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Dolatkhah N, Jafari A, Eslamian F, Toopchizadeh V, Saleh P, Hashemian M. Saccharomyces boulardii improves clinical and paraclinical indices in overweight/obese knee osteoarthritis patients: a randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:2291-2305. [PMID: 38761281 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS In this study, 70 patients with KOA were recruited via outpatient clinics between 2020 and 2021 and randomly assigned to receive probiotics or placebo supplements for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in pain intensity according to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score. RESULTS Sixty-three patients completed the trial. A linear mixed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model analysis showed that probiotic was better than placebo in decreasing the pain intensity measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) [-2.11 (-2.59, -1.62) in probiotic group and -0.90 (-1.32, -0.48) in placebo group, p = 0.002] and WOMAC pain score [-3.57 (-4.66, -2.49) in probiotic group and -1.43 (-2.33, -0.53) in placebo group, p < 0.001]. The daily intake of acetaminophen for pain management significantly decreased in the probiotic group [-267.18 (-400.47, -133.89) mg, p < 0.001] that was significantly better than placebo (p = 0.006). Probiotic significantly decreased the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) inflammatory index [-2.72 (-3.24, -2.20) µg/ml] and malondialdehyde (MDA) oxidative stress index [-1.61 (-2.11, -1.11) nmol/ml] compared to the placebo (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Probiotic was better than placebo in increasing the scores of role disorder due to physical health (p = 0.023), pain (p = 0.048) and physical health (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION Probiotic S. boulardii supplementation in patients with KOA significantly improved pain intensity, some dimensions of QoL, and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers with no severe side effects. TRIAL REGISTRY Registered on the Iranian clinical trial website ( http://www.irct.ir : IRCT20161022030424N4) on 2019-09-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Department pf Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Eslamian
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Toopchizadeh
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Utica University, Utica, NY, USA
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de Carvalho BT, Subotić A, Vandecruys P, Deleu S, Vermeire S, Thevelein JM. Enhancing probiotic impact: engineering Saccharomyces boulardii for optimal acetic acid production and gastric passage tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0032524. [PMID: 38752748 PMCID: PMC11218656 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00325-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii has been a subject of growing interest due to its potential as a probiotic microorganism with applications in gastrointestinal health, but the molecular cause for its probiotic potency has remained elusive. The recent discovery that S. boulardii contains unique mutations causing high acetic acid accumulation and inhibition of bacterial growth provides a possible clue. The natural S. boulardii isolates Sb.P and Sb.A are homozygous for the recessive mutation whi2S270* and accumulate unusually high amounts of acetic acid, which strongly inhibit bacterial growth. However, the homozygous whi2S270* mutation also leads to acetic acid sensitivity and acid sensitivity in general. In the present study, we have constructed a new S. boulardii strain, derived from the widely therapeutically used CMCN I-745 strain (isolated from the pharmaceutical product Enterol), producing even higher levels of acetic acid while keeping the same tolerance toward low pH as the parent Enterol (ENT) strain. This newly engineered strain, named ENT3, has a homozygous deletion of ACH1 and strong overexpression of ALD4. It is also able to accumulate much higher acetic acid concentrations when growing on low glucose levels, in contrast to the ENT wild-type and Sb.P strains. Moreover, we show the antimicrobial capacity of ENT3 against gut pathogens in vitro and observed that higher acetic acid production might correlate with better persistence in the gut in healthy mice. These findings underscore the possible role of the unique acetic acid production and its potential for improvement of the probiotic action of S. boulardii.IMPORTANCESuperior variants of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii produce high levels of acetic acid, which inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens. However, these strains also show increased acid sensitivity, which can compromise the viability of the cells during their passage through the stomach. In this work, we have developed by genetic engineering a variant of Saccharomyces boulardii that produces even higher levels of acetic acid and does not show enhanced acid sensitivity. We also show that the S. boulardii yeasts with higher acetic acid production persist longer in the gut, in agreement with a previous work indicating competition between probiotic yeast and bacteria for residence in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Subotić
- NovelYeast bv, Bio-Incubator BIO4, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Paul Vandecruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sara Deleu
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- NovelYeast bv, Bio-Incubator BIO4, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
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Yamchi A, Rahimi M, Javan B, Abdollahi D, Salmanian M, Shahbazi M. Evaluation of the impact of polypeptide-p on diabetic rats upon its cloning, expression, and secretion in Saccharomyces boulardii. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:37. [PMID: 38142245 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of recombinant polypeptide-p derived from Momordica charantia on diabetic rats. In this research, the optimized sequence of polypeptide-p gene fused to a secretion signal tag was cloned into the expression vector and transformed into probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. The production of recombinant secretion protein was verified by western blotting, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. To assay recombinant yeast bioactivity in the gut, diabetic rats were orally fed wild-type and recombinant S. boulardii, in short SB and rSB, respectively, at two low and high doses as well as glibenclamide as a reference drug. In untreated diabetic and treated diabetic + SB rats (low and high doses), the blood glucose increased from 461, 481, and 455 (mg/dl), respectively, to higher than 600 mg/dl on the 21st day. Whereas glibenclamide and rSB treatments showed a significant reduction in the blood glucose level. The result of this study promised a safe plant-source supplement for diabetes through probiotic orchestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Yamchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
- Genetic Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, P.O. Box: 4934174515, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rahimi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Bita Javan
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Dorsa Abdollahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Salmanian
- Department of Animal Science and Poultry Nutrition, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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4
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Madzak C, Poiret S, Salomé Desnoulez S, Foligné B, Lafont F, Daniel C. Study of the persistence and dynamics of recombinant mCherry-producing Yarrowia lipolytica strains in the mouse intestine using fluorescence imaging. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:618-631. [PMID: 36541039 PMCID: PMC9948224 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic oleaginous non-conventional yeast widely used as a powerful host for expressing heterologous proteins, as well as a promising source of engineered cell factories for various applications. This microorganism has a documented use in Feed and Food and a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of this yeast on animal health. However, despite the focus on Y. lipolytica for the industrial manufacturing of heterologous proteins and for probiotic effects, its potential for oral delivery of recombinant therapeutic proteins has seldom been evaluated in mammals. As the first steps towards this aim, we engineered two Y. lipolytica strains, a dairy strain and a laboratory strain, to produce the model fluorescent protein mCherry. We demonstrated that both Y. lipolytica strains transiently persisted for at least 1 week after four daily oral administrations and they maintained the active expression of mCherry in the mouse intestine. We used confocal microscopy to image individual Y. lipolytica cells of freshly collected intestinal tissues. They were found essentially in the lumen and they were rarely in contact with epithelial cells while transiting through the ileum, caecum and colon of mice. Taken as a whole, our results have shown that fluorescent Y. lipolytica strains constitute novel tools to study the persistence and dynamics of orally administered yeasts which could be used in the future as oral delivery vectors for the secretion of active therapeutic proteins in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Madzak
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, UMR 782 SayFood, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sabine Poiret
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Salomé Desnoulez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Foligné
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286 - Infinite - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Daniel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Austriaco N. Yeast oral vaccines against infectious diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1150412. [PMID: 37138614 PMCID: PMC10149678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1150412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that are delivered orally have several advantages over their counterparts that are administered via injection. Despite the advantages of oral delivery, however, approved oral vaccines are currently limited either to diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract or to pathogens that have a crucial life cycle stage in the gut. Moreover, all of the approved oral vaccines for these diseases involve live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This mini-review summarizes the potential and challenges of yeast oral vaccine delivery systems for animal and human infectious diseases. These delivery systems utilize whole yeast recombinant cells that are consumed orally to transport candidate antigens to the immune system of the gut. This review begins with a discussion of the challenges associated with oral administration of vaccines and the distinct benefits offered by whole yeast delivery systems over other delivery systems. It then surveys the emerging yeast oral vaccines that have been developed over the past decade to combat animal and human diseases. In recent years, several candidate vaccines have emerged that can elicit the necessary immune response to provide significant protection against challenge by pathogen. They serve as proof of principle to show that yeast oral vaccines hold much promise.
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Ansari F, Alian Samakkhah S, Bahadori A, Jafari SM, Ziaee M, Khodayari MT, Pourjafar H. Health-promoting properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii as a probiotic; characteristics, isolation, and applications in dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:457-485. [PMID: 34254862 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1949577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (S. boulardii) has been isolated from lychee (Litchi chinensis), mangosteen fruit, kombucha, and dairy products like kefir. Dairy products containing S. boulardii have been revealed to possess potential probiotic activities owing to their ability to produce organic acids, essential enzymes, vitamins, and other important metabolites such as vanillic acid, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and erythromycin. S. boulardii has a wide spectrum of anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial antiviral, and antioxidant activity, and is known to reduce serum cholesterol levels. However, this yeast has mainly been prescribed for prophylaxis treatment of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, and stimulating the immune system in a number of commercially available products. The present comprehensive review article reviews the properties of S. boulardii related to their use in fermented dairy foods as a probiotic microorganism or starter culture. Technical aspects regarding the integration of this yeast into the dairy foods matrix its health advantages, therapeutic functions, microencapsulation, and viability in harsh conditions, and safety aspects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ansari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group
| | - Shohre Alian Samakkhah
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary of Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technology, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Bahadori
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maedeh Jafari
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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7
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Li R, Wan X, Takala TM, Saris PEJ. Heterologous Expression of the Leuconostoc Bacteriocin Leucocin C in Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:229-237. [PMID: 32567021 PMCID: PMC7904741 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii is well known for its probiotic effects such as treating or preventing gastrointestinal diseases. Due to its ability to survive in stomach and intestine, S. boulardii could be applied as a vehicle for producing and delivering bioactive substances of interest to human gut. In this study, we cloned the gene lecC encoding the antilisterial peptide leucocin C from lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc carnosum in S. boulardii. The constructed S. boulardii strain secreted a peptide, which had molecular weight corresponding to leucocin C in SDS-PAGE. The peptide band inhibited Listeria monocytogenes in gel overlay assay. Likewise, concentrated S. boulardii culture supernatant inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes. The growth profile and acid tolerance of the leucocin C secreting S. boulardii were similar as those of the strain carrying the empty vector. We further demonstrated that the cells of the leucocin C producing S. boulardii efficiently killed L. monocytogenes, also without antibiotic selection pressure. These results showed that antilisterial activity could be added to the arsenal of probiotic activities of S. boulardii, demonstrating its potential as a carrier for therapeutics delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Xing Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo M Takala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per E J Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Oh GM, Moon W, Seo KI, Jung K, Kim JH, Kim SE, Park MI, Park SJ. Changes in the Crohn's Disease Activity Index and Safety of Administering Saccharomyces Boulardii in Patients with Crohn's Disease in Clinical Remission: A Single Hospital-based Retrospective Cohort Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 76:314-321. [PMID: 33250507 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2020.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation of the intestine. Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii), a probiotic, stabilizes the intestinal wall. This study examined the changes in the CD activity index (CDAI) after taking S. boulardii in patients with CD in clinical remission. Methods In this single hospital-based retrospective cohort study, the medical records of CD patients in clinical remission, who had received S. boulardii for more than 6 months, were reviewed. The CDAI, BMI, and serum levels of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, iron, vitamin B12, folate, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, CRP, and fecal calprotectin (FC) between the initiation and the 6th month were compared. The timing and reasons for the discontinuation were also investigated. Results One hundred and fifty-four patients were included, and 92 patients, who received for more than 6 months, were analyzed. The changes in CDAI, BMI, Hb, and total cholesterol were significant as follows: CDAI from 38.52 to 30.53 (p<0.01), BMI (kg/m2 ) from 23.38 to 23.97 (p<0.01), Hb (g/dL) from 13.73 to 14.03 (p<0.01), and total cholesterol (mg/dL) from 154.9 to 161.5 (p<0.01). On the other hand, the changes in FC, CRP, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, total protein, and albumin were not statistically significant. Only one patient stopped due to a flare-up, but this was not believed to be related to the drug. Conclusions In patients with CD in remission, S. boulardii appears to improve the CDAI, BMI, serum Hb, and total cholesterol level without safety issues. Further randomized controlled studies will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Man Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Won Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang Il Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyoungwon Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Moo In Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seun Ja Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Decherf A, Dehay E, Boyer M, Clément-Ziza M, Rodriguez B, Legrain-Raspaud S. Recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in Vaginal Samples of Healthy Women after Oral Administration. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2211. [PMID: 32722250 PMCID: PMC7468903 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis are common causes of impaired health and quality of life for women. Although antimicrobial agents remain the main strategy for the treatment of vaginal infections, their repeated use involves high rates of resistance and recurrence. Alternative approaches such as probiotics are studied. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 already demonstrated beneficial effects in experimental models of vaginal infections. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed to evaluate the recovery of S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in vaginal samples in healthy women after oral consumption. Sixty healthy women were randomized to receive a daily dose of S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 or a placebo for 4 weeks. Subcultures and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect the strain in vaginal and stool samples. A safety assessment was carried out throughout the study. Fifty-seven women completed the study. Over the 4-week supplementation phase, S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 has been detected in the vaginal samples of 21% of women (n = 4/19) in the 500 mg Probiotic group and 16% of women (n = 3/19) in the 1000 mg Probiotic group. The strain was detected in the faeces of 90% of women consuming the probiotic. This is the first clinical study demonstrating the migration of yeast from intestine to vagina where it may exert its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Decherf
- Research and Applications Department, Gnosis by Lesaffre, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France; (E.D.); (B.R.); (S.L.-R.)
| | - Elodie Dehay
- Research and Applications Department, Gnosis by Lesaffre, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France; (E.D.); (B.R.); (S.L.-R.)
| | - Mickaël Boyer
- Microbiology Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France;
| | - Mathieu Clément-Ziza
- Data Science and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France;
| | - Bertrand Rodriguez
- Research and Applications Department, Gnosis by Lesaffre, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France; (E.D.); (B.R.); (S.L.-R.)
| | - Sophie Legrain-Raspaud
- Research and Applications Department, Gnosis by Lesaffre, Lesaffre Group, 59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France; (E.D.); (B.R.); (S.L.-R.)
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10
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Saccharomyces boulardii: What Makes It Tick as Successful Probiotic? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020078. [PMID: 32512834 PMCID: PMC7344949 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast often used for the treatment of GI tract disorders such as diarrhea symptoms. It is genetically close to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its classification as a distinct species or a S. cerevisiae variant has long been discussed. Here, we review the main genetic divergencies between S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae as a strategy to uncover the ability to adapt to the host physiological conditions by the probiotic. S. boulardii does possess discernible phenotypic traits and physiological properties that underlie its success as probiotic, such as optimal growth temperature, resistance to the gastric environment and viability at low pH. Its probiotic activity has been elucidated as a conjunction of multiple pathways, ranging from improvement of gut barrier function, pathogen competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial peptides, immune modulation, and trophic effects. This review summarizes the participation of S. boulardii in these mechanisms and the multifactorial nature by which this yeast modulates the host microbiome and intestinal function.
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11
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Selig DJ, DeLuca JP, Li Q, Lin H, Nguyen K, Scott SM, Sousa JC, Vuong CT, Xie LH, Livezey JR. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 probiotic does not alter the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 35:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmpt-2019-0032/dmpt-2019-0032.xml. [PMID: 32134728 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2019-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Probiotics are live microbial organisms that provide benefit to the host while co-habitating in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics are safe, available over the counter, and have clinical benefit by reducing the number of antibiotic-associated diarrhea days. Prescriptions from providers and direct consumer demand of probiotics appear to be on the rise. Several recent animal studies have demonstrated that probiotics may have significant effect on absorption of co-administered drugs. However, to date, most probiotic-drug interaction studies in animal models have been limited to bacterial probiotics and nonantibiotic drugs. Methods We performed a traditional pharmacokinetic mouse study examining the interactions between a common commercially available yeast probiotic, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (Florastor®) and an orally administered amoxicillin. Results We showed that there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, area under the curve, peak concentrations, time to reach maximum concentration, elimination rate constant) of amoxicillin between the probiotic treated and untreated control groups. Conclusions Altogether, our findings suggest that coadministration or concurrent use of S. boulardii probiotic and amoxicillin would not likely alter the efficacy of amoxicillin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Selig
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA, Phone: (+301) 319-9807, Fax: 301-319-9449
| | - Jesse P DeLuca
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Qigui Li
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hsiuling Lin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shaylyn M Scott
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jason C Sousa
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Chau T Vuong
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lisa H Xie
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Livezey
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Mayerhofer CC, Awoyemi A, Hov JR, Trøseid M, Broch K. Reply: Potential risk associated with direct modulation of the gut flora in patients with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6:557-558. [PMID: 31034162 PMCID: PMC6487724 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C.K. Mayerhofer
- Department of CardiologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research CentreUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Ayodeji Awoyemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of CardiologyOslo University Hospital UllevålOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure ResearchUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Johannes R. Hov
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research CentreUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and TransplantationOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and TransplantationOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious diseasesOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Kaspar Broch
- Department of CardiologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Rodriguez-Herrera MV, Marroquin-Cardona AG, Kawas JR. The health enhancer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two types of commercial products for animal nutrition. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:472-478. [PMID: 30801772 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The health enhancer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) is widely used in diets for different animals. Two main types of SC-based products are commercially available, one containing live yeasts and one containing SC fermentation by-products, which are supposedly not dependent on live yeasts for their physiological effects in vivo. Culture-based techniques were applied to study yeasts in two types of commercial products: a product containing live SC (LSC) and a SC fermentation product (SCFP). Three temperatures (25, 30 and 39°C) and two pH levels (4 and 7) were tested. The product with LSC contained an average of 1·21 × 109 colony-forming units (CFUs) of yeasts per g contents (min: 1 × 108 , max: 3 × 109 ). In contrast, the SCFP contained an average of 4·67 × 103 (min: 3 × 102 , max: 1·9 × 104 ) CFUs per g contents (c. 1 million times less than the concentration of yeasts in the product with LSC). Both temperature and pH level affected the number of CFUs but this effect differed between the two products. Biochemical tests identified the two yeasts as SC, which differed in their ability to ferment maltose (negative in the SCFP). This report encourages more research on commercial microbial strains for animal nutrition that can lead to a better understanding of their mode of action in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Probiotics (or direct fed microbials) are increasingly popular in Animal Nutrition. Different products containing live micro-organisms or microbial-derived products are commercially available to enhance health and boost commercial traits. The characteristics of these products dictate their physiological effects and determine their potential to increase profitability from livestock. For the first time, this report presents data about the numbers and phenotype of the health enhancer Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two widely available commercial products in Animal Nutrition. These findings may be useful for scientists and producers around the globe and have the potential to open up novel venues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Garcia-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de México, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
| | | | - A G Marroquin-Cardona
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
| | - J R Kawas
- Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
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Fernandez-Pacheco Rodríguez P, Arévalo-Villena M, Zaparoli Rosa I, Briones Pérez A. Selection of potential non-Sacharomyces probiotic yeasts from food origin by a step-by-step approach. Food Res Int 2018; 112:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cordonnier C, Thévenot J, Etienne-Mesmin L, Denis S, Alric M, Livrelli V, Blanquet-Diot S. Dynamic In Vitro Models of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract as Relevant Tools to Assess the Survival of Probiotic Strains and Their Interactions with Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2015; 3:725-45. [PMID: 27682114 PMCID: PMC5023271 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of probiotics are conditioned by their survival during passage through the human gastrointestinal tract and their ability to favorably influence gut microbiota. The main objective of this study was to use dynamic in vitro models of the human digestive tract to investigate the effect of fasted or fed state on the survival kinetics of the new probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-3856 and to assess its influence on intestinal microbiota composition and activity. The probiotic yeast showed a high survival rate in the upper gastrointestinal tract whatever the route of admistration, i.e., within a glass of water or a Western-type meal. S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 was more sensitive to colonic conditions, as the strain was not able to colonize within the bioreactor despite a twice daily administration. The main bacterial populations of the gut microbiota, as well as the production of short chain fatty acids were not influenced by the probiotic treatment. However, the effect of the probiotic on the gut microbiota was found to be individual dependent. This study shows that dynamic in vitro models can be advantageously used to provide useful insight into the behavior of probiotic strains in the human digestive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR INSERM) / Université d'Auvergne U1071 Unité Sous Contrat - Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (USC-INRA) 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, CBRV 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR INSERM) / Université d'Auvergne U1071 Unité Sous Contrat - Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (USC-INRA) 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, CBRV 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR INSERM) / Université d'Auvergne U1071 Unité Sous Contrat - Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (USC-INRA) 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, CBRV 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Monique Alric
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR INSERM) / Université d'Auvergne U1071 Unité Sous Contrat - Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (USC-INRA) 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, CBRV 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Service de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Accueil Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (EA 4678 CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et de Valorisation (CBRV) 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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The effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the resistance toward Escherichia coli challenge in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:385-91. [PMID: 25369827 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several probiotic strains have been shown to enhance human resistance to infectious disease. It is speculated that these strains may impose this effect by excretion of anti-microbial components, by competing with pathogens for intestinal nutrients and/or mucosal adhesion sites or modulating the immune system. OBJECTIVE A parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-week intervention was performed in healthy males, to study the effect of a blend of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell-52, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum Rosell-175) and a probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii CNCM I-1079) on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. Primary outcomes studied were fecal ETEC excretion and total fecal output per day. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects were randomized to the probiotic (5 × 10(9) colony-forming units (CFUs); twice daily; n=30) or placebo group (twice daily; n=30). After 2 weeks, subjects were orally challenged with a live attenuated ETEC (3 × 10(9) CFU), previously demonstrated to induce mild, short-lived symptoms of a foodborne infection. Before and after ETEC challenge, subjects collected 24 h fecal samples. Compliance to study guidelines, stool consistency (Bristol Stool Score), stool frequency, and frequency and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints were recorded by the subjects on a Daily Record Questionnaire. RESULTS ETEC challenge induced a significant increase in fecal ETEC excretion in both groups. However, a statistically significant increase in fecal output was only observed in the probiotic group. ETEC challenge resulted in a decrease in the percentage of fecal dry weight, and an increase in reported Bristol Stool Score, stool frequency and GI complaints. Dietary probiotics significantly decreased the percentage of fecal dry weight. In addition, ETEC increased C-reactive protein, total secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin G Colonization Factor Antigen II. CONCLUSION Dietary probiotics did not increase resistance to oral attenuated ETEC challenge in human subjects.
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McFarland LV. Use of probiotics to correct dysbiosis of normal microbiota following disease or disruptive events: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005047. [PMID: 25157183 PMCID: PMC4156804 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the evidence for the claim probiotics can correct dysbiosis of the normal microbiota resulting from disease or disruptive events. SETTING Systematic review of published clinical trials of patients receiving a probiotic intervention for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. DATA SOURCES Sources searched (1985-2013): PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, AMED and ISI Web of Science. Three on-line clinical trial registries were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials and National Institutes of Health. REVIEW METHODS Included studies were randomised clinical trials of probiotic interventions having microbiological assays. Studies were evaluated following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for specific probiotic strains. A standard data extraction form was used to collect the raw data. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome is the degree of microbiota correction by specific probiotic strains. Secondary outcome was the association between the degree of dysbiosis correction and clinical efficacy. RESULTS The review of the literature found three distinct study designs: model A (restoration) assayed patients enrolled with a healthy, undisturbed microbiota and then assayed postdisruptive event and probiotic therapy; model B (alteration) assayed patients with pre-existing disrupted microbiota and then postprobiotic therapy; model C (no dysbiosis) assayed volunteers with no disruptive event prebiotic and postprobiotic. From a total of 63 trials, 83% of the probiotic products using model A restored the microbiota, 56% using model B improved the microbiota and only 21% using model C had any effect on microbiota. Clinical efficacy was more commonly associated with strains capable of restoration of the normal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The ability to assess the degree of dysbiosis improvement is dependent on the enrolled population and the timing of microbiological assays. The functional claim for correcting dysbiosis is poorly supported for most probiotic strains and requires further research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO (CRD42014007224).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bafutto M, Almeida JRD, Leite NV, Costa MBG, Oliveira ECD, Resende-Filho J. Treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with mesalazine and/or Saccharomyces boulardii. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2014; 50:304-9. [PMID: 24474234 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032013000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain and altered intestinal habits. The pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that some IBS patients, especially in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), display persistent signs of minor mucosal inflammation and a modified intestinal microflora. The mesalazine has known intestinal anti-inflammatory properties. Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic used for a long time in treatment of diarrhea, including infectious diarrhea. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of mesalazine alone, combined therapy of mesalazine with liophylised Saccharomyces boulardii or alone on symptoms of IBS-D patients. METHODS Based on Rome III criteria, 53 IBS-D patients (18 year or more) were included. To exclude organic diseases all patients underwent colonoscopy, stool culture, serum anti-endomisium antibody, lactose tolerance test and ova and parasite exam. Patients were divided in three groups: mesalazine group (MG) - 20 patients received mesalazine 800 mg t.i.d. for 30 days; mesalazine and Saccharomyces boulardii group (MSbG) - 21 patients received mesalazine 800 mg t.i.d. and Saccharomyces boulardii 200 mg t.i.d. for 30 days and; Saccharomyces boulardii group (SbG) - 12 patients received Sb 200 mg t.i.d. for 30 days. Drugs that might have any effect on intestinal motility or secretion were not allowed. Symptom evaluations at baseline and after treatment were performed by means of a 4-point likert scale including: stool frequency, stool form and consistency (Bristol scale), abdominal pain and distension. Paired t test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Compared to baseline, there were statistically significant reduction of symptom score after 30 th day therapy in all three groups: MG (P<0.0001); MSbG (P<0.0001) and in SbG (P = 0.003). There were statistically significant differences in the symptom score at 30 th day therapy of the MG, MSbG and SbG groups (P = 0.03). There were no statistical differences between MSbG and MG symptom score at 30th day therapy (P = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS The use of mesalazine alone, Saccharomyces boulardii alone or combined treatment with mesalasine and Saccaromyces boulardii improved IBS-D symptoms. The improvement of the symptom score was greater with mesalazine alone or combined with Sb as compared with Sb treatment alone. These preliminary results suggest that mezalazine may be useful in treatment of IBS-d patients, and warrant further larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Bafutto
- Instituto Goiano de Gastroenterologia, GoiâniaGO, Brasil
| | - José Roberto de Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), RecifePE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Enio Chaves de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), RecifePE, Brasil
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Dinleyici EC, Kara A, Ozen M, Vandenplas Y. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in different clinical conditions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1593-609. [PMID: 24995675 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.937419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saccharomyces boulardii is a well-known probiotic worldwide, and there are numerous studies including experimental and clinical trials in children and adults by the use of S. boulardii. AREAS COVERED The objective of the present report is to provide an update on the evidence for the efficacy of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 in different clinical conditions. Saccharomyces boulardii is one of the best-studied probiotics in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and is shown to be safe and to reduce the duration of diarrhea and hospitalization by about 1 day. Saccharomyces boulardii is one of the recommended probiotics for AGE in children by European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Saccharomyces boulardii is also a recommended probiotic for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), and a recent study showed promising results for the treatment of AAD in children. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the long-term use of S. boulardii in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Although some clinical studies showed positive effects of S. boulardii on inflammation, there is no clinical evidence that S. boulardii is useful in inflammatory bowel disease. Saccharomyces boulardii could be used in patients needing Helicobacter pylori eradication because the S. boulardii improves compliance, decreases the side effects and moderately increases the eradication rate. There are new promising results (improving feeding tolerance, shorten the course of hyperbilirubinemia), but we do still not recommend the routine use of S. boulardii in newborns. EXPERT OPINION Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is a good example for the statement that each probiotic needs to be taxonomically characterized and its efficacy and safety should be documented individually in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Infectious Disease Unit , TR-26480 Eskisehir , Turkey +90 542 2423608 ;
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Duongthingoc D, George P, Katopo L, Gorczyca E, Kasapis S. Effect of whey protein agglomeration on spray dried microcapsules containing Saccharomyces boulardii. Food Chem 2013; 141:1782-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in an in vitro model of the human large intestine and interactions with probiotic yeasts and resident microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23204410 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03303-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the fate of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in simulated human colonic conditions. The pathogen was progressively eliminated from the bioreactor and did not modify the major populations of resident microbiota. The coadministration of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 probiotic strain led to a significant increase in acetate production but did not reduce pathogen viability.
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Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5:111-25. [PMID: 22423260 PMCID: PMC3296087 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x11428502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials and experimental studies strongly suggest a place for Saccharomyces boulardii as a biotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. S. boulardii mediates responses resembling the protective effects of the normal healthy gut flora. The multiple mechanisms of action of S. boulardii and its properties may explain its efficacy and beneficial effects in acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases that have been confirmed by clinical trials. Caution should be taken in patients with risk factors for adverse events. This review discusses the evidence for efficacy and safety of S. boulardii as a probiotic for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Div. of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Blanquet-Diot S, Denis S, Chalancon S, Chaira F, Cardot JM, Alric M. Use of artificial digestive systems to investigate the biopharmaceutical factors influencing the survival of probiotic yeast during gastrointestinal transit in humans. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1444-53. [PMID: 22068280 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of the main biopharmaceutical factors on the viability of a new probiotic yeast strain, using dynamic in vitro systems simulating human gastric/small intestinal (TIM) and large intestinal (ARCOL) environments. METHODS The viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 throughout the artificial digestive tract was determined by microbial counting. We investigated the effects of galenic formulation, food intake, dose, mode and frequency of administration on yeast survival rate. RESULTS In both fasted and fed states, yeast viability in the upper digestive tract was significantly higher when the probiotic was administered in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) capsules compared to tablets. Food intake led to a delay in yeast release and a two-fold increase in strain survival. Whatever the dose, yeasts were particularly sensitive to the large intestinal environment. High concentrations of probiotic could only be maintained in the colon when it was inoculated twice a day over a 5-h-period. CONCLUSIONS TIM and ARCOL are complementary in vitro tools relevant for screening purposes, supplying valuable information on the effects of galenic form, food intake and dose regimen on the viability of probiotics throughout the human digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, ERT 18 Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Samonis G, Falagas ME, Lionakis S, Ntaoukakis M, Kofteridis DP, Ntalas I, Maraki S. Saccharomyces boulardiiandCandida albicansexperimental colonization of the murine gut. Med Mycol 2011; 49:395-9. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.533203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2202-22. [PMID: 20458757 PMCID: PMC2868213 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence for efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) for various disease indications in adults based on the peer-reviewed, randomized clinical trials and pre-clinical studies from the published medical literature (Medline, Clinical Trial websites and meeting abstracts) between 1976 and 2009. For meta-analysis, only randomized, blinded controlled trials unrestricted by language were included. Pre-clinical studies, volunteer studies and uncontrolled studies were excluded from the review of efficacy and meta-analysis, but included in the systematic review. Of 31 randomized, placebo-controlled treatment arms in 27 trials (encompassing 5029 study patients), S. boulardii was found to be significantly efficacious and safe in 84% of those treatment arms. A meta-analysis found a significant therapeutic efficacy for S. boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.63, P < 0.001). In adults, S. boulardii can be strongly recommended for the prevention of AAD and the traveler's diarrhea. Randomized trials also support the use of this yeast probiotic for prevention of enteral nutrition-related diarrhea and reduction of Helicobacter pylori treatment-related symptoms. S. boulardii shows promise for the prevention of C. difficile disease recurrences; treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, acute adult diarrhea, Crohn's disease, giardiasis, human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea; but more supporting evidence is recommended for these indications. The use of S. boulardii as a therapeutic probiotic is evidence-based for both efficacy and safety for several types of diarrhea.
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Hébrard G, Hoffart V, Beyssac E, Cardot JM, Alric M, Subirade M. Coated whey protein/alginate microparticles as oral controlled delivery systems for probiotic yeast. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:292-302. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Genetically engineered yeasts as a new delivery vehicle of active compounds to the digestive tract: In vivo validation of the concept in the rat. Metab Eng 2009; 11:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vandenplas Y, Brunser O, Szajewska H. Saccharomyces boulardii in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:253-65. [PMID: 19096876 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probiotics are live microorganisms which confer a health benefit on the host. Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the established mechanisms of actions and clinical efficacy in children of S. boulardii. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of action of S. boulardii depend mainly on the inhibition of some bacterial toxins, anti-inflammatory effects, and on stimulating effects on the intestinal mucosa such as trophic effects on the brush border enzymes and immunostimulatory effects. At present, in pediatric populations, there is evidence that S. boulardii is beneficial for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis and the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. More data are needed in other indications such as traveller's diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori eradication, and inflammatory bowel disease. S. boulardii is a yeast strain that has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo. Recent data have opened the door for new therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Kinderen Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeekl 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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McFarland LV, Elmer GW. Pharmaceutical probiotics for the treatment of anaerobic and other infections. Anaerobe 2007; 3:73-8. [PMID: 16887565 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1996.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/1996] [Accepted: 11/20/1996] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical probiotics have been used as alternative treatments or preventative therapies for a variety of clinical diseases. The overuse of antibiotics and emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant pathogens has refocused clinical attention on the field of probiotics. Anaerobic infections which seem to respond well to probiotics are infections which involve the disruption of normal microbial flora. Gastrointestinal infections (travelers' diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea,Clostridium difficile disease, rotavirus diarrhea) have been studied using the following pharmaceutical probiotics:Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus casei GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium. Vaginitis has been experimentally studied using L. acidophilus and L. casei GG. The efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action of these various probiotics are reviewed. Requirements for drug approval are similar for biologic probiotics and new drug entities and these requirements involve preclinical tolerability studies, pharmacokinetic studies and large, well-controlled blinded clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Garrait G, Jarrige JF, Blanquet S, Beyssac E, Alric M. Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing a model cytochrome P450 in the rat digestive environment: viability and bioconversion activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3566-74. [PMID: 17416683 PMCID: PMC1932704 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02091-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative "biodrug" concept, based on the oral administration of living recombinant microorganisms, has recently emerged for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. An engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing plant P450 73A1 (cinnamate-4-hydroxylase [CA4H] activity) was used, and its survival and ability to convert trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) into p-coumaric acid (COU) were investigated in vivo. In rats, the recombinant yeast was resistant to gastric and small intestinal secretions but was more sensitive to the conditions found in the large intestine. After oral administration of yeast and CIN, the CA4H activity was shown in vivo, with COU being found throughout the rat's digestive tract and in its urine. The bioconversion reaction occurred very fast, with most of the COU being produced within the first 5 min. The gastrointestinal sac technique demonstrated that the recombinant yeast was able to convert CIN into COU (conversion rate ranging from 2 to 5%) in all the organs of the rat's digestive tract: stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. These results promise new opportunities for the development of drug delivery systems based on engineered yeasts catalyzing a bioconversion reaction directly in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garrait
- Université Clermont1, UFR Pharmacie, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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31
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McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis 2007; 5:97-105. [PMID: 17298915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is a common health complaint among travelers. Rates of TD can range from 5% to 50%, depending on the destination. The use of probiotics for this disease remains controversial. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of probiotics for the prevention of TD based on published randomized, controlled clinical trials. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar, metaRegister, NIH registry of clinical trials and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1977 to 2005, unrestricted by language. Secondary searches of reference lists, authors, reviews, commentaries, associated diseases, books and meeting abstracts. Inclusion criteria included: randomization, controlled, blinded, efficacy trials, in humans, peer-reviewed journals. Exclusion criteria were: pre-clinical, safety, phase 1 studies in volunteers, reviews, duplicate reports, trials of unspecified probiotics, trials of prebiotics, and inconsistent outcome measures. RESULTS Twelve of 940 screened studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled relative risk indicates that probiotics significantly prevent TD (RR=0.85, 95% CI 0.79,0.91, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Several probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii and a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) had significant efficacy. No serious adverse reactions were reported in the 12 trials. Probiotics may offer a safe and effective method to prevent TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne V McFarland
- Department of Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S-152, Metropolitan Park West, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Edwards-Ingram L, Gitsham P, Burton N, Warhurst G, Clarke I, Hoyle D, Oliver SG, Stateva L. Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2458-67. [PMID: 17293506 PMCID: PMC1855594 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02201-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast that was isolated from fruit in Indochina, has been used as a remedy for diarrhea since 1950 and is now a commercially available treatment throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Though initially classified as a separate species of Saccharomyces, recent publications have shown that the genome of S. boulardii is so similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that the two should be classified as conspecific. This raises the question of the distinguishing molecular and phenotypic characteristics present in S. boulardii that make it perform more effectively as a probiotic organism compared to other strains of S. cerevisiae. This investigation reports some of these distinguishing characteristics including enhanced ability for pseudohyphal switching upon nitrogen limitation and increased resistance to acidic pH. However, these differences did not correlate with increased adherence to epithelial cells or transit through mouse gut. Pertinent characteristics of the S. boulardii genome such as trisomy of chromosome IX, altered copy number of a number of individual genes, and sporulation deficiency have been revealed by comparative genome hybridization using oligonucleotide-based microarrays coupled with a rigorous statistical analysis. The contributions of the different genomic and phenotypic features of S. boulardii to its probiotic nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Edwards-Ingram
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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33
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Champagne CP, Gardner NJ, Roy D. Challenges in the addition of probiotic cultures to foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 45:61-84. [PMID: 15730189 DOI: 10.1080/10408690590900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic cultures are increasingly being added to foods in order to develop products with health-promoting properties. Although the literature is abundant on the beneficial effects of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus on health, little information is available on the challenges industry faces in adding these probiotic cultures to food products. The aim of this article is to examine seven issues that should be addressed when developing functional foods: 1) type or form of probiotic that should be used; 2) addition level required to have a beneficial effect; 3) toxicity; 4) effect of the processing steps on viability; 5) determination, in the product, of the cell populations added; 6) stability during storage; 7) changes in sensory properties of the foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude P Champagne
- Food Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Nonpathogenic micro-organisms may contain or produce molecules of potential therapeutic interest. This led to the concept of using ingested living micro-organisms to produce and transport these molecules to targets in the proximal or distal intestine. Several characteristics of this pharmacological approach are very original: potential for in vivo production of active molecules, for targeting immune cells, for presenting immunogenic molecules in a microbial context, for duodenal delivery using bile sensitivity. Probiotics have been studied for some decades and more recently worm eggs have also received some interest. This paper summarizes facts (especially results of randomized controlled trials and pharmacokinetic studies), and ideas about the use of probiotics to treat or prevent gastrointestinal diseases. The safety of this approach (exceptional cases of infections have been observed), and the potential for using new agents or genetically modified micro-organisms (ongoing trials in humans with Crohn's disease) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marteau
- Gastroenterology Unit, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, and Paris V University, Paris, France
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35
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Blanquet S, Garrait G, Beyssac E, Perrier C, Denis S, Hébrard G, Alric M. Effects of cryoprotectants on the viability and activity of freeze dried recombinant yeasts as novel oral drug delivery systems assessed by an artificial digestive system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 61:32-9. [PMID: 16005198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate, in a gastric-small intestinal system TIM-1, the effect of cryoprotectants on the survival of freeze-dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the heterologous P450 73A1 and their ability to convert trans-cinnamic acid into p-coumaric acid. Yeasts were lyophilized in suspensions of trehalose, maltose, lactose, or a milk proteins/trehalose mix. Freeze-dried or native yeasts and trans-cinnamic acid were introduced simultaneously into TIM-1 at the beginning of digestion. Yeast survival rate was evaluated by cell counting in the ileal effluents. P450 73A1 activity was followed by HPLC assay of p-coumaric acid. Freeze-dried yeasts showed high tolerance to digestive conditions. Nevertheless, their survival rate was lower than that of non-dried cells (around 80% whatever the protective agent vs. 96%). The ability of recombinant freeze-dried S. cerevisiae to perform a bioconversion reaction in the digestive tract was shown with all the protectants. The highest trans-cinnamic acid conversion rate (24 vs. 41% for native yeasts) was obtained with the milk proteins/trehalose mix. These results show that freeze-drying might be considered for the pharmaceutical formulation of new drug delivery systems based on orally administered recombinant yeasts and that TIM-1 could be a helpful tool for the pre-screening of oral dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Blanquet
- Equipe de Recherche Technologique Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament (ERT CIDAM), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine (CRNH) d'Auvergne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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36
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Blanquet S, Meunier JP, Minekus M, Marol-Bonnin S, Alric M. Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing P450 in artificial digestive systems: a model for biodetoxication in the human digestive environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:2884-92. [PMID: 12732562 PMCID: PMC154485 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.5.2884-2892.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of genetically engineered microorganisms such as bacteria or yeasts as live vehicles to carry out bioconversion directly in the digestive environment is an important challenge for the development of innovative biodrugs. A system that mimics the human gastrointestinal tract was combined with a computer simulation to evaluate the survival rate and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity of a recombinant model of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the plant P450 73A1. The yeasts showed a high level of resistance to gastric and small intestinal secretions (survival rate after 4 h of digestion, 95.6% +/- 10.1% [n = 4]) but were more sensitive to the colonic conditions (survival rate after 4 h of incubation, 35.9% +/- 2.7% [n = 3]). For the first time, the ability of recombinant S. cerevisiae to carry out a bioconversion reaction has been demonstrated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In the gastric-small intestinal system, 41.0% +/- 5.8% (n = 3) of the ingested trans-cinnamic acid was converted into p-coumaric acid after 4 h of digestion, as well as 8.9% +/- 1.6% (n = 3) in the stomach, 13.8% +/- 3.3% (n = 3) in the duodenum, 11.8% +/- 3.4% (n = 3) in the jejunum, and 6.5% +/- 1.0% (n = 3) in the ileum. In the large intestinal system, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity was detected but was too weak to be quantified. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae may afford a useful host for the development of biodrugs and may provide an innovative system for the prevention or treatment of diseases that escape classical drug action. In particular, yeasts may provide a suitable vector for biodetoxication in the digestive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blanquet
- Equipe de Recherche Technologique Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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37
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Periti P, Tonelli F. Biotherapeutics and biotherapy of surgical enteropathies. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34 Suppl 2:S87-97. [PMID: 12408450 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(02)80174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic agents are living micro-organisms that, upon ingestion, exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition. In this context, we must differentiate between biotherapeutics as approved drugs and dietary supplements and food products containing prebiotic bacteria that are not considered drugs. At present, the only biotherapeutic agent which is prescribable in some European countries, indicated to relieve specific diseases, is the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. In this review, we consider the various pre-clinical and clinical aspects of biotherapeutics as basic drugs and the biotherapeutic powers of their use in the treatment of some surgical enteropathies.
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Periti P, Tonelli F. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of biotherapeutic agents: Saccharomyces boulardii. J Chemother 2001; 13:473-93. [PMID: 11760212 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2001.13.5.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic agents are living microorganisms that, upon ingestion, exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition. In this context, we must differentiate between biotherapeutics as approved drugs and dietary supplements and food products containing probiotic bacteria that are not considered drugs. At present the only biotherapeutic agent which is prescribable in some European countries, indicated to relieve specific diseases, is the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. In this review we consider the various preclinical and clinical aspects of biotherapeutics as basic drugs and the biotherapeutic powers of their use in the treatment of some surgical enteropathies.
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39
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Psomas E, Andrighetto C, Litopoulou-Tzanetaki E, Lombardi A, Tzanetakis N. Some probiotic properties of yeast isolates from infant faeces and Feta cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 69:125-33. [PMID: 11589551 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeast isolates from infant faeces and Feta cheese were characterized to species level by phenotypic criteria, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) restriction analysis. Results suggested that there is a good agreement between phenotypic characterization of yeasts and RAPD-PCR at species level; in addition, RAPD-PCR as well as mt-DNA restriction analysis provided good discrimination at strain level. Some technological and probiotic properties of selected strains were also investigated. The test strains exhibited lipolytic and proteolytic activities. They also tolerated low pH and survived satisfactory in gastric juice in vitro as well as in the presence of bile. In general, the isolates from faeces were more resistant to low pH and bile than those from Feta cheese. Selected strains could be used as starter supplements for industrial fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Psomas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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40
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Abstract
Biotherapeutic agents offer unique advantages over traditional treatments for infectious diarrhea, and several have been shown to be effective (Table 4). These therapeutic microbial agents are most effective in types of infectious diseases that are associated with a disruption of the normal intestinal microecology (e.g., AAD, C. difficile disease). The impact of biotherapeutic agents on rotaviral diarrhea is of special clinical importance because this is the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea, and there is no defined treatment. Strong efforts need to be made to limit antibiotic exposure in children. Biotherapeutic agents offer a safe and effective nonantibiotic method of treating this important pathogen, especially after the withdrawal of a rotaviral vaccine from the market by the FDA. However, for many biotherapeutic agents, well-done, placebo-controlled trials still are lacking, and not all types of infectious diarrhea respond to these agents. Continued research in this innovative therapeutic area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Elmer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection with metronidazole or vancomycin is successful in the majority of cases, but relapse occurs in 15% to 20% of patients, and in some the infection can remain chronic for months or years. The use of non-antibiotic therapies for this infection is theoretically attractive, as they would enable the normal colonic microflora to be reconstituted which is a requirement for permanent eradication of this pathogen. Over the past decade a number of non-antibiotic approaches to eliminate or neutralize C. difficile or its toxins have been proposed, including probiotic therapy with non-pathogenic microorganisms and several forms of immunotherapy. These alternative approaches are in their infancy, but initial reports appear to support efficacy against this stubborn infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhas Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Elmer GW, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Danko L, Greenberg RN. Behaviour of Saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent Clostridium difficile disease patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:1663-8. [PMID: 10594402 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent interest in therapeutic microorganisms taken orally, little is known about the pharmacodynamics of these agents in a target population of patients with disease. The present study reports the stool concentrations of Saccharomyces boulardii in a patient population with Clostridium difficile disease (CDD) and correlates stool concentrations with efficacy. METHODS Patients with recurrent CDD all received a 10-day standard antibiotic regimen together with 28 days of S. boulardii or placebo. Stool samples were collected from patients at various time points and assayed for S. boulardii. RESULTS The mean concentration of S. boulardii of patients who recurred was 2.5 x 104 CFU/g compared to 1 x 106 CFU/g in patients that did not recur (P=0.02). Patients with low yeast concentrations in their stools (<104/g) recurred more often (14/15, 93%) compared with patients with higher levels (19/35, 54%, P=0.007). Clearance of S. boulardii was rapid; only 4% had positive stools 3 days after stopping dosing. CONCLUSIONS After chronic dosing of S. boulardii, patients with low stool concentrations had a higher likelihood of recurrence of CDD. Stool concentrations were also lower during periods of diarrhoea. These results show the importance of characterizing the dynamics of a therapeutic microorganism in patients with disease, as kinetic studies in healthy volunteers may not give a true reflection of the disturbed microecology in the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Elmer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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McFarland LV. Microecologic approaches for traveler's diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and acute pediatric diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999; 1:301-7. [PMID: 10980964 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-999-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial and viral diarrhea remain important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Current concerns with medical costs, increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance, and overuse of antibiotics in general have redirected therapeutic approaches for diarrhea from traditional drugs to the use of living therapeutic organisms. Awareness of the important role of normal flora in the microecology of the intestines in fighting infection, along with the recent availability of well-controlled clinical trials for these agents, has brought microecologic therapies to the forefront of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington. Correspondence to author at Biocodex, Inc., 1910 Fairview Avenue East, #208, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Vandenplas Y. Bacteria and yeasts in the treatment of acute and chronic infectious diarrhea. Part II: Yeasts. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5:389-395. [PMID: 11853563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Academic Children's Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Lewis SJ, Freedman AR. Review article: the use of biotherapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12:807-22. [PMID: 9768523 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is presently a lack of well conducted clinical trials demonstrating any significant benefits of probiotics in humans. With the exception of diarrhoea due to rotavirus infection in children there is little evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that bacterial probiotics have a significant beneficial action in preventing diarrhoea of any cause. The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to be of benefit in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea but not in preventing infection with Clostridium difficile. S. boulardii may also be of benefit in preventing relapse of C. difficile infection. Because of the simplicity of in vitro systems and some animal models, beneficial characteristics of probiotics such as the ability of bacteria to bind to epithelial surfaces are not always transferable to humans. Thus any postulated benefit from consumption of probiotic bacteria should only be accepted as fact after testing in clinical studies. This review outlines our present knowledge of the mode of action of probiotics and presents the data from clinical trials on their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lewis
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Lewis SJ, Potts LF, Barry RE. The lack of therapeutic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-related diarrhoea in elderly patients. J Infect 1998; 36:171-4. [PMID: 9570649 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(98)80008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a common side effect of antibiotic therapy, especially in the elderly. Saccharomyces boulardii is a non-pathogenic yeast which has been demonstrated to reduce the frequency of diarrhoea in patients due to a variety of causes. We set out to assess its role in preventing antibiotic-related diarrhoea. Consecutive patients over the age of 65 admitted to medical wards, and who were being prescribed antibiotics, were randomized to receive either S. boulardii 113 g twice daily or placebo for as long as they received antibiotics. Bowel habit was monitored using a record of interdefaecatory intervals (IDI) and stool form graded 1-4 (hard to liquid). Stool samples were tested every fourth day for Clostridium difficile toxin. Of the 72 patients randomized, 69 completed the study. There was no difference in sex, age, duration of antibiotic use, length of hospital stay, IDI, stool form, the proportion of patients receiving laxatives, the number of patients experiencing watery stools (seven vs. five), or the presence of C. difficile toxin (five vs. three). No side effects were attributable to S. boulardii. There was no evidence that the concomitant use of S. boulardii with antibiotics alters patients' bowel habits or prevents the appearance of C. difficile toxin in the stool. Thus, S. boulardii cannot be recommended as a 'natural' way to prevent antibiotic-related diarrhoea. This highlights the need for proper evaluation of probiotics before their unrestricted use in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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Jakobsen M, Narvhus J. Yeasts and their possible beneficial and negative effects on the quality of dairy products. Int Dairy J 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(95)00071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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