1
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Jun T, Shin SH, Won YY. Engineered polymeric excipients for enhancing the stability of protein biologics: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PNIPAM-PEG) block copolymers. Int J Pharm 2024; 664:124636. [PMID: 39197798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics, particularly antibodies, depend on maintaining their native structures for optimal function. Hydrophobic interfaces, such as the air-water interface, can trigger protein aggregation and denaturation. While completely avoiding such interfacial exposures during manufacturing and storage is impractical, minimizing them is crucial for enhancing protein drug stability and extending shelf life. In the biologics industry, surfactants like polysorbates are commonly used as additives (excipients) to mitigate these undesirable interfacial exposures. However, polysorbates, the most prevalent choice, have recognized limitations in terms of polydispersity, purity, and stability, prompting the exploration of alternative excipients. The present study identifies poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PNIPAM-PEG) block copolymers as a promising alternative to polysorbates. Due to its stronger affinity for the air-water interface, PNIPAM-PEG significantly outperforms polysorbates in enhancing protein stability. This claim is supported by results from multiple tests. Accelerated dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments demonstrate PNIPAM-PEG's exceptional efficacy in preserving IgG stability against surface-induced aggregation, surpassing conventional polysorbate excipients (Tween 80 and Tween 20) under high-temperature conditions. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy results reveal conformational alterations associated with aggregation, with PNIPAM-PEG consistently demonstrates a greater protective effect by mitigating negative shifts at λ ≅ 220 nm, indicative of changes in secondary structure. Overall, this study positions PNIPAM-PEG as a promising excipient for antibody therapeutics, facilitating the development of more stable and effective biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesuk Jun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - You-Yeon Won
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Chen YL, Xu H, Rana GE, Tan X, He M, Jing Q, Wang Q, Wang G, Xie Z, Wang C. Comparison of "framework Shuffling" and "CDR Grafting" in humanization of a PD-1 murine antibody. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395854. [PMID: 39076979 PMCID: PMC11284016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humanization is typically adopted to reduce the immunogenicity of murine antibodies generated by hybridoma technology when used in humans. Methods Two different strategies of antibody humanization are popularly employed, including "complementarity determining region (CDR) grafting" and "framework (FR) shuffling" to humanize a murine antibody against human programmed death-1 (PD-1), XM PD1. In CDR-grafting humanization, the CDRs of XM PD-1, were grafted into the human FR regions with high homology to the murine FR counterparts, and back mutations of key residues were performed to retain the antigen-binding affinities. While in FR-shuffling humanization, a combinatorial library of the six murine CDRs in-frame of XM PD-1 was constructed to a pool of human germline FRs for high-throughput screening for the most favorable variants. We evaluated many aspects which were important during antibody development of the molecules obtained by the two methods, including antibody purity, thermal stability, binding efficacy, predicted humanness, and immunogenicity, along with T cell epitope prediction for the humanized antibodies. Results While the ideal molecule was not achieved through CDR grafting in this particular instance, FR-shuffling proved successful in identifying a suitable candidate. The study highlights FR-shuffling as an effective complementary approach that potentially increases the success rate of antibody humanization. It is particularly noted for its accessibility to those with a biological rather than a computational background. Discussion The insights from this comparison are intended to assist other researchers in selecting appropriate humanization strategies for drug development, contributing to broader application and understanding in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
- Shanghai Mabstone Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gul E. Rana
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Jing
- Antibody Development Department, Shanghai Genechem Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhe Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
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3
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Velankar KY, Gawalt ES, Wen Y, Meng WS. Pharmaceutical proteins at the interfaces and the role of albumin. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3474. [PMID: 38647437 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A critical measure of the quality of pharmaceutical proteins is the preservation of native conformations of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Denaturation of the active proteins in any step before administration into patients could lead to loss of potency and/or aggregation, which is associated with an increased risk of immunogenicity of the products. Interfacial stress enhances protein instability as their adsorption to the air-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces are implicated in the formation of denatured proteins and aggregates. While excipients in protein formulations have been employed to reduce the risk of aggregation, the roles of albumin as a stabilizer have not been reviewed from practical and theoretical standpoints. The amphiphilic nature of albumin makes it accumulate at the interfaces. In this review, we aim to bridge the knowledge gap between interfacial instability and the influence of albumin as a surface-active excipient in the context of reducing the immunogenicity risk of protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Carvalho SF, Pereiro AB, Araújo JMM. Simultaneous Purification of Human Interferon Alpha-2b and Serum Albumin Using Bioprivileged Fluorinated Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2751. [PMID: 38473998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha-2b (IFN-α2b) is an essential cytokine widely used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hairy cell leukemia, and serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein with numerous physiological functions. Effective single-step aqueous biphasic system (ABS) extraction for the simultaneous purification of IFN-α2b and BSA (serum albumin protein) was developed in this work. Effects of the ionic liquid (IL)-based ABS functionalization, fluorinated ILs (FILs; [C2C1Im][C4F9SO3] and [N1112(OH)][C4F9SO3]) vs. mere fluoro-containing IL ([C4C1Im][CF3SO3]), in combination with sucrose or [N1112(OH)][H2PO4] (well-known globular protein stabilizers), or high-charge-density salt K3PO4 were investigated. The effects of phase pH, phase water content (%wt), phase composition (%wt), and phase volume ratio were investigated. The phase pH was found to have a significant effect on IFN-α2b and BSA partition. Experimental results show that simultaneous single-step purification was achieved with a high yield (extraction efficiency up to 100%) for both proteins and a purification factor of IFN-α2b high in the enriched IFN-α2b phase (up to 23.22) and low in the BSA-enriched phase (down to 0.00). SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the purity of both recovered proteins. The stability and structure of IFN-α2b and BSA were preserved or even improved (FIL-rich phase) during the purification step, as evaluated by CD spectroscopy and DSC. Binding studies of IFN-α2b and BSA with the ABS phase-forming components were assessed by MST, showing the strong interaction between FILs aggregates and both proteins. In view of their biocompatibility, customizable properties, and selectivity, FIL-based ABSs are suggested as an improved purification step that could facilitate the development of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Carvalho
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana B Pereiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João M M Araújo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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5
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Dignon G, Dill KA. Computational Procedure for Predicting Excipient Effects on Protein-Protein Affinities. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1479-1488. [PMID: 38294777 PMCID: PMC10868583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the center of many biological processes and are a challenge in formulating biological drugs, such as antibodies. A key to mitigating protein association is to use small-molecule additives, i.e., excipients that can weaken protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop a computationally efficient model for predicting the viscosity-reducing effect of different excipient molecules by combining atomic-resolution MD simulations, binding polynomials, and a thermodynamic perturbation theory. In a proof of principle, this method successfully ranks the order of four types of excipients known to reduce the viscosity of solutions of a particular monoclonal antibody. This approach appears useful for predicting the effects of excipients on protein association and phase separation, as well as the effects of buffers on protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
L. Dignon
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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6
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Saurabh S, Zhang Q, Li Z, Seddon JM, Kalonia C, Lu JR, Bresme F. Mechanistic Insights into the Adsorption of Monoclonal Antibodies at the Water/Vapor Interface. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:704-717. [PMID: 38194618 PMCID: PMC10848294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are active components of therapeutic formulations that interact with the water-vapor interface during manufacturing, storage, and administration. Surface adsorption has been demonstrated to mediate antibody aggregation, which leads to a loss of therapeutic efficacy. Controlling mAb adsorption at interfaces requires a deep understanding of the microscopic processes that lead to adsorption and identification of the protein regions that drive mAb surface activity. Here, we report all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the adsorption behavior of a full IgG1-type antibody at the water/vapor interface. We demonstrate that small local changes in the protein structure play a crucial role in promoting adsorption. Also, interfacial adsorption triggers structural changes in the antibody, potentially contributing to the further enhancement of surface activity. Moreover, we identify key amino acid sequences that determine the adsorption of antibodies at the water-air interface and outline strategies to control the surface activity of these important therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurabh
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological
Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - John M. Seddon
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage
Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Jian R. Lu
- Biological
Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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7
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Badaczewska-Dawid AE, Kuriata A, Pintado-Grima C, Garcia-Pardo J, Burdukiewicz M, Iglesias V, Kmiecik S, Ventura S. A3D Model Organism Database (A3D-MODB): a database for proteome aggregation predictions in model organisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D360-D367. [PMID: 37897355 PMCID: PMC10767922 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation has been associated with aging and different pathologies and represents a bottleneck in the industrial production of biotherapeutics. Numerous past studies performed in Escherichia coli and other model organisms have allowed to dissect the biophysical principles underlying this process. This knowledge fuelled the development of computational tools, such as Aggrescan 3D (A3D) to forecast and re-design protein aggregation. Here, we present the A3D Model Organism Database (A3D-MODB) http://biocomp.chem.uw.edu.pl/A3D2/MODB, a comprehensive resource for the study of structural protein aggregation in the proteomes of 12 key model species spanning distant biological clades. In addition to A3D predictions, this resource incorporates information useful for contextualizing protein aggregation, including membrane protein topology and structural model confidence, as an indirect reporter of protein disorder. The database is openly accessible without any need for registration. We foresee A3D-MOBD evolving into a central hub for conducting comprehensive, multi-species analyses of protein aggregation, fostering the development of protein-based solutions for medical, biotechnological, agricultural and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksander Kuriata
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlos Pintado-Grima
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Garcia-Pardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michał Burdukiewicz
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Kilińskiego 1, 15-369, Białystok, Poland
| | - Valentín Iglesias
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Kmiecik
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Dignon GL, Dill KA. A computational procedure for predicting excipient effects on protein-protein affinities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573113. [PMID: 38187552 PMCID: PMC10769426 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the center of much biology and are a challenge in formulating biological drugs such as antibodies. A key to mitigating protein association is to use small molecule additives, i.e. excipients that can weaken protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop a computationally efficient model for predicting the viscosity-reducing effect of different excipient molecules by combining atomic-resolution MD simulations, binding polynomials and a thermodynamic perturbation theory. In a proof of principle, this method successfully rank orders four types of excipients known to reduce the viscosity of solutions of a particular monoclonal antibody. This approach appears useful for predicting effects of excipients on protein association and phase separation, as well as the effects of buffers on protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Dignon
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University
- Current address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University
| | - Ken A Dill
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University
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9
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Hada S, Burlakoti U, Kim KH, Han JS, Kim MJ, Kim NA, Jeong SH. A comprehensive evaluation of arginine and its derivatives as protein formulation stabilizers. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123545. [PMID: 37871869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Arginine and its derivatives (such as arginine ethyl ester and acetyl arginine) have varying degrees of protein aggregation suppressor effect across different protein solutions. To understand this performance ambiguity, we evaluated the activity of arginine, acetyl arginine, and arginine ethyl ester for aggregation suppressor effect against human intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution at pH 4.8. Both arginine and its cationic derivative arginine ethyl ester in their hydrochloride salt forms significantly reduced the colloidal and conformational stability (reduced kd and Tm) of IgG. Consequently, the monomer content was decreased with an increase in subvisible particulates after agitation or thermal stress. Furthermore, compared to arginine, arginine ethyl ester with one more cationic charge and hydrochloride salt form readily precipitated IgG at temperatures higher than 25 °C. On the contrary, acetyl arginine, which mostly exists in a neutral state at pH 4.8, efficiently suppressed the formation of subvisible particles retaining a high amount of monomer owing to its higher colloidal and conformational stability. Concisely, the charged state of additives significantly impacts protein stability. This study demonstrated that contrary to popular belief, arginine and its derivatives may either enhance or suppress protein aggregation depending on their net charge and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavron Hada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Urmila Burlakoti
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Soo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Ansbacher T, Tohar R, Cohen A, Cohen O, Levartovsky S, Arieli A, Matalon S, Bar DZ, Gal M, Weinberg E. A novel computationally engineered collagenase reduces the force required for tooth extraction in an ex-situ porcine jaw model. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:47. [PMID: 37461028 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently employed tooth extraction methods in dentistry involve mechanical disruption of the periodontal ligament fibers, leading to inevitable trauma to the bundle bone comprising the socket walls. In our previous work, we have shown that a recombinantly expressed truncated version of clostridial collagenase G (ColG) purified from Escherichia coli efficiently reduced the force needed for tooth extraction in an ex-situ porcine jaw model, when injected into the periodontal ligament. Considering that enhanced thermostability often leads to higher enzymatic activity and to set the basis for additional rounds of optimization, we used a computational protein design approach to generate an enzyme to be more thermostable while conserving the key catalytic residues. This process generated a novel collagenase (ColG-variant) harboring sixteen mutations compared to ColG, with a nearly 4℃ increase in melting temperature. Herein, we explored the potential of ColG-variant to further decrease the physical effort required for tooth delivery using our established ex-situ porcine jaw model. An average reduction of 11% was recorded in the force applied to extract roots of mandibular split first and second premolar teeth treated with ColG-variant, relative to those treated with ColG. Our results show for the first time the potential of engineering enzyme properties for dental medicine and further contribute to minimally invasive tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ansbacher
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Hadassah Academic College, 91010, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Tohar
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orel Cohen
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shifra Levartovsky
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Arieli
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Matalon
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Z Bar
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maayan Gal
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Evgeny Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Plattner K, Gharailoo Z, Zinkhan S, Engeroff P, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. IgE glycans promote anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies that facilitate IgE serum clearance via Fc Receptors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1069100. [PMID: 36544773 PMCID: PMC9761184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that IgE glycosylation significantly impacts the ability of IgE to bind to its high-affinity receptor FcεRI and exert effector functions. We have recently demonstrated that immunizing mice with IgE in a complex with an allergen leads to a protective, glycan-dependent anti-IgE response. However, to what extent the glycans on IgE determine the induction of those antibodies and how they facilitate serum clearance is unclear.Therefore, we investigated the role of glycan-specific anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies in regulating serum IgE levels and preventing systemic anaphylaxis by passive immunization. Methods Mice were immunized using glycosylated or deglycosylated IgE-allergen-immune complexes (ICs) to induce anti-IgE IgG antibodies. The anti-IgE IgG antibodies were purified and used for passive immunization. Results Glycosylated IgE-ICs induced a significantly higher anti-IgE IgG response and more IgG-secreting plasma cells than deglycosylated IgE-ICs. Passive immunization of IgE-sensitized mice with purified anti-IgE IgG increased the clearance of IgE and prevented systemic anaphylaxis upon allergen challenge. Anti-IgE IgG purified from the serum of mice immunized with deglycosylated IgE-ICs, led to a significantly reduced elimination and protection, confirming that the IgE glycans themselves are the primary drivers of the protectivity induced by the IgE-immune complexes. Conclusion IgE glycosylation is essential for a robust anti-IgE IgG response and might be an important regulator of serum IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Plattner
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Gharailoo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Zinkhan
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Monique Vogel,
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12
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Castañeda Ruiz AJ, Shetab Boushehri MA, Phan T, Carle S, Garidel P, Buske J, Lamprecht A. Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2575. [PMID: 36559072 PMCID: PMC9781097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Castañeda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Phan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Eshraghi J, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi G, Collins D, Ardekani AM, Vlachos PP. The Air Entrainment and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122210. [PMID: 36122618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interface motion and hydrodynamic shear induced by the liquid sloshing during the insertion stage of an autoinjector can help improve drug product administration. We perform experiments to investigate the interfacial motion and hydrodynamic shear due to the acceleration and deceleration of syringes. The goal is to explore the role of fluid properties, air gap size, and syringe acceleration on the interface dynamics caused by autoinjector activation. We used a simplified autoinjector platform to record the syringe and liquid motion without any view obstruction. Water and silicone oil with the same viscosity are used as the model fluids. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is employed to measure the velocity field. Simultaneous shadowgraph visualization captures the air entrainment. Our in-house PIV and image processing algorithms are used to quantify the hydrodynamic stress and interfacial area to investigate the effects of various autoinjector design parameters and fluid types on liquid sloshing. The results indicate that reducing the air gap volume and syringe acceleration/deceleration mitigate the interface area and effective shear. Moreover, the interfacial area and induced hydrodynamic stress decrease with the Fr=U/aD, where U is the interface velocity, a is the maximum syringe acceleration, and D is the syringe diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Eshraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Galen Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | | | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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14
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Thorlaksen C, Stanciu AM, Busch Neergaard M, Jiskoot W, Groenning M, Foderà V. Subtle pH variation around pH 4.0 affects aggregation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of recombinant human insulin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 179:166-172. [PMID: 36087880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a biotherapeutic protein, which, depending on environmental conditions such as pH, has been shown to form a large variety of aggregates with different structures and morphologies. This work focuses on the formation and characteristics of insulin particulates, dense spherical aggregates having diameters spanning from nanometre to low-micron size. An in-depth investigation of the system is obtained by applying a broad range of techniques for particle sizing and characterisation. An interesting observation was achieved regarding the formation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of the particulates; a subtle change in the pH from pH 4.1 to pH 4.3 markedly affected the kinetics of the particulate formation and led to different particulate sizes, either nanosized or micronsized particles. Also, a clear difference between the secondary structure of the protein particulates formed at the two pH values was observed, where the nanosized particulates had an increased content of aggregated β-structure compared to the micronsized particles. The remaining characteristics of the particles were identical for the two particulate populations. These observations highlight the importance of carefully studying the formulation design space and of knowing the impact of parameters such as pH on the aggregation to secure a drug product in control. Furthermore, the identification of particles only varying in few parameters, such as size, are considered highly valuable for studying the effect of particle features on the immunogenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thorlaksen
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark; Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adriana-Maria Stanciu
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark; Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Minna Groenning
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Vito Foderà
- Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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An insight on lipid nanoparticles for therapeutic proteins delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Conner CG, McAndrew J, Menegatti S, Velev OD. An accelerated antibody aggregation test based on time sequenced dynamic light scattering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Eshraghi J, Veilleux JC, Shi G, Collins D, Ardekani AM, Vlachos PP. Assessment of Cavitation Intensity in Accelerating Syringes of Spring-Driven Autoinjectors. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2247-2261. [PMID: 35854079 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cavitation is an undesired phenomenon that may occur in certain types of autoinjectors (AIs). Cavitation happens because of rapid changes of pressure in a liquid, leading to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities, which upon collapsing, can generate an intense shock wave that may damage the device container and the protein drug molecules. Cavitation occurs in the AI because of the syringe-drug relative displacement as a result of the syringe's sudden acceleration during needle insertion and the ensuing pressure drop at the bottom of the container. Therefore, it's crucial to analyze the potential effect of cavitation on AI. The goal of the current study is to investigate the effects of syringe and AI design parameters such as air gap size, syringe filling volume, fluid viscosity, and drive spring force (syringe acceleration) on the risk and severity of cavitation. METHODS A model autoinjector platform is built to record the syringe and cavitation dynamics which we use to estimate the cavitation intensity in terms of extension rate and to study the effects of design parameters on the severity of cavitation. RESULTS Our results show the generation of an intense shock wave and a high extension rate upon cavitation collapse. The induced extension rate increases with syringe acceleration and filling volume and decreases with viscosity and air gap size. CONCLUSION The most severe cavitation occurred in an AI device with the larger drive spring force and the syringe of a smaller air gap size filled with a less viscous fluid and a larger filling volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Eshraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | | | - Galen Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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18
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Aggregates Associated with Instability of Antibodies during Aerosolization Induce Adverse Immunological Effects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030671. [PMID: 35336045 PMCID: PMC8949695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunogenicity refers to the inherent ability of a molecule to stimulate an immune response. Aggregates are one of the major risk factors for the undesired immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies (Ab) and may ultimately result in immune-mediated adverse effects. For Ab delivered by inhalation, it is necessary to consider the interaction between aggregates resulting from the instability of the Ab during aerosolization and the lung mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of aggregates produced during aerosolization of therapeutic Ab on the immune system. Methods: Human and murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) were aerosolized using a clinically-relevant nebulizer and their immunogenic potency was assessed, both in vitro using a standard human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) reporter assay and in vivo in immune cells in the airway compartment, lung parenchyma and spleen of healthy C57BL/6 mice after pulmonary administration. Results: IgG aggregates, produced during nebulization, induced a dose-dependent activation of MoDC characterized by the enhanced production of cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory markers. Interestingly, in vivo administration of high amounts of nebulization-mediated IgG aggregates resulted in a profound and sustained local and systemic depletion of immune cells, which was attributable to cell death. This cytotoxic effect was observed when nebulized IgG was administered locally in the airways as compared to a systemic administration but was mitigated by improving IgG stability during nebulization, through the addition of polysorbates to the formulation. Conclusion: Although inhalation delivery represents an attractive alternative route for delivering Ab to treat respiratory infections, our findings indicate that it is critical to prevent IgG aggregation during the nebulization process to avoid pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The optimization of Ab formulation can mitigate adverse effects induced by nebulization.
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19
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Rane SS, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Derrick JP. Adaptation of an ELISA assay for detection of IgG 2a responses against therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in a mouse immunization model. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:1-7. [PMID: 35077659 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.2020937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) play important roles in clinical medicine but their potential to elicit immune responses in patients remains a major issue. In a study designed to investigate the effect of aggregation on immunogenic responses, mice were immunized with two monoclonal antibodies (mAb1 and mAb2). Serum levels of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were measured by ELISA. An anti-mouse IgG2a monoclonal detection antibody cross-reacted with mAb2 but not mAb1, leading to high background when the ELISA plate was coated with mAb2. The problem was solved by use of a goat anti-mouse IgG2a polyclonal antibody that demonstrated the required specificity. IgG2a responses were similar for monomer- or aggregate-coated ELISA plates. The results demonstrate the importance of assessment of the specificity of individual reagents when measuring antibody responses against therapeutic antibodies by ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha S Rane
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kimber
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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20
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Zhang F, Richter G, Bourgeois B, Spreitzer E, Moser A, Keilbach A, Kotnik P, Madl T. A General Small-Angle X-ray Scattering-Based Screening Protocol for Studying Physical Stability of Protein Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:69. [PMID: 35056965 PMCID: PMC8778066 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental step in developing a protein drug is the selection of a stable storage formulation that ensures efficacy of the drug and inhibits physiochemical degradation or aggregation. Here, we designed and evaluated a general workflow for screening of protein formulations based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Our SAXS pipeline combines automated sample handling, temperature control, and fast data analysis and provides protein particle interaction information. SAXS, together with different methods including turbidity analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and SDS-PAGE measurements, were used to obtain different parameters to provide high throughput screenings. Using a set of model proteins and biopharmaceuticals, we show that SAXS is complementary to dynamic light scattering (DLS), which is widely used in biopharmaceutical research and industry. We found that, compared to DLS, SAXS can provide a more sensitive measure for protein particle interactions, such as protein aggregation and repulsion. Moreover, we show that SAXS is compatible with a broader range of buffers, excipients, and protein concentrations and that in situ SAXS provides a sensitive measure for long-term protein stability. This workflow can enable future high-throughput analysis of proteins and biopharmaceuticals and can be integrated with well-established complementary physicochemical analysis pipelines in (biopharmaceutical) research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China;
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Gesa Richter
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Benjamin Bourgeois
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Emil Spreitzer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Armin Moser
- Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Petra Kotnik
- Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Pohl C, Polimeni M, Indrakumar S, Streicher W, Peters GHJ, Nørgaard A, Lund M, Harris P. Electrostatics Drive Oligomerization and Aggregation of Human Interferon Alpha-2a. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13657-13669. [PMID: 34898211 PMCID: PMC8713289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Aggregation is a
common phenomenon in the field of protein therapeutics
and can lead to function loss or immunogenic patient responses. Two
strategies are currently used to reduce aggregation: (1) finding a
suitable formulation, which is labor-intensive and requires large
protein quantities, or (2) engineering the protein, which requires
extensive knowledge about the protein aggregation pathway. We present
a biophysical characterization of the oligomerization and aggregation
processes by Interferon alpha-2a (IFNα-2a), a protein drug with
antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. This study combines experimental
high throughput screening with detailed investigations by small-angle
X-ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. Metropolis Monte
Carlo simulations are used to gain insight into the underlying intermolecular
interactions. IFNα-2a forms soluble oligomers that are controlled
by a fast pH and concentration-dependent equilibrium. Close to the
isoelectric point of 6, IFNα-2a forms insoluble aggregates which
can be prevented by adding salt. We show that monomer attraction is driven mainly by molecular anisotropic dipole–dipole interactions
that increase with increasing pH. Repulsion is due
to monopole–monopole interactions and depends on the charge
of IFNα-2a. The study highlights how combining multiple methods
helps to systematically dissect the molecular mechanisms driving oligomer
formation and to design ultimately efficient strategies for preventing
detrimental protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, 2880, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Marco Polimeni
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Lund
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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22
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Natural Receptor- and Ligand-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptors: Strategies Using Natural Ligands and Receptors for Targeted Cell Killing. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010021. [PMID: 35011583 PMCID: PMC8750724 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been widely successful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma; and three generations of CAR designs have led to effective FDA approved therapeutics. Traditionally, CAR antigen specificity is derived from a monoclonal antibody where the variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chains are connected by a peptide linker to form a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). While this provides a level of antigen specificity parallel to that of an antibody and has shown great success in the clinic, this design is not universally successful. For instance, issues of stability, immunogenicity, and antigen escape hinder the translational application of some CARs. As an alternative, natural receptor- or ligand-based designs may prove advantageous in some circumstances compared to scFv-based designs. Herein, the advantages and disadvantages of scFv-based and natural receptor- or ligand-based CAR designs are discussed. In addition, several translational aspects of natural receptor- and ligand-based CAR approaches that are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies will be examined.
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23
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Zhang Y, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Collins DS, Vlachos PP, Dabiri S, Ardekani AM. Modeling cavitation bubble dynamics in an autoinjector and its implications on drug molecules. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121062. [PMID: 34506926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The collapse of cavitation bubbles induced by abrupt acceleration of the syringe in an autoinjector device can lead to protein aggregation. The details of bubble dynamics are investigated using an axisymmetric, three-dimensional simulation with passive tracers to illustrate the transport of protein molecules. When a bubble near the syringe wall collapses, protein molecules are concentrated in the re-entrant jet, pushed towards the syringe wall, and then spread across the wall, potentially leading to protein adsorption on the syringe wall and aggregation. This phenomenon is more prominent for bubbles positioned closer to the bottom wall, growing to a larger maximum radius. The bubble's maximum radius decreases with the bubble's distance from the syringe wall and air gap pressure, and increases with an increase in liquid column height and nucleus size. The strain rate induced by the bubble collapse is not large enough to unfold the proteins. When the re-entrant jet impacts the bubble surface or syringe wall, the bubble breaks up, generating smaller bubbles with high surface concentration of protein molecules, potentially inducing aggregation in the bulk. The bubble dynamics are influenced by dimensionless distance of the nucleus from the wall, normalized by maximum bubble radius (γ). The re-entrant jet velocity increases with γ, while the maximum liquid pressure, typically 100∼1000 bar, first decreases and then increases with γ. For a cloud of cavitation bubbles, i.e., closely clustered bubbles, coalescence of bubbles can occur, leading to a higher peak pressure at collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | | | - Galen H Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - David S Collins
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Sadegh Dabiri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
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24
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Droplet-Based Microfluidic Tool to Quantify Viscosity of Concentrating Protein Solutions. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1765-1775. [PMID: 34664208 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of the viscosity of concentrated protein solutions is vital for the manufacture and delivery of protein therapeutics. Conventional methods for viscosity measurements require large solution volumes, creating a severe limitation during the early stage of protein development. The goal of this work is to develop a robust technique that requires minimal sample. METHODS In this work, a droplet-based microfluidic device is developed to quantify the viscosity of protein solutions while concentrating in micrometer-scale droplets. The technique requires only microliters of sample. The corresponding viscosity is characterized by multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). RESULTS We show that the viscosities quantified in the microfluidic device are consistent with macroscopic results measured by a conventional rheometer for poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) solutions. The technique was further applied to quantify viscosities of well-studied lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. Comparison to both macroscopic measurements and models (Krieger-Dougherty model) demonstrate the validity of the approach. CONCLUSION The droplet-based microfluidic device provides accurate quantitative values of viscosity over a range of concentrations for protein solutions with small sample volumes (~ μL) and high compositional resolution. This device will be extended to study the effect of different excipients and other additives on the viscosity of protein solutions.
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25
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Lundahl MLE, Fogli S, Colavita PE, Scanlan EM. Aggregation of protein therapeutics enhances their immunogenicity: causes and mitigation strategies. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1004-1020. [PMID: 34458822 PMCID: PMC8341748 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation in biotherapeutics has been identified to increase immunogenicity, leading to immune-mediated adverse effects, such as severe allergic responses including anaphylaxis. The induction of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) moreover enhances drug clearance rates, and can directly block therapeutic function. In this review, identified immune activation mechanisms triggered by protein aggregates are discussed, as well as physicochemical properties of aggregates, such as size and shape, which contribute to immunogenicity. Furthermore, factors which contribute to protein stability and aggregation are considered. Lastly, with these factors in mind, we encourage an innovative and multidisciplinary approach with regard to further research in the field, with the overall aim to avoid immunogenic aggregation in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi L E Lundahl
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Silvia Fogli
- Glycome Biopharma, Unit 4, Joyce House, Barrack Square, Ballincollig Co Cork P31 HW35 Ireland
| | - Paula E Colavita
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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Zhang Y, Han D, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Collins DS, Vlachos PP, Ardekani AM. The Interface Motion and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes. Pharm Res 2021; 38:257-275. [PMID: 33619639 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interface motion and hydrodynamic shear of the liquid slosh during the insertion of syringes upon autoinjector activation may damage the protein drug molecules. Experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics simulations are used in this study to investigate the interfacial motion and hydrodynamic shear due to acceleration and deceleration of syringes. The goal is to explore the role of fluid viscosity, air gap size, syringe acceleration, syringe tilt angle, liquid-wall contact angle, surface tension and fill volume on the interface dynamics caused by autoinjector activation. METHODS A simplified autoinjector platform submerged in water is built to record the syringe and liquid motion without obstruction of view. The syringe kinematics is imported to the simulations based on OpenFOAM InterIsoFoam solver, which is used to study the effects of various physical parameters. RESULTS The simulations agree with experiments on the air-liquid interface profile and interface area. The interfacial area and the volume of fluid subject to high strain rate decrease with the solution viscosity, increase with the air gap height, syringe velocity, tilt angle and syringe wall hydrophobicity, and hardly change with the surface tension and liquid column height. The hydrodynamic shear mainly occurs near the syringe wall and entrained bubbles. CONCLUSION For a given dose of drug solution, the syringe with smaller radius and larger length will generate less liquid slosh. Reducing the air volume and syringe wall hydrophobicity are also helpful to reduce interface area and effective shear. The interface motion is reduced when the syringe axis is aligned with the gravitational direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Dingding Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Galen H Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Immunogenicity Challenges Associated with Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. BioDrugs 2021; 35:125-146. [PMID: 33523413 PMCID: PMC7848667 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route of administration has provided convenient and non-inferior delivery of therapeutic proteins compared to intravenous infusion, but there is potential for enhanced immunogenicity toward subcutaneously administered proteins in a subset of patients. Unwanted anti-drug antibody response toward proteins or monoclonal antibodies upon repeated administration is shown to impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of multiple biologics. Unique immunogenicity challenges of the subcutaneous route have been realized through various preclinical and clinical examples, although subcutaneous delivery has often demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intravenous administration. Beyond route of administration as a treatment-related factor of immunogenicity, certain product-related risk factors are particularly relevant to subcutaneously administered proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the mechanism of immune response toward proteins administered subcutaneously (subcutaneous proteins) and comments on product-related risk factors related to protein structure and stability, dosage form, and aggregation. A two-wave mechanism of antigen presentation in the immune response toward subcutaneous proteins is described, and interaction with dynamic antigen-presenting cells possessing high antigen processing efficiency and migratory activity may drive immunogenicity. Mitigation strategies for immunogenicity are discussed, including those in general use clinically and those currently in development. Mechanistic insights along with consideration of risk factors involved inspire theoretical strategies to provide antigen-specific, long-lasting effects for maintaining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins.
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Ye H, Li H, Gao Z. Y12 nitration of human calcitonin (hCT): A promising strategy to produce non-aggregation bioactive hCT. Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:11-19. [PMID: 32827754 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible aggregation can extremely limit the bioavailability and therapeutic activity of peptide-based drugs. There is therefore an urgent demand of effective strategy to control peptide aggregation. Recently, we found that tyrosine nitration at certain sites of peptide can effectively inhibit its aggregation. This minor modification may be an ideal strategy to the rational design of peptide-based drugs with low aggregation propensity yet without loss of bioactivity. Human calcitonin (hCT) is such a peptide hormone known for its hypocalcaemic effect but has limited pharmaceutical potential due to a high tendency to aggregate. In this study, by using multiple techniques including Fluorescence, TEM, Nu-PAGE and CD, we demonstrated that Y12 nitration of hCT would significantly inhibit its self-assembles, and we also found that this modification would not only reduce the cytotoxicity induced by peptide aggregation, but also had little effect on its potency. This finding may provide a novel strategy for clinically application of hCT instead of sCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, 343009, China
| | - Hailing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Tanaka T, Hanaoka H, Sakurai S. Optimization of the quality by design approach for gene therapy products: A case study for adeno-associated viral vectors. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:88-102. [PMID: 32784043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of gene therapy products has been expanding globally, and among them, the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector is one of the most promising vectors for gene transfer. For efficient and rapid development of the manufacturing process and quality control strategy, the quality by design (QbD) approach can be as effective for gene therapy products as it is for gene recombinant proteins, which have been developed for decades. However, prior available knowledge required for the QbD approach is limited in the field of gene therapy. Here, we comprehensively review rAAV study results that can form the basis of QbD-based development and propose a critical quality attribute identification method suitable for gene therapy development. As a case study for rAAV, we propose a series of practical development steps, including a quality target product profile (QTPP) setting, identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs), repetitive risk assessment associated with process optimization, design space (DS) establishment, and control strategy using the QbD method. Our case study, which was based on publicly available literature, is a basic model that can be augmented by unique data pertaining to specific products. An improvement in rAAV development is expected using this model as the first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Tanaka
- Department of Regulatory Science of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hanaoka
- Department of Regulatory Science of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8766, Japan.
| | - Shingo Sakurai
- Department of Regulatory Science of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Building, 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
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30
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Pham NB, Meng WS. Protein aggregation and immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119523. [PMID: 32531452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are the mainstay of biopharmaceuticals. A key challenge in the manufacturing and formulation of protein biologic products is the tendency for the active pharmaceutical ingredients to aggregate, resulting in irreversible drug loss, and an increase in immunogenicity risk. While the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation have been discussed extensively in the literature, knowledge gaps remain in connecting the phenomenon in the context of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed factors that drive aggregation of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins, and highlighted methods of prediction and mitigation that can be deployed through the development stages, from formulation to bioproduction. The purpose is to stimulate new dialogs that would bridge the interface between physical characterizations of protein aggregates in biotherapeutics and the functional attributes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Pham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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Zhand S, Razmjou A, Azadi S, Bazaz SR, Shrestha J, Jahromi MAF, Warkiani ME. Metal–Organic Framework-Enhanced ELISA Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of PD-L1. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4148-4158. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zhand
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 73441-81746, Iran
| | - Shohreh Azadi
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mahsa Asadnia Fard Jahromi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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32
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Stability and Activity of the Hyperglycosylated Human Interferon-β R27T Variant. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8412. [PMID: 32439982 PMCID: PMC7242330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A hyperglycosylated recombinant human interferon-β (rhIFN-β) R27T mutant was established to improve relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in our previous study. We focused on the stability of the R27T mutant throughout its production lifetime, including culture, purification, and storage before formulation prior to clinical use. Herein, we address the stability of this protein during optimized culture and purification processes. Additionally, we employed artificial stress conditions during culture and purification to characterize R27T instability. Although, among total R27T, relative native R27T ratio displayed transiently low even under optimized production process, the ratio was recovered by the end of the overall production process, suggesting that culture and purification processes are optimized. Artificial stress during culture and purification processes resulted in degradation of R27T acidic and basic variants, and mismatched disulfide bonds in no-aggregated forms as well as in the aggregated form. The presence of disulfide bond exchange without aggregation in the unfolded/misfolded state could be a novel finding for rhIFN-β products. The results provide meaningful information for the comprehensive evaluation of the stability of the R27T variant.
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Boysen L, Viuff BM, Landsy LH, Lykkesfeldt J, Raymond JT, Price SA, Pelzer H, Lauritzen B. Formation and Glomerular Deposition of Immune Complexes in Mice Administered Human Antibodies: Evaluation of Dose, Frequency, and Biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:570-585. [PMID: 32319353 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320919121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Administration of human protein-based drugs to animals often leads to formation of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) that may form circulating immune complexes (CICs) with the dosed protein. Circulating immune complexes can activate and bind complement (cCICs), and if large amount of CICs or cCICs is formed, the clearance mechanism potentially becomes saturated, which can lead to immune complex (IC) deposition and inflammation. To obtain a better understanding of the underlying factors, including the relationship between different dose regimes on IC formation and deposition and identification of possible biomarkers of IC deposition and IC-related pathological changes in kidneys, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were administered with human anti-tumor necrosis factor α (aTNFα, adalimumab) or a humanized anti-TNP (aTNP) antibody for 13 weeks. Particularly, ADA, CIC, cCIC formation, IC deposition, and glomerulonephritis were observed in C57BL/6J administered with aTNFα, whereas the immunologic response was minor in BALB/c mice administered with aTNFα and in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice administered aTNP. Changing dose levels or increasing dosing frequency of aTNFα on top of an already-established CIC and cCIC response did not lead to substantial changes in CIC, cCIC formation, or IC deposition. Finally, no association between the presence of CICs or cCIC in plasma and glomerular IC deposition and/or glomerulonephritis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M Viuff
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lone H Landsy
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James T Raymond
- Pathology Associates, Charles River Laboratories Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari A Price
- Pathology Associates, Charles River Laboratories Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hermann Pelzer
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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34
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Lin HJ, Xiao Joe JT, Lu WJ, Huang MY, Sun TH, Lin SP, Li YC, Tsui YC, Lu MW, Victor Lin HT. Secretory Production of Functional Grouper Type I Interferon from Epinephelus septemfasciatus in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1465. [PMID: 32098104 PMCID: PMC7073146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) results in high mortality rates of infected marine fish worldwide. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines in vertebrates that suppress viral replication and regulate immune responses. Heterologous overexpression of fish IFN in bacteria could be problematic because of protein solubility and loss of function due to protein misfolding. In this study, a protein model of the IFN-α of Epinephelus septemfasciatus was built based on comparative modeling. In addition, PelB and SacB signal peptides were fused to the N-terminus of E. septemfasciatus IFN-α for overexpression of soluble, secreted IFN in Escherichia coli (E-IFN) and Bacillus subtilis (B-IFN). Cytotoxicity tests indicated that neither recombinant grouper IFN-α were cytotoxic to a grouper head kidney cell line (GK). The GK cells stimulated with E-IFN and B-IFN exhibited elevated expression of antiviral Mx genes when compared with the control group. The NNV challenge experiments demonstrated that GK cells pretreated or co-treated with E-IFN and B-IFN individually had three times the cell survival rates of untreated cells, indicating the cytoprotective ability of our recombinant IFNs. These data provide a protocol for the production of soluble, secreted, and functional grouper IFN of high purity, which may be applied to aquaculture fisheries for antiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ju Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Joan Tang Xiao Joe
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, The College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jung Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Mei-Ying Huang
- Division of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No. 199, Hou-Ih Road, Keelung 20246, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Sheng-Pao Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Yi-Chuan Li
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Ya-Chin Tsui
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
| | - Ming-Wei Lu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ting Victor Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (W.-J.L.); (T.-H.S.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.T.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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35
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Kalhor H, Sadeghi S, Marashiyan M, Enssi M, Kalhor R, Ganji M, Rahimi H. In silico mutagenesis in recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor: Improvement of stability and activity in addition to decrement immunogenicity. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107551. [PMID: 32032931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rhKGF) is clinically applied to decrease the incidence and duration of cancer therapeutic agents. Particularly, it is extensively used for oral mucositis after chemotherapy-induced damage of different human cancers. However, the usage of rhKGF in treatment is limited owing to its short half-life, poor stability, immunogenicity, tendency to aggregate, and side effects. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the stability and to reduce immunogenicity of rhKGF for therapeutic applications. In this study, the stability, activity, and immunogenicity of rhKGF were improved using computational methods. The several mutations were generated based on sequence alignment, amino acids physic-chemical properties, and the structure simulation. The 3D structure of rhKGF and proposed mutants were predicted by Modeller v9.15 program, and then were evaluated using PROSESS, PROCHECK, and ProSA web tools. Afterwards, the effect of these mutants on rhKGF structure, stability, activity, and its interaction with fibroblast growth factor receptor2-IIb (FGFR2-IIb) was analyzed through utilizing GROMACS molecular dynamics simulations and docking tools, respectively. Also, binding free energies were calculated by the Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method. We found that F63Y, R121K, and combine1 (K38R, F63Y, K72E, N105S) mutants lead to reduction of the number of T-cell epitopes. However, all of the selected mutants, except for R121K, could considerably increase stability and affinity of the rhKGF to FGFR2-IIb, in silico. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, offered that the combine1 and F63Y mutants could highly improve the stability and activity of rhKGF and even reduce immunogenicity without having any significant effect on the biological functions of rhKGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahya Marashiyan
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Enssi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
| | - Maziar Ganji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Gentiluomo L, Roessner D, Frieß W. Application of machine learning to predict monomer retention of therapeutic proteins after long term storage. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119039. [PMID: 31953088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important aspect of initial developability assessments as well formulation development and selection of therapeutic proteins is the evaluation of data obtained under accelerated stress condition, i.e. at elevated temperatures. We propose the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict long term stability in real storage condition from accelerated stability studies and other high-throughput biophysical properties e.g. the first apparent temperature of unfolding (Tm). Our models have been trained on therapeutic relevant proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, in various pharmaceutically relevant formulations. Further, we developed network architectures with good prediction power using the least amount of input features, i.e. experimental effort to train the network. This provides an empiric means to highlight the most important parameters in the prediction of real-time protein stability. Further, several models were developed by a different validation means (i.e. leave-one-protein-out cross-validation) to test the robustness and the limitations of our approach. Finally, we apply surrogate machine learning algorithms (e.g. linear regression) to build trust in the ANNs decision making procedure and to highlight the connection between the leading inputs and the outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Gentiluomo L, Roessner D, Streicher W, Mahapatra S, Harris P, Frieß W. Characterization of Native Reversible Self-Association of a Monoclonal Antibody Mediated by Fab-Fab Interaction. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Boysen L, Viuff BM, Landsy LH, Price SA, Raymond JT, Lykkesfeldt J, Lauritzen B. Formation and glomerular deposition of immune complexes in mice administered bovine serum albumin: Evaluation of dose, frequency, and biomarkers. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:191-200. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1680776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M. Viuff
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lone H. Landsy
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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39
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Nguyen KTT, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhomogeneous Distribution of Components in Solid Protein Pharmaceuticals: Origins, Consequences, Analysis, and Resolutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:134-153. [PMID: 31606540 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of stable solid protein formulations usually requires the addition of one or several excipients to achieve optimal stability. In these products, there is a potential risk of an inhomogeneous distribution of the various ingredients, specifically the ratio of protein and stabilizer may vary. Such inhomogeneity can be detrimental for stability but is mostly neglected in literature. In the past, it was challenging to analyze inhomogeneous component distribution, but recent advances in analytical techniques have revealed new options to investigate this phenomenon. This paper aims to review fundamental aspects of the inhomogeneous distribution of components of freeze-dried and spray-dried protein formulations. Four key topics will be presented and discussed, including the sources of component inhomogeneity, its consequences on protein stability, the analytical methods to reveal component inhomogeneity, and possible solutions to prevent or mitigate inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh T T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Faschinger AM, Sessler N. Development of a Lyophilized Formulation of Pegaspargase and Comparability Versus Liquid Pegaspargase. Adv Ther 2019; 36:2106-2121. [PMID: 31140125 PMCID: PMC6822849 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-00988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pegaspargase, a pegylated asparaginase, is a core component in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pegaspargase in liquid form has a limited shelf life of 8 months due to depegylation, leading to changes in purity and potency over time. Lyophilization is an approach that can improve the stability of biological drug conjugates. METHODS Here we describe the development of a lyophilized formulation of pegaspargase and present results of a series of tests demonstrating that the lyophilized form has comparable physicochemical properties to the liquid form. RESULTS Stability tests of critical quality attributes, including purity, potency, aggregates and total free polyethylene glycol, demonstrate that lyophilized pegaspargase remains stable for at least 3 years, with optimum stability achieved with storage under refrigerated conditions (2-8 °C). CONCLUSIONS Lyophilization improved the stability of pegaspargase without altering other physicochemical properties, permitting a prolonged shelf life of at least 2 years when stored at 2-8 °C. This may enable greater storage flexibility and allow for better management of pegaspargase. FUNDING Study Sponsor: Baxalta (now part of Takeda). Publication Sponsor: Servier Affaires Médicales.
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Augustijn D, Mahapatra S, Streicher W, Svilenov H, Kulakova A, Pohl C, Rinnan Å. Novel non-linear curve fitting to resolve protein unfolding transitions in intrinsic fluorescence differential scanning fluorimetry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:506-517. [PMID: 31175923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In biotherapeutic protein research, an estimation of the studied protein's thermal stability is one of the important steps that determine developability as a function of solvent conditions. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) can be applied to measure thermal stability. Label-free DSF measures amino acid fluorescence as a function of temperature, where conformational changes induce observable peak deformation, yielding apparent melting temperatures. The estimation of the stability parameters can be hindered in the case of multidomain, multimeric or aggregating proteins when multiple transitions partially coincide. These overlapping protein unfolding transitions are hard to evaluate by the conventional methodology, as peak maxima are shifted by convolution. We show how non-linear curve fitting of intrinsic fluorescence DSF can deconvolute highly overlapping transitions in formulation screening in a semi-automated process. The proposed methodology relies on synchronous, constrained fits of the fluorescence intensity, ratio and their derivatives, by combining linear baselines with generalized logistic transition functions. The proposed algorithm is applied to data from three proteins; a single transition, a double separated transition and a double overlapping transition. Extracted thermal stability parameters; apparent melting temperatures Tm,1, Tm,2 and melting onset temperature Tonset are obtained and compared with reference software analysis. The fits show R2 = 0.94 for single and R2 = 0.88 for separated transitions. Obtaining values and trends for Tonset in a well-described and automated way, will aid protein scientist to better evaluate the thermal stability of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sujata Mahapatra
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Hristo Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Rapid sample-saving biophysical characterisation and long-term storage stability of liquid interferon alpha2a formulations: Is there a correlation? Int J Pharm 2019; 562:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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Ye H, Zhou J, Li H, Gao Z. Heme prevents highly amyloidogenic human calcitonin (hCT) aggregation: A potential new strategy for the clinical reuse of hCT. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 196:110686. [PMID: 31003065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible aggregation can extremely limit the bioavailability and therapeutic activity of peptide-based drugs. Thus, peptide fibrillation is an excellent challenge for biotechnological drug development. Human calcitonin (hCT) is such a peptide hormone known for its hypocalcaemic effect but has limited pharmaceutical potential due to a high tendency to aggregate. hCT is therefore not widely used preparation in clinical practice. Nonetheless, hCT seems to be still an ideal target for clinical therapy when fibrillation is effectively inhibited, because the alternatives of hCT can stimulate undesirable immune responses in patients and cause side effects. Interestingly, heme is an essential component for many livings and has been shown a strong inhibitory effect on some amyloidogenic peptides aggregation. Here we demonstrate that it may be a most suitable, safe, biocompatible small molecule inhibitor on hCT aggregation, and thereby improving its activity when guiding the drug peptide in clinical therapeutics. In this work, we found that heme was able to reversibly bind with hCT to form a heme-hCT complex with a moderate binding constant (9.17 × 106 M-1) and significantly suppress the aggregation of hCT probably accomplished by heme binding to it, blocking the β-sheet structure assembly which is essential in hCT fibril aggregation. Meanwhile, the heme-hCT complexes showed enhanced bioactivity compared to hCT itself after a 24 h incubation time in reducing blood calcium levels in mice. This study may develop a new strategy to reuse the wild-type hCT in clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of chemistry and chemical Engineering, Huazhong university of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of chemistry and chemical Engineering, Huazhong university of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of chemistry and chemical Engineering, Huazhong university of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of chemistry and chemical Engineering, Huazhong university of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Impact of a Heat Shock Protein Impurity on the Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2019; 36:51. [PMID: 30771015 PMCID: PMC6394513 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Anti-drug antibodies can impair the efficacy of therapeutic proteins and, in some circumstances, induce adverse health effects. Immunogenicity can be promoted by aggregation; here we examined the ability of recombinant mouse heat shock protein 70 (rmHSP70) - a common host cell impurity - to modulate the immune responses to aggregates of two therapeutic mAbs in mice. Methods Heat and shaking stress methods were used to generate aggregates in the sub-micron size range from two human mAbs, and immunogenicity assessed by intraperitoneal exposure in BALB/c mice. Results rmHSP70 was shown to bind preferentially to aggregates of both mAbs, but not to the native, monomeric proteins. Aggregates supplemented with 0.1% rmHSP70 induced significantly enhanced IgG2a antibody responses compared with aggregates alone but the effect was not observed for monomeric mAbs. Dendritic cells pulsed with mAb aggregate showed enhanced IFNγ production on co-culture with T cells in the presence of rmHSP70. Conclusion The results indicate a Th1-skewing of the immune response by aggregates and show that murine rmHSP70 selectively modulates the immune response to mAb aggregates, but not monomer. These data suggest that heat shock protein impurities can selectively accumulate by binding to mAb aggregates and thus influence immunogenic responses to therapeutic proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-019-2586-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sahin Z, Neeleman R, Haines J, Kayser V. Preparation-free method can enable rapid surfactant screening during industrial processing of influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:1073-1079. [PMID: 30685250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Triton X-100 (TX-100) is the most common surfactant used to split viruses during the production of influenza split-virus vaccines. It is a mild surfactant not known to denature the viral proteins; this property makes TX-100 useful for maintaining antigen conformational structure, and, as an added benefit, for partially stabilizing vaccine formulations against protein aggregation. Despite its benefits, TX-100 needs to be filtered out after virus splitting has been achieved, due to its toxicity in large quantities. Accordingly, residual TX-100 presence in vaccine formulations has implications for both formulation stability and safety, necessitating both accurate screening during processing to guide decision-making about filtration repeats and accurate quantitation in the final product. Accurate HPLC-based methods are used successfully for the latter but their use for routine screening during processing is far from ideal because they often require extensive sample preparation and are fairly slow, complicated and costly. Here, "deconstruction" of UV-Vis absorption spectra into components corresponding to different absorbing "species" is demonstrated as a novel and viable method for routine TX-100 screening in vaccine samples from different industrial processing steps. This method is fairly accurate and, more importantly, preparation-free, rapid, simple/user-friendly and comparatively inexpensive. It is evaluated in depth in terms of applicability conditions, limitations and potential for high-throughput adaptation as well as generalization to other complex biopharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Sahin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Veysel Kayser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Feng Y, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Gao J, Zheng Y, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Zaworotko MJ, Cheng P, Ma S, Chen Y. Antibodies@MOFs: An In Vitro Protective Coating for Preparation and Storage of Biopharmaceuticals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805148. [PMID: 30480344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have emerged as a fast-growing category of biopharmaceuticals that have been widely applied in scientific research, medical diagnosis, and disease treatment. However, many antibodies and other biopharmaceuticals display inferior biophysical properties, such as low stability and a propensity to undergo aggregation. Enhancing the stability of biopharmaceuticals is essential for their wide applications. Here, a facile in vitro protective coating strategy based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is proposed to efficiently protect antibodies against perturbation environments and quickly recover them from the MOFs before usage, which avoids introducing protective additives into the body, which may cause biosafety risks. The protected antibodies exhibit extraordinary thermal, chemical, and mechanical stabilities, and they can survive for long-term storage (>3 weeks) under severe temperature variation (4 ↔ 50 °C) at a fast ramp rate (25 °C min-1 ). More importantly, the encapsulated antibodies can be easily released as quickly as 10 s with high efficiency (≈100%) to completely remove the MOFs before use. This study paves a new avenue for the facile preparation and storage of biopharmaceuticals represented by antibodies under ambient or perturbation conditions, which may greatly broaden and promote the applications of both MOFs and biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huanrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Michael J Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94XT66, Republic of Ireland
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Expanding Bedside Filtration-A Powerful Tool to Protect Patients From Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2775-2788. [PMID: 30059660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein immunogenicity is intensively researched by academics, biopharmaceutical companies, and authorities as it can compromise the safety and efficacy of a biopharmaceutical drug. So far, the exact protein aggregate properties inducing immune responses are not known. Possible protein-related factors could be size, chemical modifications, or higher order structures. It is impossible to achieve an absolute absence of protein aggregates even for very stable formulations. The application of "bedside filtration," meaning filtration during the preparation or administration of the drug product immediately before injection, has the potential to increase the safety of every drug container and could prevent the undesired injection of particulate matter into the patient. In this study, the high efficiency of filtration for reducing the amount of protein particles was demonstrated with more than 19 stressed and nonstressed biopharmaceutical products which covered a broad concentration and molecular weight range. Furthermore, critical aspects regarding the usage of filters such as particle shedding from filters, protein loss as a result of protein adsorption, or the hold-up volume of the filters were assessed. Although differences between the filters were observed, no negative impact by the investigated filters could be found. A broader application of bedside filtration is therefore proposed.
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Kijanka G, Bee JS, Korman SA, Wu Y, Roskos LK, Schenerman MA, Slütter B, Jiskoot W. Submicron Size Particles of a Murine Monoclonal Antibody Are More Immunogenic Than Soluble Oligomers or Micron Size Particles Upon Subcutaneous Administration in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2847-2859. [PMID: 30003898 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are one of the several risk factors for undesired immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. However, it remains unclear which features determine whether aggregates will trigger an unwanted immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aggregates' size on their relative immunogenicity. A monoclonal murine IgG1 was stressed by exposure to low pH and elevated temperature followed by stirring to obtain aggregates widely differing in size. Aggregate fractions enriched in soluble oligomers, submicron size particles and micron size particles were isolated via centrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography and characterized physicochemically. The secondary and tertiary structures of aggregates were altered in a similar way for all the fractions, while no substantial chemical degradation was observed. Development of anti-drug antibodies was measured after subcutaneous administration of each enriched fraction to BALB/c mice. Among all tested fractions, the most immunogenic was the one highly enriched in submicron size particles (∼100-1000 nm). Fractions composed of micron size (>1-100 μm) particles or soluble oligomers (<100 nm) were not immunogenic under the dosing regimen studied in this work. These results show that aggregate size is an important factor for protein immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jared S Bee
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Samuel A Korman
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Faraji F, Karjoo Z, Moghaddam MV, Heidari S, Emameh RZ, Falak R. Challenges related to the immunogenicity of parenteral recombinant proteins: Underlying mechanisms and new approaches to overcome it. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:301-315. [PMID: 29851534 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1471139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune response elicited by therapeutic proteins is an important safety and efficacy issue for regulatory agencies, drug manufacturers, clinicians, and patients. Administration of therapeutic proteins can potentially induce the production of anti-drug antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses. At first, it was speculated that the immunogenicity is related to the non-human origin of these proteins. Later on, it was confirmed that the human proteins may also show immunogenicity. In this review article, we will focus on a number of factors, which play crucial roles in the human protein immunogenicity. These factors are related to the patient's status (or intrinsic properties) and molecular characteristics of the therapeutic protein's (or extrinsic properties). Furthermore, we will discuss available in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods for the prediction of sequences, which may generate an immune response following parenteral administration of these proteins. In summary, nowadays, it is possible for drug manufacturers to evaluate the risk of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and implement a management plan to overcome the problems prior to proceeding to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Faraji
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Karjoo
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Sahel Heidari
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- c Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology , National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
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