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de Schepper JKH, Slootweg T, Behnisch P, Felzel E, Houtman CJ. Beyond the Drinking Water Directive: The use of reporter gene assays as an added tool for effect-based monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in drinking water sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173366. [PMID: 38796005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are legacy organic micropollutants (OMPs) that are sporadically detected in drinking water (DW) sources. The European Drinking Water Directive requires EU member states to monitor 5 PAHs in DW and its sources. The Dutch national regulations require 6 additional PAHs to be monitored and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These indicator compounds act as representatives for large compound classes. PCBs alone comprise 209 congeners, it is evident that conventional chemical target analysis (GC-tQ-MS) alone is not sufficient to monitor these entire compound classes. This study investigated the application of reporter gene assays as effect-based methods (EBMs) to monitor PAHs and PCBs in DW sources. Herein, it was assessed what added value the bioassays can bring compared to the current approach of chemical target analysis for PCBs and PAHs. Regulated and non-regulated PAHs and PCBs were tested in four bioassays to determine the relative potency factors (RPFs) for these compounds. Non-regulated congeners were found to be active in the PAH-CALUX and anti-AR CALUX. An assessment of surface water (SW) spiked with standard mixtures containing PAHs and PCBs confirmed the predictable behavior of the PAH-CALUX. Moreover, the bioassay was able to detect AhR-mediated activity caused by non-regulated PAHs and PCBs, whereas this would have been missed by conventional chemical target analysis. Last, a field study was conducted in Dutch DW sources at six sampling moments. The PAH-CALUX detected AhR-mediated activity at all sampling moments and an ecological effect-based trigger (EBT) value was exceeded on multiple accounts. Combined application of GC-tQ-MS and the PAH-CALUX ensures compliancy with monitoring legislation and provides additional insights into potential hazards to humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K H de Schepper
- Het Waterlaboratorium N.V. (HWL), 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - T Slootweg
- Het Waterlaboratorium N.V. (HWL), 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - P Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Felzel
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Houtman
- Het Waterlaboratorium N.V. (HWL), 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Fauteux M, Côté N, Bergeron S, Maréchal A, Gaudreau L. Differential effects of pesticides on dioxin receptor signaling and p53 activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21211. [PMID: 38040841 PMCID: PMC10692357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As modern agricultural practices increase their use of chemical pesticides, it is inevitable that we will find a number of these xenobiotics within drinking water supplies and disseminated throughout the food chain. A major problem that arises from this pollution is that the effects of most of these pesticides on cellular mechanisms in general, and how they interact with each other and affect human cells are still poorly understood. In this study we make use of cultured human cancer cells to measure by qRT-PCR how pesticides affect gene expression of stress pathways. Immunoblotting studies were performed to monitor protein expression levels and activation of signaling pathways. We make use of immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize and quantify DNA damage events in those cells. In the current study, we evaluate the potential of a subset of widely used pesticides to activate the dioxin receptor pathway and affect its crosstalk with estrogen receptor signaling. We quantify the impact of these chemicals on the p53-dependent cellular stress response. We find that, not only can the different pesticides activate the dioxin receptor pathway, most of them have better than additive effects on this pathway when combined at low doses. We also show that different pesticides have the ability to trigger crosstalk events that may generate genotoxic estrogen metabolites. Finally, we show that some, but not all of the tested pesticides can induce a p53-dependent stress response. Taken together our results provide evidence that several xenobiotics found within the environment have the potential to interact together to elicit significant effects on cell systems. Our data warrants caution when the toxicity of substances that are assessed simply for individual chemicals, since important biological effects could be observed only in the presence of other compounds, and that even at very low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Fauteux
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Côté
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Bergeron
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Gaudreau
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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3
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Choi SH, Ochirpurev B, Toriba A, Won JU, Kim H. Exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene and 1-Nitropyrene in Particulate Matter Increases Oxidative Stress in the Human Body. TOXICS 2023; 11:797. [PMID: 37755807 PMCID: PMC10534303 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to cause oxidative stress in metabolic processes. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), in the atmosphere and oxidative stress levels in the human body. This study included 44 Korean adults who lived in Cheongju, Republic of Korea. Atmospheric BaP and 1-NP concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (6-OHNP), N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (1-NAAP), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations were measured. The oxidative stress level was assessed by measuring urinary thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations. Urinary TBARS and 6-OHNP concentrations significantly differed between winter and summer. BaP exposure was significantly associated with urinary 8-OHdG concentrations in summer. However, atmospheric 1-NP did not show a significant correlation with oxidative stress marker concentrations. Urinary 1-NAAP concentration was a significant determinant for urinary 8-OHdG concentration in summer. Oxidative stress in the body increases in proportion to inhalation exposure to BaP, and more 8-OHdG is produced in the body as the amount of 1-NP, which is metabolized to 1-AP or 1-NAAP, increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Haeng Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolormaa Ochirpurev
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Akira Toriba
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jong-Uk Won
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tian Z, Hua X, Zhu J, Li P, Chen R, Li X, Li T, Zhou C, Huang C. ATG7 upregulation contributes to malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by B[a]PDE via DNMT3B protein degradation and miR-494 promoter methylation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115273. [PMID: 37480691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer primarily arises from exposure to various environmental factors, particularly airborne pollutants. Among the various lung carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene and its metabolite B[a]PDE are the strongest ones that actively contribute to lung cancer development. ATG7 is an E1-like activating enzyme and contributes to activating autophagic responses in mammal cells. However, the potential alterations of ATG7 and its role in B[a]PDE-caused lung carcinogenesis remain unknown. Here, we found that B[a]PDE exposure promoted ATG7 expression in mouse lung tissues, while B[a]PDE exposure resulted in ATG7 induction in human normal bronchial epithelial cells. Our studies also demonstrated a significant correlation between high ATG7 expression levels and poor overall survival in lung cancer patients. ATG7 knockdown significantly repressed Beas-2B cell transformation upon B[a]PDE exposure, and such promotive effect of ATG7 on cell transformation mediated the p27 translation inhibition. Further studies revealed that miR-373 inhibition was required to stabilize ATG7 mRNA, therefore increasing ATG7 expression following B[a]PDE exposure, while ATG7 induction led to the autophagic degradation of the DNA methyltransferase 3 Beta (DNMT3B) protein, in turn promoted miR-494 transcription via its promoter region methylation status suppression. We also found that the miR-494 upregulation inhibited p27 protein translation and promoted bronchial epithelial cell transformation via its directly targeting p27 mRNA 3'-UTR region. Current studies, to the best of our knowledge, are for the first time to identify that ATG7 induction and its mediated autophagy is critical for B[a]PDE-induced transformation of human normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Tian
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Chest Cancer, Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peiwei Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033 China
| | - Ruifan Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tengda Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chengfan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Naby WSHAE, Zong C, Fergany A, Ekuban FA, Ahmed S, Reda Y, Sato H, Ichihara S, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Ichihara G. Exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene Decreases Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Axons in Hippocampus of Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9895. [PMID: 37373040 PMCID: PMC10297856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showed the association between air pollution and dementia. A soluble fraction of particulate matters including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is suspected to be involved with the adverse effects of air pollution on the central nervous system of humans. It is also reported that exposure to benzopyrene (B[a]P), which is one of the PAHs, caused deterioration of neurobehavioral performance in workers. The present study investigated the effect of B[a]P on noradrenergic and serotonergic axons in mouse brains. In total, 48 wild-type male mice (10 weeks of age) were allocated into 4 groups and exposed to B[a]P at 0, 2.88, 8.67 or 26.00 µg/mice, which is approximately equivalent to 0.12, 0.37 and 1.12 mg/kg bw, respectively, by pharyngeal aspiration once/week for 4 weeks. The density of noradrenergic and serotonergic axons was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas. Exposure to B[a]P at 2.88 µg/mice or more decreased the density of noradrenergic or serotonergic axons in the CA1 area and the density of noradrenergic axons in the CA3 area in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, exposure to B[a]P dose-dependently upregulated Tnfα at 8.67 µg/mice or more, as well as upregulating Il-1β at 26 µg/mice, Il-18 at 2.88 and 26 µg/mice and Nlrp3 at 2.88 µg/mice. The results demonstrate that exposure to B[a]P induces degeneration of noradrenergic or serotonergic axons and suggest the involvement of proinflammatory or inflammation-related genes with B[a]P-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Slouma Hamouda Abd El Naby
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering in Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Cai Zong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Alzahraa Fergany
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering in Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Frederick Adams Ekuban
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Saleh Ahmed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yousra Reda
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Harue Sato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shinya Yanagita
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
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6
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Investigation of the electrochemical properties of benzo[k]fluorenthene using a glassy carbon electrode and development of a square-wave voltammetric method for its quantification. J CHEM SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Lu K, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Schoeny R, Gentry R, Starr TB. A Review of Stable Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry Methods to Distinguish Exogenous from Endogenous DNA Adducts and Improve Dose-Response Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 35:7-29. [PMID: 34910474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains the second most frequent cause of death in human populations worldwide, which has been reflected in the emphasis placed on management of risk from environmental chemicals considered to be potential human carcinogens. The formation of DNA adducts has been considered as one of the key events of cancer, and persistence and/or failure of repair of these adducts may lead to mutation, thus initiating cancer. Some chemical carcinogens can produce DNA adducts, and DNA adducts have been used as biomarkers of exposure. However, DNA adducts of various types are also produced endogenously in the course of normal metabolism. Since both endogenous physiological processes and exogenous exposure to xenobiotics can cause DNA adducts, the differentiation of the sources of DNA adducts can be highly informative for cancer risk assessment. This review summarizes a highly applicable methodology, termed stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry (SILMS), that is superior to previous methods, as it not only provides absolute quantitation of DNA adducts but also differentiates the exogenous and endogenous origins of DNA adducts. SILMS uses stable isotope-labeled substances for exposure, followed by DNA adduct measurement with highly sensitive mass spectrometry. Herein, the utilities and advantage of SILMS have been demonstrated by the rich data sets generated over the last two decades in improving the risk assessment of chemicals with DNA adducts being induced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, such as formaldehyde, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and ethylene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny LLC, 726 Fifth Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002, United States
| | - Robinan Gentry
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Thomas B Starr
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,TBS Associates, 7500 Rainwater Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27615, United States
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Słowikowski BK, Jankowski M, Jagodziński PP. The smoking estrogens - a potential synergy between estradiol and benzo(a)pyrene. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111658. [PMID: 34243627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
According to recent statistics, Lung Cancer (LC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumor types, representing nearly 12% of all global cancer cases. Moreover, in recent years, an increased mortality rate and incidence of this cancer were observed, especially among nonsmokers. Lung cancer patients are often characterized by poor prognosis and low survival rates, which encourages the scientific community to investigate the biochemical and molecular processes leading to the development of this malignancy. Furthermore, the mechanisms of LC formation and progression are not yet fully elucidated due to their high complexity, as well as a multitude of environmental, genetic, and molecular factors involved. Even though LC's association with exposure to cigarette smoke is indisputable, current research provides evidence that the development of this cancer can also be affected by the presence of estrogens and their interaction with several tobacco smoke components. Hence, the main goal of this brief review was to investigate reports of a possible synergy between 17β estradiol (E2), the most biologically active estrogen, and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a strongly carcinogenic compound produced as a result of incomplete tobacco combustion. The literature sources demonstrate a possible carcinogenic synergy between estrogens, especially E2, and BaP, a toxic tobacco smoke component. Therefeore, the combined effect of disturbed estrogen production in cancer cells, as well as the molecular influence exerted by BaP, could explain the increased aggressiveness and rate of LC development. Summarizing, the synergistic effect of these risk factors is an interesting area of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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9
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Jaiswal SK, Agarwal SM, Thodum P, Sharma VK. SkinBug: an artificial intelligence approach to predict human skin microbiome-mediated metabolism of biotics and xenobiotics. iScience 2021; 24:101925. [PMID: 33385118 PMCID: PMC7772573 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being pivotal for the host health, the skin microbiome possesses a large reservoir of metabolic enzymes, which can metabolize molecules (cosmetics, medicines, pollutants, etc.) that form a major part of the skin exposome. Therefore, to predict the complete metabolism of any molecule by skin microbiome, a curated database of metabolic enzymes (1,094,153), reactions, and substrates from ∼900 bacterial species from 19 different skin sites were used to develop “SkinBug.” It integrates machine learning, neural networks, and chemoinformatics methods, and displays a multiclass multilabel accuracy of up to 82.4% and binary accuracy of up to 90.0%. SkinBug predicts all possible metabolic reactions and associated enzymes, reaction centers, skin microbiome species harboring the enzyme, and the respective skin sites. Thus, SkinBug will be an indispensable tool to predict xenobiotic/biotic metabolism by skin microbiome and will find applications in exposome and microbiome studies, dermatology, and skin cancer research. SkinBug is AI/ML-based tool to predict metabolism of molecules by Skin microbiome Database of 1,094,153 metabolic enzymes from 897 pangenomes of skin microbiome Predicts enzymes, bacterial species, and skin sites for the predicted reactions 82.4% multilabel and 90.0% binary accuracy, and validated on 28 diverse real cases
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham K Jaiswal
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Shitij Manojkumar Agarwal
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Parikshit Thodum
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Vineet K Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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10
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Shao Y, Schiwy A, Glauch L, Henneberger L, König M, Mühlenbrink M, Xiao H, Thalmann B, Schlichting R, Hollert H, Escher BI. Optimization of a pre-metabolization procedure using rat liver S9 and cell-extracted S9 in the Ames fluctuation test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141468. [PMID: 32827816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants pose a toxicological hazard only after metabolic activation. In vitro bioassays using cell lines or bacteria have often no or reduced metabolic activity, which impedes their use in the risk assessment. To improve the predictive capability of in vitro assays, external metabolization systems like the liver S9 fraction are frequently combined with in vitro toxicity assays. While it is typical for S9 fractions that samples and testing systems are combined in the same exposure system, we propose to separate the metabolism step and toxicity measurement. This allows for a modular combination of metabolic activation by enzymes isolated from rat liver (S9) or a biotechnological alternative (ewoS9R) with in vitro bioassays that lack metabolic capacity. Benzo(a)pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene were used as model compounds to optimize the conditions for the S9 metabolic degradation/activation step. The Ames assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was applied to validate the set-up of decoupling the S9 activation/metabolism from the bioassay system. S9 protein concentration of 0.25 mgprotein/mL, a supplement of 0.13 mM NADPH and a pre-incubation time of 100 min are recommended for activation of samples prior to dosing them to in vitro bioassays using the regular dosing protocols of the respective bioassay. EwoS9R performed equally well as Moltox S9, which is a step forward in developing true animal-free in vitro bioassays. After pre-incubation with S9 fraction, chemicals induced bacteria revertants in both the TA98 and the TA100 assay as efficiently as the standard Ames assay. The pre-incubation of chemicals with S9 fraction could serve for a wide range of cellular in vitro assays to efficiently combine activation and toxicity measurement, which may greatly facilitate the application of these assays for chemical hazard assessment and monitoring of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Shazheng street 174, Shapingba, 400044 Chongqing, China.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Glauch
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Mühlenbrink
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Beat Thalmann
- EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tubingen, Germany
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11
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Filippov SV, Yarushkin AA, Yakovleva AK, Kozlov VV, Gulyaeva LF. [Effect of benzo(a)pyrene on the expression of AhR-regulated microRNA in female and male rat lungs]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:224-232. [PMID: 32588828 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the main risk factor for lung cancer, mainly due to presence of nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in tobacco smoke composition. The genotoxic effect of BP is based on the high DNA-binding ability of its metabolites, while the epigenetic effects are mediated by a change in the expression of cancer related genes or regulatory RNAs. It has been shown that women have a higher risk to develop lung cancer upon smoking rather than men. We hypothesized that crosstalk between signaling pathways activated by BP and estrogens could underlie the sex-dependent differences in miRNAs expression. To test this hypothesis, male and female rats were subjected to short-term or long-term BP exposure. Using in silico analysis, miRNAs containing the ER- and AhR-binding sites in the promoters of the genes (or host genes) were selected. During chronic exposure of BP the expression of miR-22-3p, -29a-3p, -126a-3p, -193b-5p in the lungs of male rats were significantly increased, while the level of miRNA-483-3p were decreased. Expression of miRNA-483-3p was up-regulated during chronic BP exposure in the lungs of female rats and the levels of other studied miRNAs were unchanged. In turn, changes in the expression of miRNAs were followed by changes in the expression of their target genes, including PTEN, EMP2, IGF1, ITGA6, SLC34A2, and the observed changes in female and male rat lungs were varied. Thus, our results suggest that sex-dependent epigenetic effects of BP may be based on different expression of AhR- and ER- regulated miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Filippov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Yarushkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A K Yakovleva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V V Kozlov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk Regional Oncology Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L F Gulyaeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Huff RD, Carlsten C, Hirota JA. An update on immunologic mechanisms in the respiratory mucosa in response to air pollutants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 143:1989-2001. [PMID: 31176381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Every day, we breathe in more than 10,000 L of air that contains a variety of air pollutants that can pose negative consequences to lung health. The respiratory mucosa formed by the airway epithelium is the first point of contact for air pollution in the lung, functioning as a mechanical and immunologic barrier. Under normal circumstances, airway epithelial cells connected by tight junctions secrete mucus, airway surface lining fluid, host defense peptides, and antioxidants and express innate immune pattern recognition receptors to respond to inhaled foreign substances and pathogens. Under conditions of air pollution exposure, the defenses of the airway epithelium are compromised by reductions in barrier function, impaired host defense to pathogens, and exaggerated inflammatory responses. Central to the mechanical and immunologic changes induced by air pollution are activation of redox-sensitive pathways and a role for antioxidants in normalizing these negative effects. Genetic variants in genes important in epithelial cell function and phenotype contribute to a diversity of responses to air pollution in the population at the individual and group levels and suggest a need for personalized approaches to attenuate the respiratory mucosal immune responses to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Huff
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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14
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Rendic SP, Guengerich FP. Development and Uses of Offline and Web-Searchable Metabolism Databases - The Case of Benzo[a]pyrene. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:3-46. [PMID: 29219051 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666171207123939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work describes development of offline and web-searchable metabolism databases for drugs, other chemicals, and physiological compounds using human and model species, prompted by the large amount of data published after year 1990. The intent was to provide a rapid and accurate approach to published data to be applied both in science and to assist therapy. METHODS Searches for the data were done using the Pub Med database, accessing the Medline database of references and abstracts. In addition, data presented at scientific conferences (e.g., ISSX conferences) are included covering the publishing period beginning with the year 1976. RESULTS Application of the data is illustrated by the properties of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and its metabolites. Analysis show higher activity of P450 1A1 for activation of the (-)- isomer of trans-B[a]P-7,8-diol, while P4501B1 exerts higher activity for the (+)- isomer. P450 1A2 showed equally low activity in the metabolic activation of both isomers. CONCLUSION The information collected in the databases is applicable in prediction of metabolic drug-drug and/or drug-chemical interactions in clinical and environmental studies. The data on the metabolism of searched compound (exemplified by benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolites) also indicate toxicological properties of the products of specific reactions. The offline and web-searchable databases had wide range of applications (e.g. computer assisted drug design and development, optimization of clinical therapy, toxicological applications) and adjustment in everyday life styles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick P Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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15
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Woo H, Lee J, Park D, Jung E. Protective Effect of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Extract against Benzo[a]pyrene Induced Skin Damage through Inhibition of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10925-10932. [PMID: 29231728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is present in the atmosphere surrounding our environment. Although B[a]P is a procarcinogen, enzymatically metabolized benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) could intercalate into DNA to form bulky BPDE-DNA adducts as an ultimate carcinogenic product in human keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of mulberry extract, purified from the fruit of Morus Alba L., on B[a]P-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes and its mechanisms of action. In this study, we confirmed that B[a]P induced nuclear translocation and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) were decreased by pretreatment of mulberry extract. Mulberry extract could decrease DNA damage through the suppression of B[a]P derived DNA adduct formation and restoration of cell cycle retardation at S phase in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a major active compound of mulberry extract, showed biological activities to protect the cells from B[a]P exposure, similar to the effectivity of the mulberry extract. These results indicated that the inhibitory effect of C3G against B[a]P inducing skin cancer is attributable to repress the AhR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Woo
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute , A-1805, U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - JungA Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute , A-1805, U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute , A-1805, U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute , A-1805, U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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16
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Mi L, He F, Jiang L, Shangguan L, Zhang X, Ding T, Liu A, Zhang Y, Liu S. Electrochemically-driven benzo[a]pyrene metabolism via human cytochrome P450 1A1 with reductase coated nitrogen-doped graphene nano-composites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Stiborová M, Indra R, Moserová M, Bořek-Dohalská L, Hodek P, Frei E, Kopka K, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM. Comparison of human cytochrome P450 1A1-catalysed oxidation of benzo[ a]pyrene in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1959-1969. [PMID: 29104317 PMCID: PMC5653725 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 is the most important enzyme activating and detoxifying the human carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In the previous studies, we had shown that not only the canonic NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase (POR) can act as electron donor but also cytochrome b5 and its reductase, NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. Here, we studied the role of the expression system used on the metabolites generated and the levels of DNA adducts formed by activated BaP. We used an eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cellular system (Supersomes, microsomes isolated from insect cells, and Bactosomes, a membrane fraction of Escherichia coli, each transfected with cDNA of human CYP1A1 and POR). These were reconstituted with cytochrome b5 with and without NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. We evaluated the effectiveness of each cofactor, NADPH and NADH, to mediate BaP metabolism. We found that both systems differ in catalysing the reactions activating and detoxifying BaP. Two BaP-derived DNA adducts were generated by the CYP1A1-Supersomes, both in the presence of NADPH and NADH, whereas NADPH but not NADH was able to support this reaction in the CYP1A1-Bactosomes. Seven BaP metabolites were found in Supersomes with NADPH or NADH, whereas NADPH but not NADH was able to generate five BaP metabolites in Bactosomes. Our study demonstrates different catalytic efficiencies of CYP1A1 expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in BaP bioactivation indicating some limitations in the use of E. coli cells for such studies. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bořek-Dohalská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public Health England, London, SE1 9NH UK
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18
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Kikuzuki R, Sato H, Fujiwara A, Takahashi T, Ogiwara Y, Sugiura M. Evaluation of the RBC Pig-a assay and the PIGRET assay using benzo[a]pyrene in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:86-90. [PMID: 27931821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The red blood cell (RBC) Pig-a assay has the potential to detect the in vivo mutagenicity of chemicals. Recently, use of the Pig-a assay with reticulocytes (the PIGRET assay) reportedly enabled the in vivo mutagenicity of chemicals to be detected earlier than using the RBC Pig-a assay. To evaluate whether the PIGRET assay is useful and effective as a short-term test, compared with the RBC Pig-a assay, we performed both assays using benzo[a]pyrene (BP), which is a well-known mutagen. BP was used to dose 8-week-old male rats orally at 0, 75.0, 150, and 300mg/kg administered as a single administration. Peripheral blood samples were then collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 after treatment and were used in both assays. In the treatment groups receiving 150mg/kg of BP or more, both the RBC Pig-a assay and the PIGRET assay detected the in vivo mutagenicity of BP. In the 300mg/kg treatment group, in which a significant increase in the mutant frequency (MF) was observed at all the sampling points using both the RBC Pig-a assay and the PIGRET assay, the reticulocyte (RET) Pig-a MF was higher than the RBC Pig-a MF on days 7 and 14 after treatment; nevertheless, the negative control RET Pig-a MF was comparable to the negative control RBC Pig-a MF. In addition, the RET Pig-a MF began to increase after day 7 and reached a maximum value on day 14 after treatment, whereas the RBC Pig-a MF increased continuously from day 7 until day 28 after treatment. These results indicate that the PIGRET assay has a higher sensitivity than the RBC Pig-a assay and that the PIGRET assay is useful for the earlier detection of the in vivo mutagenicity of chemicals, compared with the RBC Pig-a assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kikuzuki
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Haruka Sato
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Ai Fujiwara
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ogiwara
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Mihoko Sugiura
- Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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19
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Stiborová M, Indra R, Moserová M, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Kopka K, Philips DH, Arlt V. NADH:Cytochrome b5 Reductase and Cytochrome b5 Can Act as Sole Electron Donors to Human Cytochrome P450 1A1-Mediated Oxidation and DNA Adduct Formation by Benzo[a]pyrene. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1325-34. [PMID: 27404282 PMCID: PMC4987862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that covalently binds to DNA after activation by cytochrome P450 (P450). Here, we investigated whether NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase (CBR) in the presence of cytochrome b5 can act as sole electron donor to human P450 1A1 during BaP oxidation and replace the canonical NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) system. We also studied the efficiencies of the coenzymes of these reductases, NADPH as a coenzyme of POR, and NADH as a coenzyme of CBR, to mediate BaP oxidation. Two systems containing human P450 1A1 were utilized: human recombinant P450 1A1 expressed with POR, CBR, epoxide hydrolase, and cytochrome b5 in Supersomes and human recombinant P450 1A1 reconstituted with POR and/or with CBR and cytochrome b5 in liposomes. BaP-9,10-dihydrodiol, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, BaP-9-ol, BaP-3-ol, a metabolite of unknown structure, and two BaP-DNA adducts were generated by the P450 1A1-Supersomes system, both in the presence of NADPH and in the presence of NADH. The major BaP-DNA adduct detected by (32)P-postlabeling was characterized as 10-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP (assigned adduct 1), while the minor adduct is probably a guanine adduct derived from 9-hydroxy-BaP-4,5-epoxide (assigned adduct 2). BaP-3-ol as the major metabolite, BaP-9-ol, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, an unknown metabolite, and adduct 2 were observed in the system using P450 1A1 reconstituted with POR plus NADPH. When P450 1A1 was reconstituted with CBR and cytochrome b5 plus NADH, BaP-3-ol was the predominant metabolite too, and an adduct 2 was also generated. Our results demonstrate that the NADH/cytochrome b5/CBR system can act as the sole electron donor both for the first and second reduction of P450 1A1 during the oxidation of BaP in vitro. They suggest that NADH-dependent CBR can replace NADPH-dependent POR in the P450 1A1-catalyzed metabolism of BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Albertov
2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech
Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Albertov
2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech
Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Albertov
2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech
Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Albertov
2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech
Republic
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- Division
of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German
Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Albertov
2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech
Republic
| | - David H. Philips
- Analytical
and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford
Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- NIHR
Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental
Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public
Health England, Franklin-Wilkins
Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Volker
M. Arlt
- Analytical
and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford
Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- NIHR
Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental
Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public
Health England, Franklin-Wilkins
Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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20
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Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of cytochrome P450s immobilized on gold/graphene-based nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Šulc M, Indra R, Moserová M, Schmeiser HH, Frei E, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. The impact of individual cytochrome P450 enzymes on oxidative metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in human livers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:229-35. [PMID: 26919089 PMCID: PMC4855618 DOI: 10.1002/em.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that covalently binds to DNA after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In this study human recombinant CYPs (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2E1, 3A4, and 3A5) were expressed in Supersomes™ together with their reductases, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase, epoxide hydrolase and cytochrome b5 , to investigate BaP metabolism. Human CYPs produced up to eight BaP metabolites. Among these, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol and BaP-9-ol, which are intermediates in BaP-derived DNA adduct formation, were mainly formed by CYP1A1 and 1B1, and to a lesser extent by CYP2C19 and 3A4. BaP-3-ol, a metabolite that is a 'detoxified' product of BaP, was formed by most human CYPs tested, although CYP1A1 and 1B1 produced it the most efficiently. Based on the amounts of the individual BaP metabolites formed by these CYPs and their expression levels in human liver, we determined their contributions to BaP metabolite formation in this organ. Our results indicate that hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP2C19 are most important in the activation of BaP to BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, whereas CYP2C19, 3A4, and 1A1 are the major enzymes contributing to the formation of BaP-9-ol. BaP-3-ol is predominantly formed by hepatic CYP3A4, while CYP1A1 and 2C19 are less active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Šulc
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical ChemistryGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences DivisionMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in Partnership with Public Health EnglandLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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22
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Stiborová M, Indra R, Moserová M, Šulc M, Hodek P, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM. NADPH- and NADH-dependent metabolism of and DNA adduct formation by benzo[ a]pyrene catalyzed with rat hepatic microsomes and cytochrome P450 1A1. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 147:847-855. [PMID: 27110038 PMCID: PMC4828493 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that covalently binds to DNA after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Here we investigated the efficiencies of rat hepatic microsomes and rat recombinant CYP1A1 expressed with its reductase, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase (POR), NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase, epoxide hydrolase and/or cytochrome b5 in Supersomes™ to metabolize this carcinogen. We also studied the effectiveness of coenzymes of two of the microsomal reductases, NADPH as a coenzyme of POR, and NADH as a coenzyme of NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase, to mediate BaP metabolism in these systems. Up to eight BaP metabolites and two DNA adducts were generated by the systems, both in the presence of NADPH and NADH. Among BaP metabolites, BaP-9,10-dihydrodiol, BaP-4,5-dihydrodiol, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, BaP-9-ol, BaP-3-ol, and a metabolite of unknown structure were formed by hepatic microsomes and rat CYP1A1. One of two DNA adducts formed by examined enzymatic systems (rat hepatic microsomes and rat CYP1A1) was characterized to be 10-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (dG-N2-BPDE), while another adduct has similar chromatographic properties on polyethylaneimine-cellulose thin layer chromatography to a guanine adduct derived from reaction with 9-hydroxy-BaP-4,5-oxide. In the presence of either of the reductase cofactors tested, NADPH or NADH, cytochrome b5 stimulated CYP1A1-mediated formation of both BaP-DNA adducts. The results demonstrate that NADH can act as a sole electron donor for both the first and the second reduction of CYP1A1 during its reaction cycle catalyzing oxidation of BaP, and suggest that the NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase as the NADH-dependent reductase might substitute POR in this enzymatic system. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šulc
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- />Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- />Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
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Jalalvand AR, Gholivand MB, Goicoechea HC, Skov T, Mansouri K. Mimicking enzymatic effects of cytochrome P450 by an efficient biosensor for in vitro detection of DNA damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Lacko M, Voogd AC, van de Goor RCE, Roelofs HMJ, Te Morsche RHM, Bouvy ND, Peters WHM, Manni JJ. Genetic polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 and 1A7 and the risk for benign Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E717-23. [PMID: 25899702 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland are associated with smoking, whereas pleomorphic adenomas are not. Genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes, involved in detoxification of toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke, might modify the corresponding enzyme activity and influence detoxifying capacity. We hypothesize that these genetic polymorphisms may influence the individual risk for Warthin's tumor, but not for pleomorphic adenomas. METHODS Blood from 146 patients with benign parotid gland tumors and 437 controls were investigated for polymorphisms in several biotransformation enzymes. Based on these polymorphisms, patients and controls were divided according to predicted enzyme activity (low, intermediate, and high). RESULTS Prevalence of predicted intermediate and high activity UGT1A7 and UGT1A6 genotypes was significantly higher in the patients with Warthin's tumors, but not in patients with pleomorphic adenomas, compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION Predicted intermediate and high activity UGT1A7 and UGT1A6 genotypes are associated with an increased risk for Warthin's tumor. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E717-E723, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adri C Voogd
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rens C E van de Goor
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie M J Roelofs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H M Te Morsche
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D Bouvy
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert H M Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J Manni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Stiborová M, Moserová M, Černá V, Indra R, Dračínský M, Šulc M, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Schmeiser HH, Phillips DH, Frei E, Arlt VM. Cytochrome b5 and epoxide hydrolase contribute to benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 1A1 under low NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase conditions. Toxicology 2014; 318:1-12. [PMID: 24530354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we had administered benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to genetically engineered mice (HRN) which do not express NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in hepatocytes and observed higher DNA adduct levels in livers of these mice than in wild-type mice. To elucidate the reason for this unexpected finding we have used two different settings for in vitro incubations; hepatic microsomes from control and BaP-pretreated HRN mice and reconstituted systems with cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), POR, cytochrome b5, and epoxide hydrolase (mEH) in different ratios. In microsomes from BaP-pretreated mice, in which Cyp1a1 was induced, higher levels of BaP metabolites were formed, mainly of BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol. At a low POR:CYP1A1 ratio of 0.05:1 in the reconstituted system, the amounts of BaP diones and BaP-9-ol formed were essentially the same as at an equimolar ratio, but formation of BaP-3-ol was ∼ 1.6-fold higher. Only after addition of mEH were BaP dihydrodiols found. Two BaP-DNA adducts were formed in the presence of mEH, but only one when CYP1A1 and POR were present alone. At a ratio of POR:CYP1A1 of 0.05:1, addition of cytochrome b5 increased CYP1A1-mediated BaP oxidation to most of its metabolites indicating that cytochrome b5 participates in the electron transfer from NADPH to CYP1A1 required for enzyme activity of this CYP. BaP-9-ol was formed even by CYP1A1 reconstituted with cytochrome b5 without POR. Our results suggest that in livers of HRN mice Cyp1a1, cytochrome b5 and mEH can effectively activate BaP to DNA binding species, even in the presence of very low amounts of POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Černá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šulc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Research Group Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Hodek P, Koblihová J, Kizek R, Frei E, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. The relationship between DNA adduct formation by benzo[a]pyrene and expression of its activation enzyme cytochrome P450 1A1 in rat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:989-96. [PMID: 24095716 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen requiring metabolic activation prior to reaction with DNA. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 is the most important hepatic and intestinal enzyme in both BaP activation and detoxification. CYP1A2 is also capable of oxidizing BaP, but to a lesser extent. The induction of CYP1A1/2 by BaP and/or β-naphthoflavone in liver and small intestine of rats was investigated. Both BaP and β-naphthoflavone induced CYP1A expression and increased enzyme activities in both organs. Moreover, the induction of CYP1A enzyme activities resulted in an increase in formation of BaP-DNA adducts detected by (32)P-postlabeling in rat liver and in the distal part of small intestine in vivo. The increases in CYP1A enzyme activity were also associated with bioactivation of BaP and elevated BaP-DNA adduct levels in ex vivo incubations of microsomes of both organs with DNA and BaP. These findings indicate a stimulating effect of both compounds on BaP-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Gao L, Mai A, Li X, Lai Y, Zheng J, Yang Q, Wu J, Nan A, Ye S, Jiang Y. LncRNA-DQ786227-mediated cell malignant transformation induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:205-10. [PMID: 24084393 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been found that the new class of transcripts, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are pervasively transcribed in the genome. LncRNAs are a large family of non-coding RNAs and regulate many protein-coding genes. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs may play an important functional role in cancer biology. Emerging data have shown that lncRNAs are closely related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNAs in lung cancer remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of a novel lncRNA in transformed human bronchial epithelial cells induced by benzo(a)pyrene. After establishing the transformed cell model using the BEAS-2B cell line in vitro, we found that expression of lncRNA-DQ786227 was high and changed during the transformation of BEAS-2B cells. Silencing of lncRNA-DQ786227 expression in malignant transformed BEAS-2B cells led to inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation, and increased apoptosis. LncRNA-DQ786227 dramatically promoted the ability of BEAS-2B-T cells to form colonies in vitro and develop tumors in nude mice. These findings revealed that lncRNA-DQ786227 acts as an oncogene in malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells induced by benzo(a)pyrene. The identification of lncRNA could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Gao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
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Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Identification of stable benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione-DNA adducts in human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:685-92. [PMID: 23587017 PMCID: PMC3660951 DOI: 10.1021/tx300476m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Metabolic
activation of the proximate carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol (B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol) by aldo-keto
reductases (AKRs) leads to B[a]P-7,8-dione that is
both electrophilic and redox-active. B[a]P-7,8-dione
generates reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative DNA damage
in human lung cells. However, information on the formation of stable
B[a]P-7,8-dione-DNA adducts in these cells is lacking.
We studied stable DNA adduct formation of B[a]P-7,8-dione
in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human bronchoalveolar H358
cells, and immortalized human bronchial epithelial HBEC-KT cells.
After treatment with 2 μM B[a]P-7,8-dione,
the cellular DNA was extracted from the cell pellets subjected to
enzyme hydrolysis and subsequent analysis by LC-MS/MS. Several stable
DNA adducts of B[a]P-7,8-dione were only detected
in A549 and HBEC-KT cells. In A549 cells, the structures of stable
B[a]P-7,8-dione-DNA adducts were identified as hydrated-B[a]P-7,8-dione-N2-2′-deoxyguanosine
and hydrated-B[a]P-7,8-dione-N1-2′-deoxyguanosine.
In HBEC-KT cells, the structures of stable B[a]P-7,8-dione-DNA
adducts were identified as hydrated-B[a]P-7,8-dione-2′-deoxyadenosine,
hydrated-B[a]P-7,8-dione-N1- or N3-2′-deoxyadenosine,
and B[a]P-7,8-dione-N1- or N3-2′-deoxyadenosine.
In each case, adduct structures were characterized by MSn spectra. Adduct structures were also compared to
those synthesized from reactions of B[a]P-7,8-dione
with either deoxyribonucleosides or salmon testis DNA in vitro but were found to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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Zhang T, Jiang S, He C, Kimura Y, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. Black soybean seed coat polyphenols prevent B(a)P-induced DNA damage through modulating drug-metabolizing enzymes in HepG2 cells and ICR mice. Mutat Res 2013; 752:34-41. [PMID: 23370448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Black soybean seed coat is a rich source of polyphenols that have been reported to have various physiological functions. The present study investigated the potential protective effects of polyphenolic extracts from black soybean seed coat on DNA damage in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and ICR mice. The results from micronucleus (MN) assay revealed that black soybean seed coat extract (BE) at concentrations up to 25μg/mL was non-genotoxic. It is noteworthy that BE (at 4.85μg/mL) and its main components, procyanidins (PCs) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), at 10μM significantly reduced the genotoxic effect induced by benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P]. To obtain insights into the underlying mechanism, we investigated BE and its main components on drug-metabolizing enzyme expression. The results of this study demonstrate that BE and its main components, PCs and C3G, down-regulated B(a)P-induced cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) expression by inhibiting the transformation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Moreover, they increased expression of detoxifying defense enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) via increasing the binding of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 to antioxidant response elements. Collectively, we found that PCs and C3G, which are the main active compounds of BE, down-regulated CYP1A1 and up-regulated GST expression to protect B(a)P-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells and ICR mice effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Zhang
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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WESSEL NATHALIE, DÛ-LACOSTE MARIELE, BUDZINSKI HÉLÈNE, BURGEOT THIERRY, AKCHA FARIDA. UPLC MS/MS Quantification of Primary Metabolites of Benzo[a]pyrene and Fluoranthene Produced In Vitro by Sole (Solea solea) Liver Microsomal Activation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.725197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abedin Z, Louis-Juste M, Stangl M, Field J. The role of base excision repair genes OGG1, APN1 and APN2 in benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione induced p53 mutagenesis. Mutat Res 2013; 750:121-8. [PMID: 23117049 PMCID: PMC3931135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is primarily caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The most common PAH studied is benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). B[a]P is metabolically activated through multiple routes, one of which is catalyzed by aldo-keto reductase (AKR) to B[a]P-7,8-dione (BPQ). BPQ undergoes a futile redox cycle in the presence of NADPH to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, damages DNA. Studies with a yeast p53 mutagenesis system found that the generation of ROS by PAH o-quinones may contribute to lung carcinogenesis because of similarities between the patterns (types of mutations) and spectra (location of mutations) and those seen in lung cancer. The patterns were dominated by G to T transversions, and the spectra in the experimental system have mutations at lung cancer hotspots. To address repair mechanisms that are responsible for BPQ induced damage we observed the effect of mutating two DNA repair genes OGG1 and APE1 (APN1 in yeast) and tested them in a yeast reporter system for p53 mutagenesis. There was an increase in both the mutant frequency and the number of G:C/T:A transversions in p53 treated with BPQ in ogg1 yeast but not in apn1 yeast. Knocking out APN2 increased mutagenesis in the apn1 cells. In addition, we did not find a strand bias on p53 treated with BPQ in ogg1 yeast. These studies suggest that Ogg1 is involved in repairing the oxidative damage caused by BPQ, Apn1 and Apn2 have redundant functions and that the stand bias seen in lung cancer may not be due to impaired repair of oxidative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahidur Abedin
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
| | - Melissa Louis-Juste
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
| | - Melissa Stangl
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
| | - Jeffrey Field
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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Sen S, Field JM. Genotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62645-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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ZHANG T, KAWABATA K, KITANO R, ASHIDA H. Preventive Effects of Black Soybean Seed Coat Polyphenols against DNA Damage in Salmonella typhimurium. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Brinkmann J, Stolpmann K, Trappe S, Otter T, Genkinger D, Bock U, Liebsch M, Henkler F, Hutzler C, Luch A. Metabolically competent human skin models: activation and genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:351-9. [PMID: 23148024 PMCID: PMC3551429 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is metabolized into a complex pattern of BP derivatives, among which the ultimate carcinogen (+)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) is formed to certain extents. Skin is frequently in contact with PAHs and data on the metabolic capacity of skin tissue toward these compounds are inconclusive. We compared BP metabolism in excised human skin, commercially available in vitro 3D skin models and primary 2D skin cell cultures, and analyzed the metabolically catalyzed occurrence of seven different BP follow-up products by means of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All models investigated were competent to metabolize BP, and the metabolic profiles generated by ex vivo human skin and skin models were remarkably similar. Furthermore, the genotoxicity of BP and its derivatives was monitored in these models via comet assays. In a full-thickness skin, equivalent BP-mediated genotoxic stress was generated via keratinocytes. Cultured primary keratinocytes revealed a level of genotoxicity comparable with that of direct exposure to 50–100nM of BPDE. Our data demonstrate that the metabolic capacity of human skin ex vivo, as well as organotypic human 3D skin models toward BP, is sufficient to cause significant genotoxic stress and thus cutaneous bioactivation may potentially contribute to mutations that ultimately lead to skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Brinkmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Wang J, Zhong Y, Carmella SG, Hochalter JB, Rauch D, Oliver A, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK, Upadhyaya P, Hecht SS, Zimmerman CL. Phenanthrene metabolism in smokers: use of a two-step diagnostic plot approach to identify subjects with extensive metabolic activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:750-60. [PMID: 22674470 PMCID: PMC3422526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke are among the most likely causes of lung cancer. PAHs require metabolic activation to initiate the carcinogenic process. Phenanthrene (Phe), a noncarcinogenic PAH, was used as a surrogate of benzo[α]pyrene and related PAHs to study the metabolic activation of PAHs in smokers. A dose of 10 μg of deuterated Phe ([D₁₀]Phe) was administered to 25 healthy smokers in a crossover design, either as an oral solution or by smoking cigarettes containing [D₁₀]Phe. Phe was deuterated to avoid interference from environmental Phe. Intensive blood and urine sampling was performed to quantitate the formation of deuterated r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene ([D₁₀]PheT), a biomarker of the diol epoxide metabolic activation pathway. In both the oral and smoking arms approximately 6% of the dose was metabolically converted to diol epoxides, with a large intersubject variability in the formation of [D₁₀]PheT observed. Two diagnostic plots were developed to identify subjects with large systemic exposure and significant lung contribution to metabolic activation. The combination of the two plots led to the identification of subjects with substantial local exposure. These subjects produced, in one single pass of [D₁₀]Phe through the lung, a [D₁₀]PheT exposure equivalent to the systemic exposure of a typical subject and may be an indicator of lung cancer susceptibility. Polymorphisms in PAH-metabolizing genes of the 25 subjects were also investigated. The integration of phenotyping and genotyping results indicated that GSTM1-null subjects produced approximately 2-fold more [D₁₀]PheT than did GSTM1-positive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Wu A, Xu D, Lu D, Penning TM, Blair IA, Harvey RG. Synthesis of 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites of the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ a]pyrene. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.130. [PMID: 24244053 PMCID: PMC3826453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are implicated in causing lung cancer. BaP is a component of tobacco smoke that is transformed enzymatically to active forms that interact with DNA. We reported previously development of a sensitive stable isotope dilution LC/MS method for analysis of BaP metabolites. We now report efficient syntheses of 13C4-BaP and the complete set of its 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites needed as internal standards They include the metabolites not involved in carcinogenesis (Group A) and the metabolites implicated in initiation of cancer (Group B). The synthetic approach is novel, entailing use of Pd-catalyzed Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Hartwig cross-coupling reactions combined with PtCl2-catalyzed cyclization of acetylenic compounds. This synthetic method requires fewer steps, employs milder conditions, and product isolation is simpler than conventional methods of PAH synthesis. The syntheses of 13C4-BaP and 13C4-BaP-8-ol each require only four steps, and the 13C-atoms are all introduced in a single step. 13C4-BaP-8-ol serves as the synthetic precursor of all the oxidized metabolites of 13C-BaP implicated in initiation of cancer. The isotopic purities of the synthetic 13C4-BaP metabolites were estimated to be ≥99.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhui Wu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Daiwang Xu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Ding Lu
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A. Blair
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ronald G. Harvey
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Endutkin AV, Sidorenko VS, Zharkov DO. Genotoxicity of a carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene for cells of neuronal differentiation lineage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Endutkin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | | | - D. O. Zharkov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Verma N, Pink M, Rettenmeier AW, Schmitz-Spanke S. Review on proteomic analyses of benzo[a]pyrene toxicity. Proteomics 2012; 12:1731-55. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Verma
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Albert W. Rettenmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
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Lacko M, Voogd AC, Roelofs HMJ, te Morsche RHM, Ophuis MBO, Peters WHM, Manni JJ. Combined effect of genetic polymorphisms in phase I and II biotransformation enzymes on head and neck cancer risk. Head Neck 2012; 35:858-67. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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40
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Jiang Y, Rao K, Yang G, Chen X, Wang Q, Liu A, Zheng H, Yuan J. Benzo(a)pyrene induces p73 mRNA expression and necrosis in human lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:202-210. [PMID: 20862736 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
p53 can mediate DNA damage-induced apoptosis in various cell lines treated with Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). However, the potential role of p73, one of the p53 family members, in BaP-induced apoptotic cell death remains to be determined. In this study, normal fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (H1299, p53-null) were treated with BaP at concentrations of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 μM for 4 and 12 h. The oxidative stress status, extent of DNA damage, expression of p53, p73, mdm2, bcl-2, and bax at the mRNA and protein levels, and the percentages of apoptosis and/or necrosis were assessed. In the two BaP-treated cell lines, we observed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity at 4 h after the treatment; furthermore, at the time points of 4 and 12 h, we observed extremely high levels of DNA damage. In addition, at 4 h after the treatment, BaP had induced necrosis in MRC-5 and H1299 cells, but it had inhibited apoptosis in MRC-5 cells (P < 0.01 for all). Furthermore, in BaP-treated H1299 cells, only the p73 mRNA level was up-regulated. The results suggested that BaP-induced DNA damage could trigger a shift from apoptotic cell death toward necrotic cell death and that necrotic cell death is independent of p53 and p73 in these cell lines. Future studies are needed to investigate the time course of changes in the type of BaP-induced cell death in more cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Croom E. Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 112:31-88. [PMID: 22974737 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism. Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations. Most metabolic activity inside the cell requires energy, cofactors, and enzymes in order to occur. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes can be divided into phase I, phase II, and transporter enzymes. Lipophilic xenobiotics are often first metabolized by phase I enzymes, which function to make xenobiotics more polar and provide sites for conjugation reactions. Phase II enzymes are conjugating enzymes and can directly interact with xenobiotics but more commonly interact with metabolites produced by phase I enzymes. Through both passive and active transport, these more polar metabolites are eliminated. Most xenobiotics are cleared through multiple enzymes and pathways. The relationship between chemical concentrations, enzyme affinity and quantity, and cofactor availability often determine which metabolic reactions dominate in a given individual.
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Sun X, Yu H. Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2012; 30:1-41. [PMID: 22458855 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2012.653887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of mutagenic and tumorigenic environmental contaminants. Although the mechanisms by which PAHs induce cancer in experimental animals have been extensively studied and the metabolic activation pathways have been determined, the environmental fate of PAHs and the phototoxicity exerted by PAHs, as well as their photoreaction products formed in the environment, have received much less attention. In this review, the formation of oxygenated PAHs, PAH quinones, nitro-PAHs, and halogenated PAHs from photoreaction of environmental PAHs are addressed. Upon light irradiation, PAHs and all PAH photoreaction products can absorb light energy to reach photo-excited states, which react with molecular oxygen, medium, and coexisting chemicals to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive intermediates, such as oxygenated PAHs and free radicals. These intermediates, including ROS, induce lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage including DNA strand breakage, oxidation to 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, and DNA-adducts. Since these toxicological endpoints are associated with age-related diseases, including cancer, environmental PAHs concomitantly exposed to sunlight may potentially promote human skin damage, leading to ageing and skin cancers. Thus, we suggest that (i) in addition to the widely recognized metabolic pathways, more attention must be paid to photoreaction as an important activation pathway for PAHs, (ii) risk assessment of environmental PAHs should take into consideration the complex photochemical reactions leading to mixtures of products that are also phototoxic; and (iii) the study of structure-toxicity relationships should be expanded to cover the complex photoreactions and extrinsic factors that affect phototoxicity endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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43
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Gelhaus SL, Gilad O, Hwang WT, Penning TM, Blair IA. Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 4 attenuates benzo[a]pyrene-mediated DNA-adduct formation in human bronchoalveolar H358 cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:58-66. [PMID: 22155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance protein (MRP) 4, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, has broad substrate specificity. It facilitates the transport of bile salt conjugates, conjugated steroids, nucleoside analogs, eicosanoids, and cardiovascular drugs. Recent studies in liver carcinoma cells and hepatocytes showed that MRP4 expression is regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The AhR has particular importance in the lung and is most commonly associated with the up-regulation of cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) to reactive intermediates. Treatment of H358, human bronchoalveolar, cells with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or (-)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-diol (B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol), the proximate carcinogen of B[a]P, revealed that MRP4 expression was increased compared to control. This suggested that MRP4 expression might contribute to the paradoxical decrease in (+)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene-2'-deoxyguanosine ((+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-dGuo) DNA-adducts observed in TCDD-treated H358 cells. We have now found that decreased MRP4 expression induced by a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), or chemical inhibition with probenecid, increased (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-dGuo formation in cells treated with (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol, but not the ultimate carcinogen (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE. Thus, up-regulation of MRP4 increased cellular efflux of (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol, which attenuated DNA-adduct formation. This is the first report identifying a specific MRP efflux transporter that decreases DNA damage arising from an environmental carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Gelhaus
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRB II/III Room 841, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abedin Z, Sen S, Field J. Aldo-keto reductases protect lung adenocarcinoma cells from the acute toxicity of B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:113-21. [PMID: 22053912 DOI: 10.1021/tx200272v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke exposure stimulates the expression of genes that are likely to be involved in the metabolism of its combustion products such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Four of the smoke induced genes are aldo-keto reductases (AKR), enzymes that metabolically activate PAH to PAH o-quinones. Alternatively, PAHs are metabolized to (±)-anti-diol epoxides, such as (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide ((±)-anti-BPDE)), by the combined action of P4501A1/1B1 and epoxide hydrolase. (±)-anti-BPDE forms DNA adducts directly, while PAH o-quinones cause DNA damage by oxidative stress through a futile redox cycle. To address the role of AKRs in PAH cytotoxicity, we compared the cytotoxicity of PAH metabolites and the effects of overexpressing AKR1A1 in lung cells. (±)-anti-BPDE and B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol, an intermediate in (±)-anti-BPDE metabolism, are toxic to A549 cells at concentrations with an IC(50) of ∼2 μM. In contrast, the PAH o-quinone B[a]P-7,8-dione was about 10-fold less toxic to A549 cells with an IC(50) > 20 μM. Similar differences in cytoxicity were observed with two other PAH o-quinones (benz[a]anthracene-3,4-dione and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-3,4-dione) compared with their respective diol-epoxide counterparts (BA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide and DMBA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide). In addition, both anti-BPDE and B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol induced p53 expression ∼6 h post-treatment at concentrations as low as 1 μM consistent with extensive DNA damage. B[a]P-7,8-dione treatment did not induce p53 but generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 cells and induced the expression of oxidative response genes in H358 cells. We also observed that overexpression of AKR1A1 in H358 cells, which otherwise have low levels of AKR expression, protected cells 2-10-fold from the toxic effects of B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol. These data suggest that overexpression of AKRs may protect lung cancer cells from the acute toxic effects of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahidur Abedin
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
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45
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Lu D, Harvey RG, Blair IA, Penning TM. Quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolic profiles in human bronchoalveolar (H358) cells by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1905-14. [PMID: 21962213 DOI: 10.1021/tx2002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and are carcinogenic in multiple organs and species. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a representative PAH and has been studied extensively for its carcinogenicity and toxicity. B[a]P itself is chemically inert and requires metabolic activation to exhibit its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Three major metabolic pathways have been well documented. The signature metabolites generated from the radical cation (peroxidase or monooxygenase mediated) pathway are B[a]P-1,6-dione and B[a]P-3,6-dione, the signature metabolite generated from the diol-epoxide (P450 mediated) pathway is B[a]P-r-7,t-8,t-9,c-10-tetrahydrotetrol (B[a]P-tetrol-1), and the signature metabolite generated from the o-quinone (aldo-keto reductase mediated) pathway is B[a]P-7,8-dione. The contributions of these different metabolic pathways to cancer initiation and the exploitation of this information for cancer prevention are still under debate. With the availability of a library of [(13)C(4)]-labeled B[a]P metabolite internal standards, we developed a sensitive stable isotope dilution atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method to address this issue by quantitating B[a]P metabolites from each metabolic pathway in human lung cells. This analytical method represents a 500-fold increased sensitivity compared with that of a method using HPLC-radiometric detection. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was determined to be 6 fmol on column for 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-B[a]P), the generally accepted biomarker for B[a]P exposure. This high level of sensitivity and robustness of the method was demonstrated in a study of B[a]P metabolic profiles in human bronchoalveolar H358 cells induced or uninduced with the AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). All the signature metabolites were detected and successfully quantitated. Our results suggest that all three metabolic pathways contribute equally in the overall metabolism of B[a]P in H358 cells with or without TCDD induction. The sensitivity of the method should permit the identification of cell-type differences in B[a]P activation and detoxication and could also be used for biomonitoring human exposure to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Lu
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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Zhao Y, Liu H, Li Y, Wu J, Greenlee AR, Yang C, Jiang Y. The role of miR-506 in transformed 16HBE cells induced by anti-benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Myers JN, Rekhadevi PV, Ramesh A. Comparative evaluation of different cell lysis and extraction methods for studying benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in HT-29 colon cancer cell cultures. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:209-18. [PMID: 21865728 DOI: 10.1159/000331732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysis and extraction of cells are essential sample processing steps for investigations pertaining to metabolism of xenobiotics in cell culture studies. Of particular importance to these procedures are maintaining high lysis efficiency and analyte integrity as they influence the qualitative and quantitative distribution of drug and toxicant metabolites in the intra- and extracellular milieus. In this study we have compared the efficiency of different procedures viz. homogenization, sonication, bead beating, and molecular grinding resin treatment for disruption of HT-29 colon cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound and a suspected colon carcinogen. Also, we have evaluated the efficiency of various procedures for extracting BaP parent compound/metabolites from colon cells and culture media prior to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The extraction procedures include solid phase extraction, solid-supported liquid- liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and homogeneous liquid- liquid extraction. Our findings showed that bead-beating in combination with detergent treatment of cell pellet coupled with liquid-liquid extraction yielded greater concentrations of BaP metabolites compared to the other methods employed. Our method optimization strategy revealed that disruption of HT-29 colon cells by a combination of mechanical and chemical lysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction is efficient and robust enough for analyzing BaP metabolites from cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Myers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, USA
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Gelhaus SL, Harvey RG, Penning TM, Blair IA. Regulation of benzo[a]pyrene-mediated DNA- and glutathione-adduct formation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:89-98. [PMID: 21028851 PMCID: PMC3021323 DOI: 10.1021/tx100297z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), require metabolic activation to DNA-reactive metabolites in order to exert their tumorigenic effects. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a prototypic PAH, is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A1/1B1 and epoxide hydrolase to (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydro-7,8-diol (B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol). B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol then undergoes further P4501A1/1B1-mediated metabolism to the ultimate carcinogen, (+)-anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-B[a]P (B[a]PDE), which forms DNA-adducts primarily with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) to form (+)-anti-trans-B[a]PDE-N(2)-dGuo (B[a]PDE-dGuo) in DNA. Pretreatment of cells with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to induce P4501A1/1B1 mRNA expression through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. This causes increased B[a]PDE-dGuo formation in liver cells. In contrast, TCDD induction of H358 lung cells surprisingly caused a decrease in (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-mediated (+)-B[a]PDE-dGuo adduct formation when compared with the non-TCDD-induced cells. Furthermore, treatment of the TCDD-induced cells with (±)-B[a]PDE also resulted in decreased (+)-B[a]PDE-dGuo adduct formation when compared with the non-TCDD-induced cells. These data suggested that it was a detoxification pathway that had been up-regulated rather than an activation pathway that had been down-regulated. LC-MS was used to analyze B[a]PDE-dGuo and B[a]PDE-GSH-adducts in H358 lung and HepG2 liver cells. There was a significant increase in the (-)-B[a]PDE-GSH-adduct with high enantiomeric excess after treatment of the TCDD-induced H358 cells with (±)-B[a]PDE when compared with the noninduced cells. This could explain why increased activation of (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol through TCDD up-regulation of P4501A1/1B1 did not lead to increased (+)-B[a]PDE-dGuo adducts in the H358 lung cells. In addition, TCDD did not induce B[a]PDE-GSH-adduct formation in HepG2 liver cells. (±)-B[a]PDE-GSH-adducts were formed at much lower levels in both TCDD-induced and noninduced HepG2 cells when compared with (-)-B[a]PDE-GSH-adducts in the H358 lung cells. Therefore, our study has revealed that there is a subtle balance between activation and detoxification of B[a]P in lung-derived compared with liver-derived cells and that this determines how much DNA damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Gelhaus
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6610, USA
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Deng P, Zhong D, Nan F, Liu S, Li D, Yuan T, Chen X, Zheng J. Evidence for the bioactivation of 4-nonylphenol to quinone methide and ortho-benzoquinone metabolites in human liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1617-28. [PMID: 20843008 DOI: 10.1021/tx100223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a well-known toxic environmental contaminant. The major objective of the present study was to identify reactive metabolites of 4-NP. Following incubations of 4-NP with NADPH- and GSH-supplemented human liver microsomes, 6 GSH conjugates, along with 19 oxidized metabolites, were detected by UPLC/Q-TOF mass spectrometry utilizing the mass defect filter method. Several authentic key metabolite standards were chemically synthesized for structural identification. Three GSH conjugates were found to derive from quinone methide intermediates, and the other three resulted from ortho-benzoquinone intermediates. Conjugation of the quinone methides with GSH produced benzylic-orientated GSH conjugates by 1,6-addition, while the reaction of the ortho-benzoquinone intermediates offered aromatic-orientated GSH conjugates. The conversion of 4-NP to the quinone methides and ortho-hydroquinones required cytochromes P450, specifically CYPs1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4, while the oxidation of ortho-benzohydroquinones to the corresponding benzoquinones was apparently independent of microsomal enzymes. The ortho-benzoquinone derived from 4-NP was isomerized to the corresponding hydroxyquinone methide, and the former dominated the latter at a rate of approximately 20:1. The findings of the quinone methide and benzoquinone metabolites intensified the concern on the impact of 4-NP exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ohnuki G, Toyooka T, Ibuki Y. UVB in solar-simulated light causes formation of BaP-photoproducts capable of generating phosphorylated histone H2AX. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 702:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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