1
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Cui Y, Zhou Q, Jin M, Jiang S, Shang P, Dong X, Li L. Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0. [PMID: 38888754 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from natural medicines such as coptidis rhizoma, has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as protecting the nervous system, protecting the cardiovascular system, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal. However, factors such as poor solubility, low permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and hepatic-intestinal metabolism result in BBR having a low bioavailability (< 1%), which restricts its application in clinical settings. Therefore, improving its bioavailability is a prerequisite for its clinical applications. This review summarizes the various pharmacological effects of BBR and analyzes the main reasons for its poor bioavailability. It introduces methods to improve the bioavailability of BBR through the use of absorption enhancers and P-gp inhibitors, structural modification of BBR, and preparation of BBR salts and cocrystals as well as the development of new formulations and focuses on the bioavailability study of the new formulations of BBR. The research of BBR was also prospected in order to provide reference for the further research of BBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Cui
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Quanying Zhou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Min Jin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Siqi Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peizhao Shang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofan Dong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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2
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Sun J, Du J, Liu X, An J, Li Y, Yu Y, Li M, Zheng L, Wu C, Hu L. Preparation of chitosan-coated hollow tin dioxide nanoparticles and their application in improving the oral bioavailability of febuxostat. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100199. [PMID: 37521247 PMCID: PMC10384222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a chitosan-coated hollow tin dioxide nanosphere (CS-HSn) for loading febuxostat (FEB) using an adsorption method to obtain a sustained-release system (CS-HSn-FEB) to improve the oral bioavailability of FEB. The morphological characteristics of hollow tin dioxide nanospheres (HSn) and CS-HSn were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hemolysis test and CCK-8 test were used to assess the biosafety of HSn and CS-HSn. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC) were performed on CS-HSn-FEB to analyze the drug presence status. The dissolution behavior and changes in plasma drug concentration of CS-HSn-FEB were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Sections of intestinal tissues from SD rats were obtained to observe whether chitosan could increase the distribution of nanoparticles in the intestinal tissues. The results showed that FEB was present in CS-HSn in an amorphous state. Moreover, CS-HSn, with good biosafety, significantly improved the water solubility and oral absorption of FEB, indicating that CS-HSn has great potential to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Sun
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Jiaqun Du
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Xiaobang Liu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Jinyu An
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Yingqiao Li
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Medical University, 121010, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
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3
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McEvoy C, Argula R, Sahay S, Shapiro S, Eagan C, Hickey AJ, Smutney C, Dillon C, Winkler T, Davis BN, Broderick M, Burger C. Tyvaso DPI: Drug-device characteristics and patient clinical considerations. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 83:102266. [PMID: 37967762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Tyvaso DPI is a drug-device combination therapy comprised of a small, portable, reusable, breath-powered, dry powder inhaler (DPI) for the delivery of treprostinil. It is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease. Tyvaso DPI utilizes single-use prefilled cartridges to ensure proper dosing. Unlike nebulizer devices, administration of Tyvaso DPI is passive and does not require coordination with the device. The low-flow rate design results in targeted delivery to the peripheral lungs due to minimal drug loss from impaction in the oropharynx. The inert fumaryl diketopiperazine (FDKP) excipient forms microparticles that carry treprostinil into the airways, with a high fraction of the particles in the respirable range. In a clinical study in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, Tyvaso DPI had similar exposure and pharmacokinetics, low incidence of adverse events, and high patient satisfaction compared with nebulized treprostinil solution. Tyvaso DPI may be considered as a first prostacyclin agent or for those that do not tolerate other prostacyclin formulations, patients with pulmonary comorbidities, patients with mixed Group 1 and Group 3 pulmonary hypertension, or those that prefer an active lifestyle and need a portable, non-invasive treatment. Tyvaso DPI is a patient-preferred, maintenance-free, safe delivery option that may improve patient compliance and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen McEvoy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul Argula
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sandeep Sahay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shelley Shapiro
- Cardiology Division, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Eagan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Dillon
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brittany N Davis
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Charles Burger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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4
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Safety of surfactant excipients in oral drug formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115086. [PMID: 37739041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a diverse group of compounds that share the capacity to adsorb at the boundary between distinct phases of matter. They are used as pharmaceutical excipients, food additives, emulsifiers in cosmetics, and as household/industrial detergents. This review outlines the interaction of surfactant-type excipients present in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms with the intestinal epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many surfactants permitted for human consumption in oral products reduce intestinal epithelial cell viability in vitro and alter barrier integrity in epithelial cell monolayers, isolated GI tissue mucosae, and in animal models. This suggests a degree of mis-match for predicting safety issues in humans from such models. Recent controversial preclinical research also infers that some widely used emulsifiers used in oral products may be linked to ulcerative colitis, some metabolic disorders, and cancers. We review a wide range of surfactant excipients in oral dosage forms regarding their interactions with the GI tract. Safety data is reviewed across in vitro, ex vivo, pre-clinical animal, and human studies. The factors that may mitigate against some of the potentially abrasive effects of surfactants on GI epithelia observed in pre-clinical studies are summarised. We conclude with a perspective on the overall safety of surfactants in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms, which has relevance for delivery system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Gao Y, Sun J, Wang S, Huxiao L, Xu Y, Zhang H. DSPE-PEG polymer enhanced berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats through paracellular passway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7161498. [PMID: 37177975 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focuses on investigating the potential impact of DSPE-PEG polymers on intestinal absorption and related mechanism of berberine in rats. METHODS Effect of DSPE-PEG polymer on intestinal absorption of berberine was investigated with an in situ closed-loop method in rats. To confirm the safety of DSPE-PEG polymer, morphological observation of rat intestine and measurement of biological markers in the intestinal perfusion of rats was performed. Underling mechanism behind promoting action of DSPE-PEG polymer was explored from its impact on the P-gp function and tight junction using in vitro diffusion chamber system, Caco-2 monolayer cells and western blot. KEY FINDINGS DSPE-PEG polymer demonstrated significant enhancement action on the berberine absorption in rats without any obvious membrane toxicity. DSPE-PEG polymer (1.0%, w/v) induced the most significant promoting effect on berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats. Results of mechanistic studies revealed that DSPE-PEG polymer might not regulate intestinal P-gp function, but significantly down-regulated the expression of tight junction-related proteins, which accordingly led to loosening the tight junctions of intestinal epithelium cells, and consequently increased paracellular absorption of berberine in rats. CONCLUSIONS DSPE-PEG polymer, as an excellent absorption enhancer, seems very promising in increasing oral bioavailability of berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianmei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shucong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lisong Huxiao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yali Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancers for the Development of Oral Peptide Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121585. [PMID: 36559036 PMCID: PMC9781085 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two oral-administered peptide pharmaceuticals, semaglutide and octreotide, have been developed and are considered as a breakthrough in peptide and protein drug delivery system development. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral dosage form of semaglutide developed by Novo Nordisk (Rybelsus®) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the octreotide capsule (Mycapssa®), developed through Chiasma's Transient Permeation Enhancer (TPE) technology, also received FDA approval in 2020 for the treatment of acromegaly. These two oral peptide products have been a significant success; however, a major obstacle to their oral delivery remains the poor permeability of peptides through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, gastrointestinal permeation enhancers are of great relevance for the development of subsequent oral peptide products. Sodium salcaprozate (SNAC) and sodium caprylate (C8) have been used as gastrointestinal permeation enhancers for semaglutide and octreotide, respectively. Herein, we briefly review two approved products, Rybelsus® and Mycapssa®, and discuss the permeation properties of SNAC and medium chain fatty acids, sodium caprate (C10) and C8, focusing on Eligen technology using SNAC, TPE technology using C8, and gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology (GIPET) using C10.
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Gulsun T, Izat N, Sahin S. Influence of permeability enhancers on the paracellular permeability of metformin hydrochloride and furosemide across Caco-2 cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 101:185-199. [PMID: 36459686 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Permeability enhancers can affect absorption of paracellularly transported drugs. This study aims to evaluate effects of permeability enhancers (chitosan, methyl-β -cyclodextrin, sodium caprate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.) on the permeability of paracellularly absorbed furosemide and metformin hydrochloride. Methyl thiazole tetrazolium bromide test was carried out to determine the drug concentrations in permeability study. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values determined to assess the integrity of tight junctions. Permeability enhancers were applied at different concentrations alone, in dual/triple combinations. Permeability was determined using human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells (TEER > 400 Ω·cm2). Permeability enhancers have no significant effect (<2-fold; p > 0.05) on the permeability of furosemide (1.80 × 10-5 ± 4.55 × 10-7 cm/s); however, metformin permeability (1.36 × 10-5 ± 1.25 × 10-6 cm/s) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with 0.3% and 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (2.0- and 2.7-fold, respectively), 1% methyl-β -cyclodextrin (w/v) (3.5-fold), 10 and 20 µmol/L sodium caprate (2.2- and 2.8-fold, respectively), and 0.012% sodium lauryl sulfate (w/v) (1.9-fold). Furosemide permeability increased significantly (p < 0.05) with chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate combination (1.7-fold), and all triple combinations (1.4- to 1.9-fold). Chitosan containing dual/triple combinations resulted in significant increase (p < 0.05) in metformin permeability (1.7 to 2.8-fold). All results indicated that absorption of furosemide and metformin can be improved by the combination of permeability enhancers. Therefore, it can be evaluated for the formulation of development strategies containing furosemide and metformin by the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Gulsun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Colletti A, Fratter A, Pellizzato M, Cravotto G. Nutraceutical Approaches to Dyslipidaemia: The Main Formulative Issues Preventing Efficacy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224769. [PMID: 36432457 PMCID: PMC9696395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the nutraceutical approach to treat dyslipidaemia is increasing in use, and in many cases is used by physicians as the first choice in the treatment of patients with borderline values. Nutraceuticals represent an excellent opportunity to treat the preliminary conditions not yet showing the pathological signs of dyslipidaemia. Their general safety, the patient's confidence, the convincing proof of efficacy and the reasonable costs prompted the market of new preparations. Despite this premise, many nutraceutical products are poorly formulated and do not meet the minimum requirements to ensure efficacy in normalizing blood lipid profiles, promoting cardiovascular protection, and normalizing disorders of glycemic metabolism. In this context, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the active compounds is a crucial issue. Little attention is paid to the proper formulations needed to improve the overall bioavailability of the active molecules. According to these data, many products prove to be insufficient to ensure full enteric absorption. The present review analysed the literature in the field of nutraceuticals for the treatment of dyslipidemia, focusing on resveratrol, red yeast rice, berberine, and plant sterols, which are among the nutraceuticals with the greatest formulation problems, highlighting bioavailability and the most suitable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colletti
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Fratter
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Marzia Pellizzato
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7103
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Berg S, Kärrberg L, Suljovic D, Seeliger F, Söderberg M, Perez-Alcazar M, Van Zuydam N, Abrahamsson B, Hugerth AM, Davies N, Bergström CAS. Impact of Intestinal Concentration and Colloidal Structure on the Permeation-Enhancing Efficiency of Sodium Caprate in the Rat. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:200-212. [PMID: 34928160 PMCID: PMC8728734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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In this work, we
set out to better understand how the permeation
enhancer sodium caprate (C10) influences the intestinal absorption
of macromolecules. FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) was selected as a model
compound and formulated with 50–300 mM C10. Absorption was
studied after bolus instillation of liquid formulation to the duodenum
of anesthetized rats and intravenously as a reference, whereafter
plasma samples were taken and analyzed for FD4 content. It was found
that the AUC and Cmax of FD4 increased
with increasing C10 concentration. Higher C10 concentrations were
associated with an increased and extended absorption but also increased
epithelial damage. Depending on the C10 concentration, the intestinal
epithelium showed significant recovery already at 60–120 min
after administration. At the highest studied C10 concentrations (100
and 300 mM), the absorption of FD4 was not affected by the colloidal
structures of C10, with similar absorption obtained when C10 was administered
as micelles (pH 8.5) and as vesicles (pH 6.5). In contrast, the FD4
absorption was lower when C10 was administered at 50 mM formulated
as micelles as compared to vesicles. Intestinal dilution of C10 and
FD4 revealed a trend of decreasing FD4 absorption with increasing
intestinal dilution. However, the effect was smaller than that of
altering the total administered C10 dose. Absorption was similar when
the formulations were prepared in simulated intestinal fluids containing
mixed micelles of bile salts and phospholipids and in simple buffer
solution. The findings in this study suggest that in order to optimally
enhance the absorption of macromolecules, high (≥100 mM) initial
intestinal C10 concentrations are likely needed and that both the
concentration and total dose of C10 are important parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Berg
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denny Suljovic
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Söderberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Perez-Alcazar
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Science and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas M Hugerth
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S Global Pharmaceutical R&D, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Angelis MD, Calabrese FM, D’Amato M, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A. Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 10:83. [PMID: 35052763 PMCID: PMC8773010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest surface of the human body exposed to the external environment is the gut. At this level, the intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, the mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, and liver barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is characterized by the selective permeability of nutrients, metabolites, water, and bacterial products, and processes are governed by cellular, neural, immune, and hormonal factors. Disrupted gut permeability (leaky gut syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity and the metabolically associated liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe the morphological-functional features of the intestinal barrier, the role of major modifiers of the intestinal barrier, and discuss the recent evidence pointing to the key role of intestinal permeability in obesity/NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
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11
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Formulation strategies to improve the efficacy of intestinal permeation enhancers . Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113925. [PMID: 34418495 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical permeation enhancers (PEs) is the most widely tested approach to improve oral absorption of low permeability active agents, as represented by peptides. Several hundred PEs increase intestinal permeability in preclinical bioassays, yet few have progressed to clinical testing and, of those, only incremental increases in oral bioavailability (BA) have been observed. Still, average BA values of ~1% were sufficient for two recent FDA approvals of semaglutide and octreotide oral formulations. PEs are typically screened in static in vitro and ex-vivo models where co-presentation of active agent and PE in high concentrations allows the PE to alter barrier integrity with sufficient contact time to promote flux across the intestinal epithelium. The capacity to maintain high concentrations of co-presented agents at the epithelium is not reached by standard oral dosage forms in the upper GI tract in vivo due to dilution, interference from luminal components, fast intestinal transit, and possible absorption of the PE per se. The PE-based formulations that have been assessed in clinical trials in either immediate-release or enteric-coated solid dosage forms produce low and variable oral BA due to these uncontrollable physiological factors. For PEs to appreciably increase intestinal permeability from oral dosage forms in vivo, strategies must facilitate co-presentation of PE and active agent at the epithelium for a sustained period at the required concentrations. Focusing on peptides as examples of a macromolecule class, we review physiological impediments to optimal luminal presentation, discuss the efficacy of current PE-based oral dosage forms, and suggest strategies that might be used to improve them.
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12
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Kong Y, Li L, Zhao LG, Yu P, Li DD. A patent review of berberine and its derivatives with various pharmacological activities (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:211-223. [PMID: 34455891 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1974001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Berberine (BBR), as one of the outstanding representatives of isoquinoline alkaloids, has been used as an antibacterial drug for a long time in China since ancient times. Currently, a large number of studies have been reported that berberine has a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, and the like. AREAS COVERED This review systematically discussed important patents on berberine and berberine derivatives in terms of pharmacological activity between 2016 and 2020. These patents were mainly searched through the European Patent Office database and Web of Science. These berberine patents (~41) cover a wide range of applications, mainly including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-metabolic disorder, and other newly reported pharmacological activities. EXPERT OPINION Berberine is an important lead compound with great potential for optimization in drug development. However, there is a lack of research related to the biomolecular targets of BBR, which directly restricts the development of berberine in the pharmaceutical field. The problems involved with poor bioavailability and cytotoxicity are also worth considering in the development of berberine-based drugs. Accordingly, the increasing number of patents involving biomolecular targets in BBR's patent applications will be published as its related pharmacological mechanisms are further deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China.,College of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University,159Long Pan Road,Nanjing 210037,China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China.,College of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University,159Long Pan Road,Nanjing 210037,China
| | - Lin-Guo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China.,College of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University,159Long Pan Road,Nanjing 210037,China
| | - Pan Yu
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Materials and Occupational Health,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Wuhu 241000,China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China.,College of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University,159Long Pan Road,Nanjing 210037,China
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13
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Usuda H, Okamoto T, Wada K. Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147613. [PMID: 34299233 PMCID: PMC8305009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into the mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. Intestinal permeability is an index for intestinal barrier integrity. Intestinal permeability has been shown to increase in various diseases-not only intestinal inflammatory diseases, but also systemic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic increase of intestinal permeability is termed 'leaky gut' which is observed in the patients and animal models of these diseases. This state often correlates with the disease state. In addition, recent studies have revealed that gut microbiota affects intestinal and systemic heath conditions via their metabolite, especially short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides, which can trigger leaky gut. The etiology of leaky gut is still unknown; however, recent studies have uncovered exogenous factors that can modulate intestinal permeability. Nutrients are closely related to intestinal health and permeability that are actively investigated as a hot topic of scientific research. Here, we will review the effect of nutrients on intestinal permeability and microbiome for a better understanding of leaky gut and a possible mechanism of increase in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Usuda
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (T.O.); Tel.: +81-853-20-3067 (H.U.)
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14
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Brunner J, Ragupathy S, Borchard G. Target specific tight junction modulators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:266-288. [PMID: 33617902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug absorption at epithelia (e.g., nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (e.g., blood-brain barrier). In order to enhance paracellular transport of drugs and increase their bioavailability and organ deposition, active excipients modulating tight junctions have been applied. First-generation of permeation enhancers (PEs) acted by unspecific interactions, while recently developed PEs address specific physiological mechanisms. Such target specific tight junction modulators (TJMs) have the advantage of a defined specific mechanism of action. To date, merely a few of these novel active excipients has entered into clinical trials, as their lack in safety and efficiency in vivo often impedes their commercialisation. A stronger focus on the development of such active excipients would result in an economic and therapeutic improvement of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Ragupathy S, Brunner J, Borchard G. Short peptide sequence enhances epithelial permeability through interaction with protein kinase C. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105747. [PMID: 33582284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a short peptide sequence (L-R5) acting as partial inhibitor of intracellular protein kinase C, capable of tight junction modulation in terms of reversible and non-toxic drug permeation enhancement. L-R5 is a pentapeptide with a cell-penetrating group at the N-terminus and of the sequence myristoyl-ARRWR. Apically applied in vitro, L-R5 transiently increased epithelial permeability within minutes, enhancing apical-to-basolateral (AB) transport of 4-kDa dextran and BCS class III drug naloxone. L-R5 was shown to be stable and effective at 37°C over a period of 24 hours. L-R5 was shown to be non-cytotoxic in consecutive exposure studies on primary human nasal epithelial cells by LDH release assay and ciliary beating frequency test. Finally, L-R5 by itself showed very low diffusion across epithelial monolayers, which is of advantage with regard to its expected negligible systemic bioavailability and side effects. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potential of short peptide partial inhibitor L-R5 to enhance the epithelial paracellular permeability via a reversible mechanism, and in a non-toxic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO) University of Geneva, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO) University of Geneva, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO) University of Geneva, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Matsson P, Baranczewski P, Giacomini KM, Andersson TB, Palm J, Palm K, Charman WN, Bergström CAS. A Tribute to Professor Per Artursson - Scientist, Explorer, Mentor, Innovator, and Giant in Pharmaceutical Research. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2-11. [PMID: 33096136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to Professor Per Artursson and the groundbreaking contributions he has made and continues to make in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Per is one of the most cited researchers in his field, with more than 30,000 citations and an h-index of 95 as of September 2020. Importantly, these citations are distributed over the numerous fields he has explored, clearly showing the high impact the research has had on the discipline. We provide a short portrait of Per, with emphasis on his personality, driving forces and the inspirational sources that shaped his career as a world-leading scientist in the field. He is a curious scientist who deftly moves between disciplines and has continued to innovate, expand boundaries, and profoundly impact the pharmaceutical sciences throughout his career. He has developed new tools and provided insights that have significantly contributed to today's molecular and mechanistic approaches to research in the fields of intestinal absorption, cellular disposition, and exposure-efficacy relationships of pharmaceutical drugs. We want to celebrate these important contributions in this special issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Per's honor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Retired)
| | - Johan Palm
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Palm
- Early Product Development and Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William N Charman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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17
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Hossain S, Joyce P, Parrow A, Jõemetsa S, Höök F, Larsson P, Bergström CAS. Influence of Bile Composition on Membrane Incorporation of Transient Permeability Enhancers. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4226-4240. [PMID: 32960068 PMCID: PMC7610231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Transient
permeability enhancers (PEs), such as caprylate, caprate,
and salcaprozate sodium (SNAC), improve the bioavailability of poorly
permeable macromolecular drugs. However, the effects are variable
across individuals and classes of macromolecular drugs and biologics.
Here, we examined the influence of bile compositions on the ability
of membrane incorporation of three transient PEs—caprylate,
caprate, and SNAC—using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD).
The availability of free PE monomers, which are important near the
absorption site, to become incorporated into the membrane was higher
in fasted-state fluids than that in fed-state fluids. The simulations
also showed that transmembrane perturbation, i.e.,
insertion of PEs into the membrane, is a key mechanism by which caprylate
and caprate increase permeability. In contrast, SNAC was mainly adsorbed
onto the membrane surface, indicating a different mode of action.
Membrane incorporation of caprylate and caprate was also influenced
by bile composition, with more incorporation into fasted- than fed-state
fluids. The simulations of transient PE interaction with membranes
were further evaluated using two experimental techniques: the quartz
crystal microbalance with dissipation technique and total internal
reflection fluorescence microscopy. The experimental results were
in good agreement with the computational simulations. Finally, the
kinetics of membrane insertion was studied with CG-MD. Variation in
micelle composition affected the insertion rates of caprate monomer
insertion and expulsion from the micelle surface. In conclusion, this
study suggests that the bile composition and the luminal composition
of the intestinal fluid are important factors contributing to the
interindividual variability in the absorption of macromolecular drugs
administered with transient PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawath Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Joyce
- Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silver Jõemetsa
- Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers to improve oral bioavailability of macromolecules: reasons for low efficacy in humans. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:273-300. [PMID: 32937089 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1825375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are substances that transiently alter the intestinal epithelial barrier to facilitate permeation of macromolecules with low oral bioavailability (BA). While a number of PEs have progressed to clinical testing in conventional formulations with macromolecules, there has been only low single digit increases in oral BA, irrespective of whether the drug met primary or secondary clinical endpoints. AREAS COVERED This article considers the causes of sub-optimal BA of macromolecules from PE dosage forms and suggests approaches that may improve performance in humans. EXPERT OPINION Permeation enhancement is most effective when the PE is co-localized with the macromolecule at the epithelial surface. Conditions in the GI tract impede optimal co-localization. Novel delivery systems that limit dilution and spreading of the PE and macromolecule in the small intestine have attempted to replicate promising enhancement efficacy observed in static drug delivery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Koehl NJ, Holm R, Kuentz M, Jannin V, Griffin BT. Exploring the Impact of Surfactant Type and Digestion: Highly Digestible Surfactants Improve Oral Bioavailability of Nilotinib. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3202-3213. [PMID: 32649208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The scientific rationale for selection of the surfactant type during oral formulation development requires an in-depth understanding of the interplay between surfactant characteristics and biopharmaceutical factors. Currently, however, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge of how surfactant properties, such as hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), digestibility, and fatty acid (FA) chain length, translate into in vivo performance. In the present study, the relationship between surfactant properties, in vitro characteristics, and in vivo bioavailability was systematically evaluated. An in vitro lipolysis model was used to study the digestibility of a variety of nonionic surfactants. Eight surfactants and one surfactant mixture were selected for further analysis using the model poorly water-soluble drug nilotinib. In vitro lipolysis of all nilotinib formulations was performed, followed by an in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats. The in vitro lipolysis studies showed that medium-chain FA-based surfactants were more readily digested compared to long-chain surfactants. The in vivo study demonstrated that a Tween 20 formulation significantly enhanced the absolute bioavailability of nilotinib up to 5.2-fold relative to an aqueous suspension. In general, surfactants that were highly digestible in vitro tended to display higher bioavailability of nilotinib in vivo. The bioavailability may additionally be related to the FA chain length of digestible surfactants with an improved exposure in the case of medium-chain FA-based surfactants. There was no apparent relationship between the HLB value of surfactants and the in vivo bioavailability of nilotinib. The impact of this study's findings suggests that when designing surfactant-based formulations to enhance oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug nilotinib, highly digestible, medium chain-based surfactants are preferred. Additionally, for low-permeability drugs such as nilotinib, which is subject to efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein, the biopharmaceutical effects of surfactants merit further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 Chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest Cedex, France
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20
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Brayden D, Hill T, Fairlie D, Maher S, Mrsny R. Systemic delivery of peptides by the oral route: Formulation and medicinal chemistry approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:2-36. [PMID: 32479930 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In its 33 years, ADDR has published regularly on the po5tential of oral delivery of biologics especially peptides and proteins. In the intervening period, analysis of the preclinical and clinical trial failures of many purported platform technologies has led to reflection on the true status of the field and reigning in of expectations. Oral formulations of semaglutide, octreotide, and salmon calcitonin have completed Phase III trials, with oral semaglutide being approved by the FDA in 2019. The progress made with oral peptide formulations based on traditional permeation enhancers is against a background of low and variable oral bioavailability values of ~1%, leading to a current perception that only potent peptides with a viable cost of synthesis can be realistically considered. Desirable features of candidates should include a large therapeutic index, some stability in the GI tract, a long elimination half-life, and a relatively low clearance rate. Administration in nanoparticle formats have largely disappointed, with few prototypes reaching clinical trials: insufficient particle loading, lack of controlled release, low epithelial particle uptake, and lack of scalable synthesis being the main reasons for discontinuation. Disruptive technologies based on engineered devices promise improvements, but scale-up and toxicology aspects are issues to address. In parallel, medicinal chemists are synthesizing stable hydrophobic macrocyclic candidate peptides of lower molecular weight and with potential for greater oral bioavailability than linear peptides, but perhaps without the same requirement for elaborate drug delivery systems. In summary, while there have been advances in understanding the limitations of peptides for oral delivery, low membrane permeability, metabolism, and high clearance rates continue to hamper progress.
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21
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Twarog C, Liu K, O'Brien PJ, Dawson KA, Fattal E, Illel B, Brayden DJ. A head-to-head Caco-2 assay comparison of the mechanisms of action of the intestinal permeation enhancers: SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:95-107. [PMID: 32387703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10) are the two leading intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) in oral peptide formulations in clinical trials. There is debate over their mechanism of action on intestinal epithelia. The aims were: (i) to compare their effects on the barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), permeability of FITC-4000 (FD4) across Caco-2 monolayers, and on immunohistochemistry of tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins; and (ii) to compare cellular parameters using conventional end-point cytotoxicity assays and quantitative high content analysis (HCA) of multiple sub-lethal parameters in Caco-2 cells. C10 (8.5 mM) reversibly reduced TEER and increased FD4 permeability across monolayers, whereas SNAC had no effects on either parameter except at cytotoxic concentrations. C10 exposure induced reorganization of three TJ proteins, whereas SNAC only affected claudin-5 localization. High concentrations of C10 and SNAC were required to cause end-point toxicology changes in vitro. SNAC was less potent than C10 at inducing lysosomal and nuclear changes and plasma membrane perturbation. In parallel, HCA revealed that both agents displayed detergent-like features that reflect initial membrane fluidization followed by changes in intracellular parameters. In conclusion, FD4 permeability increases in monolayers in response to C10 were in the range of concentrations that altered end-point cytotoxicity and HCA parameters. For SNAC, while HCA parameters were also altered in a similar overall pattern as C10, they did not lead to increased paracellular flux. These assays show that both agents are primarily surfactants, but C10 has additional TJ-opening effects. While these in vitro assays illucidate their epithelial mechanism of action, clinical experience suggests that they over-estimate their toxicology in the dynamic intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Twarog
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kai Liu
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter J O'Brien
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elias Fattal
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Galien, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Brigitte Illel
- Drug Product Development, Small Molecules Oral Platform, Sanofi Research and Development, Montpellier, France
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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22
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Harshita, Barkat MA, Das SS, Pottoo FH, Beg S, Rahman Z. Lipid-Based Nanosystem As Intelligent Carriers for Versatile Drug Delivery Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1167-1180. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200206094529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
:The contemporary drug discovery research shows that most of the drug candidates are highly potent, but showing poor aqueous solubility leads a variety of challenges for formulation scientists to develop a suitable formulation to improve the systemic bioavailability of such drugs. Lipid-based nanocarriers act as a major and most projecting approach overcoming the limitations which affect several physiochemical properties of drug such as the solubility, partition coefficient and bioavailability or absorption. This also fulfills a variety of product requirements and helps to overcome several limitations as decided by symptoms of the disease, various routes of administration of drug, price concern, increasing strength of product, noxious or harmful effect of drug, and dose efficacy. The lipidic nanosystem formulates aqueous drug in lipid base and is also a commercially feasible approach for the formulation of different dosage forms meant for topical or transdermal, oral, ocular, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery. This review provides a brief on lipid-based drug delivery nanocarrier and the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients improve the oral absorption of drugs with poor aqueous solubility and also provide a viewpoint on the promising applications of lipidic nanoparticulate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabya S. Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi-835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Faheem H. Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly University of Dammam), 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station , TX 77843, United States
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23
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Dahlgren D, Sjöblom M, Hedeland M, Lennernäs H. The In Vivo Effect of Transcellular Permeation Enhancers on the Intestinal Permeability of Two Peptide Drugs Enalaprilat and Hexarelin. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020099. [PMID: 31991924 PMCID: PMC7076382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeation enhancers like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and caprate increase the intestinal permeability of small model peptide compounds, such as enalaprilat (349 Da). However, their effects remain to be investigated for larger low-permeability peptide drugs, such as hexarelin (887 Da). The objective of this single-pass perfusion study in rat was to investigate the effect of SDS at 5 mg/mL and of caprate administered at different luminal concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/mL) and pH (6.5 and 7.4). The small intestinal permeability of enalaprilat increased by 8- and 9-fold with SDS at 5 mg/mL and with caprate at 10 and 20 mg/mL but only at pH 7.4, where the free dissolved caprate concentration is higher than at pH 6.5 (5 vs. 2 mg/mL). Neither SDS nor caprate at any of the investigated luminal concentrations enhanced absorption of the larger peptide hexarelin. These results show that caprate requires doses above its saturation concentration (a reservoir suspension) to enhance absorption, most likely because dissolved caprate itself is rapidly absorbed. The absent effect on hexarelin may partly explain why the use of permeation enhancers for enabling oral peptide delivery has largely failed to evolve from in vitro evaluations into approved oral products. It is obvious that more innovative and effective drug delivery strategies are needed for this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Markus Sjöblom
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4317
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24
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Kataoka M, Ohi Y, Sakanoue K, Minami K, Higashino H, Yamashita S. Impact of Dietary Intake of Medium-Chain Triacylglycerides on the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Permeable Compounds. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:212-218. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ohi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kana Sakanoue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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25
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Dahlgren D, Sjöblom M, Lennernäs H. Intestinal absorption-modifying excipients: A current update on preclinical in vivo evaluations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:411-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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27
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Khedkar A, Lebovitz H, Fleming A, Cherrington A, Jose V, Athalye SN, Vishweswaramurthy A. Impact of Insulin Tregopil and Its Permeation Enhancer on Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Healthy Volunteers: Randomized, Open-Label, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:276-282. [PMID: 30592549 PMCID: PMC6510383 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral insulin tregopil (IN‐105; a new drug under development) may be coadministered with oral antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for optimal glycemic control. IN‐105 has sodium caprate excipient, a permeation enhancer, for enhancing absorption in the stomach and increasing bioavailability via an oral route. Sodium caprate may increase bioavailability of metformin by a similar mechanism. Therefore, it was necessary to study the effect of IN‐105 on pharmacokinetics (PKs) of metformin. In this randomized, open‐label, cross‐over study, metformin was administered to healthy volunteers receiving IN‐105/placebo under fed/fasting conditions. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio of the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐inf; fasting and fed) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax; fed) of metformin were within 0.80–1.25 acceptance range. Under fasting conditions, the upper bound margin of Cmax was just beyond this range (i.e., 1.27) and was concluded as functionally not relevant. There was no clinically significant effect of sodium caprate/IN‐105 on PKs of metformin under fasting/fed conditions, and it was safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harold Lebovitz
- State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Alan Cherrington
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vinu Jose
- Biocon Research Ltd.,, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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28
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Application of Permeation Enhancers in Oral Delivery of Macromolecules: An Update. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010041. [PMID: 30669434 PMCID: PMC6359609 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of permeation enhancers (PEs) to improve transport of poorly absorbed active pharmaceutical ingredients across the intestinal epithelium is a widely tested approach. Several hundred compounds have been shown to alter the epithelial barrier, and although the research emphasis has broadened to encompass a role for nanoparticle approaches, PEs represent a key constituent of conventional oral formulations that have progressed to clinical testing. In this review, we highlight promising PEs in early development, summarize the current state of the art, and highlight challenges to the translation of PE-based delivery systems into safe and effective oral dosage forms for patients.
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29
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Hossain MS, Berg S, Bergström CAS, Larsson P. Aggregation Behavior of Medium Chain Fatty Acids Studied by Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:61. [PMID: 30627943 PMCID: PMC6373435 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are digestion products of lipid-rich food and lipid-based formulations, and they are used as transient permeability enhancers in formulation of poorly permeable compounds. These molecules may promote drug absorption by several different processes, including solubilization, increased membrane fluidity, and increased paracellular transport through opening of the tight junctions. Therefore, understanding the aggregation behavior of MCFAs is important. A number of studies have measured the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of MCFAs experimentally. However, CMC is highly dependent on system conditions like pH, temperature, and the ionic strength of the buffer used in different experimental techniques. In this study, we investigated the aggregation behavior of four different MCFAs using the coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations with the purpose to explore if CG-MD can be used to study MCFA interactions occurring in water. The ratio of deprotonated and non-charged MCFA molecules were manipulated to assess aggregation behavior under different pH conditions and within the box sizes of 22 × 22 × 44 nm3 and 44 nm3 for 1 μs. CMCs were calculated by performing CG-MD simulations with an increasing number of MCFAs. The resulting aggregate size distribution and number of free MCFA molecules were used to determine the CMC. The CMCs from simulations for C8, C10, and C12 were 1.8–3.5-fold lower than the respective CMCs determined experimentally by the Wilhelmy method. However, the variation of MCFA aggregate sizes and morphologies at different pH conditions is consistent with previous experimental observation. Overall, this study suggests that CG-MD is suitable for studying colloidal systems including various MCFAs.
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30
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Effect of absorption-modifying excipients, hypotonicity, and enteric neural activity in an in vivo model for small intestinal transport. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:239-248. [PMID: 30055302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine mucosal barrier is physiologically regulated by the luminal conditions, where intestinal factors, such as diet and luminal tonicity, can affect mucosal permeability. The intestinal barrier may also be affected by absorption-modifying excipients (AME) in oral drug delivery systems. Currently, there is a gap in the understanding of how AMEs interact with the physiological regulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and fluid flux, and epithelial permeability. Therefore, the objective of this single-pass perfusion study in rat was to investigate the effect of three AMEs on the intestinal mucosal permeability at different luminal tonicities (100, 170, and 290 mOsm). The effect was also evaluated following luminal administration of a nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine, and after intravenous administration of a COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib, both of which affect the enteric neural activity involved in physiological regulation of intestinal functions. The effect was evaluated by changes in intestinal lumen-to-blood transport of six model compounds, and blood-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-EDTA (a mucosal barrier marker). Luminal hypotonicity alone increased the intestinal epithelial transport of 51Cr-EDTA. This effect was potentiated by two AMEs (SDS and caprate) and by parecoxib, while it was reduced by mecamylamine. Consequently, the impact of enteric neural activity and luminal conditions may affect nonclinical determinations of intestinal permeability. In vivo predictions based on animal intestinal perfusion models can be improved by considering these effects. The in vivo relevance can be increased by treating rats with a COX-2 inhibitor prior to surgery. This decreases the risk of surgery-induced ileus, which may affect the physiological regulation of mucosal permeability.
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31
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Lee MY, Park YH. Potential of Gene and Cell Therapy for Inner Ear Hair Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8137614. [PMID: 30009175 PMCID: PMC6020521 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8137614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by the loss of sensory hair cells (HCs) or a damaged afferent nerve pathway to the auditory cortex. The most common option for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss is hearing rehabilitation using hearing devices. Various kinds of hearing devices are available but, despite recent advancements, their perceived sound quality does not mimic that of the "naïve" cochlea. Damage to crucial cochlear structures is mostly irreversible and results in permanent hearing loss. Cochlear HC regeneration has long been an important goal in the field of hearing research. However, it remains challenging because, thus far, no medical treatment has successfully regenerated cochlear HCs. Recent advances in genetic modulation and developmental techniques have led to novel approaches to generating HCs or protecting against HC loss, to preserve hearing. In this review, we present and review the current status of two different approaches to restoring or protecting hearing, gene therapy, including the newly introduced CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and stem cell therapy, and suggest the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yong Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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32
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Dahlgren D, Roos C, Johansson P, Tannergren C, Lundqvist A, Langguth P, Sjöblom M, Sjögren E, Lennernäs H. The effects of three absorption-modifying critical excipients on the in vivo intestinal absorption of six model compounds in rats and dogs. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:158-168. [PMID: 29758344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients that may affect gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption are called critical pharmaceutical excipients, or absorption-modifying excipients (AMEs) if they act by altering the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cell membrane. Some of these excipients increase intestinal permeability, and subsequently the absorption and bioavailability of the drug. This could have implications for both the assessment of bioequivalence and the efficacy of the absorption-enhancing drug delivery system. The absorption-enhancing effects of AMEs with different mechanisms (chitosan, sodium caprate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) have previously been evaluated in the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model. However, it remains unclear whether these SPIP data are predictive in a more in vivo like model. The same excipients were in this study evaluated in rat and dog intraintestinal bolus models. SDS and chitosan did exert an absorption-enhancing effect in both bolus models, but the effect was substantially lower than those observed in the rat SPIP model. This illustrates the complexity of the AME effects, and indicates that additional GI physiological factors need to be considered in their evaluation. We therefore recommend that AME evaluations obtained in transit-independent, preclinical permeability models (e.g. Ussing, SPIP) should be verified in animal models better able to predict in vivo relevant GI effects, at multiple excipient concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Roos
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - P Langguth
- School of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Sjöblom
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Ghadiri M, Canney F, Pacciana C, Colombo G, Young PM, Traini D. The use of fatty acids as absorption enhancer for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Effects of surfactant-based permeation enhancers on mannitol permeability, histology, and electrogenic ion transport responses in excised rat colonic mucosae. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Labrasol ® and Salts of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Can Be Combined in Low Concentrations to Increase the Permeability of a Macromolecule Marker Across Isolated Rat Intestinal Mucosae. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1648-1655. [PMID: 29462634 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their solubilizing properties, excipients used in lipid-based formulations can improve intestinal permeability of macromolecules. We determined whether admixing of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) permeation enhancers with a lipoidal excipient (Labrasol®) could potentiate transepithelial flux of a poorly permeable macromolecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 kDa [FD4]) across rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers. Low concentrations of sodium caprate (C10), sodium undecylenate (C11:1), or sodium laurate (C12) combined with Labrasol® increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of FD4 to values typically seen with higher concentrations of MCFAs or Labrasol® alone. For example, combination of C11:1 (0.5 mg/mL) with Labrasol® (1 mg/mL) increased the Papp of FD4 by 10- and 11-fold over the respective individual agents at the same concentrations where no enhancement was evident. The increased enhancement ratios seen with the combinations were associated with some perturbation in intestinal histology and with attenuation of an epithelial functional measure, carbachol-stimulated inward short-circuit current. In conclusion, combining three MCFAs separately with Labrasol® increased the Papp of FD4 to values greater than those seen for MCFAs or Labrasol® alone. Ultimately, this may permit lower concentrations of MCFA to be used in combination with other excipients in oral formulations of poorly permeable molecules.
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36
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Gradauer K, Iida M, Watari A, Kataoka M, Yamashita S, Kondoh M, Buckley ST. Dodecylmaltoside Modulates Bicellular Tight Junction Contacts To Promote Enhanced Permeability. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4734-4740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Gradauer
- Global
Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - M. Iida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A. Watari
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M. Kataoka
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - S. Yamashita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - M. Kondoh
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S. T. Buckley
- Global
Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
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37
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Perinelli DR, Vllasaliu D, Bonacucina G, Come B, Pucciarelli S, Ricciutelli M, Cespi M, Itri R, Spinozzi F, Palmieri GF, Casettari L. Rhamnolipids as epithelial permeability enhancers for macromolecular therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:419-425. [PMID: 28743594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of surfactants as drug permeability enhancers across epithelial barriers remains a challenge. Although many studies have been performed in this field using synthetic surfactants, the possibility of employing surfactants produced by bacteria (the so called biosurfactants") has not been completely explored. Among them, one of the most well characterized class of biosurfactants are rhamnolipids. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of rhamnolipids on the epithelial permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextrans 4kDa and 10kDa (named FD4 and FD10, respectively) as model for macromolecular drugs, across Caco-2 and Calu-3monolayers. These cell lines were selected as an in vitro model for the oral and respiratory administration of drugs. Before performing permeability studies, rhamnolipids mixture was analysed in terms of chemical composition and quantification through mass analysis and HPLC. Cytotoxicity and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) studies were also conducted using Caco-2 and Calu-3 cell lines. A dose-dependent effect of rhamnolipids on TEER and FD4 or FD10 permeability across both cell lines was observed at relatively safe concentrations. Overall, results suggest the possibility of using rhamnolipids as absorption enhancers for macromolecular drugs through a reversible tight junction opening (paracellular route), despite more investigations are required to confirm their mechanism of action in term of permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Benedetta Come
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, IFUSP, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesco Spinozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
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38
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Glynn A, Igra AM, Sand S, Ilbäck NG, Hellenäs KE, Rosén J, Aspenström-Fagerlund B. Are additive effects of dietary surfactants on intestinal tight junction integrity an overlooked human health risk? - A mixture study on Caco-2 monolayers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:314-323. [PMID: 28576466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants may cause dysfunction of intestinal tight junctions (TJs), which is a common feature of intestinal autoimmune diseases. Effects of dietary surfactants on TJ integrity, measured as trans-epithelial resistance (TEER), were studied in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Cytotoxicity was assessed as apical LDH leakage. Monolayers were apically exposed for 60 min to the dietary surfactants solanine and chaconine (SC, potato glycoalkaloids, 0-0.25 mM), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, industrial contaminant, 0-0.8 mM), and sucrose monolaurate (SML, food emulsifier E 473, 0-2.0 mM) separately and as a mixture. Dose-response modelling of TEER EC50 showed that SC were 2.7- and 12-fold more potent than PFOS and SML, respectively. The mixture was composed of 1 molar unit SC, 2.7 units PFOS and 12 units SML ("SC TEER equivalent" proportions 1:1:1). Mixture exposure (0-0.05 mM SC equivalents) dose-response modelling suggested additive action on TJ integrity. Increasing SC and SML concentrations caused increased LDH leakage, but PFOS decreased LDH leakage at intermediate exposure concentrations. In the mixture PFOS appeared to protect from extensive SC- and SML-induced LDH leakage. Complex mixtures of surfactants in food may act additively on intestinal TJ integrity, which should be considered in risk assessment of emulsifier authorisation for use in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Salomon Sand
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Rosén
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Yu P, Zhang S, Zhang W, Yang J, Lu J, Liu J. Tanshinol sustained-release pellets with absorption enhancer: optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1093-1102. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1291671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jikun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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40
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Ghadiri M, Young PM, Jarolimek W, Grau GER, Oliver BGG, Traini D. The effect of non-specific tight junction modulators on the transepithelial transport of poorly permeable drugs across airway epithelial cells. J Drug Target 2016; 25:342-349. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1258703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Ghadiri
- Department of Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Glebe, Australia
| | - Paul M. Young
- Department of Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Glebe, Australia
| | | | - Georges E. R. Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Brian G. G. Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Department of Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Glebe, Australia
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41
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Lipid-based nanocarriers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:337-354. [PMID: 27080735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is aimed to overview the lipid-based nanostructures designed so far for the oral administration of peptides and proteins, and to analyze the influence of their composition and physicochemical (particle size, zeta potential) and pharmaceutical (drug loading and release) properties, on their interaction with the gastro-intestinal environment, and the subsequent PK/PD profile of the associated drugs. The ultimate goal has been to highlight and comparatively analyze the key factors that may be determinant of the success of these nanocarriers for oral peptide delivery. The article ends with some prospects on the challenges to be addressed for the intended commercial success of these delivery vehicles.
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42
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Maher S, Mrsny RJ, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:277-319. [PMID: 27320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are one of the most widely tested strategies to improve oral delivery of therapeutic peptides. This article assesses the intestinal permeation enhancement action of over 250 PEs that have been tested in intestinal delivery models. In depth analysis of pre-clinical data is presented for PEs as components of proprietary delivery systems that have progressed to clinical trials. Given the importance of co-presentation of sufficiently high concentrations of PE and peptide at the small intestinal epithelium, there is an emphasis on studies where PEs have been formulated with poorly permeable molecules in solid dosage forms and lipoidal dispersions.
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Martínez-Vallespín B, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on the structure and immune response of IPEC-J2 cells. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1925-36. [PMID: 27553650 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have been suggested as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition with promising results. First, we studied the sensitivity of Salmonella Enteritidis and an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain against caprylic (C8), capric (C10) and lauric (C12) acids. A porcine in vitro model using the porcine cell line IPEC-J2 was used to test the effects of MCFAs on structural and immunological traits without and with a concomitant challenge with E. coli or S. Enteritidis. The three MCFAs exerted an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, stronger for C12 than C8 or C10, S. Enteritidis being more sensitive than the E. coli strain. Flow cytometry showed a numeric concentration dependent increase in the adhesion of E. coli or S. Enteritidis to IPEC-J2 cells. Measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance after bacterial challenge showed negative effects of all MCFAs on IPEC-J2 cells at the highest concentrations. Immune parameters were affected by C8, since a concentration dependent effect starting at 5 mM was observed for mRNA expression of IL-6 and TLR-4 (up-regulated) and IL-8 (down-regulated). TLR-4 was up-regulated with C10 at 2 and 5 mM. The three MCFAs affected also the epithelial morphology through down-regulation of Occludin and up-regulation of Claudin-4 expression. In conclusion, the three MCFAs under study influenced bacterial growth rates and modified the gene expression to a different degree in the cell line IPEC-J2 but the effect on the morphological structure and response of the cells after bacterial challenge could not be assessed. Although these tests show a prior estimation of MCFAs effects in intestinal epithelium, in vivo confirmation is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martínez-Vallespín
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Vahjen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Yuan JF, Ji HH, Qiu ZJ, Wang DH. ECV304/C6 coculture model of the BBB coupled with LC–MS analysis for drug screening from Rhubarb extract. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Feeney OM, Crum MF, McEvoy CL, Trevaskis NL, Williams HD, Pouton CW, Charman WN, Bergström CA, Porter CJ. 50years of oral lipid-based formulations: Provenance, progress and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:167-194. [PMID: 27089810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBF) provide well proven opportunities to enhance the oral absorption of drugs and drug candidates that sit close to, or beyond, the boundaries of Lipinski's 'rule-of-five' chemical space. Advantages in permeability, efflux and presystemic metabolism are evident; however, the primary benefit is in increases in dissolution and apparent intestinal solubility for lipophilic, poorly water soluble drugs. This review firstly details the inherent advantages of LBF, their general properties and classification, and provides a brief retrospective assessment of the development of LBF over the past fifty years. More detailed analysis of the ability of LBF to promote intestinal solubilisation, supersaturation and absorption is then provided alongside review of the methods employed to assess formulation performance. Critical review of the ability of simple dispersion and more complex in vitro digestion methods to predict formulation performance subsequently reveals marked differences in the correlative ability of in vitro tests, depending on the properties of the drug involved. Notably, for highly permeable low melting drugs e.g. fenofibrate, LBF appear to provide significant benefit in all cases, and sustained ongoing solubilisation may not be required. In other cases, and particularly for higher melting point drugs such as danazol, where re-dissolution of crystalline precipitate drug is likely to be slow, correlations with ongoing solubilisation and supersaturation are more evident. In spite of their potential benefits, one limitation to broader use of LBF is low drug solubility in the excipients employed to generate formulations. Techniques to increase drug lipophilicity and lipid solubility are therefore explored, and in particular those methods that provide for temporary enhancement including lipophilic ionic liquid and prodrug technologies. The transient nature of these lipophilicity increases enhances lipid solubility and LBF viability, but precludes enduring effects on receptor promiscuity and off target toxicity. Finally, recent efforts to generate solid LBF are briefly described as a means to circumvent the need to encapsulate in soft or hard gelatin capsules, although the latter remain popular with consumers and a proven means of LBF delivery.
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Ates M, Kaynak MS, Sahin S. Effect of permeability enhancers on paracellular permeability of acyclovir. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:781-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), acyclovir is a class III (high solubility, low permeability) compound, and it is transported through paracellular route by passive diffusion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various pharmaceutical excipients on the intestinal permeability of acyclovir.
Methods
The single-pass in-situ intestinal perfusion (SPIP) method was used to estimate the permeability values of acyclovir and metoprolol across different intestinal segments (jejunum, ileum and colon). Permeability coefficient (Peff) of acyclovir was determined in the absence and presence of a permeation enhancer such as dimethyl β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium caprate (Cap-Na) and chitosan chloride.
Key findings
All enhancers increased the permeability of paracellularly transported acyclovir. Although Cap-Na has the highest permeability-enhancing effect in all segments, permeation-enhancing effect of chitosan and SLS was only significant in ileum. On the other hand, DM-β-CD slightly decreased the permeability in all intestinal segments.
Conclusions
These findings have potential implication concerning the enhancement of absorption of paracellularly transported compounds with limited oral bioavailability. In the case of acyclovir, Cap-Na either alone or in combination with SLS or chitosan has the potential to improve its absorption and bioavailability and has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Ates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sinan Kaynak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Liu CS, Zheng YR, Zhang YF, Long XY. Research progress on berberine with a special focus on its oral bioavailability. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:274-82. [PMID: 26851175 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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De Santis S, Cavalcanti E, Mastronardi M, Jirillo E, Chieppa M. Nutritional Keys for Intestinal Barrier Modulation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:612. [PMID: 26697008 PMCID: PMC4670985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract represents the largest interface between the external environment and the human body. Nutrient uptake mostly happens in the intestinal tract, where the epithelial surface is constantly exposed to dietary antigens. Since inflammatory response toward these antigens may be deleterious for the host, a plethora of protective mechanisms take place to avoid or attenuate local damage. For instance, the intestinal barrier is able to elicit a dynamic response that either promotes or impairs luminal antigens adhesion and crossing. Regulation of intestinal barrier is crucial to control intestinal permeability whose increase is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. The cross talk among bacteria, immune, and dietary factors is able to modulate the mucosal barrier function, as well as the intestinal permeability. Several nutritional products have recently been proposed as regulators of the epithelial barrier, even if their effects are in part contradictory. At the same time, the metabolic function of the microbiota generates new products with different effects based on the dietary content. Besides conventional treatments, novel therapies based on complementary nutrients are now growing. Fecal therapy has been recently used for the clinical treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infection instead of the classical antibiotic therapy. In the present review, we will outline the epithelial response to nutritional components derived from dietary intake and microbial fermentation focusing on the consequent effects on the integrity of the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Santis
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, IRCCS "De Bellis" , Castellana Grotte , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, IRCCS "De Bellis" , Castellana Grotte , Italy
| | - Mauro Mastronardi
- Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS "De Bellis" , Castellana Grotte , Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, IRCCS "De Bellis" , Castellana Grotte , Italy ; Istituto Comprensivo Bregante-Volta , Monopoli , Italy
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Asai A, Okuda T, Sonoda E, Yamauchi T, Kato S, Okamoto H. Drug Permeation Characterization of Inhaled Dry Powder Formulations in Air-Liquid Interfaced Cell Layer Using an Improved, Simple Apparatus for Dispersion. Pharm Res 2015; 33:487-97. [PMID: 26490362 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An improved, simple apparatus was developed to easily and uniformly disperse dry powders onto an air-liquid interfaced cultured cell layer. We investigated drug permeation in cell cultures with access to the air-liquid interface (ALI) following deposition of a dry powder using the apparatus. METHOD The improved apparatus for dispersing the powders was assembled. Dry powders containing model drugs were prepared and dispersed onto the cell layer with ALI. After the dispersion, the permeation of each model drug was measured and compared with other samples (solutions with the same compositions). RESULTS The improved apparatus could with ease uniformly disperse 40% of the loading dose onto the cell layer with ALI. Dry powders showed higher drug permeability compared to the samples. without cytotoxicity or an effect on tight junctions. The high drug permeability of dry powders was independent of the molecular weight of model drugs. The contribution of active transport was small, while an increase in passive drug transport via trans- and paracellular routes was observed. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled dry powder formulations achieved higher drug permeability than their solution formulations in ALI. A high local concentration of drugs on the cell layer, caused by direct attachment of the inhaled dry powder, contributed to increased drug permeability via both trans- and paracellular routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Asai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okuda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Erina Sonoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Yamauchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Saki Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
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Brayden DJ, Maher S, Bahar B, Walsh E. Sodium caprate-induced increases in intestinal permeability and epithelial damage are prevented by misoprostol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:194-206. [PMID: 26026287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial damage caused by intestinal permeation enhancers is a source of debate concerning safety. The medium chain fatty acid, sodium caprate (C10), causes reversible membrane perturbation at high dose levels required for efficacy in vivo, so the aim was to model it in vitro. Exposure of Caco-2 monolayers to 8.5mM C10 for 60min followed by incubation in fresh buffer led to (i) recovery in epithelial permeability (i.e. transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of [(14)C]-mannitol), (ii) recovery of cell viability parameters (monolayer morphology, plasma membrane potential, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular calcium) and (iii) reduction in mRNA expression associated with inflammation (IL-8). Pre-incubation of monolayers with a mucosal prostaglandin cytoprotectant was attempted in order to further decipher the mechanism of C10. Misoprostol (100nM), inhibited C10-induced changes in monolayer parameters, an effect that was partially attenuated by the EP1 receptor antagonist, SC51322. In rat isolated intestinal tissue mucosae and in situ loop instillations, C10-induced respective increases in the [(14)C]-mannitol Papp and the AUC of FITC-dextran 4000 (FD-4) were similarly inhibited by misoprostol, with accompanying morphological damage spared. These data support a temporary membrane perturbation effect of C10, which is linked to its capacity to mainly increase paracellular flux, but which can be prevented by pre-exposure to misoprostol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sam Maher
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Edwin Walsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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