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Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi N, Hafizah Mukhtar N, Ravindar L, Suhaily Saaidin A, Huda Abd Karim N, Hamizah Ali A, Kartini Agustar H, Ismail N, Yee Ling L, Ebihara M, Izzaty Hassan N. Exploring antimalarial potential: Conjugating organometallic moieties with organic fragments for enhanced efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107510. [PMID: 38833991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel ligands with efficacy against various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases, molecular hybridization of organometallic units into biologically active scaffolds has been hailed as an appealing strategy in medicinal chemistry. The conjugation to organometallic fragments can be achieved by an appropriate linker or by directly coordinating the existing drugs to a metal. The success of Ferroquine (FQ, SR97193), an effective chloroquine-ferrocene conjugate currently undergoing the patient-exploratory phase as a combination therapy with the novel triaminopyrimidine ZY-19489 for malaria, has sparked intense interest in organometallic compound drug discovery. We present the evolution of organometallic antimalarial agents over the last decade, focusing on the parent moiety's class and the type of organometallics involved. Four main organometallic antimalarial compounds have been chosen based on conjugated organic moieties: existing antimalarial drugs, other clinical drugs, hybrid drugs, and promising scaffolds of thiosemicarbazones, benzimidazoles, and chalcones, in particular. The presented insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on organometallic compound drug development for malaria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hafizah Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Karim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicinal Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Zinman PS, Welsh A, Omondi RO, Khan S, Prince S, Nordlander E, Smith GS. Aminoquinoline-based Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes: Insights into their antiproliferative activity and mechanisms of action. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116094. [PMID: 38219660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new potent anticancer agents, two Schiff base rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes, containing the ubiquitous aminoquinoline scaffold, were synthesized. Both aminoquinoline ligands and Re(I) complexes showed adequate stability over a 48-h incubation period. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the precursor ligands and rhenium(I) complexes were evaluated against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Inclusion of the [Re(CO)3Cl]+ entity significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the aminoquinoline Schiff base ligands against the tested cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the incorporation of the Schiff-base iminoquinolyl entity notably enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the Re(I) complexes, in comparison with the iminopyridyl entity. Notably, the quinolyl-substituted complex showed up to three-fold higher activity than cisplatin against breast cancer cell lines, underpinning the significance of the quinoline pharmacophore in rational drug design. In addition, the most active Re(I) complex showed better selectivity towards the breast cancer cells over non-tumorigenic FG-0 cells. Western blotting revealed that the complexes increased levels of γH2AX, a key DNA damage response protein. Moreover, apoptosis was confirmed in both cell lines due to the detection of cleaved PARP. The complexes show favourable binding affinities towards both calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the order of their interactions align with their cytotoxic effects. The in silico molecular simulations of the complexes were also performed with CT-DNA and BSA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige S Zinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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Sumithaa C, Ganeshpandian M. Half-Sandwich Ruthenium Arene Complexes Bearing Clinically Approved Drugs as Ligands: The Importance of Metal-Drug Synergism in Metallodrug Design. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1453-1479. [PMID: 36802711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy in metallodrug discovery today is incorporating clinically approved drugs into metal complexes as coordinating ligands. Using this strategy, various drugs have been repurposed to prepare organometallic complexes to overcome the resistance of drugs and to design promising alternatives to currently available metal-based drugs. Notably, the combination of organoruthenium moiety and clinical drug in a single molecule has been shown, in some instances, to enhance pharmacological activity and reduce toxicity in comparison to the parent drug. Thus, for the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in exploiting metal-drug synergism to develop multifunctional organoruthenium drug candidates. Herein, we summarized the recent reports of rationally designed half-sandwich Ru(arene) complexes containing different FDA-approved drugs. This review also focuses on the mode of coordination of drugs, ligand-exchange kinetics, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship of organoruthenated complexes containing drugs. We hope this discussion may serve to shed light on future developments in ruthenium-based metallopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezhiyan Sumithaa
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
| | - Mani Ganeshpandian
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
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Wang ZF, Nai XL, Xu Y, Pan FH, Tang FS, Qin QP, Yang L, Zhang SH. Cell nucleus localization and high anticancer activity of quinoline-benzopyran rhodium(III) metal complexes as therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agents. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12866-12875. [PMID: 35861361 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four novel rhodium(III) complexes, [RhIII(QB1)Cl3(DMSO)] (RhN1), [RhIII(QB2)Cl3(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (RhN2), [RhIII(QB3)Cl3(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (RhS), and [RhIII(QB4)Cl3(DMSO)] (RhQ), bearing quinoline-benzopyran ligands (QB1-QB4) were synthesized and used to develop highly anticancer therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agents. Compared with the QB1-QB4 ligands (IC50 > 89.2 ± 1.7 μM for A549/DDP), RhN1, RhN2, RhS and RhQ exhibit selective cytotoxicity against lung carcinoma cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP (A549CDDP) cancer cells, with IC50 values in the range of 0.08-2.7 μM. The fluorescent imaging agent RhQ with the more extended planar QB4 ligand exhibited high anticancer activity in A549CDDP cells and was found in the cell nucleus fraction, whereas RhS had no fluorescence properties. RhQ and RhS may trigger cell apoptosis by causing DNA damage and initiating the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Furthermore, RhQ has a higher antitumor efficacy (ca. 55.3%) than RhS (46.4%) and cisplatin (CDDP, 33.1%), and RhQ demonstrated significantly lower toxicity in vivo than CDDP, making it a promising Rh(III)-based anticancer therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China. .,College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China
| | - Xiao-Ling Nai
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Feng-Hua Pan
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Fu-Shun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China.
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China. .,College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China
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Belyaeva VV, Bolgova YI, Trofimova OM. Hypervalent Intramolecular N→Si Interaction in [Methoxy(methyl)silyl] Derivatives of 8-Mercaptoquinoline: Structural and Spectral Criteria. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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(Trifluorosilyl)methyl 2-methylacrylate: Synthesis, experimental and theoretical studies. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs are most likely the most successful group of bioinorganic compounds. Their apparent disadvantages have led to the development of anticancer compounds of other noble metals, resulting in several ruthenium-based drugs which have entered clinical trials on oncological patients. Besides ruthenium, numerous rhodium complexes have been recently reported as highly potent antiproliferative agents against various human cancer cells, making them potential alternatives to Pt- and Ru-based metallodrugs. In this review, half-sandwich Rh(III) complexes are overviewed. Many representatives show higher in vitro potency than and different mechanisms of action (MoA) from the conventional anticancer metallodrugs (cisplatin in most cases) or clinically studied Ru drug candidates. Furthermore, some of the reviewed Rh(III) arenyl complexes are also anticancer in vivo. Pioneer anticancer organorhodium compounds as well as the recent advances in the field are discussed properly, and adequate attention is paid to their anticancer activity, solution behaviour and various processes connected with their MoA. In summary, this work summarizes the types of compounds and the most important biological results obtained in the field of anticancer half-sandwich Rh complexes.
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10
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Sohrabi M, Saeedi M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Recent advances in biological activities of rhodium complexes: Their applications in drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113308. [PMID: 33713976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Unique structure, characteristic reactivity, and facile synthesis of metal complexes have made them efficient ligands in drug development research. Among them, rhodium complexes have a limited history and there are a few discussions about their biological activities documented in the literature. However, investigation of kinetically inert rhodium complexes has recently attracted lots of attention and especially there are various evidences on their anti-cancer activity. It seems that they can be investigated as a versatile surrogates or candidates for the existing drugs which do not affect selectively or suffer from various side effects. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of mononuclear rhodium (III) organometallo drugs due to its versatile structurally important aspects to inhibit various enzymes. It has been demonstrated that organometallic Rh complexes profiting from both organic and inorganic aspects have shown more potent biological activities than classical inorganic compartments. In this respect, smart design, use of the appropriate organic ligands, and efficient and user-friendly synthesis of organometallic Rh complexes have played crucial roles in the inducing desirable biological activities. In this review, we focused on the recent advances published on the bioactivity of Rh (III/II/I) complexes especially inhibitory activity, from 2013 till now. Accordingly, considering the structure-activity relationship (SAR), the effect of oxidation state (+1, +2, and +3) and geometry (dimer or monomer complexes with coordination number of 4 and 6) of Rh complexes as well as various ligands on in vitro and in vivo studies was comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Sohrabi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Usman M, Husain FM, Khan RA, Alharbi W, Alsalme A, Al-Lohedan HA, Tabassum S. Organometallic ruthenium (η 6- p-cymene) complexes interfering with quorum sensing and biofilm formation: an anti-infective approach to combat multidrug-resistance in bacteria. NEW J CHEM 2021; 45:2184-2199. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic ruthenium complexes of flavonoids as antiquorum sensing agents against pathogens likeChromobacterium violaceumATCC 12472,Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 and methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- College of Food and Agriculture Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 62529
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Surfactant Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
- Surfactant Research Chair
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12
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Mbaba M, Golding TM, Smith GS. Recent Advances in the Biological Investigation of Organometallic Platinum-Group Metal (Ir, Ru, Rh, Os, Pd, Pt) Complexes as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225276. [PMID: 33198217 PMCID: PMC7698227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of the recent pandemic and emergence of infectious diseases of viral origin, research on parasitic diseases such as malaria continues to remain critical and innovative methods are required to target the rising widespread resistance that renders conventional therapies unusable. The prolific use of auxiliary metallo-fragments has augmented the search for novel drug regimens in an attempt to combat rising resistance. The development of organometallic compounds (those containing metal-carbon bonds) as antimalarial drugs has been exemplified by the clinical development of ferroquine in the nascent field of Bioorganometallic Chemistry. With their inherent physicochemical properties, organometallic complexes can modulate the discipline of chemical biology by proffering different modes of action and targeting various enzymes. With the beneficiation of platinum group metals (PGMs) in mind, this review aims to describe recent studies on the antimalarial activity of PGM-based organometallic complexes. This review does not provide an exhaustive coverage of the literature but focusses on recent advances of bioorganometallic antimalarial drug leads, including a brief mention of recent trends comprising interactions with biomolecules such as heme and intracellular catalysis. This resource can be used in parallel with complementary reviews on metal-based complexes tested against malaria.
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13
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Baartzes N, Stringer T, Seldon R, Warner DF, Taylor D, Wittlin S, Chibale K, Smith GS. Bioisosteric ferrocenyl aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrids: Antimicrobial evaluation and mechanistic insights. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:121-133. [PMID: 31301563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenyl- and bioisosteric ferrocenyl-derived aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrid compounds were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 and multi-drug resistant K1 strains of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. All compounds were active against the two strains, generally showing enhanced activity in the K1 strain, with resistance indices less than 1. Cytotoxicity studies using Chinese hamster ovarian cells revealed that the hybrids were relatively non-cytotoxic and demonstrated selective killing of the parasite. Based on favourable in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity data, the most active phenyl (4c) and ferrocenyl (5b) hybrids were tested in vivo against the rodent Plasmodium berghei mouse model. Both compounds caused a reduction in parasitemia relative to the control, with 5c displaying superior activity (92% reduction in parasitemia at 4 × 50 mg/kg oral doses). The most active phenyl and ferrocenyl derivatives showed inhibition of β-haematin formation in a NP-40 detergent-mediated assay, indicating a possible contributing mechanism of antiplasmodial action. The most active ferrocenyl hybrid did not display appreciable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a ROS-induced DNA cleavage gel electrophoresis study. The compounds were also screened for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The hybrids containing a more hydrophobic substituent had enhanced activity (<32.7 μM) compared to those with a less hydrophobic substituent (>62.5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baartzes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Stringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Seldon
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - D Taylor
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - G S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Dewangan S, Mishra S, Mawatwal S, Dhiman R, Parida R, Giri S, Wölper C, Chatterjee S. Synthesis of Ferrocene Tethered Heteroaromatic Compounds Using Solid Supported Reaction Method, their Cytotoxic Evaluation and Fluorescence Behavior. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Dewangan
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Sasmita Mishra
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Department of Life ScienceNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Life ScienceNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Rakesh Parida
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Santanab Giri
- Department of Applied SciencesHaldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia-721657, W.B India
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Department for X-Ray DiffractionInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen D-45117 Essen Germany
| | - Saurav Chatterjee
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
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15
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Maračić S, Lapić J, Djaković S, Opačak-Bernardi T, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Vrček V, Raić-Malić S. Quinoline and ferrocene conjugates: Synthesis, computational study and biological evaluations. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvija Maračić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; University of Zagreb; Marulićev trg 19 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lapić
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Pierottijeva 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Senka Djaković
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Pierottijeva 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek; J. Huttlera 4 31000 Osijek Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek; J. Huttlera 4 31000 Osijek Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Zagreb; A. Kovačića 1 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; University of Zagreb; Marulićev trg 19 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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16
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Chanquia SN, Larregui F, Puente V, Labriola C, Lombardo E, García Liñares G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new quinoline derivatives as antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal agents. Bioorg Chem 2018; 83:526-534. [PMID: 30469145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our project aimed at developing new safe chemotherapeutic agents against tropical diseases, a series of aryl derivatives of 2- and 3-aminoquinoline, some of them new compounds, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), and Leishmania mexicana, the etiological agent of Leishmaniasis. Some of them showed a remarkable activity as parasite growth inhibitors. Fluorine-containing derivatives 11b and 11c were more than twice more potent than geneticin against intracellular promastigote form of Leishmania mexicana exhibiting both IC50 values of 41.9 μM. The IC50 values corresponding to fluorine and chlorine derivatives 11b-d were in the same order than benznidazole against epimastigote form. These drugs are interesting examples of effective antiparasitic agents with outstanding potential not only as lead drugs but also to be used for further in vivo studies. In addition, the obtained compounds showed no toxicity in Vero cells, which makes them good candidates to control tropical diseases. Regarding the probable mode of action, assayed quinoline derivatives interacted with hemin, inhibiting its degradation and generating oxidative stress that is not counteracted by the antioxidant defense system of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago N Chanquia
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis. Departamento de Química Orgánica y UMYMFOR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, piso 3, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Larregui
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis. Departamento de Química Orgánica y UMYMFOR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, piso 3, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Puente
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirias y Porfirinas (CIPYP, UBA-CONICET), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Labriola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Lombardo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirias y Porfirinas (CIPYP, UBA-CONICET), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guadalupe García Liñares
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis. Departamento de Química Orgánica y UMYMFOR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, piso 3, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Mousazadeh H, Safa KD, Ghadari R. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and DFT studies of 1,2,3-triazole-based organosilicon compounds. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Ramesh R, Reddy DS. Quest for Novel Chemical Entities through Incorporation of Silicon in Drug Scaffolds. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3779-3798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Ramesh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
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19
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20
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Mousazadeh H, Milani M, Zarghami N, Alizadeh E, Safa KD. Study of the Cytotoxic and Bactericidal Effects of Sila-substituted Thioalkyne and Mercapto-thione Compounds based on 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:390-399. [PMID: 28613449 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of sila-organosulphur compounds containing 1,2,3-triazole cores were screened for their cytotoxic activity on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Most of the tested compounds exhibited moderate-to-good activity against the cancer cells. Especially, the compound 4-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynylthio)methyl)-1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (3a) from series of sila-substituted thioalkyne 1,2,3-triazoles (STATs) and the compounds 3-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1-mercapto-1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)propane-2-thione (4a) and 1-mercapto-1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-(1-phenethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)propane-2-thione (4e) from series of sila-substituted mercapto-thione 1,2,3-triazoles (SMTTs) exhibited promising cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC50 values of 35.17, 32.63 and 30.3 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the possible mechanisms for inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptotic cell death were explored by DAPI staining, cell cycle analysis and qRT-PCR. The synthetic compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activities, and as a result, the most prominent effects were observed for 3e and 4e. Especially, 3e was found to be quite active against all the tested strains with the MIC values ranging from 15 to 62 μg/mL, except P. aeruginosa. The results of the time-kill assay suggested that the compound of 3e completely inhibited the growth of both gram-negative bacteria, A. baumannii, and gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus. In addition, SEM analysis confirmed morphostructural damage of the bacteria. Our findings could be applicable for developing dual-targeting anticancer/antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mousazadeh
- Organosilicon Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazem D Safa
- Organosilicon Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of mono- and polynuclear ferrocenyl-derived amino and imino complexes. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Ekengard E, Kumar K, Fogeron T, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Haukka M, Monari M, Nordlander E. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-rhodium and iridium complexes containing (N^N and N^O) bound chloroquine analogue ligands: synthesis, characterization and antimalarial properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3905-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium and iridium cyclopentadienyl complexes have been examined for anti-malarial activity. Three rhodium complexes are especially active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ekengard
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Kamlesh Kumar
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Thibault Fogeron
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925
- South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925
- South Africa
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
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23
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Adams M, Barnard L, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Wiesner L, Chibale K, Smith GS. Cyclopalladated organosilane–tethered thiosemicarbazones: novel strategies for improving antiplasmodial activity. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5514-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocenyl- and aryl-derived cyclopalladated organosilane thiosemicarbazone complexes were synthesised via C–H bond activation and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneebah Adams
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town
- K45
- OMB
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town
- K45
- OMB
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town
- K45
- OMB
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
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24
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Adams M, Stringer T, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Land KM, Liu N, Tam C, Cheng LW, Njoroge M, Chibale K, Smith GS. Bioisosteric ferrocenyl-containing quinolines with antiplasmodial and antitrichomonal properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:19086-19095. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioisosteric (C, Si) ferrocenyl-containing quinolines and ferrocenylamines were prepared and evaluated as antiplasmodial and antitrichomonal agents.
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25
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Nikolin AA, Kramarova EP, Shipov AG, Baukov YI, Negrebetsky VV, Arkhipov DE, Korlyukov AA, Lagunin AA, Bylikin SY, Bassindale AR, Taylor PG. N,N-Bis-(dimethylfluorosilylmethyl)amides of N-organosulfonylproline and sarcosine: synthesis, structure, stereodynamic behaviour and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(O→Si)-Chelate difluorides R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)N(CH2SiMe2F)2, were synthesized by silylmethylation of amides R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)NH2, subsequent hydrolysis of unstable dichlorides into 2,6-disilamorpholines and the reaction of the latter compounds with BF3·Et2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Nikolin
- Department of Chemistry
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia P. Kramarova
- Department of Chemistry
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G. Shipov
- Department of Chemistry
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
| | - Yuri I. Baukov
- Department of Chemistry
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V. Negrebetsky
- Department of Chemistry
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry E. Arkhipov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov's Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey A. Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
- Moscow 117997
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry
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26
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Adams M, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Land KM, Liu N, Hopper M, Hsiao A, Burgoyne AR, Stringer T, Meyer M, Wiesner L, Chibale K, Smith GS. Improved antiparasitic activity by incorporation of organosilane entities into half-sandwich ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III) thiosemicarbazone complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2456-68. [PMID: 25559246 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of ferrocenyl- and aryl-functionalised organosilane thiosemicarbazone compounds was obtained via a nucleophilic substitution reaction with an amine-terminated organosilane. The thiosemicarbazone (TSC) ligands were further reacted with either a ruthenium dimer [(η(6-i)PrC6H4Me)Ru(μ-Cl)Cl]2 or a rhodium dimer [(Cp*)Rh(μ-Cl)Cl]2 to yield a series of cationic mono- and binuclear complexes. The thiosemicarbazone ligands, as well as their metal complexes, were characterised using NMR and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The molecular structure of the binuclear ruthenium(ii) complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The thiosemicarbazones and their complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activities against the chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains, displaying activities in the low micromolar range. Selected compounds were screened for potential β-haematin inhibition activity, and it was found that two Rh(iii) complexes exhibited moderate to good inhibition. Furthermore, the compounds were screened for their antitrichomonal activities against the G3 Trichomonas vaginalis strain, revealing a higher percentage of growth inhibition for the ruthenium and rhodium complexes over their corresponding ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneebah Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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27
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Synthesis, structure, and stereochemical non-rigidity of bis[(2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] dichlorosilane and -germane. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Safa KD, Allahvirdinesbat M, Namazi H, Panahi PN. Synthesis of organosilyl compounds-containing 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl imidazoles sonocatalyzed by M/SAPO-34 (M = Fe, Co, Mn, and Cu) nanostructures. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Wani WA, Jameel E, Baig U, Mumtazuddin S, Hun LT. Ferroquine and its derivatives: new generation of antimalarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:534-51. [PMID: 26188909 PMCID: PMC7115395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has been teasing human populations from a long time. Presently, several classes of antimalarial drugs are available in market, but the issues of toxicity, lower efficacy and the resistance by malarial parasites have decreased their overall therapeutic indices. Thus, the search for new promising antimalarials continues, however, the battle against malaria is far from over. Ferroquine is a derivative of chloroquine with antimalarial properties. It is the most successful of the chloroquine derivatives. Not only ferroquine, but also its derivatives have shown promising potential as antimalarials of clinical interest. Presently, much research is dedicated to the development of ferroquine derivatives as safe alternatives to antimalarial chemotherapy. The present article describes the structural, chemical and biological features of ferroquine. Several classes of ferroquine derivatives including hydroxyferroquines, trioxaferroquines, chloroquine-bridged ferrocenophanes, thiosemicarbazone derivatives, ferrocene dual conjugates, 4-N-substituted derivatives, and others have been discussed. Besides, the mechanism of action of ferroquine has been discussed. A careful observation has been made into pharmacologically significant ferroquine derivatives with better or equal therapeutic effects to that of chloroquine and ferroquine. A brief discussion of the toxicities of ferroquine derivatives has been made. Finally, efforts have been made to discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development. Structural, chemical and biological features of ferroquine have been discussed. Several classes of ferroquine derivatives have been reviewed. Mechanism of action of ferroquine has been described. Challenges in ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development have been highlighted. Perspectives in ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem A Wani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Ehtesham Jameel
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, 842001, Bihar, India
| | - Umair Baig
- Center of Excellence for Scientific Research Collaboration with MIT, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mumtazuddin
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, 842001, Bihar, India
| | - Lee Ting Hun
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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30
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Chopra R, de Kock C, Smith P, Chibale K, Singh K. Ferrocene-pyrimidine conjugates: Synthesis, electrochemistry, physicochemical properties and antiplasmodial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Srivastava V, Lee H. Chloroquine-based hybrid molecules as promising novel chemotherapeutic agents. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:472-86. [PMID: 25959387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including anticancer and anti-inflammatory, in addition to its well-known antimalarial activity. This very useful property of CQ may be rendered through a variety of different molecular and cellular mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, necrosis and lysosomal dysfunction. CQ alone may not be as effective as many well-known anticancer drugs; however, it often shows synergisticts when combined with other anticancer agents, without causing substantial ill-effects. To increase its pharmacological activity, scientists synthesized many different chloroquine derivatives by a repositioning approach, some of which show higher activities than the parental CQ. To further improve anticancer activity, medicinal chemists have recently been focusing on generating CQ hybrid molecules by joining, directly or through a linker, 4-aminoquinoline and other pharmacologically active phamarcophore(s). Indeed, some CQ hybrid molecules substantially improved anticancer activity while maintaining desirable CQ property, providing an excellent opportunity of developing effective and safe novel anticancer agents. Since the approach of developing CQ hybrid molecules has advanced much more in the antimalarial drug research, it can provide an excellent template for anticancer drug development. This review provides an overview of CQ-based hybrid molecules by focusing on: (1) the potential advantage of the hybrid approach in developing effective and safe anticancer agents; (2) what we can learn from the CQ hybrid approach used in the development of effective antimalarial agents; and (3) CQ hybrid molecules as potential anticancer agents in different categories classified based on their chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Srivastava
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
| | - Hoyun Lee
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6.
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32
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Safa KD, Allahvirdinesbat M, Namazi H. Synthesis of Novel Organosiliconsulfur-Containing Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles Sonocatalyzed by LaxSr1−xFeyCo1−yO3 Nanoperovskites. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem D. Safa
- Organosilicon Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hassan Namazi
- Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nano-biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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33
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Ruthenium(II) complexes with hydroxypyridinecarboxylates: Screening potential metallodrugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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34
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Stringer T, Taylor D, Guzgay H, Shokar A, Au A, Smith PJ, Hendricks DT, Land KM, Egan TJ, Smith GS. Polyamine quinoline rhodium complexes: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as antiparasitic agents against Plasmodium falciparum and Trichomonas vaginalis. Dalton Trans 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salicylaldimine ligands and their corresponding Rh(i) complexes were prepared and evaluated as antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameryn Stringer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- South Africa
| | - Hajira Guzgay
- Division of Medical Biochemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Ajit Shokar
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
| | - Aaron Au
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- South Africa
| | - Denver T. Hendricks
- Division of Medical Biochemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701
- South Africa
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35
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Tripathy SK, Taviti AC, Dehury N, Sahoo A, Pal S, Beuria TK, Patra S. Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activity of [(p-cym)RuX(L)]+/2+ (X = Cl, H2O; L = bpmo, bpms) complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5114-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple replacement of Cl− by H2O in {(p-cym)RuII(L)X]n+ (X = Cl or H2O) complexes enhances antibacterial activity significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Tripathy
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar
- India
| | | | - Niranjan Dehury
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar
- India
| | - Anupam Sahoo
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar
- India
| | - Satyanaryan Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Ravenshaw University
- Cuttack-753 003
- India
| | | | - Srikanta Patra
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar
- India
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Safa KD, Feyzi A, Allahvirdinesbat M, Sarchami L, Panahi PN. Synthesis of Novel Organosilicon Compounds Possessing Fully Substituted Imidazole Nucleus Sonocatalyzed by Fe-Cu/ZSM-5 Bimetallic Oxides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.962056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reemergence of chloroquine (CQ) analogs as multi-targeting antimalarial agents: a review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:280-95. [PMID: 25461328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amongst several communicable diseases (CDs), malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic disease all over the world, particularly in African and Asian countries. To curb this menace, numbers of antimalarial agents are being sold as over the counter (OTC) drugs. Chloroquine (CQ) is one of them and is one of the oldest, cheapest, and easily available synthetic agents used to curb malaria. Unfortunately, after the reports of CQ-resistance against different strains of malarial parasite strains worldwide, scientist are continuously modifying the core structure of CQ to get an efficient drug. Interestingly, several new drugs have been emerged in due course having unique and enhanced properties (like dual stage inhibitors, resistance reversing ability etc.) and are ready to enter into the clinical trial. In this course, some new agents have also been discovered which are; though inactive against CQS strain, highly active against CQR strains. The present article describes the role of modification of the core structure of CQ and its effects on the biological activities. Moreover, the attempt has also been made to predict the future prospects of such drugs to reemerge as antimalarial agents.
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Nikolin AA, Negrebetsky VV. Synthesis, properties and reactivity of intramolecular hypercoordinate silicon complexes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n09abeh004385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Synthesis of novel organosilicon compounds possessing highly substituted imidazole core catalyzed by antimony trioxide. Mol Divers 2014; 19:29-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li Y, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Carbosilane Congener of Ferroquine and Its Corresponding Half-Sandwich Ruthenium and Rhodium Complexes for Antiplasmodial and β-Hematin Inhibition Activity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500622p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote
Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote
Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute
of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Nazarov AA, Hartinger CG, Dyson PJ. Opening the lid on piano-stool complexes: An account of ruthenium(II)–arene complexes with medicinal applications. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Oehninger L, Küster LN, Schmidt C, Muñoz-Castro A, Prokop A, Ott I. A chemical-biological evaluation of rhodium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as prospective anticancer drugs. Chemistry 2013; 19:17871-80. [PMID: 24243420 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium(I) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been widely used in catalytic chemistry, but there are very few reports of biological properties of these organometallics. A series of Rh(I)-NHC derivatives with 1,5-cyclooctadiene and CO as secondary ligands were synthesized, characterized, and biologically investigated as prospective antitumor drug candidates. Pronounced antiproliferative effects were noted for all complexes, along with moderate inhibitory activity of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and efficient binding to biomolecules (DNA, albumin). Biodistribution studies showed that the presence of albumin lowered the cellular uptake and confirmed the transport of rhodium into the nuclei. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed as well as DNA fragmentation in wild-type and daunorubicin- or vincristine-resistant Nalm-6 leukemia cells. Overall, these studies indicated that Rh(I)-NHC fragments could be used as partial structures of new antitumor agents, in particular in those drugs designed to address resistant malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Oehninger
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig (Germany), Fax: (+49) 531 391 8456
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Patra M, Joshi T, Pierroz V, Ingram K, Kaiser M, Ferrari S, Spingler B, Keiser J, Gasser G. DMSO-Mediated Ligand Dissociation: Renaissance for Biological Activity ofN-Heterocyclic-[Ru(η6-arene)Cl2] Drug Candidates. Chemistry 2013; 19:14768-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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