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Shawky AM, Almalki FA, Alzahrani HA, Abdalla AN, Youssif BGM, Ibrahim NA, Gamal M, El-Sherief HAM, Abdel-Fattah MM, Hefny AA, Abdelazeem AH, Gouda AM. Covalent small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: Insights into their design, classification, biological activity, and binding interactions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116704. [PMID: 39121741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Since 2020, many compounds have been investigated for their potential use in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these agents, a huge number of natural products and FDA-approved drugs have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 using virtual screening and docking studies. However, the identification of the molecular targets involved in viral replication led to the development of rationally designed anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Among these targets, the main protease (Mpro) is one of the key enzymes needed in the replication of the virus. The data gleaned from the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro complexes with small-molecule covalent inhibitors has been used in the design and discovery of many highly potent and broad-spectrum Mpro inhibitors. The current review focuses mainly on the covalent type of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. The design, chemistry, and classification of these inhibitors were also in focus. The biological activity of these inhibitors, including their inhibitory activities against Mpro, their antiviral activities, and the SAR studies, were discussed. The review also describes the potential mechanism of the interaction between these inhibitors and the catalytic Cys145 residue in Mpro. Moreover, the binding modes and key binding interactions of these covalent inhibitors were also illustrated. The covalent inhibitors discussed in this review were of diverse chemical nature and origin. Their antiviral activity was mediated mainly by the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, with IC50 values in the micromolar to the nanomolar range. Many of these inhibitors exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against the Mpro enzymes of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV). The dual inhibition of the Mpro and PLpro enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 could also provide higher therapeutic benefits than Mpro inhibition. Despite the approval of nirmatrelvir by the FDA, many mutations in the Mpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. Although some of these mutations did not affect the potency of nirmatrelvir, there is an urgent need to develop a second generation of Mpro inhibitors. We hope that the data summarized in this review could help researchers in the design of a new potent generation of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayat Ali Alzahrani
- Applied Medical Science College, Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal And Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, 2404, Sudan
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Nashwa A Ibrahim
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Hany A M El-Sherief
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Maha M Abdel-Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hefny
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Ahmed H Abdelazeem
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt; Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, 11681, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
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Dusart A, Grosjean J, Autuori M, Goscinny S, Collin S. Occurrence and Synthesis Pathways of (Suspected) Genotoxic α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls in Chocolate and Other Commercial Sweet Snacks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13308-13319. [PMID: 38808883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls are highly reactive and described as structural alerts for genotoxicity. Ten of them (either commercially available or synthesized here by combinatorial chemistry) were first investigated throughout the chocolate-making process by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) coupled to GC-MS/SIM. Monitored α,β-unsaturated aldehydes were formed during chocolate production, primarily through aldol condensation of Strecker aldehydes triggered by bean roasting. Notably, levels of 2-phenylbut-2-enal (up to 399 μg·kg-1) and 5-methyl-2-phenylhex-2-enal (up to 216 μg·kg-1) increased up to 40-fold. Dry conching caused evaporation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, while wet conching partially restored or increased their levels due to cocoa butter addition. Further analyses showed that α,β-unsaturated aldehydes also occurred in most commercial sweet snacks (up to 16 μg·kg-1), although often at lower concentrations than in roasted cocoa or derived chocolates. In the end, none of the monitored α,β-unsaturated aldehydes did raise a health concern compared to current maximum use levels (2-5 mg·kg-1). On the other hand, much higher levels of genotoxic furan-2(5H)-one were found in crepe and cake samples (up to 4.3 mg·kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dusart
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Ixelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Julie Grosjean
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Manon Autuori
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Ixelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
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Moldogazieva NT, Zavadskiy SP, Astakhov DV, Terentiev AA. Lipid peroxidation: Reactive carbonyl species, protein/DNA adducts, and signaling switches in oxidative stress and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 687:149167. [PMID: 37939506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Under the exposure of lipids to reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation proceeds non-enzymatically and generates an extremely heterogeneous mixture of reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Among them, HNE, HHE, MDA, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and acrolein are the most studied and/or abundant ones. Over the last decades, significant progress has been achieved in understanding mechanisms of RCS generation, protein/DNA adduct formation, and their identification and quantification in biological samples. In our review, we critically discuss the advancements in understanding the roles of RCS-induced protein/DNA modifications in signaling switches to provide adaptive cell response under physiological and oxidative stress conditions. At non-toxic concentrations, RCS modify susceptible Cys residue in c-Src to activate MAPK signaling and Cys, Lys, and His residues in PTEN to cause its reversible inactivation, thereby stimulating PI3K/PKB(Akt) pathway. RCS toxic concentrations cause irreversible Cys modifications in Keap1 and IKKβ followed by stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of NF-κB, respectively, for their nuclear translocation and antioxidant gene expression. Dysregulation of these mechanisms causes diseases including cancer. Alterations in RCS, RCS detoxifying enzymes, RCS-modified protein/DNA adducts, and signaling pathways have been implicated in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurbubu T Moldogazieva
- Department of Pharmacology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Zavadskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Astakhov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biodesign and Complex Systems Modelling, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Terentiev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, 1 Ostrovityanov Street, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Park SM, Kwon CH. Conformational diversity and environmental implications of trans-2-pentenal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28612-28620. [PMID: 37869992 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the conformational intricacies of trans-2-pentenal (trans-2PA), a significant biogenic volatile organic compound. To unveil its potential implications in atmospheric chemistry and environmental pollution, we employ advanced infrared resonant vacuum ultraviolet mass-analysed threshold ionisation spectroscopy. Through this method, we identify the major conformers within trans-2PA, encompassing trans-s-trans (tt-) and trans-s-cis (tc-) structures with planar (cis) and non-planar (gauche) configurations introduced by a methyl group. In a pioneering spectroscopic examination, we analyze trans-2PA in both the neutral and cationic states. This approach allows us to gain a comprehensive understanding of its molecular behavior. Our conformer-specific vibrational spectra not only reveal the relative populations of the main conformers, notably tt-cis and tt-gauche conformers, but also shed light on atmospheric oxidation processes and lower tropospheric organic aerosol formation mechanisms. Our findings expand the understanding of the role of trans-2PA in environmental and biological contexts. Additionally, they contribute to a broader understanding of its influence on air quality, climate, and atmospheric dynamics. The collaboration between advanced experimental techniques and computational methods fortifies the scientific underpinning of this study, opening doors to further exploration in the realms of atmospheric chemistry and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Man Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Hamsath A, Lederberg OL, Cui Q, Shieh M, Lam Y, Brummett BJ, Xu S, Robinson JR, Xian M. Intramolecular tetrazine-acryloyl cycloaddition: chemistry and applications. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10336-10341. [PMID: 36277625 PMCID: PMC9473534 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented intramolecular [4 + 2] tetrazine-olefin cycloaddition with α,β-unsaturated substrates was discovered. The reaction produces unique coumarin-dihydropyridazine heterocycles that exhibited strong fluorescence with large Stokes shifts and excellent photo- and pH-stability. This property can be used for reaction analysis. The rate of cycloaddition was found to be solvent dependent and was determined using experimental data with a kinetic modeling software (COPASI) as well as DFT calculations (k1 = 0.64 ± 0.019 s−1 and 4.1 s−1, respectively). The effects of steric and electronic properties of both the tetrazine and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl on the reaction were studied and followed the known trends characteristic of the intermolecular reaction. Based on these results, we developed a “release-then-click” strategy for the ROS triggered release of methylselenenic acid (MeSeOH) and a fluorescent tracer. This strategy was demonstrated in HeLa cells via fluorescence imaging. Tetrazines rapidly react with tethered acrylates/acrylamides to produce fused coumarin derivatives. This template can be used in prodrug designs by depleting toxic α,β-unsaturated byproducts while also producing an imaging agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Hamsath
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Oren L. Lederberg
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Yannie Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Brock J. Brummett
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jerome R. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Mitra S, Anand U, Sanyal R, Jha NK, Behl T, Mundhra A, Ghosh A, Radha, Kumar M, Proćków J, Dey A. Neoechinulins: Molecular, cellular, and functional attributes as promising therapeutics against cancer and other human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112378. [PMID: 34741824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoechinulins are fungal and plant-derived chemicals extracted from Microsporum sp., Eurotium rubrum, Aspergillus sp., etc. Two analogues of neoechinulin, i.e., A and B, exerted extensive pharmacological properties described in this review. Neoechinulin is an indole alkaloid and has a double bond between C8/C9, which tends to contribute to its cytoprotective nature. Neoechinulin A exhibits protection to PC12 cells against nitrosative stress via increasing NAD(P)H reserve capacity and decreasing cellular GSH levels. It also confers protection via rescuing PC12 cells from rotenone-induced stress by lowering LDH leakage. This compound has great positive potential against neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting SIN-1 induced cell death in neuronal cells. Together with these, neoechinulin A tends to inhibit Aβ42-induced microglial activation and confers protection against neuroinflammation. Alongside, it also inhibits cervical cancer cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and via upregulation of apoptosis inducing genes like Bax, it suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and acts as an antidepressant. Whereas, another analogue, Neoechinulin B tends to interfere with the cellular mechanism thereby, inhibiting the entry of influenza A virus and it targets Liver X receptor (LXR) and decreases the infection rate of Hepatitis C. The present review describes the pharmaceutical properties of neoechinulins with notes on their molecular, cellular, and functional basis and their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Feeder Road, Belghoria, Kolkata 700056, West Bengal, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Avinash Mundhra
- Department of Botany, Rishi Bankim Chandra College (Affiliated to the West Bengal State University), East Kantalpara, North 24 Parganas, Naihati 743165, West Bengal, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Honma M, Yamada M, Yasui M, Horibata K, Sugiyama KI, Masumura K. In vivo and in vitro mutagenicity of perillaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde. Genes Environ 2021; 43:30. [PMID: 34271990 PMCID: PMC8284016 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perillaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde are natural substances found in plants that are used as flavoring ingredients. Due to the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in their structures, these compounds are expected to be DNA reactive. Indeed, several reports have indicated that perillaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde show positive in in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests. However, their genotoxic potentials are currently disputed. To clarify the mutagenicity of perillaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde, we conducted in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, in vitro Ames tests, and in vivo transgenic rodent gene mutation (TGR) assays. RESULTS In Ames tests, perillaldehyde was negative and cinnamaldehyde was positive; these respective results were supported by QSAR analysis. In TGR assays, we treated Muta™ Mice with perillaldehyde and gpt-delta mice with cinnamaldehyde up to the maximum tested doses (1000 mg/kg/day). There was no increase in gene mutations in the liver, glandular stomach, or small intestine following all treatments except the positive control (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea at 100 mg/kg/day). CONCLUSIONS These data clearly show no evidence of in vivo mutagenic potentials of perillaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde (administered up to 1000 mg/kg/day) in mice; however, cinnamaldehyde is mutagenic in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
- Division of General Affairs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki City, Japan.
| | - Masami Yamada
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, Yokosuka City, Japan
| | - Manabu Yasui
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Horibata
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-2-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Development of a new quantitative structure-activity relationship model for predicting Ames mutagenicity of food flavor chemicals using StarDrop™ auto-Modeller™. Genes Environ 2021; 43:16. [PMID: 33931133 PMCID: PMC8088067 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food flavors are relatively low molecular weight chemicals with unique odor-related functional groups that may also be associated with mutagenicity. These chemicals are often difficult to test for mutagenicity by the Ames test because of their low production and peculiar odor. Therefore, application of the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach is being considered. We used the StarDrop™ Auto-Modeller™ to develop a new QSAR model. RESULTS In the first step, we developed a new robust Ames database of 406 food flavor chemicals consisting of existing Ames flavor chemical data and newly acquired Ames test data. Ames results for some existing flavor chemicals have been revised by expert reviews. We also collected 428 Ames test datasets for industrial chemicals from other databases that are structurally similar to flavor chemicals. A total of 834 chemicals' Ames test datasets were used to develop the new QSAR models. We repeated the development and verification of prototypes by selecting appropriate modeling methods and descriptors and developed a local QSAR model. A new QSAR model "StarDrop NIHS 834_67" showed excellent performance (sensitivity: 79.5%, specificity: 96.4%, accuracy: 94.6%) for predicting Ames mutagenicity of 406 food flavors and was better than other commercial QSAR tools. CONCLUSIONS A local QSAR model, StarDrop NIHS 834_67, was customized to predict the Ames mutagenicity of food flavor chemicals and other low molecular weight chemicals. The model can be used to assess the mutagenicity of food flavors without actual testing.
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Association of metabolites with obesity based on two gene variants, MC4R rs17782313 and BDNF rs6265. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166144. [PMID: 33862146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association analyses for obesity related genes demonstrated the association of BDNF gene variant rs6265 and MC4R gene variant rs17782313 with body mass index (BMI). However, the associated metabolite pathways are still behind the curtain. The aim of the current study is to investigate the associations of metabolic changes in obesity with MC4R gene variant rs17782313 and BDNF variant rs6265. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics approach was used and 42 identified serum metabolites were selected for statistical analyses. Significant association of seven metabolites with MC4R gene variant rs17782313 based on obesity and thirty metabolites with obesity dependent BDNF variant rs6265 using additive model (adjusted p < 0.05) was observed. This study highlights the importance of alteration of fatty acid biosynthesis, probably due to high consumption of fats may cause to develop obesity. But obesity is a complex disorder and the full clarification of this complex machinery is still distant. To understand the obesity in a better way, more studies are required to identify remaining metabolites and also mechanism of these metabolic entities.
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Sapounidou M, Ebbrell DJ, Bonnell MA, Campos B, Firman JW, Gutsell S, Hodges G, Roberts J, Cronin MTD. Development of an Enhanced Mechanistically Driven Mode of Action Classification Scheme for Adverse Effects on Environmental Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1897-1907. [PMID: 33478211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a novel classification scheme to assign chemicals to a verifiable mechanism of (eco-)toxicological action to allow for grouping, read-across, and in silico model generation. The new classification scheme unifies and extends existing schemes and has, at its heart, direct reference to molecular initiating events (MIEs) promoting adverse outcomes. The scheme is based on three broad domains of toxic action representing nonspecific toxicity (e.g., narcosis), reactive mechanisms (e.g., electrophilicity and free radical action), and specific mechanisms (e.g., associated with enzyme inhibition). The scheme is organized at three further levels of detail beyond broad domains to separate out the mechanistic group, specific mechanism, and the MIEs responsible. The novelty of this approach comes from the reference to taxonomic diversity within the classification, transparency, quality of supporting evidence relating to MIEs, and that it can be updated readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sapounidou
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
| | - David J Ebbrell
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Mark A Bonnell
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 351 St. Joseph Blvd, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Bruno Campos
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Jayne Roberts
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
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11
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Screening for Ames mutagenicity of food flavor chemicals by (quantitative) structure-activity relationship. Genes Environ 2020; 42:32. [PMID: 33292765 PMCID: PMC7706032 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship ((Q)SAR) is a promising approach to predict the potential adverse effects of chemicals based on their structure without performing toxicological studies. We evaluate the mutagenicity of food flavor chemicals by (Q) SAR tools, identify potentially mutagenic chemicals, and verify their mutagenicity by actual Ames test. Results The Ames mutagenicity of 3942 food flavor chemicals was predicted using two (Q)SAR) tools, DEREK Nexus and CASE Ultra. Three thousand five hundred seventy-five chemicals (91%) were judged to be negative in both (Q) SAR tools, and 75 chemicals (2%) were predicted to be positive in both (Q) SAR tools. When the Ames test was conducted on ten of these positive chemicals, nine showed positive results. Conclusion The (Q) SAR method can be used for screening the mutagenicity of food flavors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-020-00171-1.
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Yoshikawa Y, Ishibashi A, Takehara T, Suzuki T, Murai K, Kaneda Y, Nimura K, Arisawa M. Design and Synthesis of 1,2-Deoxy-pyranose Derivatives of Spliceostatin A toward Prostate Cancer Treatment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1310-1315. [PMID: 32551017 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a novel 1,2-deoxy-pyranose and terminal epoxide methyl substituted derivatives of spliceostatin A using Julia-Kocienski olefination as a key step. With respect to the biological activity, the 1,2-deoxy-pyranose analogue of spliceostatin A suppressed AR-V7 expression at the nano level (IC50 = 3.3 nM). In addition, the in vivo toxicity test showed that the 1,2-deoxy-pyranose analogue was able to avoid severe toxicity compared to spliceostatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Airi Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsunayoshi Takehara
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka
8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka
8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kenichi Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Biologically Active Echinulin-Related Indolediketopiperazines from the Marine Sediment-Derived Fungus Aspergillus niveoglaucus. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010061. [PMID: 31878044 PMCID: PMC6983058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven known echinulin-related indolediketopiperazine alkaloids (1–7) were isolated from the Vietnamese sediment-derived fungus Aspergillus niveoglaucus. Using chiral HPLC, the enantiomers of cryptoechinuline B (1) were isolated as individual compounds for the first time. (+)-Cryptoechinuline B (1a) exhibited neuroprotective activity in 6-OHDA-, paraquat-, and rotenone-induced in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease. (−)-Cryptoechinuline B (1b) and neoechinulin C (5) protected the neuronal cells against paraquat-induced damage in a Parkinson’s disease model. Neoechinulin B (4) exhibited cytoprotective activity in a rotenone-induced model, and neoechinulin (7) showed activity in the 6-OHDA-induced model.
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Kovarich S, Ceriani L, Fuart Gatnik M, Bassan A, Pavan M. Filling Data Gaps by Read-across: A Mini Review on its Application, Developments and Challenges. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1800121. [PMID: 30977298 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Read-across is a non-testing data gap filling technique which provides information for toxicological assessments by inferring from known toxicity data of compound(s) with a "similar" property or chemical profile. The increased usage of read-across was driven by monetary, timing and ethical costs associated with in vivo testing, as well as promoted by regulatory frameworks to minimize new animal testing (e. g., EU-REACH). Several guidance documents have been published by ECHA and OECD providing guidelines on how to perform, assess and document a read-across study. In parallel, much effort was invested by the scientific community to provide good read-across practices and structured frameworks to enhance validity of read-across justifications. Nevertheless, read-across is an evolving method with several open issues and opportunities. A brief review is here provided on key developments on the use of read-across, regulatory and scientific expectations, practical hurdles and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kovarich
- S-IN Soluzioni Informatiche S.r.l., via G. Ferrari via 14, 36100, Vicenza -, Italy
| | - Lidia Ceriani
- S-IN Soluzioni Informatiche S.r.l., via G. Ferrari via 14, 36100, Vicenza -, Italy
| | - Mojca Fuart Gatnik
- S-IN Soluzioni Informatiche S.r.l., via G. Ferrari via 14, 36100, Vicenza -, Italy
| | - Arianna Bassan
- S-IN Soluzioni Informatiche S.r.l., via G. Ferrari via 14, 36100, Vicenza -, Italy
| | - Manuela Pavan
- S-IN Soluzioni Informatiche S.r.l., via G. Ferrari via 14, 36100, Vicenza -, Italy
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15
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Russo DP, Strickland J, Karmaus AL, Wang W, Shende S, Hartung T, Aleksunes LM, Zhu H. Nonanimal Models for Acute Toxicity Evaluations: Applying Data-Driven Profiling and Read-Across. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:47001. [PMID: 30933541 PMCID: PMC6785238 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-cost, high-throughput in vitro bioassays have potential as alternatives to animal models for toxicity testing. However, incorporating in vitro bioassays into chemical toxicity evaluations such as read-across requires significant data curation and analysis based on knowledge of relevant toxicity mechanisms, lowering the enthusiasm of using the massive amount of unstructured public data. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a computational method to automatically extract useful bioassay data from a public repository (i.e., PubChem) and assess its ability to predict animal toxicity using a novel bioprofile-based read-across approach. METHODS A training database containing 7,385 compounds with diverse rat acute oral toxicity data was searched against PubChem to establish in vitro bioprofiles. Using a novel subspace clustering algorithm, bioassay groups that may inform on relevant toxicity mechanisms underlying acute oral toxicity were identified. These bioassays groups were used to predict animal acute oral toxicity using read-across through a cross-validation process. Finally, an external test set of over 600 new compounds was used to validate the resulting model predictivity. RESULTS Several bioassay clusters showed high predictivity for acute oral toxicity (positive prediction rates range from 62-100%) through cross-validation. After incorporating individual clusters into an ensemble model, chemical toxicants in the external test set were evaluated for putative acute toxicity (positive prediction rate equal to 76%). Additionally, chemical fragment -in vitro-in vivo relationships were identified to illustrate new animal toxicity mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro bioassay data-driven profiling strategy developed in this study meets the urgent needs of computational toxicology in the current big data era and can be extended to develop predictive models for other complex toxicity end points. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3614.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Russo
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems (ILS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Agnes L. Karmaus
- Integrated Laboratory Systems (ILS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sunil Shende
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Zaio YP, Gatti G, Ponce AA, Saavedra Larralde NA, Martinez MJ, Zunino MP, Zygadlo JA. Cinnamaldehyde and related phenylpropanoids, natural repellents, and insecticides against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.). A chemical structure-bioactivity relationship. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5822-5831. [PMID: 29756351 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insecticidal and repellent effects on adult Sitophilus zeamais of 12 cinnamaldehyde-related compounds was evaluated by contact toxicity bioassays and a two-choice olfactometer. To determine non-toxicity in mammals, body weight, serum biochemical profiles, liver weight, physiological parameters, sperm motility, and histopathological data were obtained as complementary information in C57BL/6 mice treated with the best natural compound. RESULTS Based on 24 h LC95 and LC50 values, α-methyl-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde exhibited better insecticidal action than the other compounds. The best repellent effect was observed with α-bromo-cinnamaldehyde, which even repelled at the lowest concentration studied (0.28 µmol L-1 ). The evaluation of a quantitative structure-activity relationship found a linear relationship between the LC50 values for adult weevil toxicity and dipolo with Q values (giving the difference between orbital electronegativity carbon 1 and orbital electronegativity carbon 3 of the molecule) in cinnamaldehyde-related compounds. The polar surface and Log P descriptors also revealed a linear relationship with the S. zeamais repellent effect for cinnamaldehyde analogues. Cinnamaldehyde did not show toxicity in the parameters evaluated in mice. CONCLUSION From the phenylpropanoid components studied, the natural compound that had the best insecticidal and repellent action against S. zeamais was cinnamaldehyde. It presented no mammalian toxicity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yésica P Zaio
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (IMBIV) - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Gatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fundación para el Progreso de la Medicina, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés A Ponce
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Dpto. de Ciencias de la Salud y Educación, Universidad Nacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Saavedra Larralde
- Cátedra de Patología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Martinez
- Laboratory Calidad de Granos Área Mejoramiento Genético Vegetal EEA INTA Manfredi Ruta 9 Km 636 Manfredi (X5988) Estación Experimental Manfredi, INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Zunino
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (IMBIV) - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (IMBIV) - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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Engels NS, Waltenberger B, Michalak B, Huynh L, Tran H, Kiss AK, Stuppner H. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils by Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum Leaves. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800269. [PMID: 30193010 PMCID: PMC6468251 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In an initial screening, the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Melodorum fruticosum showed distinct inhibitory effects on the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human neutrophils. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of this extract, to better understand which compounds might be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect. Phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of 12 known compounds and two new natural products, 5-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4',7-dimethoxyflavanone (13) and 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4,6'-dimethoxychalcone (14). The influence of the isolated compounds on the production and release of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adhesion molecules (CD62L and CD11b) in human neutrophils was evaluated. Three constituents, melodamide A, 2',4'-dihydroxy-4,6'-dimethoxychalcone, and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone, showed significant inhibition of IL-8 release (IC50 =6.6, 8.6, and 11.6 μm, respectively) and TNF-α production (IC50 =4.5, 13.3, and 6.2 μm, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Engels
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Michalak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Loi Huynh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41-43 Đinh Tiên Hoàng, Bến Nghé, Quận 1, Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hung Tran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41-43 Đinh Tiên Hoàng, Bến Nghé, Quận 1, Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Matveieva M, Cronin MTD, Polishchuk P. Interpretation of QSAR Models: Mining Structural Patterns Taking into Account Molecular Context. Mol Inform 2018; 38:e1800084. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Matveieva
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Polishchuk
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of ChemistryKazan Federal University Kremlevskaya Str. 10 Kazan Russia
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19
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St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control 2018; 27:s30-s36. [PMID: 30158205 PMCID: PMC6252487 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New electronic heated tobacco products are being introduced in the global market and are gaining popularity. In 2016, Philip Morris International, Inc. (PMI) submitted a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market IQOS in the USA with claims of reduced exposure and reduced risk. METHODS We examined PMI's MRTP application, specifically sections on aerosol chemistry and human exposure assessment, to assess the validity of PMI's claims of reduced exposure and risk. FINDINGS PMI reported levels for only 40 of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) on FDA's HPHC list in IQOS mainstream aerosol. All substances in PMI's list of 58 constituents (PMI-58) were lower in IQOS emissions compared with mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. However, levels of 56 other constituents, which are not included in the PMI-58 list or FDA's list of HPHCs, were higher in IQOS emissions; 22 were >200% higher and seven were >1000% higher than in 3R4F reference cigarette smoke. PMI's studies also show significantly lower systemic exposure to some HPHCs from use of IQOS compared with smoking combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSION PMI's data appear to support PMI's claim that IQOS reduces exposure to HPHCs. However, PMI's data also show significantly higher levels of several substances that are not recognised as HPHCs by the FDA in IQOS emissions compared with combustible cigarette smoke. The impact of these substances on the overall toxicity or harm of IQOS is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1221-1322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- SciGency Science Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Cronin MT, Richarz AN. Relationship Between Adverse Outcome Pathways and Chemistry-BasedIn SilicoModels to Predict Toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Andrea-Nicole Richarz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
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22
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Myden A, Guesne SJ, Cayley A, Williams RV. Utility of published DNA reactivity alerts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ahmed MS, El-Senduny F, Taylor J, Halaweish FT. Biological screening of cucurbitacin inspired estrone analogs targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:478-484. [PMID: 28171685 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; The British University in Egypt; El-Sherouk Cairo Egypt
| | - Fardous El-Senduny
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Jessica Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
| | - Fathi T. Halaweish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
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Raies AB, Bajic VB. In silico toxicology: computational methods for the prediction of chemical toxicity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016; 6:147-172. [PMID: 27066112 PMCID: PMC4785608 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the toxicity of chemicals is necessary to identify their harmful effects on humans, animals, plants, or the environment. It is also one of the main steps in drug design. Animal models have been used for a long time for toxicity testing. However, in vivo animal tests are constrained by time, ethical considerations, and financial burden. Therefore, computational methods for estimating the toxicity of chemicals are considered useful. In silico toxicology is one type of toxicity assessment that uses computational methods to analyze, simulate, visualize, or predict the toxicity of chemicals. In silico toxicology aims to complement existing toxicity tests to predict toxicity, prioritize chemicals, guide toxicity tests, and minimize late-stage failures in drugs design. There are various methods for generating models to predict toxicity endpoints. We provide a comprehensive overview, explain, and compare the strengths and weaknesses of the existing modeling methods and algorithms for toxicity prediction with a particular (but not exclusive) emphasis on computational tools that can implement these methods and refer to expert systems that deploy the prediction models. Finally, we briefly review a number of new research directions in in silico toxicology and provide recommendations for designing in silico models. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:147-172. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1240 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa B Raies
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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Koo KA, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Wells RG, Pack M, Porter JR. Reactivity of Biliatresone, a Natural Biliary Toxin, with Glutathione, Histamine, and Amino Acids. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:142-9. [PMID: 26713899 PMCID: PMC4757443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, we identified a natural toxin, biliatresone, from Dysphania glomulifera and D. littoralis, endemic plants associated with outbreaks of biliary atresia in Australian neonatal livestock. Biliatresone is a very rare isoflavonoid with an α-methylene ketone between two phenyls, 1,2-diaryl-2-propenone, along with methylenedioxy, dimethoxyl, and hydroxyl functional groups, that causes extrahepatic biliary toxicity in zebrafish. The toxic core of biliatresone is a methylene in the α-position relative to the ketone of 1,2-diaryl-2-propenone that serves as an electrophilic Michael acceptor. The α-methylene of biliatresone spontaneously conjugated with water and methanol (MeOH), respectively, via Michael addition in a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. We here report the reactivity of biliatresone toward glutathione (GSH), several amino acids, and other thiol- or imidazole-containing biomolecules. LC-MS and HPLC analysis of the conjugation reaction showed the reactivity of biliatresone to be in the order histidine > N-acetyl-d-cysteine (D-NAC) = N-acetyl-l-cysteine (L-NAC) > histamine > glutathione ≥ cysteine ≫ glycine > glutamate > phenylalanine, while serine and adenine had no reactivity due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the protic solvents. The reactivity of ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK, 1-penten-3-one), an example of a highly reactive α,ß-unsaturated ketone, toward GSH gave a 6.7-fold lower reaction rate constant than that of biliatresone. The reaction rate constant of synthetic 1,2-diaryl-2-propen-1-one (DP), a core structure of the toxic molecule, was 10-fold and 1.5-fold weaker in potency compared to the reaction rate constants of biliatresone and EVK, respectively. These results demostrated that the methylenedioxy, dimethoxyl, and hydroxyl functional groups of biliatresone contribute to the stronger reactivity of the Michael acceptor α-methylene ketone toward nucleophiles compared to that of DP and EVK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A. Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Orith Waisbourd-Zinman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rebecca G. Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John R. Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Ball N, Cronin MTD, Shen J, Blackburn K, Booth ED, Bouhifd M, Donley E, Egnash L, Hastings C, Juberg DR, Kleensang A, Kleinstreuer N, Kroese ED, Lee AC, Luechtefeld T, Maertens A, Marty S, Naciff JM, Palmer J, Pamies D, Penman M, Richarz AN, Russo DP, Stuard SB, Patlewicz G, van Ravenzwaay B, Wu S, Zhu H, Hartung T. Toward Good Read-Across Practice (GRAP) guidance. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2016; 33:149-66. [PMID: 26863606 PMCID: PMC5581000 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1601251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Grouping of substances and utilizing read-across of data within those groups represents an important data gap filling technique for chemical safety assessments. Categories/analogue groups are typically developed based on structural similarity and, increasingly often, also on mechanistic (biological) similarity. While read-across can play a key role in complying with legislation such as the European REACH regulation, the lack of consensus regarding the extent and type of evidence necessary to support it often hampers its successful application and acceptance by regulatory authorities. Despite a potentially broad user community, expertise is still concentrated across a handful of organizations and individuals. In order to facilitate the effective use of read-across, this document presents the state of the art, summarizes insights learned from reviewing ECHA published decisions regarding the relative successes/pitfalls surrounding read-across under REACH, and compiles the relevant activities and guidance documents. Special emphasis is given to the available existing tools and approaches, an analysis of ECHA's published final decisions associated with all levels of compliance checks and testing proposals, the consideration and expression of uncertainty, the use of biological support data, and the impact of the ECHA Read-Across Assessment Framework (RAAF) published in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jie Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ewan D Booth
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Mounir Bouhifd
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Laura Egnash
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles Hastings
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, and Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - E Dinant Kroese
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Adam C Lee
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Thomas Luechtefeld
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | - David Pamies
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrea-Nicole Richarz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel P Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Grace Patlewicz
- US EPA/ORD, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Shengde Wu
- The Procter and Gamble Co., Cincinatti, OH, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA.,University of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
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27
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Ellison CM, Madden JC, Cronin MTD, Enoch SJ. Investigation of the Verhaar scheme for predicting acute aquatic toxicity: improving predictions obtained from Toxtree ver. 2.6. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:146-154. [PMID: 26092094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the potential of compounds to cause harm to the aquatic environment is an integral part of the REACH legislation. To reduce the number of vertebrate and invertebrate animals required for this analysis alternative approaches have been promoted. Category formation and read-across have been applied widely to predict toxicity. A key approach to grouping for environmental toxicity is the Verhaar scheme which uses rules to classify compounds into one of four mechanistic categories. These categories provide a mechanistic basis for grouping and any further predictive modelling. A computational implementation of the Verhaar scheme is available in Toxtree v2.6. The work presented herein demonstrates how modifications to the implementation of Verhaar between version 1.5 and 2.6 of Toxtree have improved performance by reducing the number of incorrectly classified compounds. However, for the datasets used in this analysis, version 2.6 classifies more compounds as outside of the domain of the model. Further amendments to the classification rules have been implemented here using a post-processing filter encoded as a KNIME workflow. This results in fewer compounds being classified as outside of the model domain, further improving the predictivity of the scheme. The utility of the modification described herein is demonstrated through building quality, mechanism-specific Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for the compounds within specific mechanistic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Ellison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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Carlsson H, Motwani HV, Osterman Golkar S, Törnqvist M. Characterization of a Hemoglobin Adduct from Ethyl Vinyl Ketone Detected in Human Blood Samples. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2120-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Carlsson
- Department of Environmental
Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hitesh V. Motwani
- Department of Environmental
Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siv Osterman Golkar
- Department of Environmental
Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental
Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Perek-Dlugosz A, Socha A, Socha M, Rynkowski J. Photoelectrochemical Treatment of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones on TiO2-RuO2/Ti Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-015-0278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Basant N, Gupta S, Singh KP. Predicting Toxicities of Diverse Chemical Pesticides in Multiple Avian Species Using Tree-Based QSAR Approaches for Regulatory Purposes. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1337-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Basant
- Kan Ban Systems
Pvt. Ltd., Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 110092, India
| | - Shikha Gupta
- Environmental
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
| | - Kunwar P. Singh
- Environmental
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
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31
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Garduño JA, Arévalo A, García JJ. Bond and small-molecule activation with low-valent nickel complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13419-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of nickel compounds in low oxidation states allowed a variety of useful transformations of interest for academia, industry and in the solution of environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Garduño
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Alma Arévalo
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
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32
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Savelieff MG, DeToma AS, Derrick JS, Lim MH. The ongoing search for small molecules to study metal-associated amyloid-β species in Alzheimer's disease. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2475-82. [PMID: 25080056 DOI: 10.1021/ar500152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been impeded by an inability to pinpoint the root cause of this disorder. Although numerous potential pathological factors have been indicated, acting either individually or mutually, the molecular mechanisms leading to disease onset and progression have not been clear. Amyloid-β (Aβ), generated from proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and its aggregated forms, particularly oligomers, are suggested as key pathological features in AD-affected brains. Historically, highly concentrated metals are found colocalized within Aβ plaques. Metal binding to Aβ (metal-Aβ) generates/stabilizes potentially toxic Aβ oligomers, and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro (redox active metal ions; plausible contribution to oxidative stress). Consequently, clarification of the relationship between Aβ, metal ions, and toxicity, including oxidative stress via metal-Aβ, can lead to a deeper understanding of AD development. To probe the involvement of metal-Aβ in AD pathogenesis, rationally designed and naturally occurring molecules have been examined as chemical tools to target metal-Aβ species, modulate the interaction between the metal and Aβ, and subsequently redirect their aggregation into nontoxic, off-pathway unstructured aggregates. These ligands are also capable of attenuating the generation of redox active metal-Aβ-induced ROS to mitigate oxidative stress. One rational design concept, the incorporation approach, installs a metal binding site into a framework known to interact with Aβ. This approach affords compounds with the simultaneous ability to chelate metal ions and interact with Aβ. Natural products capable of Aβ interaction have been investigated for their influence on metal-induced Aβ aggregation and have inspired the construction of synthetic analogues. Systematic studies of these synthetic or natural molecules could uncover relationships between chemical structures, metal/Aβ/metal-Aβ interactions, and inhibition of Aβ/metal-Aβ reactivity (i.e., aggregation modes of Aβ/metal-Aβ; associated ROS production), suggesting mechanisms to refine the design strategy. Interdisciplinary investigations have demonstrated that the designed molecules and natural products control the aggregation pathways of metal-Aβ species transforming their size/conformation distribution. The aptitude of these molecules to impact metal-Aβ aggregation pathways, either via inhibition of Aβ aggregate formation, most importantly of oligomers, or disaggregation of preformed fibrils, could originate from their formation of complexes with metal-Aβ. Potentially, these molecules could direct metal-Aβ size/conformational states into alternative nontoxic unstructured oligomers, and control the geometry at the Aβ-ligated metal center for limited ROS formation to lessen the overall toxicity induced by metal-Aβ. Complexation between small molecules and Aβ/metal-Aβ has been observed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) pointing to molecular level interactions, validating the design strategy. In addition, these molecules exhibit other attractive properties, such as antioxidant capacity, prevention of ROS production, potential blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and reduction of Aβ-/metal-Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, making them desirable tools for unraveling AD complexity. In this Account, we summarize the recent development of small molecules, via both rational design and the selection and modification of natural products, as tools for investigating metal-Aβ complexes, to advance our understanding of their relation to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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33
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Ma YL, Zhou RJ, Zeng XY, An YX, Qiu SS, Nie LJ. Synthesis, DFT and antimicrobial activity assays in vitro for novel cis/trans-but-2-enedioic acid esters. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Kim KS, Cui X, Lee DS, Sohn JH, Yim JH, Kim YC, Oh H. Anti-inflammatory effect of neoechinulin a from the marine fungus Eurotium sp. SF-5989 through the suppression of NF-кB and p38 MAPK Pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Molecules 2013; 18:13245-59. [PMID: 24165583 PMCID: PMC6270177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of a bioassay-guided study of metabolites from the marine fungus Eurotium sp. SF-5989, two diketopiperazine type indole alkaloids, neoechinulins A and B, were isolated. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of neoechinulins A (1) and B (2) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Neoechinulin A (1) markedly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose dependent manner ranging from 12.5 µM to 100 µM without affecting the cell viability. On the other hand, neoechinulin B (2) affected the cell viability at 25 µM although the compound displayed similar inhibitory effect of NO production to neoechinulin A (1) at lower doses. Furthermore, neoechinulin A (1) decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We also confirmed that neoechinulin A (1) blocked the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B (IκB)-α. Moreover, neoechinulin A (1) decreased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Therefore, these data showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of neoechinulin A (1) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were due to the inhibition of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways, suggesting that neoechinulin A (1) might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (K.-S.K); (X.C.); (D.-S.L.)
- Standardized Material Bank for New Botanical Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6823 (Y.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6815 (H.O.); Fax: +82-63-852-8837 (H.O.)
| | - Xiang Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (K.-S.K); (X.C.); (D.-S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6823 (Y.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6815 (H.O.); Fax: +82-63-852-8837 (H.O.)
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (K.-S.K); (X.C.); (D.-S.L.)
- Standardized Material Bank for New Botanical Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Jae Hak Sohn
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea; E-Mail: (J.H.S.)
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, 7-50 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mail: (J.H.Y.)
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (K.-S.K); (X.C.); (D.-S.L.)
- Standardized Material Bank for New Botanical Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6823 (Y.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6815 (H.O.); Fax: +82-63-852-8837 (H.O.)
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (K.-S.K); (X.C.); (D.-S.L.)
- Standardized Material Bank for New Botanical Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (H.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6823 (Y.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6815 (H.O.); Fax: +82-63-852-8837 (H.O.)
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Liu Y, Kochi A, Pithadia AS, Lee S, Nam Y, Beck MW, He X, Lee D, Lim MH. Tuning Reactivity of Diphenylpropynone Derivatives with Metal-Associated Amyloid-β Species via Structural Modifications. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8121-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400851w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Younwoo Nam
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | | | | | - Dongkuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
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Ryczak J, Papini M, Lader A, Nasereddin A, Kopelyanskiy D, Preu L, Jaffe CL, Kunick C. 2-Arylpaullones are selective antitrypanosomal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:396-400. [PMID: 23648975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antileishmanial paullone-chalcone hybrid molecules display antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense blood stream forms, albeit with low selectivity against human THP-1 cells. In order to develop less toxic analogues, paullones with acrylamide or aryl substituents in 2-position were synthesized, of which the latter exhibited potent antiparasitic activity with excellent selectivity profiles. The most potent compound identified in this study was 9-tert-butyl-2-(4-morpholinophenyl)paullone (3i) which inhibited the parasites at submicromolar concentrations (GI50 = 510 nM) with a selectivity index of 157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ryczak
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Beethovenstraße 55, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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Kühne R, Ebert RU, von der Ohe PC, Ulrich N, Brack W, Schüürmann G. Read-Across Prediction of the Acute Toxicity of Organic Compounds toward the Water Flea Daphnia magna. Mol Inform 2013; 32:108-20. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T, DeCaprio A, Barber DS. Application of the Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory to toxicant--target interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:239-51. [PMID: 22053936 PMCID: PMC3288258 DOI: 10.1021/tx2003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many chemical toxicants and/or their active metabolites are electrophiles that cause cell injury by forming covalent bonds with nucleophilic targets on biological macromolecules. Covalent reactions between nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents are, however, discriminatory since there is a significant degree of selectivity associated with these interactions. Over the course of the past few decades, the theory of Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) has proven to be a useful tool in predicting the outcome of such reactions. This concept utilizes the inherent electronic characteristic of polarizability to define, for example, reacting electrophiles and nucleophiles as either hard or soft. These HSAB definitions have been successfully applied to chemical-induced toxicity in biological systems. Thus, according to this principle, a toxic electrophile reacts preferentially with biological targets of similar hardness or softness. The soft/hard classification of a xenobiotic electrophile has obvious utility in discerning plausible biological targets and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. The purpose of this perspective is to discuss the HSAB theory of electrophiles and nucleophiles within a toxicological framework. In principle, covalent bond formation can be described by using the properties of their outermost or frontier orbitals. Because these orbital energies for most chemicals can be calculated using quantum mechanical models, it is possible to quantify the relative softness (σ) or hardness (η) of electrophiles or nucleophiles and to subsequently convert this information into useful indices of reactivity. This atomic level information can provide insight into the design of corroborative laboratory research and thereby help investigators discern corresponding molecular sites and mechanisms of toxicant action. The use of HSAB parameters has also been instrumental in the development and identification of potential nucleophilic cytoprotectants that can scavenge toxic electrophiles. Clearly, the difficult task of delineating molecular sites and mechanisms of toxicant action can be facilitated by the application of this quantitative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E.210 St., Bronx, NY 10467
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10804
| | - Anthony DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8 St. Miami, FL 33199
| | - David S. Barber
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Fujisawa S, Kadoma Y. Mechanisms of action of (meth)acrylates in hemolytic activity, in vivo toxicity and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes determined using NMR spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:758-773. [PMID: 22312284 PMCID: PMC3269718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the quantitative structure-activity relationships between hemolytic activity (log 1/H(50)) or in vivo mouse intraperitoneal (ip) LD(50) using reported data for α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as (meth)acrylate monomers and their (13)C-NMR β-carbon chemical shift (δ). The log 1/H(50) value for methacrylates was linearly correlated with the δC(β) value. That for (meth)acrylates was linearly correlated with log P, an index of lipophilicity. The ipLD(50) for (meth)acrylates was linearly correlated with δC(β) but not with log P. For (meth)acrylates, the δC(β) value, which is dependent on the π-electron density on the β-carbon, was linearly correlated with PM3-based theoretical parameters (chemical hardness, η; electronegativity, χ; electrophilicity, ω), whereas log P was linearly correlated with heat of formation (HF). Also, the interaction between (meth)acrylates and DPPC liposomes in cell membrane molecular models was investigated using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The log 1/H(50) value was related to the difference in chemical shift (ΔδHa) (Ha: H (trans) attached to the β-carbon) between the free monomer and the DPPC liposome-bound monomer. Monomer-induced DSC phase transition properties were related to HF for monomers. NMR chemical shifts may represent a valuable parameter for investigating the biological mechanisms of action of (meth)acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Fujisawa
- Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshinori Kadoma
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Castellanos-Blanco N, Flores-Alamo M, García JJ. Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylation and Transfer Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Enones with Methanol. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om2010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahury Castellanos-Blanco
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Juventino J. García
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE. α,β-Unsaturated monoterpene acid glucose esters: structural diversity, bioactivities and functional roles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2259-66. [PMID: 21945720 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of lipophilic small molecules produces many important plant secondary metabolites. The majority of these are O-glycosides with relatively fewer occurring as glucose esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids. In particular, monoterpene acid glucose esters have much lower structural diversity and distribution compared to monoterpene glycosides. Nevertheless, there have been over 20 monoterpene acid glucose esters described from trees in the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in recent years, all based on oleuropeic acid, menthiafolic acid or both. Here we review all of the glucose esters containing these monoterpenoids identified in plants to date. Many of the compounds contain phenolic aglycones and all contain at least one α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, affording a number of important potential therapeutic reactivities such as anti-tumor promotion, carcinogenesis suppression, and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additional properties such as cytotoxicity, bitterness, and repellency are suggestive of a role in plant defence, but we also discuss their localization to the exterior of foliar secretory cavity lumina, and suggest they may also protect secretory cells from toxic terpenes housed within these structures. Finally we discuss how the use of a recently developed protocol to isolate secretory cavities in a functional state could be used in conjunction with systems biology approaches to help characterize their biosynthesis and roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Koleva YK, Cronin MT, Madden JC, Schwöbel JA. Modelling acute oral mammalian toxicity. 1. Definition of a quantifiable baseline effect. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1281-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schwöbel JAH, Madden JC, Cronin MTD. Application of a computational model for Michael addition reactivity in the prediction of toxicity to Tetrahymena pyriformis. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1066-1074. [PMID: 21890172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A computational model to predict acute aquatic toxicity to the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis has been developed. A general prediction of toxicity can be based on three consecutive steps: 1. Identification of a potential reactive mechanism via structural alerts; 2. Confirmation and quantification of (bio)chemical reactivity; 3. Establishing a relationship between calculated reactivity and toxicity. The method described herein uses a combination of a reactive toxicity (RT) model, including computed kinetic rate constants for adduct formation (log k) via a Michael acceptor mechanism of action, and baseline toxicity (BT), modelled by hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient). The maximum of the RT and BT values defines acute toxicity for a particular compound. The reactive toxicity model is based on site-specific steric and quantum chemical ground state electronic properties. The performance of the model was examined in terms of predicting the toxicity of 106 potential Michael acceptor compounds covering several classes of compounds (aldehydes, ketones, esters, heterocycles). The advantages of the computational method are described. The method allows for a closer and more transparent mechanistic insight into the molecular initiating events of toxicological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A H Schwöbel
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, UK
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Manso JA, Camacho IFC, Calle E, Casado J. Alkylating potential of α,β-unsaturated compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6226-33. [PMID: 21773622 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation reactions of the nucleoside guanosine (Guo) by the α,β-unsaturated compounds (α,β-UC) acrylonitrile (AN), acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) and acrolein (AC), which can act as alkylating agents of DNA, were investigated kinetically. The following conclusions were drawn: i) The Guo alkylation mechanism by AC is different from those brought about the other α,β-UC; ii) for the first three, the following sequence of alkylating potential was found: AN > AM > AA; iii) A correlation between the chemical reactivity (alkylation rate constants) of AN, AM, and AA and their capacity to form adducts with biomarkers was found. iv) Guo alkylation reactions for AN and AM occur through Michael addition mechanisms, reversible in the first case, and irreversible in the second. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the Guo-AN adduct is K(eq) (37 °C) = 5 × 10(-4); v) The low energy barrier (≈10 kJ mol(-1)) to reverse the Guo alkylation by AN reflects the easy reversibility of this reaction and its possible correction by repair mechanisms; vi) No reaction was observed for AN, AM, and AA at pH < 8.0. In contrast, Guo alkylation by AC was observed under cellular pH conditions. The reaction rate constants for the formation of the α-OH-Guo adduct (the most genotoxic isomer), is 1.5-fold faster than that of γ-OH-Guo. vii) a correlation between the chemical reactivity of α,β-UC (alkylation rate constants) and mutagenicity was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Manso
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Schüürmann G, Ebert RU, Kühne R. Quantitative read-across for predicting the acute fish toxicity of organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4616-22. [PMID: 21491860 DOI: 10.1021/es200361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Read-across enables the interpolation of a property for a target chemical from respective experimental data of sufficiently similar compounds. Employing a set of 692 organic compounds with experimental values for the 96 h fish toxicity toward the fathead minnow in terms of LC(50) (lethal concentration 50%) values, a read-across method has been developed that is based on atom-centered fragments (ACFs) for evaluating chemical similarity. Prediction of log LC(50) proceeds through reading across the toxicity enhancement over predicted narcosis-level toxicity in terms of the respective logarithmic ratio, log T(e), and adding the respective baseline narcosis LC(50) estimated from log K(ow) (octanol/water partition coefficient). Depending on the minimum similarity imposed on a compound to serve as read-across basis for the target chemical, three different standard settings have been introduced, allowing one to perform screening-level estimations as well as predictions with intermediate and good confidence. The respective squared correlation coefficients (r(2)) are 0.73, 0.78, and 0.87, with root-mean square errors (rms) of 0.73, 0.60, and 0.39 log units, respectively. As a general trend, increasing the ACF minimum similarity increases the prediction quality at the cost of decreasing the application range. The method has the potential to assist in the predictive evaluation of fish toxicity for regulatory purposes such as under the REACH legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Schwöbel JAH, Koleva YK, Enoch SJ, Bajot F, Hewitt M, Madden JC, Roberts DW, Schultz TW, Cronin MTD. Measurement and Estimation of Electrophilic Reactivity for Predictive Toxicology. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2562-96. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100098n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A. H. Schwöbel
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Yana K. Koleva
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Steven J. Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Fania Bajot
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Mark Hewitt
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Judith C. Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Terry W. Schultz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4543, United States
| | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
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Benigni R, Bossa C. Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity: A Review with Implications for Predictive Toxicology. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2507-36. [PMID: 21265518 DOI: 10.1021/cr100222q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Benigni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
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Mulliner D, Wondrousch D, Schüürmann G. Predicting Michael-acceptor reactivity and toxicity through quantum chemical transition-state calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8400-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Synthesis of sugars embodying conjugated carbonyl systems and related triazole derivatives from carboxymethyl glycoside lactones. Evaluation of their antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:926-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Xavier NM, Queneau Y, Rauter AP. Exploitation of Furanoid 5-Azido-3-C-Branched-Chain Sugars Towards Highly Functionalized Nitrogen-Containing Carbohydrate Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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