exists between mechanical strength and electrical conductivity for commercially available CNT sheets. Such insights allow for the optimization of design pathways for engineering applications that require a balance of material property enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Williams
- NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - Nathan D Orloff
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Communications Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - James S Baker
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, NASA Glenn Research Center , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - Sandi G Miller
- NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - Bharath Natarajan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jan Obrzut
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Marisabel Lebron-Colón
- NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - James Gaier
- NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - Michael A Meador
- NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field , Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- Communications Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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30
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Rahman NSA, Ahmad NA, Yhaya MF, Azahari B, Ismail WR. Crosslinking of fibers via azide-alkyne click chemistry: Synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syazwani Abd Rahman
- School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Humanities; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Noor Afiqah Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Yhaya
- School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Baharin Azahari
- School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Wan Ruslan Ismail
- School of Humanities; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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31
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Zhang C, Yao L, Qiu Y. Synthesis and characterization of LiFePO 4-carbon nanofiber-carbon nanotube composites prepared by electrospinning and thermal treatment as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Textile Materials, College of Textiles; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Lan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Textile Materials, College of Textiles; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yiping Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Textile Materials, College of Textiles; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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32
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Liang S, Subrahmanyam AV, Khadem M, Zhao Y, Adronov A. Selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes with electron-rich fluorene-based copolymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02524b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report novel π-conjugated copolymers containing electron-donating dithiafulvene (DTF) and π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) repeat units for selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| | | | | | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
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33
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You Y, Wei R, Yang R, Yang W, Hua X, Liu X. Crystallization behaviors of polyarylene ether nitrile filled in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11783j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The isothermal and dynamic crystallization behaviors of PEN filled in CNT are studied. The PEN filled in CNT cannot crystallize without shearing. By shearing, the shear stress transmits from CNT to the PEN and induces the crystallization of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong You
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics
- High Temperature Resistant Polymer and Composites Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
| | - Renbo Wei
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics
- High Temperature Resistant Polymer and Composites Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
| | - Ruiqi Yang
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics
- High Temperature Resistant Polymer and Composites Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
| | - Wei Yang
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics
- High Temperature Resistant Polymer and Composites Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
| | - Xiufu Hua
- Department of Scientific Research and Development
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics
- High Temperature Resistant Polymer and Composites Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
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34
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Pati S, Singh BP, Saket DK, Gupta BK, Singh VN, Dhakate SR. In situ growth of silicon carbide–carbon nanotube composites. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02924d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SiC-single walled carbon nanotube composites were prepared through the novel route of d.c. arc discharge technique using silicon powder as a filler in a graphite anode and confirmed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santwana Pati
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110 012
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Bhanu Pratap Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110 012
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
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35
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Zhong J, Zhang H, Yan J, Gong X. Effect of nanofiber orientation of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds on cell growth and elastin expression of muscle cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:772-8. [PMID: 26520049 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration after smooth muscle tissue injury is a pivotal issue in tissue engineering. Good artificial scaffolds to continuously form long thin spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells in the damaged muscle tissues are important for tissue regeneration. In this work, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) were used to fabricate aligned or random electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds (ENSs) by using electrospinning technique. The cell growth and elastin expression of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs) on these membranes were analyzed. Smooth PLGA/PCL film was used as control. The experimental results showed that the aligned ENS could maintain cell shapes of HVSMCs during the culture process. During the HVSMCs proliferation process, elastin expression firstly increase due to cell proliferation, and then decrease due to elastin degradation by elastase secreted by the cells. All these results suggest that aligned PLGA/PCL ENS can be a promising candidate for cell regeneration after smooth muscle tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Juan Yan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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36
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Jiang C, Saha A, Martí AA. Carbon nanotubides: an alternative for dispersion, functionalization and composites fabrication. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15037-15045. [PMID: 26334292 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we systematically describe the state-of-knowledge in the area of carbon nanotubides (CNTDs). CNTDs can be used for achieving highly concentrated dispersions of SWCNTs and can also be used as an important intermediate for covalent chemical modification. In recent years, researchers have used SWCNTDs as starting materials for the functionalization of SWCNTs with functionalities such as alkyl chains, carboxylic acids, sulfide, amino, hydroxyl, silyl, bromide, ethers, ketones and polymers. Also, we discussed the observed selectivity on the covalent functionalization towards certain classes of CNTs. Finally, we describe the use of SWCNTDs in the manufacture of fibers, films and other functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005 USA.
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37
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Clancy AJ, Melbourne J, Shaffer MSP. A one-step route to solubilised, purified or functionalised single-walled carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2015; 3:16708-16715. [PMID: 27019712 PMCID: PMC4786951 DOI: 10.1039/c5ta03561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reductive dissolution is a promising processing route for single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that avoids the damage caused by ultrasonication and aggressive oxidation whilst simultaneously allowing access to a wealth of SWCNT functionalisation reactions. Here, reductive dissolution has been simplified to a single one-pot reaction through the use of sodium naphthalide in dimethylacetamide allowing direct synthesis of SWCNT Na+ solutions. Gram quantities of SWCNTs can be dissolved at concentrations over 2 mg mL-1. These reduced SWCNT solutions can easily be functionalised through the addition of alkyl halides; reducing steric bulk of the grafting moiety and increasing polarisability of the leaving group increases the extent of functionalisation. An optimised absolute sodium concentration of 25 mM is shown to be more important than carbon to metal ratio in determining the maximum degree of functionalisation. This novel dissolution system can be modified for use as a non-destructive purification route for raw SWCNT powder by adjusting the degree of charging to dissolve carbonaceous impurities, catalyst particles and defective material, before processing the remaining SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clancy
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - J Melbourne
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - M S P Shaffer
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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38
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Hooshmand S, Aitomäki Y, Norberg N, Mathew AP, Oksman K. Dry-Spun Single-Filament Fibers Comprising Solely Cellulose Nanofibers from Bioresidue. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13022-8. [PMID: 26017287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that low-cost and environmentally friendly filaments of native cellulose can be prepared by dry spinning an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The CNF were extracted from banana rachis, a bioresidue from banana cultivation. The relationship between spinning rate, CNF concentration, and the mechanical properties of the filaments were investigated and the results showed that the modulus of the filaments was increased from 7.8 to 12.6 GPa and the strength increased from 131 to 222 MPa when the lowest concentration and highest speed was used. This improvement is believed to be due to an increased orientation of the CNF in the filament. A minimum concentration of 6.5 wt % was required for continuous filament spinning using the current setup. However, this relatively high concentration is thought to limit the orientation of the CNF in the filament. The process used in this study has a good potential for upscaling providing a continuous filament production with well-controlled speed, but further work is required to increase the orientation and subsequently the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Hooshmand
- †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Aitomäki
- †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | | | - Aji P Mathew
- †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
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39
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Dong X, Lu C, Zhou P, Zhang S, Wang L, Li D. Polyacrylonitrile/lignin sulfonate blend fiber for low-cost carbon fiber. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile/lignin sulfonate blend fiber spun via wet spinning process could be stabilized rapidly, and thus suitable to produce a low-cost carbon fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Chunxiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Pucha Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Shouchun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Liyong Wang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
| | - Denghua Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Carbon Fiber Technology
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
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40
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Zhao Y, Choi J, Kim P, Fei W, Lee CJ. Large-scale synthesis and characterization of super-bundle single-walled carbon nanotubes by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale synthesis of water-assisted super-bundle single-walled carbon nanotubes was investigated by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. The product yield dramatically improved from 40 to 206 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Micro/Nano Systems
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Jihoon Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Weidong Fei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Cheol Jin Lee
- Department of Micro/Nano Systems
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering
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41
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Jiang S, Duan G, Chen L, Hu X, Ding Y, Jiang C, Hou H. Thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of tough electrospun poly(imide-co-benzoxazole) nanofiber belts. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun PI-co-PBO nanofiber belts possessed superior thermomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Jiang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaowu Hu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | | | - Haoqing Hou
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
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42
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Tan HX, Xu XC. Conductive properties and mechanisms of different polymers doped by carbon nanotube/polypyrrole 1D hybrid nanotubes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers doped by MPPy hybrid nanotubes with enhanced conductivity and a reduced amount of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xin Tan
- Department of Physics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xue-cheng Xu
- Department of Physics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
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43
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Piao M, Joo MK, Choi JH, Shin JM, Moon YS, Kim GT, Dettlaff-Weglikowska U. Evaluation of power generated by thermoelectric modules comprising a p-type and n-type single walled carbon nanotube composite paper. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric modules were fabricated from p-type and n-type SWCNT composite papers, and were demonstrated as efficient thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Piao
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Joo
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jong Mok Shin
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Young Sun Moon
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- South Korea
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44
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Wen Y, Xu X, Sun M, He Q, Wang M, Gu Y, Jiang Y, Dai Z, Chen Z, Ao T. Electrical and optical polarization responses of composite films based on aligned carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient approach for large-area preparation of horizontally-aligned carbon nanotube (CNT)–vanadium oxide (VOx) composite films is presented. The as-prepared composite films particularly exhibit electrical and optical anisotropies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Terahertz Science
| | - Minghui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Terahertz Science
| | - Zelin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Zhegeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
| | - Tianhong Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Chengdu 610054
- P.R. China
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45
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Sahatiya P, Badhulika S. One-step in situ synthesis of single aligned graphene–ZnO nanofiber for UV sensing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15351d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic of the microfabrication of gold electrodes, electrospinning with collector as pre patterned electrode, UV sensing with single aligned Gr–ZnO nanofiber device.
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46
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Chen L, Jiang S, Chen J, Chen F, He Y, Zhu Y, Hou H. Single electrospun nanofiber and aligned nanofiber belts from copolyimide containing pyrimidine units. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single electrospun co-PI nanofiber and aligned co-PI nanofiber belts containing pyrimidine units possessed superior mechanical strength and modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Yunyun He
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Zhu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Hou
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
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47
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Bartelmess J, Frasconi M, Balakrishnan PB, Signorelli A, Echegoyen L, Pellegrino T, Giordani S. Non-covalent functionalization of carbon nano-onions with pyrene–BODIPY dyads for biological imaging. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07683h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel approach based on non-covalent interactions for the functionalization of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) with fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Bartelmess
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Nano Carbon Materials Lab
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Nano Carbon Materials Lab
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - Preethi B. Balakrishnan
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Drug Discovery and Development Department
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - Angelo Signorelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Nano Carbon Materials Lab
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- University of Texas at El Paso
- Department of Chemistry
- El Paso
- USA
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Drug Discovery and Development Department
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Nano Carbon Materials Lab
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
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48
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Rahman MM, Khan A, Asiri AM. Chemical sensor development based on poly(o-anisidine)silverized–MWCNT nanocomposites deposited on glassy carbon electrodes for environmental remediation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
POAS–Ag/MWCNT nanocomposites were prepared by an adsorption process. A selective 3-methoxyphenolic sensor was developed by an I–V technique for the first time. It displays the highest sensitivity (∼3.829 μA cm−2 mM−1) ever published in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
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49
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Kim E, Sabari Arul N, Yang L, Han JI. Electroless plating of copper nanoparticles on PET fiber for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of H2O2. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have fabricated copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber by electroless plating for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with an excellent sensitivity of 0.387 mA μM−1 cm−2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Dongguk University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | | | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Dongguk University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jeong In Han
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Dongguk University
- Seoul
- South Korea
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50
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Roumeli E, Avgeropoulos A, Pavlidou E, Vourlias G, Kyratsi T, Bikiaris D, Chrissafis K. Understanding the mechanical and thermal property reinforcement of crosslinked polyethylene by nanodiamonds and carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic evaluation of the factors governing the measured thermal and mechanical property reinforcement in crosslinked polyethylene nanocomposites is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Roumeli
- Solid State Physics Section
- Physics Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Avgeropoulos
- Polymers' Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science Engineering
- University of Ioannina
- University Campus
- 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - E. Pavlidou
- Solid State Physics Section
- Physics Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G. Vourlias
- Solid State Physics Section
- Physics Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Th. Kyratsi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- University of Cyprus
- 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K. Chrissafis
- Solid State Physics Section
- Physics Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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