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Pacheco S, Gallegos AS, Peláez-Aguilar ÁE, Sánchez J, Gómez I, Soberón M, Bravo A. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase or cadherin does not confer resistance to Cry toxins in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012256. [PMID: 38870209 PMCID: PMC11207138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti cadherin-like protein (Aae-Cad) and the membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (Aae-mALP) are membrane proteins identified as putative receptors for the larvicidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis bacteria. Cry toxins are the most used toxins in the control of different agricultural pest and mosquitos. Despite the relevance of Aae-Cad and Aae-mALP as possible toxin-receptors in mosquitoes, previous efforts to establish a clear functional connection among them and Cry toxins activity have been relatively limited. In this study, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate knockout (KO) mutations of Aae-Cad and Aae-mALP. The Aae-mALP KO was successfully generated, in contrast to the Aae-Cad KO which was obtained only in females. The female-linked genotype was due to the proximity of aae-cad gene to the sex-determining loci (M:m). Both A. aegypti KO mutant populations were viable and their insect-development was not affected, although a tendency on lower egg hatching rate was observed. Bioassays were performed to assess the effects of these KO mutations on the susceptibility of A. aegypti to Cry toxins, showing that the Aae-Cad female KO or Aae-mALP KO mutations did not significantly alter the susceptibility of A. aegypti larvae to the mosquitocidal Cry toxins, including Cry11Aa, Cry11Ba, Cry4Ba, and Cry4Aa. These findings suggest that besides the potential participation of Aae-Cad and Aae-mALP as Cry toxin receptors in A. aegypti, additional midgut membrane proteins are involved in the mode of action of these insecticidal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adrián S. Gallegos
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ángel E. Peláez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Ding C, Chen Y, Miao G, Qi Z. Research Advances on the Role of Lipids in the Life Cycle of Human Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:63. [PMID: 38257890 PMCID: PMC10820681 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are emerging pathogens with a significant potential to cause life-threatening harm to human health. Since the beginning of the 21st century, three highly pathogenic and transmissible human CoVs have emerged, triggering epidemics and posing major threats to global public health. CoVs are enveloped viruses encased in a lipid bilayer. As fundamental components of cells, lipids can play an integral role in many physiological processes, which have been reported to play important roles in the life cycle of CoVs, including viral entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. Therefore, research on the role of lipids in the CoV life cycle can provide a basis for a better understanding of the infection mechanism of CoVs and provide lipid targets for the development of new antiviral strategies. In this review, research advances on the role of lipids in different stages of viral infection and the possible targets of lipids that interfere with the viral life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yibo Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Gen Miao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
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Tavares CS, Mishra R, Ghobrial PN, Bonning BC. Composition and abundance of midgut surface proteins in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Banerjee R, Flores-Escobar B, Chougule NP, Cantón PE, Dumitru R, Bonning BC. Peptide mediated, enhanced toxicity of a bacterial pesticidal protein against southern green stink bug. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2071-2082. [PMID: 35315236 PMCID: PMC9249324 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage caused by stink bugs that feed on agricultural crops accounts for such significant losses that transgenic plant resistance to stink bugs would be highly desirable. As the level of toxicity of the Bacillus thuringiensis‐derived, ETX/Mtx2 pesticidal protein Mpp83Aa1 is insufficient for practical use against the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula, we employed two disparate approaches to isolate peptides NvBP1 and ABP5 that bind to specific proteins (alpha amylase and aminopeptidase N respectively) on the surface of the N. viridula gut. Incorporation of these peptides into Mpp83Aa1 provided artificial anchors resulting in increased gut binding, and enhanced toxicity. These peptide‐modified pesticidal proteins with increased toxicity provide a key advance for potential future use against N. viridula when delivered by transgenic plants to mitigate economic loss associated with this important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Biviana Flores-Escobar
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nanasaheb P Chougule
- Innovation Center, BASF Corporation, 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Pablo Emiliano Cantón
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Razvan Dumitru
- Innovation Center, BASF Corporation, 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Milijaš Jotić M, Panevska A, Iacovache I, Kostanjšek R, Mravinec M, Skočaj M, Zuber B, Pavšič A, Razinger J, Modic Š, Trenti F, Guella G, Sepčić K. Dissecting Out the Molecular Mechanism of Insecticidal Activity of Ostreolysin A6/Pleurotolysin B Complexes on Western Corn Rootworm. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070455. [PMID: 34209983 PMCID: PMC8310357 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) is a protein produced by the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It binds to membrane sphingomyelin/cholesterol domains, and together with its protein partner, pleurotolysin B (PlyB), it forms 13-meric transmembrane pore complexes. Further, OlyA6 binds 1000 times more strongly to the insect-specific membrane sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE). In concert with PlyB, OlyA6 has potent and selective insecticidal activity against the western corn rootworm. We analysed the histological alterations of the midgut wall columnar epithelium of western corn rootworm larvae fed with OlyA6/PlyB, which showed vacuolisation of the cell cytoplasm, swelling of the apical cell surface into the gut lumen, and delamination of the basal lamina underlying the epithelium. Additionally, cryo-electron microscopy was used to explore the membrane interactions of the OlyA6/PlyB complex using lipid vesicles composed of artificial lipids containing CPE, and western corn rootworm brush border membrane vesicles. Multimeric transmembrane pores were formed in both vesicle preparations, similar to those described for sphingomyelin/cholesterol membranes. These results strongly suggest that the molecular mechanism of insecticidal action of OlyA6/PlyB arises from specific interactions of OlyA6 with CPE, and the consequent formation of transmembrane pores in the insect midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Milijaš Jotić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioan Iacovache
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.I.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martina Mravinec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.I.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ana Pavšič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (Š.M.)
| | - Špela Modic
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (Š.M.)
| | - Francesco Trenti
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-320-3419
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Gu J, Ye R, Xu Y, Yin Y, Li S, Chen H. A historical overview of analysis systems for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mishra R, Guo Y, Kumar P, Cantón PE, Tavares CS, Banerjee R, Kuwar S, Bonning BC. Streamlined phage display library protocols for identification of insect gut binding peptides highlight peptide specificity. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:100012. [PMID: 36003592 PMCID: PMC9387513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phage display libraries have been used to isolate insect gut binding peptides for use as pathogen transmission blocking agents, and to provide artificial anchors for increased toxicity of bacteria-derived pesticidal proteins. Previously, phage clones displaying enriched peptides were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Here we present a streamlined protocol for identification of insect gut binding peptides, using insect-appropriate feeding strategies, with next generation sequencing and tailored bioinformatics analyses. The bioinformatics pipeline is designed to eliminate poorly enriched and false positive peptides, and to identify peptides predicted to be stable and hydrophilic. In addition to developing streamlined protocols, we also sought to address whether candidate gut binding peptides can bind to insects from more than one order, which is an important consideration for safe, practical use of peptide-modified pesticidal proteins. To this end, we screened phage display libraries for peptides that bind to the gut epithelia of two pest insects, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera) and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera), and one beneficial insect, the western honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera). While unique peptide sequences totaling 13,427 for D. citri, 89,561 for S. exigua and 69,053 for A. mellifera were identified from phage eluted from the surface of the insect guts, final candidate pools were comprised of 53, 107 and 1423 peptides respectively. The benefits of multiple rounds of biopanning, along with peptide binding properties in relation to practical use of peptide-modified pesticidal proteins for insect pest control are discussed.
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Fuzita FJ, Pimenta DC, Palmisano G, Terra WR, Ferreira C. Detergent-resistant domains in Spodoptera frugiperda midgut microvillar membranes and their relation to microapocrine secretion. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 235:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen J, Aimanova K, Gill SS. Functional characterization of Aedes aegypti alkaline phosphatase ALP1 involved in the toxicity of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and jegathesan. Peptides 2017; 98:78-85. [PMID: 28587836 PMCID: PMC5705450 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Presently three major groups of proteins from Aedes aegypti, cadherin, alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and aminopeptidases N (APN), have been identified as Cry11Aa toxin receptors. To further characterize their role on toxicity, transgenic mosquitoes with silenced Aedes cadherin expression were previously generated and the role of cadherin in mediating the toxicity of four different mosquitocidal toxins (Cry11Aa, Cry11Ba, Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba) was demonstrated. Here, we investigated the role of another reported Cry11Aa receptor, ALP1. As with Aedes cadherin, this protein is localized in the apical cell membrane of distal and proximal gastric caecae and the posterior midgut. We also successfully generated transgenic mosquitoes that knockdowned ALP1 transcript levels using an inducible Aedes heat shock promoter, Hsp70A driving dsALP1RNA. Four different mosquitocidal toxins were used for larval bioassays against this transgenic mosquito. Bioassay results show thatCry11Aa toxicity to these transgenic larvae following a heat shock decreased (4.4 fold) and Cry11Ba toxicity is slightly attenuated. But Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba toxicity to ALP1 silenced larvae is unchanged. Without heat shock, toxicity of all four toxins does not change, suggesting this heat shock promoter is heat-inducible. Notably, transgenic mosquitoes with ALP1 knockdown are about 3.7 times less resistant to Cry11Aa toxin than those with Aedes cadherin knockdown. These results demonstrate that the ALP1 is an important secondary receptor for Cry11Aa and Cry11Ba, but it might not be involved in Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Chen
- Departmentof Cell Biology and Neurosciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Karly Aimanova
- Departmentof Cell Biology and Neurosciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Departmentof Cell Biology and Neurosciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Rezende TMT, Romão TP, Batista M, Berry C, Adang MJ, Silva-Filha MHNL. Identification of Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin ligands in the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 88:63-70. [PMID: 28780070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A binary mosquitocidal toxin composed of a three-domain Cry-like toxin (Cry48Aa) and a binary-like toxin (Cry49Aa) was identified in Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa has action on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, in particular, to those that are resistant to the Bin Binary toxin, which is the major insecticidal factor from L. sphaericus-based biolarvicides, indicating that Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa interacts with distinct target sites in the midgut and can overcome Bin toxin resistance. This study aimed to identify Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa ligands in C. quinquefasciatus midgut through binding assays and mass spectrometry. Several proteins, mostly from 50 to 120 kDa, bound to the Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin were revealed by toxin overlay and pull-down assays. These proteins were identified against the C. quinquefasciatus genome and after analysis a set of 49 proteins were selected which includes midgut bound proteins such as aminopeptidases, amylases, alkaline phosphatases in addition to molecules from other classes that can be potentially involved in this toxin's mode of action. Among these, some proteins are orthologs of Cry receptors previously identified in mosquito larvae, as candidate receptors for Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the specificity of their interactions and their possible role as receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Batista
- Instituto Carlos Chagas-FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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Szilagyi JT, Vetrano AM, Laskin JD, Aleksunes LM. Localization of the placental BCRP/ABCG2 transporter to lipid rafts: Role for cholesterol in mediating efflux activity. Placenta 2017. [PMID: 28623970 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is an efflux transporter in the placental barrier. By transporting chemicals from the fetal to the maternal circulation, BCRP limits fetal exposure to a range of drugs, toxicants, and endobiotics such as bile acids and hormones. The purpose of the present studies was to 1) determine whether BCRP localizes to highly-ordered, cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains in placenta microvillous membranes, and 2) determine the impact of cholesterol on BCRP-mediated placental transport in vitro. METHODS BCRP expression was analyzed in lipid rafts isolated from placentas from healthy, term pregnancies and BeWo trophoblasts by density gradient ultracentrifugation. BeWo cells were also tested for their ability to efflux BCRP substrates after treatment with the cholesterol sequestrant methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD, 5 mM, 1 h) or the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor pravastatin (200 μM, 48 h). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION BCRP was found to co-localize with lipid raft proteins in detergent-resistant, lipid raft-containing fractions from placental microvillous membranes and BeWo cells. Treatment of BeWo cells with MβCD redistributed BCRP protein into higher density non-lipid raft fractions. Repletion of the cells with cholesterol restored BCRP localization to lipid raft-containing fractions. Treatment of BeWo cells with MβCD or pravastatin increased cellular retention of two BCRP substrates, the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 and the mycotoxin zearalenone. Repletion with cholesterol restored BCRP transporter activity. Taken together, these data demonstrate that cholesterol may play a critical role in the post-translational regulation of BCRP in placental lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Szilagyi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Xia J, Guo Z, Yang Z, Zhu X, Kang S, Yang X, Yang F, Wu Q, Wang S, Xie W, Xu W, Zhang Y. Proteomics-based identification of midgut proteins correlated with Cry1Ac resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 132:108-117. [PMID: 27521921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops and can rapidly develop resistance to many chemical insecticides. Although insecticidal crystal proteins (i.e., Cry and Cyt toxins) derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been useful alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of P. xylostella, resistance to Bt in field populations of P. xylostella has already been reported. A better understanding of the resistance mechanisms to Bt should be valuable in delaying resistance development. In this study, the mechanisms underlying P. xylostella resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin were investigated using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and ligand blotting for the first time. Comparative analyses of the constitutive expression of midgut proteins in Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant P. xylostella larvae revealed 31 differentially expressed proteins, 21 of which were identified by mass spectrometry. Of these identified proteins, the following fell into diverse eukaryotic orthologous group (KOG) subcategories may be involved in Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily G member 4 (ABCG4), trypsin, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, actin, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein (GAA1) and solute carrier family 30 member 1 (SLC30A1). Additionally, ligand blotting identified the following midgut proteins as Cry1Ac-binding proteins in Cry1Ac-susceptible P. xylostella larvae: ABC transporter subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1), solute carrier family 36 member 1 (SLC36A1), NADH dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein 3 (NDUFS3), prohibitin and Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 1. Collectively, these proteomic results increase our understanding of the molecular resistance mechanisms to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in P. xylostella and also demonstrate that resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin is complex and multifaceted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Xia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Department of Biocontrol, Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Biocontrol, Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Albright VC, Hellmich RL, Coats JR. A Review of Cry Protein Detection with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2175-2189. [PMID: 26949828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Cry proteins in insecticide formulations and transgenic crops for insect control has led to an increased interest in the environmental fate of these proteins. Although several detection methods are available to monitor the fate of Cry proteins in the environment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have emerged as the preferred detection method, due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid results. Validation of ELISAs is necessary to ensure accurate measurements of Cry protein concentrations in the environment. Validation methodology has been extensively researched and published for the areas of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision; however, cross validation of ELISA results has been studied to a lesser extent. This review discusses the use of ELISAs for detection of Cry proteins in environmental samples and validation of ELISAs and introduces cross validation. The state of Cry protein environmental fate research is considered through a critical review of published literature to identify areas where the use of validation protocols can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurtice C Albright
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Richard L Hellmich
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 110 Genetics Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joel R Coats
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Stalinski R, Laporte F, Després L, Tetreau G. Alkaline phosphatases are involved in the response ofAedes aegyptilarvae to intoxication withBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensis Cry toxins. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1022-36. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Stalinski
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Frédéric Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
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15
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Elleuch J, Jaoua S, Darriet F, Chandre F, Tounsi S, Zghal RZ. Cry4Ba and Cyt1Aa proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: Interactions and toxicity mechanism against Aedes aegypti. Toxicon 2015; 104:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Lee SB, Aimanova KG, Gill SS. Alkaline phosphatases and aminopeptidases are altered in a Cry11Aa resistant strain of Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:112-121. [PMID: 25242559 PMCID: PMC4254116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is widely used for the biological control of mosquito populations. However, the mechanism of Bti toxins is still not fully understood. To further elucidate the mechanism of Bti toxins, we developed an Aedes aegypti resistant strain that shows high-level resistance to Cry11Aa toxin. After 27 selections with Cry11Aa toxin, the larvae showed a 124-fold resistance ratio for Cry11Aa (strain G30). G30 larvae showed cross-resistance to Cry4Aa (66-fold resistance), less to Cry4Ba (13-fold), but not to Cry11Ba (2-fold). Midguts from these resistant larvae did not show detectable difference in the processing of the Cry11Aa toxin compared to that in susceptible larvae (WT). Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from resistant larvae bound slightly less Cry11Aa compared to WT BBMV. To identify potential proteins associated with Cry11A resistance, not only transcript changes in the larval midgut were analyzed using Illumina sequencing and qPCR, but alterations of previously identified receptor proteins were investigated using immunoblots. The transcripts of 375 genes were significantly increased and those of 208 genes were down regulated in the resistant larvae midgut compared to the WT. None of the transcripts for previously identified receptors of Cry11Aa (Aedes cadherin, ALP1, APN1, and APN2) were altered in these analyses. The genes for the identified functional receptors in resistant larvae midgut did not contain any mutation in their sequences nor was there any change in their transcript expression levels compared to WT. However, ALP proteins were expressed at reduced levels (∼ 40%) in the resistant strain BBMV. APN proteins and their activity were also slightly reduced in resistance strain. The transcript levels of ALPs (AAEL013330 and AAEL015070) and APNs (AAEL008158, AAEL008162) were significantly reduced. These results strongly suggest that ALPs and APNs could be associated with Cry11Aa resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bum Lee
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Karlygash G Aimanova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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17
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Després L, Stalinski R, Tetreau G, Paris M, Bonin A, Navratil V, Reynaud S, David JP. Gene expression patterns and sequence polymorphisms associated with mosquito resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:926. [PMID: 25341495 PMCID: PMC4223840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the intensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) toxins for mosquito control, little is known about the long term effect of exposure to this cocktail of toxins on target mosquito populations. In contrast to the many cases of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins observed in other insects, there is no evidence so far for Bti resistance evolution in field mosquito populations. High fitness costs measured in a Bti selected mosquito laboratory strain suggest that evolving resistance to Bti is costly. The aim of the present study was to identify transcription level and polymorphism variations associated with resistance to Bti toxins in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for comparing a laboratory-selected strain showing elevated resistance to Bti toxins and its parental non-selected susceptible strain. As the resistant strain displayed two marked larval development phenotypes (slow and normal), each phenotype was analyzed separately in order to evidence potential links between resistance mechanisms and mosquito life-history traits. RESULTS A total of 12,458 genes were detected of which 844 were differentially transcribed between the resistant and susceptible strains. Polymorphism analysis revealed a total of 68,541 SNPs of which 12,571 SNPs exhibited more than 40% frequency difference between the resistant and susceptible strains, affecting 2,953 genes. Bti resistance is associated with changes in the transcription level of enzymes involved in detoxification and chitin metabolism. Among previously described Bti-toxin receptors, four alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were differentially transcribed between resistant and susceptible larvae, and non-synonymous changes affected the protein sequence of one cadherin, six aminopeptidases (APNs) and four α-amylases. Other putative Cry receptors located in lipid rafts, such as flotillin and glycoside hydrolases, were under-transcribed and/or contained non-synonymous substitutions. Finally, immunity-related genes showed contrasted transcription and polymorphisms patterns between the two developmental resistant phenotypes, suggesting the existence of trade-offs between Bti-resistance, life-history traits and immunity. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to analyze the whole transcriptome of Bti-resistant mosquitoes by RNA-seq, shedding light on the importance of studying both transcription levels and sequence polymorphism variations to get a comprehensive view of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Després
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR5553, Grenoble, France.
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Vega-Cabrera A, Cancino-Rodezno A, Porta H, Pardo-Lopez L. Aedes aegypti Mos20 cells internalizes cry toxins by endocytosis, and actin has a role in the defense against Cry11Aa toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:464-87. [PMID: 24476709 PMCID: PMC3942746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins are used to control Aedes aegypti, an important vector of dengue fever and yellow fever. Bt Cry toxin forms pores in the gut cells, provoking larvae death by osmotic shock. Little is known, however, about the endocytic and/or degradative cell processes that may counteract the toxin action at low doses. The purpose of this work is to describe the mechanisms of internalization and detoxification of Cry toxins, at low doses, into Mos20 cells from A. aegypti, following endocytotic and cytoskeletal markers or specific chemical inhibitors. Here, we show that both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are involved in the internalization into Mos20 cells of Cry11Aa, a toxin specific for Dipteran, and Cry1Ab, a toxin specific for Lepidoptera. Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab are not directed to secretory lysosomes. Instead, Mos20 cells use the Rab5 and Rab11 pathways as a common mechanism, most probably for the expulsion of Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab toxins. In conclusion, we propose that endocytosis is a mechanism induced by Cry toxins independently of specificity, probably as part of a basal immune response. We found, however, that actin is necessary for defense-specific response to Cry11Aa, because actin-silenced Mos20 cells become more sensitive to the toxic action of Cry11A toxin. Cry toxin internalization analysis in insect cell lines may contribute to a better understanding to Cry resistance in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vega-Cabrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Angeles Cancino-Rodezno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico;.
| | - Helena Porta
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Liliana Pardo-Lopez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
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Chen J, Likitvivatanavong S, Aimanova KG, Gill SS. A 104 kDa Aedes aegypti aminopeptidase N is a putative receptor for the Cry11Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1201-8. [PMID: 24128608 PMCID: PMC3872109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Cry11Aa protein produced in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, a bacterial strain used worldwide for the control of Aedes aegypti larvae, binds midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) with an apparent K(d) of 29.8 nM. Previously an aminopeptidase N (APN), named AaeAPN2, was identified as a putative Cry11Aa toxin binding protein by pull-down assays using biotinylated Cry11Aa toxin (Chen et al., 2009. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39, 688-696). Here we show this protein localizes to the apical membrane of epithelial cells in proximal and distal regions of larval caeca. The AaeAPN2 protein binds Cry11Aa with high affinity, 8.6 nM. The full-length and fragments of AaeAPN2 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The toxin-binding region was identified and further competitive assays demonstrated that Cry11Aa binding to BBMV was efficiently competed by the full-length AaeAPN2 and the fragments of AaeAPN2b and AaeAPN2e. In bioassays against Ae. aegypti larvae, the presence of full-length and a partial fragment (AaeAPN2b) of AaeAPN2 enhanced Cry11Aa larval mortality. Taken together, we conclude that AaeAPN2 is a binding protein and plays a role in Cry11Aa toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarjeet S. Gill
- Corresponding author: Sarjeet Gill, . Tel: 951-827-4621/3547
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