1
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Madsen CT, Refsgaard JC, Teufel FG, Kjærulff SK, Wang Z, Meng G, Jessen C, Heljo P, Jiang Q, Zhao X, Wu B, Zhou X, Tang Y, Jeppesen JF, Kelstrup CD, Buckley ST, Tullin S, Nygaard-Jensen J, Chen X, Zhang F, Olsen JV, Han D, Grønborg M, de Lichtenberg U. Combining mass spectrometry and machine learning to discover bioactive peptides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6235. [PMID: 36266275 PMCID: PMC9584923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides play important roles in regulating biological processes and form the basis of a multiplicity of therapeutic drugs. To date, only about 300 peptides in human have confirmed bioactivity, although tens of thousands have been reported in the literature. The majority of these are inactive degradation products of endogenous proteins and peptides, presenting a needle-in-a-haystack problem of identifying the most promising candidate peptides from large-scale peptidomics experiments to test for bioactivity. To address this challenge, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mammalian peptidome across seven tissues in four different mouse strains and used the data to train a machine learning model that predicts hundreds of peptide candidates based on patterns in the mass spectrometry data. We provide in silico validation examples and experimental confirmation of bioactivity for two peptides, demonstrating the utility of this resource for discovering lead peptides for further characterization and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T. Madsen
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jan C. Refsgaard
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark ,Intomics, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Felix G. Teufel
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Sonny K. Kjærulff
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark ,Intomics, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhe Wang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Meng
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,Pulmongene LTD. Rm 502, Building 2, No. 9, Yike Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Carsten Jessen
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Petteri Heljo
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Qunfeng Jiang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,Innovent Biologics, Inc. DongPing Jie 168, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,QL Biopharmaceutical, Rm 101, Building 7, 20 Life Science Park Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,grid.421648.d0000 0004 5997 3165Crinetics pharmaceuticals, 10222 Barnes Canyon Rd Building 2, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Yang Tang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, Building 5, 371 Lishizhen Road, 201203 Pudong, Shanghai China
| | - Jacob F. Jeppesen
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Kelstrup
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Stephen T. Buckley
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Søren Tullin
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark ,grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Jan Nygaard-Jensen
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark ,grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China ,Structure Therapeutics. 701 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Han
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Mads Grønborg
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ulrik de Lichtenberg
- grid.425956.90000 0004 0391 2646Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark ,grid.487026.f0000 0000 9922 7627The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Tuborg Havnevej 19, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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2
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Holter MM, Saikia M, Cummings BP. Alpha-cell paracrine signaling in the regulation of beta-cell insulin secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:934775. [PMID: 35957816 PMCID: PMC9360487 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.934775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As an incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Therapies targeting the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) use the classical incretin model as a physiological framework in which GLP-1 secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells acts on the beta-cell GLP-1R. However, this model has come into question, as evidence demonstrating local, intra-islet GLP-1 production has advanced the competing hypothesis that the incretin activity of GLP-1 may reflect paracrine signaling of GLP-1 from alpha-cells on GLP-1Rs on beta-cells. Additionally, recent studies suggest that alpha-cell-derived glucagon can serve as an additional, albeit less potent, ligand for the beta-cell GLP-1R, thereby expanding the role of alpha-cells beyond that of a counterregulatory cell type. Efforts to understand the role of the alpha-cell in the regulation of islet function have revealed both transcriptional and functional heterogeneity within the alpha-cell population. Further analysis of this heterogeneity suggests that functionally distinct alpha-cell subpopulations display alterations in islet hormone profile. Thus, the role of the alpha-cell in glucose homeostasis has evolved in recent years, such that alpha-cell to beta-cell communication now presents a critical axis regulating the functional capacity of beta-cells. Herein, we describe and integrate recent advances in our understanding of the impact of alpha-cell paracrine signaling on insulin secretory dynamics and how this intra-islet crosstalk more broadly contributes to whole-body glucose regulation in health and under metabolic stress. Moreover, we explore how these conceptual changes in our understanding of intra-islet GLP-1 biology may impact our understanding of the mechanisms of incretin-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Marlena M. Holter,
| | - Mridusmita Saikia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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3
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Sarnobat D, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Effects of first-line diabetes therapy with biguanides, sulphonylurea and thiazolidinediones on the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of islet cell populations. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:95-103. [PMID: 34191257 PMCID: PMC8741670 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin, rosiglitazone and sulfonylureas enhance either insulin action or secretion and thus have been used extensively as early stage anti-diabetic medication, independently of the aetiology of the disease. When administered to newly diagnosed diabetes patients, these drugs produce variable results. Here, we examined the effects of the three early stage oral hypoglycaemic agents in mice with diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin, focusing specifically on the developmental biology of pancreatic islets. METHODS Streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice expressing a fluorescent reporter specifically in pancreatic islet α-cells were administered the biguanide metformin (100 mg/kg), thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), or sulfonylurea tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) for 10 days. We assessed the impact of the treatment on metabolic status of the animals as well as on the morphology, proliferative potential and transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells, using immunofluorescence. RESULTS The effect of the therapy on the islet cells varied depending on the drug and included enhanced pancreatic islet β-cell proliferation, in case of metformin and rosiglitazone; de-differentiation of α-cells and β-cell apoptosis with tolbutamide; increased relative number of β-cells and bi-hormonal insulin + glucagon + cells with metformin. These effects were accompanied by normalisation of food and fluid intake with only minor effects on glycaemia at the low doses of the agents employed. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that metformin and rosiglitazone attenuate the depletion of the β-cell pool in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes, whereas tolbutamide exacerbates the β-cell apoptosis, but is likely to protect β-cells from chronic hyperglycaemia by directly elevating insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarnobat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R C Moffett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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4
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Galvin SG, Kay RG, Foreman R, Larraufie P, Meek CL, Biggs E, Ravn P, Jermutus L, Reimann F, Gribble FM. The Human and Mouse Islet Peptidome: Effects of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes, and Assessment of Intraislet Production of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4507-4517. [PMID: 34423991 PMCID: PMC8419866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the impact of metabolic disease on the peptidome of human and mouse pancreatic islets, LC-MS was used to analyze extracts of human and mouse islets, purified mouse alpha, beta, and delta cells, supernatants from mouse islet incubations, and plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes. Islets were obtained from healthy and type 2 diabetic human donors, and mice on chow or high fat diet. All major islet hormones were detected in lysed islets as well as numerous peptides from vesicular proteins including granins and processing enzymes. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) was not detectable. High fat diet modestly increased islet content of proinsulin-derived peptides in mice. Human diabetic islets contained increased content of proglucagon-derived peptides at the expense of insulin, but no evident prohormone processing defects. Diabetic plasma, however, contained increased ratios of proinsulin and des-31,32-proinsulin to insulin. Active GLP-1 was detectable in human and mouse islets but 100-1000-fold less abundant than glucagon. LC-MS offers advantages over antibody-based approaches for identifying exact peptide sequences, and revealed a shift toward islet insulin production in high fat fed mice, and toward proglucagon production in type 2 diabetes, with no evidence of systematic defective prohormone processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G. Galvin
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Richard G. Kay
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Rachel Foreman
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Claire L. Meek
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Emma Biggs
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Peter Ravn
- Research
and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM),
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca
Ltd., Cambridge, CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research
and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM),
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca
Ltd., Cambridge, CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | - Frank Reimann
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- University
of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, U.K.
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5
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Ramzy A, Kieffer TJ. Altered islet prohormone processing: A cause or consequence of diabetes? Physiol Rev 2021; 102:155-208. [PMID: 34280055 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones are first produced as larger precursor prohormones that require endoproteolytic cleavage to liberate the mature hormones. A structurally conserved but functionally distinct family of nine prohormone convertase enzymes (PCs) are responsible for cleavage of protein precursors of which PC1/3 and PC2 are known to be exclusive to neuroendocrine cells and responsible for prohormone cleavage. Differential expression of PCs within tissues define prohormone processing; whereas glucagon is the major product liberated from proglucagon via PC2 in pancreatic α-cells, proglucagon is preferentially processed by PC1/3 in intestinal L cells to produce glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1, GLP-2). Beyond our understanding of processing of islet prohormones in healthy islets, there is convincing evidence that proinsulin, proIAPP, and proglucagon processing is altered during prediabetes and diabetes. There is predictive value of elevated circulating proinsulin or proinsulin : C-peptide ratio for progression to type 2 diabetes and elevated proinsulin or proinsulin : C-peptide is predictive for development of type 1 diabetes in at risk groups. After onset of diabetes, patients have elevated circulating proinsulin and proIAPP and proinsulin may be an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Further, preclinical studies reveal that α-cells have altered proglucagon processing during diabetes leading to increased GLP-1 production. We conclude that despite strong associative data, current evidence is inconclusive on the potential causal role of impaired prohormone processing in diabetes, and suggest that future work should focus on resolving the question of whether altered prohormone processing is a causal driver or merely a consequence of diabetes pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ramzy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Galvin SG, Larraufie P, Kay RG, Pitt H, Bernard E, McGavigan AK, Brant H, Hood J, Sheldrake L, Conder S, Atherton-Kemp D, Lu VB, O'Flaherty EAA, Roberts GP, Ämmälä C, Jermutus L, Baker D, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Peptidomics of enteroendocrine cells and characterisation of potential effects of a novel preprogastrin derived-peptide on glucose tolerance in lean mice. Peptides 2021; 140:170532. [PMID: 33744371 PMCID: PMC8121762 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the peptidomics of mouse enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and human gastrointestinal (GI) tissue and identify novel gut derived peptides. METHODS High resolution nano-flow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on (i) flow-cytometry purified NeuroD1 positive cells from mouse and homogenised human intestinal biopsies, (ii) supernatants from primary murine intestinal cultures, (iii) intestinal homogenates from mice fed high fat diet. Candidate bioactive peptides were selected on the basis of species conservation, high expression/biosynthesis in EECs and evidence of regulated secretionin vitro. Candidate novel gut-derived peptides were chronically administered to mice to assess effects on food intake and glucose tolerance. RESULTS A large number of peptide fragments were identified from human and mouse, including known full-length gut hormones and enzymatic degradation products. EEC-specific peptides were largely from vesicular proteins, particularly prohormones, granins and processing enzymes, of which several exhibited regulated secretion in vitro. No regulated peptides were identified from previously unknown genes. High fat feeding particularly affected the distal colon, resulting in reduced peptide levels from GCG, PYY and INSL5. Of the two candidate novel peptides tested in vivo, a peptide from Chromogranin A (ChgA 435-462a) had no measurable effect, but a progastrin-derived peptide (Gast p59-79), modestly improved glucose tolerance in lean mice. CONCLUSION LC-MS/MS peptidomic analysis of murine EECs and human GI tissue identified the spectrum of peptides produced by EECs, including a potential novel gut hormone, Gast p59-79, with minor effects on glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G Galvin
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Haidee Pitt
- Animal Science and Technologies - UK, AstraZeneca, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elise Bernard
- ADPE, AstraZeneca Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Anne K McGavigan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen Brant
- Animal Science and Technologies - UK, AstraZeneca, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Hood
- Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Sheldrake
- Animal Science and Technologies - UK, AstraZeneca, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shannon Conder
- Animal Science and Technologies - UK, AstraZeneca, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dawn Atherton-Kemp
- Animal Science and Technologies - UK, AstraZeneca, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Van B Lu
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth A A O'Flaherty
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Geoffrey P Roberts
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carina Ämmälä
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Baker
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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7
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Galsgaard KD. The Vicious Circle of Hepatic Glucagon Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124049. [PMID: 33333850 PMCID: PMC7765287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key criterion for the most common chronic liver disease—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is an intrahepatic fat content above 5% in individuals who are not using steatogenic agents or having significant alcohol intake. Subjects with NAFLD have increased plasma concentrations of glucagon, and emerging evidence indicates that subjects with NAFLD may show hepatic glucagon resistance. For many years, glucagon has been thought of as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin with a primary function of increasing blood glucose concentrations and protecting against hypoglycemia. However, in recent years, glucagon has re-emerged as an important regulator of other metabolic processes including lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism. This review discusses the evidence that in NAFLD, hepatic glucagon resistance may result in a dysregulated lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism, leading to excess accumulation of fat, hyperglucagonemia, and increased oxidative stress contributing to the worsening/progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; ; Tel.: +45-6044-6145
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Acosta-Montalvo A, Saponaro C, Kerr-Conte J, Prehn JHM, Pattou F, Bonner C. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Expression and Secretion in Rat Insulinoma INS-1 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590763. [PMID: 33240888 PMCID: PMC7683504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat insulinoma INS-1 cells are widely used to study insulin secretory mechanisms. Studies have shown that a population of INS-1 cells are bi-hormonal, co-expressing insulin, and proglucagon proteins. They coined this population as immature cells since they co-secrete proglucagon-derived peptides from the same secretory vesicles similar to that of insulin. Since proglucagon encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin, their specific expression and secretion are technically challenging. In this study, we aimed to focus on glucagon expression which shares the same amino acid sequence with glicentin and proglucagon. Validation of the anti-glucagon antibody (Abcam) by Western blotting techniques revealed that the antibody detects proglucagon (≈ 20 kDa), glicentin (≈ 9 kDa), and glucagon (≈ 3 kDa) in INS-1 cells and primary islets, all of which were absent in the kidney cell line (HEK293). Using the validated anti-glucagon antibody, we showed by immunofluorescence imaging that a population of INS-1 cells co-express insulin and proglucagon-derived proteins. Furthermore, we found that chronic treatment of INS-1 cells with high-glucose decreases insulin and glucagon content, and also reduces the percentage of bi-hormonal cells. In line with insulin secretion, we found glucagon and glicentin secretion to be induced in a glucose-dependent manner. We conclude that INS-1 cells are a useful model to study glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but not that of glucagon or glicentin. Our study suggests Western blotting technique as an important tool for researchers to study proglucagon-derived peptides expression and regulation in primary islets in response to various metabolic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Acosta-Montalvo
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chiara Saponaro
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - François Pattou
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,Chirurgie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Bonner
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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9
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Huang J, Ling Z, Zhong H, Yin Y, Qian Y, Gao M, Ding H, Cheng Q, Jia R. Distinct expression profiles of peptides in placentae from preeclampsia and normal pregnancies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17558. [PMID: 33067549 PMCID: PMC7567870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to identify potential bioactive peptides from the placenta that are involved in preeclampsia (PE) to obtain information about the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of PE. The liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to perform a comparative analysis of placental peptides in normal and PE pregnancies. Gene ontology (GO), pathway analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) were used to evaluate the underlying biological function of the differential peptides based on their protein precursors. Transwell assays and qPCR were used to study the effect of the identified bioactive peptides on the function of HTR-8/SVneo cells. A total of 392 upregulated peptides and 420 downregulated peptides were identified (absolute fold change ≥ 2 and adjusted P value < 0.05). The GO analysis, pathway analysis, and IPA revealed that these differentially expressed peptides play a role in PE. In addition, the up-regulated peptide “DQSATALHFLGRVANPLSTA” derived from Angiotensinogen exhibited effect on the invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo cells. The current preliminary research not only provides a new research direction for studying the pathogenesis of PE, but also brings new insights for the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.,Yixing People's Hospital, YiXing, 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghui Ling
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhong
- Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Qian
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.,Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjuan Ding
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruizhe Jia
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Abstract
The islet of Langerhans is a complex endocrine micro-organ consisting of a multitude of endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. The two most abundant and prominent endocrine cell types, the beta and the alpha cells, are essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. While the beta cell produces insulin, the only blood glucose-lowering hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. Under physiological conditions, these two cell types affect each other in a paracrine manner. While the release products of the beta cell inhibit alpha cell function, the alpha cell releases factors that are stimulatory for beta cell function and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research into the regulation of beta cell function by alpha cells, focusing on the effect of alpha cell-secreted factors, such as glucagon and acetylcholine. The consequences of differences in islet architecture between species on the interplay between alpha and beta cells is also discussed. Finally, we give a perspective on the possibility of using an in vivo imaging approach to study the interactions between human alpha and beta cells under in vivo conditions. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Moede
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Hartig SM, Cox AR. Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:451-467. [PMID: 32067063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a dense cellular network comprised of several cell types with endocrine function vital in the control of glucose homeostasis, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Within the islet, endocrine hormones also form an intricate paracrine network with supportive cells (endothelial, neuronal, immune) and secondary signaling molecules regulating cellular function and survival. Modulation of these signals has potential consequences for diabetes development, progression, and therapeutic intervention. Beta cell loss, reduced endogenous insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucagon secretion are hallmark features of both type 1 and 2 diabetes that not only impact systemic regulation of glucose, but also contribute to the function and survival of cells within the islet. Advancing research and technology have revealed new islet biology (cellular identity and transcriptomes) and identified previously unrecognized paracrine signals and mechanisms (somatostatin and ghrelin paracrine actions), while shifting prior views of intraislet communication. This review will summarize the paracrine signals regulating islet endocrine function and survival, the disruption and dysfunction that occur in diabetes, and potential therapeutic targets to preserve beta cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hartig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Insulin Secretion Depends on Intra-islet Glucagon Signaling. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1127-1134.e2. [PMID: 30380405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-islet theory states that glucagon secretion is suppressed when insulin secretion is stimulated, but glucagon's role in intra-islet paracrine regulation is controversial. This study investigated intra-islet functions of glucagon in mice. We examined glucagon-induced insulin secretion using isolated perfused pancreata from wild-type, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) knockout, diphtheria toxin-induced proglucagon knockdown, β cell-specific glucagon receptor (Gcgr) knockout, and global Gcgr knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice. We found that glucagon stimulates insulin secretion through both Gcgr and GLP-1R. Moreover, loss of either Gcgr or GLP-1R does not change insulin responses, whereas combined blockage of both receptors significantly reduces insulin secretion. Active GLP-1 is identified in pancreatic perfusate from Gcgr-/- but not wild-type mice, suggesting that β cell GLP-1R activation results predominantly from glucagon action. Our results suggest that combined activity of glucagon and GLP-1 receptors is essential for β cell secretory responses, emphasizing a role for paracrine intra-islet glucagon actions to maintain appropriate insulin secretion.
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13
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Jiang Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Li N, Zhang Q, Guo X, Chi X, Tong M. Peptidomic analysis of zebrafish embryos exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and their impact on eye development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:164-172. [PMID: 30897415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a class of persistent organic pollutant, are closely related to abnormal eye development in children. However, little is known regarding the role of peptides in the development of PCB-induced ocular dysplasia. To characterize the nature of PCB exposure on peptides involved in the development of the ocular system, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect differential expression of peptides between normal and PCB-exposed zebrafish embryos. A total of 7900 peptides were analyzed, 90 of which were differentially expressed, with 29 being up-regulated and 61 down-regulated. These peptides were investigated using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and gene ontology (GO) analysis to explore their role in eye development. This study identified 18 peptides associated with the development of the optic nerve and ocular system in the PCB-exposure group, as well as 10 peptides that are located in the functional domain of their precursor proteins. These peptides provide potential biomarkers for the treatment of ocular dysplasia caused by PCBs and may help us understand the mechanism of abnormal eye development caused by organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Ningbo First Hospital | Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Xirong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meiling Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Wu Y, Han M, Wang Y, Gao Y, Cui X, Xu P, Ji C, Zhong T, You L, Zeng Y. A Comparative Peptidomic Characterization of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Tissues Derived From db/db Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31736878 PMCID: PMC6828820 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important secretory organ, skeletal muscle has drawn attention as a potential target tissue for type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Recent peptidomics approaches have been applied to identify secreted peptides with potential bioactive. However, comprehensive analysis of the secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice and elucidation of their possible roles in insulin resistance remains poorly characterized. Here, we adopted a label-free discovery using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology and identified 63 peptides (42 up-regulated peptides and 21 down-regulated peptides) differentially secreted from cultured skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice. Analysis of relative molecular mass (Mr), isoelectric point (pI) and distribution of Mr vs pI of differentially secreted peptides presented the general feature. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses for the parent proteins made a comprehensive functional assessment of these differential peptides, indicating the enrichment in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and striated muscle contraction processes. Intercellular location analysis pointed out most precursor proteins of peptides were cytoplasmic or cytoskeletal. Additionally, cleavage site analysis revealed that Lysine (N-terminal)-Alanine (C-terminal) and Lysine (N-terminal)-Leucine (C-terminal) represents the preferred cleavage sites for identified peptides and proceeding peptides respectively. Mapped to the precursors' sequences, most identified peptides were observed cleaved from creatine kinase m-type (KCRM) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (Aldo A). Based on UniProt and Pfam database for specific domain structure or motif, 44 peptides out of total were positioned in the functional motif or domain from their parent proteins. Using C2C12 myotubes as cell model in vitro, we found several candidate peptides displayed promotive or inhibitory effects on insulin and mitochondrial-related pathways by an autocrine manner. Taken together, this study will encourage us to investigate the biologic functions and the potential regulatory mechanism of these secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues, thus representing a promising strategy to treat insulin resistance as well as the associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, NanTong, China
| | - Mei Han
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Lianghui You
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lianghui You
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Yu Zeng
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15
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Kay RG, Challis BG, Casey RT, Roberts GP, Meek CL, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Peptidomic analysis of endogenous plasma peptides from patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1414-1424. [PMID: 29857350 PMCID: PMC6099210 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours requires the study of patient plasma with multiple immunoassays, using multiple aliquots of plasma. The application of mass spectrometry based techniques could reduce the cost and amount of plasma required for diagnosis. METHODS Plasma samples from two patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours were extracted using an established acetonitrile-based plasma peptide enrichment strategy. The circulating peptidome was characterised using nano and high flow rate liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analyses. To assess the diagnostic potential of the analytical approach, a large sample batch (68 plasmas) from control subjects, and aliquots from subjects harbouring two different types of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (insulinoma and glucagonoma), were analysed using a 10-min LC/MS peptide screen. RESULTS The untargeted plasma peptidomics approach identified peptides derived from the glucagon prohormone, chromogranin A, chromogranin B and other peptide hormones and proteins related to control of peptide secretion. The glucagon prohormone derived peptides that were detected were compared against putative peptides that were identified using multiple antibody pairs against glucagon peptides. Comparison of the plasma samples for relative levels of selected peptides showed clear separation between the glucagonoma and the insulinoma and control samples. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the organic solvent extraction methodology with high flow rate analysis could potentially be used to aid diagnosis and monitor treatment of patients with functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. However, significant validation will be required before this approach can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Kay
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceMetabolic Research LaboratoriesAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - Benjamin G. Challis
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceWolfson Diabetes and Endocrine CentreAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- IMED Biotech Unit, Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZenecaUK
| | - Ruth T. Casey
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceWolfson Diabetes and Endocrine CentreAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
| | - Geoffrey P. Roberts
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceMetabolic Research LaboratoriesAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - Claire L. Meek
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceMetabolic Research LaboratoriesAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceMetabolic Research LaboratoriesAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceMetabolic Research LaboratoriesAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
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16
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DeLaney K, Buchberger A, Li L. Identification, Quantitation, and Imaging of the Crustacean Peptidome. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1719:247-269. [PMID: 29476517 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7537-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans serve as a useful, simplified model for studying peptides and neuromodulation, as they contain numerous neuropeptide homologs to mammals and enable electrophysiological studies at the single-cell and neural circuit levels. In particular, crustaceans contain well-defined neural networks, including the stomatogastric ganglion, esophageal ganglion, commissural ganglia, and several neuropeptide-rich organs, such as the brain, pericardial organs, and sinus glands. Due to the lack of a genomic database for crustacean peptides, an important step of crustacean peptidomics involves the discovery and identification of novel peptides and the construction of a database, more recently with the aid of mass spectrometry (MS). Herein, we present a general workflow and detailed methods for MS-based peptidomic analysis of crustacean tissue samples and circulating fluids. In conjunction with profiling, quantitation can also be performed with isotopic or isobaric labeling. Information regarding the localization patterns and changes of peptides can be studied via mass spectrometry imaging. Combining these sample preparation strategies and MS analytical techniques allows for a multifaceted approach to obtaining deep knowledge of crustacean peptidergic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Kay R, Galvin S, Larraufie P, Reimann F, Gribble F. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based detection and semi-quantitative analysis of INSL5 in human and murine tissues. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1963-1973. [PMID: 28857318 PMCID: PMC5698736 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a hormone produced by enteroendocrine L-cells in the colon that has recently been implicated in the control of metabolic homeostasis. However, research into its physiology has been hindered by the reported unreliability of commercially available immunoassays and additional detection assays would benefit this emerging field. METHODS Peptides from purified murine L-cells and homogenates from both human and mouse colonic tissues were extracted by precipitating larger proteins with acetonitrile. Untargeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analyses, followed by database searching, were used to detect and identify various INSL5 gene derived peptides and characterise their precise sequence. A similar approach was developed to quantify INSL5 levels in primary intestinal culture supernatants after purification and concentration by solid-phase extraction. RESULTS Mass spectral analysis of purified enteroendocrine cells and tissue homogenates identified the exact sequence of A and B chains of INSL5 endogenously expressed in L-cells. Differences in the endogenously processed peptide and the Swissprot database entry were observed for murine INSL5, whereas the human sequence matched previous predictions from heterologous expression experiments. INSL5 was detected in the supernatant of human and mouse primary colonic cultures and concentrations increased after treatment with a known L-cell stimulus. CONCLUSIONS The first LC/MS/MS-based method capable of the detection and semi-quantitative analysis of endogenous INSL5 using MS-based techniques has been demonstrated. The methodology will enable the identification of stimulants for INSL5 secretion from murine and human primary colonic epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Kay
- Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - S. Galvin
- Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - P. Larraufie
- Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - F. Reimann
- Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
| | - F.M. Gribble
- Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's HospitalHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0QQUK
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18
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Fava GE, Dong EW, Wu H. Intra-islet glucagon-like peptide 1. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:1651-1658. [PMID: 27267264 PMCID: PMC5050074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is originally identified in the gut as an incretin hormone, and it is potent in stimulating insulin secretion in the pancreas. However, increasing evidence suggests that GLP-1 is also produced locally within pancreatic islets. This review focuses on the past and current discoveries regarding intra-islet GLP-1 production and its functions. MAIN FINDINGS There has been a long-standing debate with regard to whether GLP-1 is produced in the pancreatic α cells. Early controversies lead to the widely accepted conclusion that the vast majority of proglucagon is processed to form glucagon in the pancreas, whereas an insignificant amount is cleaved to produce GLP-1. With technological advancements, recent studies have shown that bioactive GLP-1 is produced locally in the pancreas, and the expression and secretion of GLP-1 within islets are regulated by various factors such as cytokines, hyperglycemia, and β cell injury. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1 is produced by the pancreatic α cells, and it is fully functional as an incretin. Therefore, intra-islet GLP-1 may exert insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects locally via paracrine and/or autocrine actions, under both normal and diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Fava
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily W Dong
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hongju Wu
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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19
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Chapman JD, Edgar JS, Goodlett DR, Goo YA. Use of captive spray ionization to increase throughput of the data-independent acquisition technique PAcIFIC. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1101-7. [PMID: 27060837 PMCID: PMC4830633 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Precursor Acquisition Independent From Ion Count (PAcIFIC) method is a data-independent acquisition technique capable of identifying proteins over eight orders of magnitude in a single analysis in human plasma. Widespread application of this technique in proteomic studies is hindered by its time-intensive nature. There exists a need to explore strategies to increase the throughput of the PAcIFIC method. METHODS The PAcIFIC acquisition technique was optimized for use with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer fitted with a captive spray ionization (CSI) source. Chromatographic methods, PAcIFIC acquisition parameters, for example, channels interrogated per chromatographic gradient, time span of chromatographic gradient, and sample loading amount, were investigated to achieve a maximum number of peptide and protein identifications on a yeast proteome where protein copy number had been previously determined. RESULTS A 24-hour CSI PAcIFIC method was developed with minimal reduction of peptide and protein identifications from the 4.2-day nano-electrospray ionization (nESI) PAcIFIC method. Analysis of a yeast cell lysate with the 4.2-day nESI PAcIFIC method resulted in 13,468 peptide and 2120 protein identifications. A 24-hour CSI PAcIFIC method resulted in 11,277 peptide and 1753 protein identifications. Increased sample loading of the CSI system allowed for an 8% increase in peptide and protein identifications. CONCLUSIONS A dramatic decrease in the overall analysis time of the PAcIFIC method (24 h with CSI versus 100.8 h with nESI) was achieved with minimal reduction of peptide and protein identifications. Furthermore, the CSI PAcIFIC method demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity and capability of identifying proteins across a large dynamic range observed with the nESI PAcIFIC method (CSI PAcIFIC identified proteins as low as 46 molecules per cell).
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Chapman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - J. Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Whiting L, Stewart KW, Hay DL, Harris PW, Choong YS, Phillips ARJ, Brimble MA, Cooper GJS. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas of adult male rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12638. [PMID: 26634904 PMCID: PMC4760439 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type‐2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin‐related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg‐derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown. Here, we synthesized rat GRPP (rGRPP) and a closely related peptide, rat GRPP‐like peptide (rGRPP‐LP), and investigated their actions in the liver and pancreas of adult male rats by employing isolated‐perfused organ preparations. Rat GRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not affect glucose output from the liver, but both elicited potent inhibition of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the rat pancreas. This action is unlikely to be mediated by glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, as rGRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production from the glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, nor did they antagonize glucagon‐ or GLP‐1‐stimulated cAMP‐production at either receptor. GRPP and GRPP‐LP may be novel regulators of insulin secretion, acting through an as‐yet undefined receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Whiting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Kevin W Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Harris
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yee S Choong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK The Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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