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Ndreu L, Carlsson J, Ponting DJ, Niklasson IB, Stéen EJL, McHugh L, O’Boyle NM, Luthman K, Karlberg AT, Karlsson I. Bioactivation of cinnamic alcohol in a reconstructed human epidermis model and evaluation of sensitizing potency of the identified metabolites. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1398852. [PMID: 39050368 PMCID: PMC11266153 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1398852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cinnamic alcohol is a natural compound, widely used in fragrances, which can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Cinnamic alcohol lacks intrinsic reactivity and autoxidation or metabolic activation is necessary for it to act as a sensitizer. Methods Bioactivation of cinnamic alcohol was explored using human liver microsomes, human liver S9 and SkinEthic™ Reconstructed Human Epidermis. A targeted multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry method was employed to study and quantify cinnamic alcohol along with eight potential phase I or phase II metabolites. The reconstructed human epidermis model, treated with cinnamic alcohol, was also analyzed with a non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry method to identify metabolites not included in the targeted method. Results Two metabolites identified with the targeted method, namely, pOH-cinnamic alcohol and pOH-cinnamic aldehyde, have not previously been identified in a metabolic in vitro system. Their reactivity toward biologically relevant nucleophiles was investigated and compared to their sensitizing potency in vivo in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). According to the LLNA, the pOH-cinnamic alcohol is non-sensitizing and pOH-cinnamic aldehyde is a moderate sensitizer. This makes pOH-cinnamic aldehyde less sensitizing than cinnamic aldehyde, which has been found to be a strong sensitizer in the LLNA. This difference in sensitizing potency was supported by the reactivity experiments. Cinnamic sulfate, previously proposed as a potential reactive metabolite of cinnamic alcohol, was not detected in any of the incubations. In addition, experiments examining the reactivity of cinnamic sulfate toward a model peptide revealed no evidence of adduct formation. The only additional metabolite that could be identified with the non-targeted method was a dioxolan derivative. Whether or not this metabolite, or one of its precursors, could contribute to the sensitizing potency of cinnamic alcohol would need further investigation. Discussion Cinnamic alcohol is one of the most common fragrance allergens and as it is more effective to patch test with the actual sensitizer than with the prohapten itself, it is important to identify metabolites with sensitizing potency. Further, improved knowledge of metabolic transformations occurring in the skin can improve prediction models for safety assessment of skin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefine Carlsson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J. Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Johanna L. Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas McHugh
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Aleksic M, Meng X. Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:850-872. [PMID: 38834188 PMCID: PMC11187640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous electrophilic chemicals either as medicines, in the workplace, in nature, or through use of many common cosmetic and household products. Covalent modification of human proteins by such chemicals, or protein haptenation, is a common occurrence in cells and may result in generation of antigenic species, leading to development of hypersensitivity reactions. Ranging in severity of symptoms from local cutaneous reactions and rhinitis to potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stephen-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), all these reactions have the same Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), i.e. haptenation. However, not all individuals who are exposed to electrophilic chemicals develop symptoms of hypersensitivity. In the present review, we examine common chemistry behind the haptenation reactions leading to formation of neoantigens. We explore simple reactions involving single molecule additions to a nucleophilic side chain of proteins and complex reactions involving multiple electrophilic centers on a single molecule or involving more than one electrophilic molecule as well as the generation of reactive molecules from the interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. Besides generation of antigenic species and enabling activation of the immune system, we explore additional events which result directly from the presence of electrophilic chemicals in cells, including activation of key defense mechanisms and immediate consequences of those reactions, and explore their potential effects. We discuss the factors that work in concert with haptenation leading to the development of hypersensitivity reactions and those that may act to prevent it from developing. We also review the potential harnessing of the specificity of haptenation in the design of potent covalent therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever,
Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44
1LQ, U.K.
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC
Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K.
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3
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Macchione M, Yoshizaki K, Frias DP, Maier K, Smelan J, Prado CM, Mauad T. Fragrances as a trigger of immune responses in different environments. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105769. [PMID: 38142785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances can cause allergic skin reactions, expressed as allergic contact dermatitis and reactions in the respiratory tract that range from acute temporary upper airway irritation to obstructive lung disease. These adverse health effects may result from the stimulation of a specific (adaptive) immune response. Th1 cells, which essentially produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), play a key role in allergic contact dermatitis and also on allergic sensitization to common allergens (e.g., nickel and fragrance). It has been shown that fragrance allergy leads to Th2/Th22 production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, controlling the development of IgE and mediating hypersensitivity reactions in the lung, such as asthma. Cytokines released during immune response modulate the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) proteins, which can result in alterations of the pharmacological effects of substances in inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms linking environment and immunity are still not completely understood but it is known that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a sensor with conserved ligand-activated transcription factor, highly expressed in cells that controls complex transcriptional programs which are ligand and cell type specific, with CYPs as targeted genes. This review focuses on these important aspects of immune responses of the skin and respiratory tract cells, describing some in vitro models applied to evaluate the mechanisms involved in fragrance-induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macchione
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - K Yoshizaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D P Frias
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Maier
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Smelan
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Prado
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - T Mauad
- Laboratory of Experimental Environmental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Aleksic M, Rajagopal R, de-Ávila R, Spriggs S, Gilmour N. The skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway: exploring the role of mechanistic understanding for higher tier risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:69-91. [PMID: 38385441 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2308816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
For over a decade, the skin sensitization Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) has served as a useful framework for development of novel in chemico and in vitro assays for use in skin sensitization hazard and risk assessment. Since its establishment, the AOP framework further fueled the existing efforts in new assay development and stimulated a plethora of activities with particular focus on validation, reproducibility and interpretation of individual assays and combination of assay outputs for use in hazard/risk assessment. In parallel, research efforts have also accelerated in pace, providing new molecular and dynamic insight into key events leading to sensitization. In light of novel hypotheses emerging from over a decade of focused research effort, mechanistic evidence relating to the key events in the skin sensitization AOP may complement the tools currently used in risk assessment. We reviewed the recent advances unraveling the complexity of molecular events in sensitization and signpost the most promising avenues for further exploration and development of useful assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Ramya Rajagopal
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Renato de-Ávila
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
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5
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Yu C, Liang M, Dai SY, Cheng HJ, Ma L, Lai F, Liu XM, Li WG. Thermal stability and pathways for the oxidation of four 3-phenyl-2-propene compounds. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32654-32670. [PMID: 35493582 PMCID: PMC9042203 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-methylstyrene and cinnamic acid are four important biomass 3-phenyl-2-propene compounds. In the field of perfume and organic synthesis, their thermal stability and oxidation pathways deserve attention. This paper reports a new attempt to investigate the thermal stability and reactivity by a custom-designed mini closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT). The pressure and temperature behaviors were measured by MCPVT under nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. The temperature of initial oxygen absorption (T a) and rapid oxidation (T R) were calculated. The results showed that four 3-phenyl-2-propene compounds were stable under nitrogen atmosphere. The T a of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-methylstyrene, and cinnamic acid was 271.25 K, 292.375 K, 323.125 K, and 363.875 K, and their T R was 301.125 K, 332.75 K, 357.91 K, and 385.375 K, respectively. The oxidation reactivity order was derived to be cinnamaldehyde > cinnamyl alcohol > β-methylstyrene > cinnamic acid. The oxidation kinetics were determined using n versus time (n-t) plots, which showed a second-order reaction. Peroxide was determined by iodimetry, and the oxidation products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the peroxide value of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-methylstyrene, and cinnamic acid reached 18.88, 15.07, 9.62, and 4.24 mmol kg-1 at 373 K for 6 h, respectively. The common oxidation products of four 3-phenyl-2-propene compounds were benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and epoxide, which resulted from the carbon-carbon double bond oxidation. The substituents' oxidation products were obtained from the oxidation of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, and β-methylstyrene. In particular, the difference is that no oxidation products of the carboxyl group of cinnamic acid were detected. The common oxidation products of the four 3-phenyl-2-propene compounds were benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and epoxide, which resulted from the carbon-carbon double bond oxidation. The substituents' oxidation products were caught in the oxidation of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, and β-methylstyrene. In particular, the difference is that no oxidation products of the carboxyl group of cinnamic acid were detected. According to the complex oxidation products, important insights into the oxidation pathways were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Min Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Su-Yi Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Hai-Jun Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Fang Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Xiong-Min Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 Guangxi China
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6
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Marmgren V, Mowitz M, Zimerson E, Hindsén M, Bruze M. Contact allergy to fragrance mix I and its components in individuals with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:660-670. [PMID: 34414573 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to fragrance mix I (FM I) is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen. The prevalence of contact allergy to two components of FM I, cinnamal and cinnamyl alcohol, in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients is higher than in dermatitis patients. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of contact allergy to FM I and its individual components in patients with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen, and to compare with a dermatitis and the general population. METHODS Data on patch and photopatch tests performed between 2009-2018 were collected. Ketoprofen-photoallergic patients were compared with dermatitis patients and published data on the general population regarding the prevalence and the distribution of contact allergy to FM I and its components. RESULTS A higher prevalence of contact allergy to cinnamyl alcohol compared with cinnamal (23.3% vs 10.0%), and eugenol compared with isoeugenol (23.3% vs 6.7%), was observed in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients, while the relationship was the opposite in the dermatitis group (0.7% vs 1.05%; 0.4% vs 0.9%). The overall prevalence of contact allergy to several components of FM I was significantly higher in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to FM I and many of its components is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen compared with dermatitis patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Marmgren
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Fujita M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe K, Suzuki K, Kasahara T. Cause Clarification of Cysteine Oxidation by Active Species Generated during the Oxidation Process of Cinnamaldehyde and Impact on an In Chemico Alternative Method for Skin Sensitization Using a Nucleophilic Reagent Containing Cysteine. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1749-1758. [PMID: 34110798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes comprise a major portion of skin sensitizers because they can react with both cysteine and lysine. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a typical moderate sensitizer and is often used in an alternative test method for skin sensitization. The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) is an in chemico test method that evaluates the reactivity of cysteine derivatives (N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-l-cysteine, NAC) and lysine derivatives with the test chemicals and uses CA as a proficiency substance. We found that NAC depletion for CA was only 10-20% when CA was used directly from the reagent bottle, although it increased to almost 100% when stored after being aliquoted from the reagent bottle. It was also found that this was due to the air oxidation of NAC itself rather than the reaction of NAC with CA, indicating that this result simply shows an increase in apparent reactivity. Aldehydes are known to produce active species, such as radicals, during air oxidation. Therefore, we investigated whether radicals were generated under storage conditions using the radical scavenger OH-TEMPO. LC/MS/MS analysis revealed that CA and OH-TEMPO complexes were produced during the air oxidation of CA. In the results of five aldehydes, similar to CA, active species were not generated as significantly as CA. Collectively, during the evaluation of the aldehydes, it can be seen that careful measures need to be taken to prevent the aldehydes from oxidizing during storage, indicating that assessment without preventing air oxidation carries an increased risk of overestimation compared with the intrinsic skin sensitization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Safety Evaluation Centre, Ecology & Quality Management Division, ESG Division, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Safety Evaluation Centre, Ecology & Quality Management Division, ESG Division, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Watanabe
- Research & Development Management Headquarters, Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koo Suzuki
- Research & Development Management Headquarters, Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kasahara
- Safety Evaluation Centre, Ecology & Quality Management Division, ESG Division, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Espiritu MJ, Chen J, Yadav J, Larkin M, Pelletier RD, Chan JM, Gc JB, Natesan S, Harrelson JP. Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1028-1043. [PMID: 32788161 PMCID: PMC7543486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information is scarce regarding pharmacokinetic-based herb-drug interactions (HDI) with trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), components of cinnamon. Given the presence of cinnamon in food and herbal treatments for various diseases, HDIs involving the CYP2A6 substrates nicotine and letrozole with MCA (KS = 1.58 µM; Hill slope = 1.16) and CA were investigated. The time-dependent inhibition (TDI) by MCA and CA of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that CYP2A6's active site accommodates two dynamic ligands. The preferred binding orientations for MCA and CA were consistent with the observed metabolism: epoxidation, O-demethylation, and aromatic hydroxylation of MCA and cinnamic acid formation from CA. The percent remaining activity plots for TDI by MCA and CA were curved, and they were analyzed with a numerical method using models of varying complexity. The best-fit models support multiple inactivator binding, inhibitor depletion, and partial inactivation. Deconvoluted mass spectra indicated that MCA and CA modified CYP2A6 apoprotein with mass additions of 156.79 (142.54-171.04) and 132.67 (123.37-141.98), respectively, and it was unaffected by glutathione. Heme degradation was observed in the presence of MCA (48.5% ± 13.4% loss; detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). In the absence of clinical data, HDI predictions were made for nicotine and letrozole using inhibition parameters from the best-fit TDI models and parameters scaled from rats. Predicted area under the concentration-time curve fold changes were 4.29 (CA-nicotine), 4.92 (CA-letrozole), 4.35 (MCA-nicotine), and 5.00 (MCA-letrozole). These findings suggest that extensive exposure to cinnamon (corresponding to ≈ 275 mg CA) would lead to noteworthy interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human exposure to cinnamon is common because of its presence in food and cinnamon-based herbal treatments. Little is known about the risk for cinnamaldehyde and methoxycinnamaldehyde, two components of cinnamon, to interact with drugs that are eliminated by CYP2A6-mediated metabolism. The interactions with CYP2A6 are complex, involving multiple-ligand binding, time-dependent inhibition of nicotine metabolism, heme degradation, and apoprotein modification. An herb-drug interaction prediction suggests that extensive exposure to cinnamon would lead to noteworthy interactions with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Espiritu
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Justin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Michael Larkin
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Robert D Pelletier
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeannine M Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Senthil Natesan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - John P Harrelson
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
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9
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Ahn J, Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Is Isoeugenol a Prehapten? Characterization of a Thiol-Reactive Oxidative Byproduct of Isoeugenol and Potential Implications for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:948-954. [PMID: 32119530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoeugenol is widely used by the cosmetic and fragrance industries, but it also represents a known cause of skin sensitization adverse effects. Although devoid of a structural alert, isoeugenol has been classified as prehapten in virtue of the presence of a pre-Michael acceptor domain. Isoeugenol oxidation could theoretically lead to the generation of reactive toxic quinones, and photoinduced oxidative degradation of isoeugenol was reported to generate strongly thiol reactive byproducts. Nonetheless, the isoeugenol degradation product responsible for increased reactivity was found to be elusive. In the present study, an aged isoeugenol sample was subjected to reactivity-guided experiments to trap elusive thiol reactive species with a fluorescent nucleophile, viz. dansyl cysteamine (DCYA). The results herein presented demonstrate that photo-oxidation of isoeugenol led to the formation of a dimeric 7,4'-oxyneolignan with strong chemical reactivity, capable of nucleophilic substitution with thiols. The results were confirmed by isolation, structural characterization, and further NMR reactivity studies. Isoeugenol is already well-known as moderately reactive in thiol depletion assays, and was herein demonstrated to be capable of converting to more potent electrophilic species upon degradation, thus acting as a prehapten. The application of the reactivity-guided strategy described herein was shown to serve as an effective tool to investigate elusive skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Ahn
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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10
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Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Fabre A, Arbey E, Géniès C, Duplan H, Rothe H, Ellison C, Cubberley R, Schepky A, Lange D, Klaric M, Hewitt NJ, Jacques‐Jamin C. Use of human liver and EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions as a screening assays to compare the in vitro hepatic and dermal metabolism of 47 cosmetics‐relevant chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:416-433. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Géniès C, Jacques-Jamin C, Duplan H, Rothe H, Ellison C, Cubberley R, Schepky A, Lange D, Klaric M, Hewitt NJ, Grégoire S, Arbey E, Fabre A, Eilstein J. Comparison of the metabolism of 10 cosmetics-relevant chemicals in EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions and in vitro human skin explants. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:313-326. [PMID: 31701564 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the bioavailability of topically applied cosmetics ingredients is key to predicting their local skin and systemic toxicity and making a safety assessment. We investigated whether short-term incubations with S9 from the reconstructed epidermal skin model, EpiSkin™, would give an indication of the rate of chemical metabolism and produce similar metabolites to those formed in incubations with human skin explants. Both have advantages: EpiSkin™ S9 is a higher-throughput assay, while the human skin explant model represents a longer incubation duration (24 hours) model integrating cutaneous distribution with metabolite formation. Here, we compared the metabolism of 10 chemicals (caffeine, vanillin, cinnamyl alcohol, propylparaben, 4-amino-3-nitrophenol, resorcinol, 4-chloroaniline, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-F]quinoline and 2-acetyl aminofluorene) in both models. Both models were shown to have functional Phase 1 and 2 enzymes, including cytochrome P450 activities. There was a good concordance between the models with respect to the level of metabolism (stable vs. slowly vs. extensively metabolized chemicals) and major early metabolites produced for eight chemicals. Discordant results for two chemicals were attributed to a lack of the appropriate cofactor (NADP+ ) in S9 incubations (cinnamyl alcohol) and protein binding influencing chemical uptake in skin explants (4-chloroaniline). These data support the use of EpiSkin™ S9 as a screening assay to provide an initial indication of the metabolic stability of a chemical applied topically. If required, chemicals that are not metabolized by EpiSkin™ S9 can be tested in longer-term incubations with in vitro human explant skin to determine whether it is slowly metabolized or not metabolized at all.
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12
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Verbraucherschutz und Risikobewertung — allergieauslösende Substanzen in Verbraucherprodukten. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Consumer protection and risk assessment: sensitising substances in consumer products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-019-0093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Géniès C, Jamin EL, Debrauwer L, Zalko D, Person EN, Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Schepky A, Lange D, Ellison C, Roe A, Salhi S, Cubberley R, Hewitt NJ, Rothe H, Klaric M, Duplan H, Jacques-Jamin C. Comparison of the metabolism of 10 chemicals in human and pig skin explants. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:385-397. [PMID: 30345528 PMCID: PMC6587507 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin metabolism is important to consider when assessing local toxicity and/or penetration of chemicals and their metabolites. If human skin supply is limited, pig skin can be used as an alternative. To identify any species differences, we have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in a pig and human skin explant model. Phase I metabolic pathways in skin from both species included those known to occur via cytochrome P450s, esterases, alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Common Phase II pathways were glucuronidation and sulfation but other conjugation pathways were also identified. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin (caffeine, IQ and 4‐chloroaniline) were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were metabolized to a similar extent (percentage parent remaining) by human skin. Human skin metabolites were also detected in pig skin incubations, except for one unidentified minor vanillin metabolite. Three cinnamyl alcohol metabolites were unique to pig skin but represented minor metabolites. There were notable species differences in the relative amounts of common metabolites. The difference in the abundance of the sulfate conjugates of resorcinol and 4‐amino‐3‐nitrophenol was in accordance with the known lack of aryl sulfotransferase activity in pigs. In conclusion, while qualitative comparisons of metabolic profiles were consistent between pig and human skin, there were some quantitative differences in the percentage of metabolites formed. This preliminary assessment suggests that pig skin is metabolically competent and could be a useful tool for evaluating potential first‐pass metabolism before testing in human‐derived tissues. We have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in viable pig and human skin. Phase I and II metabolic pathways were present in skin from both species. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were also metabolized to a similar extent by human skin. Pig and human skin produced common metabolites, although some species differences were observed and as their relative amounts differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Géniès
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - E L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - L Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - E N Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - D Lange
- Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Ellison
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
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15
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Avonto C, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Vukmanovic S, Khan IA. In chemico assessment of potential sensitizers: Stability and direct peptide reactivity of 24 fragrance ingredients. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:398-408. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Food and Drug Administration; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
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16
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Roberts DW, Api AM. Chemical applicability domain of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) for skin sensitisation potency. Part 4. Quantitative correlation of LLNA potency with human potency. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:76-84. [PMID: 29730445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of skin sensitisation potential and potency by non-animal methods is the target of many active research programmes. Although the aim is to predict sensitisation potential and potency in humans, data from the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) constitute much the largest source of quantitative data on in vivo skin sensitisation. The LLNA has been the preferred in vivo method for identification of skin sensitising chemicals and as such is potentially valuable as a benchmark for assessment of non-animal approaches. However, in common with all predictive test methods, the LLNA is subject to false positives and false negatives with an overall level of accuracy said variously to be approximately 80% or 90%. It is also necessary to consider the extent to which, for true positives, LLNA potency correlates with human potency. In this paper LLNA potency and human potency are compared so as to express quantitatively the correlation between them, and reasons for non-agreement between LLNA and human potency are analysed. This leads to a better definition of the applicability domain of the LLNA, within which LLNA data can be used confidently to predict human potency and as a benchmark to assess the performance of non-animal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
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17
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Charpentier J, Emter R, Koch H, Lelièvre D, Pannecoucke X, Couve-Bonnaire S, Natsch A, Bombrun A. Effect of Fluorination on Skin Sensitization Potential and Fragrant Properties of Cinnamyl Compounds. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800013. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charpentier
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Heinz Koch
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lelièvre
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université; COBRA; UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Normandie Université; COBRA; UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Agnes Bombrun
- Ingredients Research; Givaudan International SA; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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18
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Can the epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal show new cases of contact allergy? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:399-405. [PMID: 29603274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol is considered to be a prohapten and prehapten with cinnamal as the main metabolite. However, many individuals who are allergic to cinnamyl alcohol do not react to cinnamal. Sensitizing epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal have been identified as metabolites and autoxidation products of cinnamyl alcohol. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of contact allergy to epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal. METHODS Irritative effects of the epoxides were investigated in 12 dermatitis patients. Epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal were patch tested in 393 and 390 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal were patch tested in 607 and 616 patients, respectively. RESULTS Both epoxides were irritants, but no more positive reactions were detected than when testing was performed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal. Late allergic reactions to epoxycinnamyl alcohol were observed. In general, patients with late reactions showed doubtful or positive reactions to cinnamal and fragrance mix I at regular patch testing. CONCLUSION The investigated epoxides are not important haptens in contact allergy to cinnamon fragrance. The high frequency of fragrance allergy among patients included in the irritancy study showed the difficulty of suspecting fragrance allergy on the basis of history; patch testing broadly with fragrance compounds is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Avonto C, Wang M, Chittiboyina AG, Vukmanovic S, Khan IA. Chemical stability and in chemico reactivity of 24 fragrance ingredients of concern for skin sensitization risk assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:237-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Liu H, Mei Q, Li S, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Zheng L, An P, Zhang J, Han B. Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes over Pt nanoparticles promoted by the cooperation of steric and electronic effects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:908-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08942b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols can reach high selectivity and activity at room temperature using Pt nanoparticles immobilized on a non-porous Al2O3 support stabilized by aspartic acid.
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21
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Roberts DW, Schultz TW, Api AM. Skin Sensitization QMM for HRIPT NOEL Data: Aldehyde Schiff-Base Domain. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1309-1316. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roberts
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Terry W. Schultz
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River
Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
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22
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Roberts DW, Aptula A, Api AM. Structure–Potency Relationships for Epoxides in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:524-531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roberts
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Aynur Aptula
- Unilever
Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
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23
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Ponting DJ, Murray E, Long A. Quantifying confidence in the reporting of metabolic biotransformations. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:970-975. [PMID: 28088443 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
How confident can we be in the assignment of metabolite structures? Are the analytical techniques used sufficient to support hypotheses about what is being formed? In this Feature, we discuss the results of an extensive survey into the analytical techniques used, and their value in the characterisation of metabolites. The survey covers the structures of over 16000 metabolites formed from 1732 query compounds, covering over 35 years of the literature and a variety of journals. The value of different characterisation techniques is considered, alongside or in the absence of synthetic standards. The changes in analytical techniques used over time are briefly considered, and a metric for the confidence that a claimed metabolite has been confirmed is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, UK.
| | - Ernest Murray
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Anthony Long
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, UK
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24
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Moss E, Debeuckelaere C, Berl V, Elbayed K, Moussallieh FM, Namer IJ, Lepoittevin JP. In Situ Metabolism of Cinnamyl Alcohol in Reconstructed Human Epidermis: New Insights into the Activation of This Fragrance Skin Sensitizer. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1172-8. [PMID: 27281158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of epidermal proteins by skin sensitizers is the molecular event which initiates the induction of contact allergy. However, not all chemical skin allergens react directly as haptens with epidermal proteins but need either a chemical (prehaptens) or metabolic (prohaptens) activation step to become reactive. Cinnamyl alcohol has been considered a model prohapten, as this skin sensitizer has no intrinsic reactivity. Therefore, the prevailing theory is that cinnamyl alcohol is enzymatically oxidized into the protein-reactive cinnamaldehyde, which is the sensitizing agent. Knowing that reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models have been demonstrated to be quite similar to the normal human epidermis in terms of metabolic enzymes, use of RHE may be useful to investigate the in situ metabolism/activation of cinnamyl alcohol, particularly when coupled with high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Incubation of carbon-13 substituted cinnamyl derivatives with RHE did not result in the formation of cinnamaldehyde. The metabolites formed suggest the formation of an epoxy-alcohol and an allylic sulfate as potential electrophiles. These data suggest that cinnamyl alcohol is inducing skin sensitization through a route independent of the one involving cinnamaldehyde and should therefore be considered as a skin sensitizer on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Moss
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Debeuckelaere
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - J-P Lepoittevin
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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25
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Fragrance Allergens, Overview with a Focus on Recent Developments and Understanding of Abiotic and Biotic Activation. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Chan J, Oshiro T, Thomas S, Higa A, Black S, Todorovic A, Elbarbry F, Harrelson JP. Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:534-43. [PMID: 26851241 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to trans-cinnamic aldehyde [t-CA; cinnamaldehyde; cinnamal; (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enal] is common through diet and through the use of cinnamon powder for diabetes and to provide flavor and scent in commercial products. We evaluated the likelihood of t-CA to influence metabolism by inhibition of P450 enzymes. IC50 values from recombinant enzymes indicated that an interaction is most probable for CYP2A6 (IC50 = 6.1 µM). t-CA was 10.5-fold more selective for human CYP2A6 than for CYP2E1; IC50 values for P450s 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 were 15.8-fold higher or more. t-CA is a type I ligand for CYP2A6 (KS = 14.9 µM). Inhibition of CYP2A6 by t-CA was metabolism-dependent; inhibition required NADPH and increased with time. Glutathione lessened the extent of inhibition modestly and statistically significantly. The carbon monoxide binding spectrum was dramatically diminished after exposure to NADPH and t-CA, suggesting degradation of the heme or CYP2A6 apoprotein. Using a static model and mechanism-based inhibition parameters (K(I) = 18.0 µM; k(inact) = 0.056 minute(-1)), changes in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for nicotine and letrozole were predicted in the presence of t-CA (0.1 and 1 µM). The AUC fold-change ranged from 1.1 to 3.6. In summary, t-CA is a potential source of pharmacokinetic variability for CYP2A6 substrates due to metabolism-dependent inhibition, especially in scenarios when exposure to t-CA is elevated due to high dietary exposure, or when cinnamon is used as a treatment of specific disease states (e.g., diabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Chan
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Tyler Oshiro
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Allyson Higa
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Stephen Black
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Aleksandar Todorovic
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - John P Harrelson
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
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27
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A fluorescence high throughput screening method for the detection of reactive electrophiles as potential skin sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Delaine T, Ponting DJ, Niklasson IB, Emter R, Hagvall L, Norrby PO, Natsch A, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxyalcohols: bioactivation and conjugation required for skin sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1860-70. [PMID: 25195701 DOI: 10.1021/tx500297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol 1, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for 2, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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O’Boyle NM, Niklasson IB, Tehrani-Bagha AR, Delaine T, Holmberg K, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Skin Sensitizing Potency. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1002-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O’Boyle
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali R. Tehrani-Bagha
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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