1
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Song Y, Hupfeld KE, Davies-Jenkins CW, Zöllner HJ, Murali-Manohar S, Mumuni AN, Crocetti D, Yedavalli V, Oeltzschner G, Alessi N, Batschelett MA, Puts NA, Mostofsky SH, Edden RA. Brain glutathione and GABA+ levels in autistic children. Autism Res 2024; 17:512-528. [PMID: 38279628 PMCID: PMC10963146 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors. Altered neurometabolite levels, including glutathione (GSH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), have been proposed as potential contributors to the biology underlying ASD. This study investigated whether cerebral GSH or GABA levels differ between a cohort of children aged 8-12 years with ASD (n = 52) and typically developing children (TDC, n = 49). A comprehensive analysis of GSH and GABA levels in multiple brain regions, including the primary motor cortex (SM1), thalamus (Thal), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and supplementary motor area (SMA), was conducted using single-voxel HERMES MR spectroscopy at 3T. The results revealed no significant differences in cerebral GSH or GABA levels between the ASD and TDC groups across all examined regions. These findings suggest that the concentrations of GSH (an important antioxidant and neuromodulator) and GABA (a major inhibitory neurotransmitter) do not exhibit marked alterations in children with ASD compared to TDC. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between GABA levels in the SM1 and Thal regions with ADHD inattention scores. No significant correlation was found between metabolite levels and hyper/impulsive scores of ADHD, measures of core ASD symptoms (ADOS-2, SRS-P) or adaptive behavior (ABAS-2). While both GSH and GABA have been implicated in various neurological disorders, the current study provides valuable insights into the specific context of ASD and highlights the need for further research to explore other neurochemical alterations that may contribute to the pathophysiology of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Hupfeld
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Helge J. Zöllner
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vivek Yedavalli
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natalie Alessi
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell A. Batschelett
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicolaas A.J. Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart H. Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Song Y, Hupfeld KE, Davies-Jenkins CW, Zöllner HJ, Murali-Manohar S, Mumuni AN, Crocetti D, Yedavalli V, Oeltzschner G, Alessi N, Batschelett MA, Puts NAJ, Mostofsky SH, Edden RAE. Brain Glutathione and GABA+ levels in autistic children. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559718. [PMID: 37808813 PMCID: PMC10557661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors. Altered neurometabolite levels, including glutathione (GSH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), have been proposed as potential contributors to the biology underlying ASD. This study investigated whether cerebral GSH or GABA levels differ between a large cohort of children aged 8-12 years with ASD (n=52) and typically developing children (TDC, n=49). A comprehensive analysis of GSH and GABA levels in multiple brain regions, including the primary motor cortex (SM1), thalamus (Thal), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and supplementary motor area (SMA), was conducted using single-voxel HERMES MR spectroscopy at 3T. The results revealed no significant differences in cerebral GSH or GABA levels between the ASD and TDC groups across all examined regions. These findings suggest that the concentrations of GSH (an important antioxidant and neuromodulator) and GABA (a major inhibitory neurotransmitter) do not exhibit marked alterations in children with ASD compared to TDC. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between GABA levels in the SM1 and Thal regions with ADHD inattention scores. No significant correlation was found between metabolite levels and hyper/impulsive scores of ADHD, measures of core ASD symptoms (ADOS-2, SRS-P) or adaptive behavior (ABAS-2). While both GSH and GABA have been implicated in various neurological disorders, the current study provides valuable insights into the specific context of ASD and highlights the need for further research to explore other neurochemical alterations that may contribute to the pathophysiology of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen E Hupfeld
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher W Davies-Jenkins
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vivek Yedavalli
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natalie Alessi
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell A Batschelett
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard A E Edden
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Shi DD, Anand S, Abdullah KG, McBrayer SK. DNA damage in IDH-mutant gliomas: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Neurooncol 2023; 162:515-523. [PMID: 36352183 PMCID: PMC10956168 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the discovery of IDH mutations in glioma over a decade ago, significant progress has been made in determining how these mutations affect epigenetic, transcriptomic, and metabolic programs in brain tumor cells. In this article, we summarize current understanding of how IDH mutations influence DNA damage in glioma and discuss clinical implications of these findings. METHODS We performed a thorough review of peer-reviewed publications and provide an overview of key mechanisms by which IDH mutations impact response to DNA damage in gliomas, with an emphasis on clinical implications. RESULTS The effects of mutant IDH on DNA damage largely fall into four overarching categories: Gene Expression, Sensitivity to Alkylating Agents, Homologous Recombination, and Oxidative Stress. From a mechanistic standpoint, we discuss how mutant IDH and the oncometabolite (R)-2HG affect each of these categories of DNA damage. We also contextualize these mechanisms with respect to ongoing clinical trials. Studies are underway that incorporate current standard-of-care therapies, including radiation and alkylating agents, in addition to novel therapeutic agents that exert genotoxic stress specifically in IDH-mutant gliomas. Lastly, we discuss key unanswered questions and emerging data in this field that have important implications for our understanding of glioma biology and for the development of new brain tumor therapies. CONCLUSION Mounting preclinical and clinical data suggest that IDH mutations alter DNA damage sensing and repair pathways through distinct mechanisms. Future studies are needed to deepen our understanding of these processes and provide additional mechanistic insights that can be leveraged for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D Shi
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, MA 02215, Boston, USA
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, Dallas, USA
| | - Soummitra Anand
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, Dallas, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, TX 75390, Dallas, USA
| | - Kalil G Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Hillman Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 15232, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Samuel K McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, Dallas, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, Dallas, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75235, Dallas, USA.
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4
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Tian XL, Lu X, Lyu YM, Zhao H, Liu QJ, Tian M. Analysis of Red Blood Cells and their Components in Medical Workers with Occupational Exposure to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221081373. [PMID: 35237116 PMCID: PMC8882952 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221081373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plenty of reports focus on the effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) on peripheral blood lymphocytes in radiation workers. However, studies on red blood cells (RBCs) in radiation workers are rarely reported. Many studies focused on investigate the hemogram of radiation staffs without detecting other components of RBCs. To explore the potential effect of LDR on RBCs, we detected the level of RBC count, hemoglobin, 2,3-disphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), and glutathione (GSH), and then analyzed the factors on these indices in 106 medical radiation workers. As a result, RBC count was affected by sex, age, type of work, length of service (only for females), and annual effective dose (only for males). Hemoglobin status was affected by sex, type of work, and annual effective dose (only for males). Sex, age, and type of work had no effects on the concentration of 2,3-DPG and GSH. Length of service affected 2,3-DPG concentration, and annual effective dose affected GSH level. In conclusion, chronic occupational LDR exposure may have an effect on RBC count, hemoglobin status, and the concentration of 2,3-DPG and GSH in radiation workers to some extent. However, it is still unknown how this kind of influence affects the health of radiation workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xue Lu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Min Lyu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Zheng Zhou, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jie Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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5
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Barreiro-Lage D, Nicolafrancesco C, Kočišek J, Luna A, Kopyra J, Alcamí M, Huber BA, Martín F, Domaracka A, Rousseau P, Díaz-Tendero S. Controlling the diversity of ion-induced fragmentation pathways by N-methylation of amino acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:941-954. [PMID: 34913940 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the fragmentation of singly and doubly N-methylated glycine (sarcosine and N,N-dimethyl glycine, respectively) induced by low-energy (keV) O6+ ions. Multicoincidence mass spectrometry techniques and quantum chemistry simulations (ab initio molecular dynamics and density functional theory) allow us to characterise different fragmentation pathways as well as the associated mechanisms. We focus on the fragmentation of doubly ionised species, for which coincidence measurements provide unambiguous information on the origin of the various charged fragments. We have found that single N-methylation leads to a larger variety of fragmentation channels than in no methylation of glycine, while double N-methylation effectively closes many of these fragmentation channels, including some of those appearing in pristine glycine. Importantly, the closure of fragmentation channels in the latter case does not imply a protective effect by the methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Barreiro-Lage
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Chiara Nicolafrancesco
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Caen 14000, France. .,Synchrotron SOLEIL, LOrme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP 48, Gif sur Yvette Cedex 91192, France
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Luna
- Centro de Computación Científica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Janina Kopyra
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, Siedlce 08-110, Poland
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Bernd A Huber
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Caen 14000, France.
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Alicja Domaracka
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Caen 14000, France.
| | - Patrick Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Caen 14000, France.
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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6
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Salman D, Eddleston M, Darnley K, Nailon WH, McLaren DB, Hadjithelki A, Ruszkiewicz D, Langejuergen J, Alkhalifa Y, Phillips I, Thomas CLP. Breath markers for therapeutic radiation. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016004. [PMID: 33103660 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Radiation dose is important in radiotherapy. Too little, and the treatment is not effective, too much causes radiation toxicity. A biochemical measurement of the effect of radiotherapy would be useful in personalisation of this treatment. This study evaluated changes in exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOC) associated with radiotherapy with thermal desorption gas chromatography mass-spectrometry followed by data processing and multivariate statistical analysis. Further the feasibility of adopting gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry for radiotherapy point-of-care breath was assessed. A total of 62 participants provided 240 end-tidal 1 dm3 breath samples before radiotherapy and at 1, 3, and 6 h post-exposure, that were analysed by thermal-desorption/gas-chromatography/quadrupole mass-spectrometry. Data were registered by retention-index and mass-spectra before multivariate statistical analyses identified candidate markers. A panel of sulfur containing compounds (thio-VOC) were observed to increase in concentration over the 6 h following irradiation. 3-methylthiophene (80 ng.m-3 to 790 ng.m-3) had the lowest abundance while 2-thiophenecarbaldehyde(380 ng.m-3 to 3.85 μg.m-3) the highest; note, exhaled 2-thiophenecarbaldehyde has not been observed previously. The putative tumour metabolite 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene concentration reduced by an average of 73% over the same time. Statistical scoring based on the signal intensities thio-VOC and 3-methylthiophene appears to reflect individuals' responses to radiation exposure from radiotherapy. The thio-VOC are hypothesised to derive from glutathione and Maillard-based reactions and these are of interest as they are associated with radio-sensitivity. Further studies with continuous monitoring are needed to define the development of the breath biochemistry response to irradiation and to determine the optimum time to monitor breath for radiotherapy markers. Consequently, a single 0.5 cm3 breath-sample gas chromatography-ion mobility approach was evaluated. The calibrated limit of detection for 3-methylthiophene was 10 μg.m-3 with a lower limit of the detector's response estimated to be 210 fg.s-1; the potential for a point-of-care radiation exposure study exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Salman
- Centre for Analytical Science, Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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7
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Abdelrazzak AB, El-Missiry MA, Ahmed MT, Elnady BF. Effect of low-dose X-rays on the liver of whole-body irradiated rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:264-273. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1554925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moustafa T. Ahmed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma F. Elnady
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Selim M, Saha A, Mukherjea KK. Protection of radiation induced DNA damage by a newly developed molybdenum complex. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Durieux AMS, Horder J, Mendez MA, Egerton A, Williams SCR, Wilson CE, Spain D, Murphy C, Robertson D, Barker GJ, Murphy DG, McAlonan GM. Cortical and subcortical glutathione levels in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 9:429-435. [PMID: 26290215 PMCID: PMC4761328 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress has been postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, reports of alterations in oxidation markers including glutathione (GSH), the major endogenous antioxidant, are indirect, coming from blood plasma level measurements and postmortem studies. Therefore we used in-vivo 3 Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) to directly measure GSH concentrations in the basal ganglia (BG) and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of 21 normally intelligent adult males with ASD and 29 controls who did not differ in age or IQ. There was no difference in brain GSH between patients and controls in either brain area; neither did GSH levels correlate with measures of clinical severity in patients. Thus [1H]MRS measures of cortical and subcortical GSH are not a biomarker for ASD in intellectually able adult men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M S Durieux
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Jamie Horder
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - M Andreina Mendez
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - C Ellie Wilson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Debbie Spain
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Dene Robertson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London UK (A.M.S.D., J.H., M.A.M., C.E.W., D.S., C.M., D.G.M., G.M.M.) Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (A.E.) Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (S.W., G.J.B.) Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation (D.R.) The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., D.G.M, G.M.M.)
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Ahmad IM, Temme JB, Abdalla MY, Zimmerman MC. Redox status in workers occupationally exposed to long-term low levels of ionizing radiation: A pilot study. Redox Rep 2016; 21:139-45. [PMID: 26817988 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2015.1101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide (O2(•-)), play an important role in the biological effects of ionizing radiation. The human body has developed different antioxidant systems to defend against excessive levels of ROS. The aim of the present study is to investigate the redox status changes in the blood of radiologic technologists and compare these changes to control individuals. METHODS We enrolled 60 medical workers: 20 occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (all radiologic technologists), divided in three subgroups: conventional radiography (CR), computerized tomography (CT), and interventional radiography (IR) and 40 age- and gender-matched unexposed controls. Levels of O2(•-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood were measured as an index of redox status, as were the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Redox status was also assessed by measuring levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG, respectively). RESULTS Levels of O2(•-) and MDA, and SOD activity in the blood of IR and CT-exposed subjects were significantly higher than both the CR-exposed subjects and control individuals. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of catalase, GSH and ratio of GSH/GSSG between exposed workers and control individuals. DISCUSSION This study suggests that healthcare workers in CT and IR occupationally exposed to radiation have an elevated circulating redox status as compared to unexposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M Ahmad
- a Radiation Science Technology Education, College of Allied Health Professions , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , USA
| | - James B Temme
- a Radiation Science Technology Education, College of Allied Health Professions , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , USA
| | - Maher Y Abdalla
- b Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- c Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , USA
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11
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Heier LS, Teien HC, Oughton D, Tollefsen KE, Olsvik PA, Rosseland BO, Lind OC, Farmen E, Skipperud L, Salbu B. Sublethal effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to mixtures of copper, aluminium and gamma radiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 121:33-42. [PMID: 22583837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects in presmolt of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to copper (Cu), aluminium (Al) and gamma radiation, individually or in combination. Fish were exposed for 48 h to metals added to lake water; 10, 40 and 80 μg Cu/L, 250 μg Al/L and a combination of 40 μg Cu/L and 250 μg Al/L. In addition, gamma radiation (4-70 mGy delivered over 48 h) was added as an additional exposure stressor. Selected endpoints were chosen to reveal different toxic mechanisms and included Cu and Al accumulation on gills, blood chemistry and haematological variables (plasma sodium and chloride, haematocrit, glucose), hepatic levels of reduced and oxidised glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and hepatic transcriptional response of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), metallothionein (MT) and ubiquitin. Exposure to Cu alone resulted in gill accumulation of Cu, reduction of plasma ions and increased transcriptional response of GPx, MT and ubiquitin. Exposure to Al alone reduced plasma ion levels but did not affect any of the hepatic biomarkers except for ubiquitin. The combined metal exposure (Cu + Al) altered the GSH levels, however GPx and MT were not affected suggesting a different mode of detoxification in the combined exposure. Gamma radiation appeared to influence GSH and ubiquitin levels. The observed effects seemed to be both stressor and concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Sørlie Heier
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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12
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Bøhn SK, Russnes KM, Sakhi AK, Thoresen M, Holden M, Moskaug JØ, Myhrstad MC, Olstad OK, Smeland S, Blomhoff R. Stress associated gene expression in blood cells is related to outcome in radiotherapy treated head and neck cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:426. [PMID: 23009663 PMCID: PMC3517770 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously observed that a radiotherapy-induced biochemical response in plasma was associated with favourable outcome in head and neck squamous carcinoma cancer (HNSCC) patients. The aim of the present study was to compare stress associated blood cell gene expression between two sub-groups of HNSCC patients with different biochemical responses to radiotherapy. Methods Out of 87 patients (histologically verified), 10 biochemical ‘responders’ having a high relative increase in plasma oxidative damage and a concomitant decrease in plasma antioxidants during radiotherapy and 10 ‘poor-responders’ were selected for gene-expression analysis and compared using gene set enrichment analysis. Results There was a significant induction of stress-relevant gene-sets in the responders following radiotherapy compared to the poor-responders. The relevance of the involvement of similar stress associated gene expression for HNSCC cancer and radioresistance was verified using two publicly available data sets of 42 HNSCC cases and 14 controls (GEO GSE6791), and radiation resistant and radiation sensitive HNSCC xenografts (E-GEOD-9716). Conclusions Radiotherapy induces a systemic stress response, as revealed by induction of stress relevant gene expression in blood cells, which is associated to favourable outcome in a cohort of 87 HNSCC patients. Whether these changes in gene expression reflects a systemic effect or are biomarkers of the tumour micro-environmental status needs further study. Trial registration Raw data are available at ArrayExpress under accession number E-MEXP-2460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv K Bøhn
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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13
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Ray M, Yunis R, Chen X, Rocke DM. Comparison of low and high dose ionising radiation using topological analysis of gene coexpression networks. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:190. [PMID: 22594378 PMCID: PMC3443446 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing use of imaging procedures in medicine has raised concerns about exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR). While the disastrous effects of high dose ionising radiation (HDIR) is well documented, the detrimental effects of LDIR is not well understood and has been a topic of much debate. Since little is known about the effects of LDIR, various kinds of wet-lab and computational analyses are required to advance knowledge in this domain. In this paper we carry out an "upside-down pyramid" form of systems biology analysis of microarray data. We characterised the global genomic response following 10 cGy (low dose) and 100 cGy (high dose) doses of X-ray ionising radiation at four time points by analysing the topology of gene coexpression networks. This study includes a rich experimental design and state-of-the-art computational systems biology methods of analysis to study the differences in the transcriptional response of skin cells exposed to low and high doses of radiation. RESULTS Using this method we found important genes that have been linked to immune response, cell survival and apoptosis. Furthermore, we also were able to identify genes such as BRCA1, ABCA1, TNFRSF1B, MLLT11 that have been associated with various types of cancers. We were also able to detect many genes known to be associated with various medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our method of applying network topological differences can aid in identifying the differences among similar (eg: radiation effect) yet very different biological conditions (eg: different dose and time) to generate testable hypotheses. This is the first study where a network level analysis was performed across two different radiation doses at various time points, thereby illustrating changes in the cellular response over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ray
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Qu Y, Zhao S, Hong J, Tang S. Radiosensitive gene therapy through imRNA expression for silencing manganese superoxide dismutase. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 136:953-9. [PMID: 20012547 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In radiotherapy, therapeutic efficacy for the control of cancer is often limited by tumor tissue radioresistance including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation (IR) leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that are associated with radiation-induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis. The antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide. METHODS We have investigated the potential of SOD2 gene silencing, through plasmid transfer using a microRNA interference optimized for transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line cells, to degrade the radioresistance of a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Using these as in vitro models we have investigated whether SOD2 gene therapy may be suitable for the reduction of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma resistance to the effects of IR. RESULTS Here we demonstrate using both biological and physical assays that silencing of SOD2 enhances the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to IR injury. Our results show that a decrease in the levels of SOD2 mRNA and protein within CNE1 cells (down-regulated 65 and 80%) leads to a significant decrease in clonogenic survival (from 24.5 to 9.67% at 2 Gy, from 9.12 to 2.45% at 4 Gy), as evident by a significant decrease in Dbar (from 1.923 to 0.617 Gy), SF(2) (from 0.403 to 0.021) values, and a significant increase in the alpha value (from 0.228 +/- 0.070 to 1.064 +/- 0.210/Gy) when compared either to cells transduced with a Gateway-adapted expression vector encoding EmGFP alone or to the parental line. CONCLUSIONS The results presented suggest that miRNA for silencing SOD2 radiosensitizing gene therapy maybe applicable to the nasopharyngeal carcinoma, improving the therapeutic ratio of cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
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15
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Lu X, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Radioprotective activity of betalains from red beets in mice exposed to gamma irradiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Robaey P, Krajinovic M, Marcoux S, Moghrabi A. Pharmacogenetics of the neurodevelopmental impact of anticancer chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:211-20. [PMID: 18924160 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of minimizing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of cancer patients by identifying patients at risk, enabling the individualization of treatment and the planning of close follow-up and early remediation. This review focuses first on methotrexate, a drug often implicated in neurotoxicity, especially when used in combination with brain irradiation. The second focus is on glucocorticoids that have been found to be linked to adverse developmental effects in relation with the psychosocial environment. For both examples, we review how polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in specific mechanisms of action could moderate adverse neurodevelopmental consequences, eventually through common final pathways such as oxidative stress. We discuss a multiple hit model and possible strategies required to rise to the challenge of this integrative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Robaey
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
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17
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Sezen O, Ertekin MV, Demircan B, Karslıoğlu İ, Erdoğan F, Koçer İ, Çalık İ, Gepdiremen A. Vitamin E and l-carnitine, separately or in combination, in the prevention of radiation-induced brain and retinal damages. Neurosurg Rev 2008; 31:205-13; discussion 213. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-007-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Wang X, Long J, Dong T, Zhao W. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuates the acute liver injury caused by X-ray in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 575:142-8. [PMID: 17825281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of different doses and administration modes of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against X-ray -induced liver damage in mice. Kun-Ming mice were divided into four groups, each composed of six animals: two control groups and two NAC-treated groups. An acute study was carried out to determine alterations in lipid peroxidation (determined by measuring malondiadehyde (MDA) level), glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (assayed by colorimetric method), and DNA damage (characterized by DNA-single strand break using with comet assay) as well as cell apoptosis (measured by flow cytometry) at 12 h after irradiation. The results showed that there were dose-related decreases in MDA level, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, and dose-dependent increases in GSH content and SOD activity in all NAC-treated groups compared to control groups, indicating that pre-treatment or post-treatment with NAC significantly attenuates the acute liver damage caused by X-ray. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between MDA level and DNA damage or cell apoptosis, implying that lipid peroxidation plays a major role in X-ray-induced liver injury. The data suggest that NAC exerts its radioprotective effect by counteracting accumulated reactive oxygen species in the liver through its properties as a direct antioxidant and a GSH precursor, when administered before or after X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Colen CB, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Marples B, Galloway MP, Sloan AE, Mathupala SP. Metabolic remodeling of malignant gliomas for enhanced sensitization during radiotherapy: an in vitro study. Neurosurgery 2007; 59:1313-23; discussion 1323-4. [PMID: 17277695 PMCID: PMC3385862 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000249218.65332.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate a novel method to enhance radiosensitivity of gliomas via modification of metabolite flux immediately before radiotherapy. Malignant gliomas are highly glycolytic and produce copious amounts of lactic acid, which is effluxed to the tumor microenvironment via lactate transporters. We hypothesized that inhibition of lactic acid efflux would alter glioma metabolite profiles, including those that are radioprotective. H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantify key metabolites, including those most effective for induction of low-dose radiation-induced cell death. METHODS We inhibited lactate transport in U87-MG gliomas with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ACCA). Flow cytometry was used to assess induction of cell death in treated cells. Cells were analyzed by MRS after ACCA treatment. Control and treated cells were subjected to low-dose irradiation, and the surviving fractions of cells were determined by clonogenic assays. RESULTS MRS revealed changes to intracellular lactate on treatment with ACCA. Significant decreases in the metabolites taurine, glutamate, glutathione, alanine, and glycine were observed, along with inversion of the choline/phosphocholine profile. On exposure to low-dose radiation, ACCA-pretreated U-87MG cells underwent rapid morphological changes, which were followed by apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Inhibition of lactate efflux in malignant gliomas results in alterations of glycolytic metabolism, including decreased levels of the antioxidants taurine and glutathione and enhanced radiosensitivity of ACCA-treated cells. Thus, in situ application of lactate transport inhibitors such as ACCA as a novel adjunctive therapeutic strategy against glial tumors may greatly enhance the level of radiation-induced cell killing during a combined radio- and chemotherapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim B Colen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Schöllnberger H, Stewart RD, Mitchel REJ, Hofmann W. An examination of radiation hormesis mechanisms using a multistage carcinogenesis model. NONLINEARITY IN BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, MEDICINE 2004; 2:317-52. [PMID: 19330150 PMCID: PMC2657508 DOI: 10.1080/15401420490900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A multistage cancer model that describes the putative rate-limiting steps in carcinogenesis is developed and used to investigate the potential impact on cumulative lung cancer incidence of the hormesis mechanisms suggested by Feinendegen and Pollycove. In the model, radiation and endogenous processes damage the DNA of target cells in the lung. Some fraction of the misrepaired or unrepaired DNA damage induces genomic instability and, ultimately, leads to the accumulation of malignant cells. The model explicitly accounts for cell birth and death processes, the clonal expansion of initiated cells, malignant conversion, and a lag period for tumor formation. Radioprotective mechanisms are incorporated into the model by postulating dose and dose-rate-dependent radical scavenging. The accuracy of DNA damage repair also depends on dose and dose rate. As currently formulated, the model is most applicable to low-linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation delivered at low dose rates. Sensitivity studies are conducted to identify critical model inputs and to help define the shapes of the cumulative lung cancer incidence curves that may arise when dose and dose-rate-dependent cellular defense mechanisms are incorporated into a multistage cancer model. For lung cancer, both linear no-threshold (LNT-), and non-LNT-shaped responses can be obtained. If experiments demonstrate that the effects of DNA damage repair and radical scavenging are enhanced at least three-fold under low-dose conditions, our studies would support the existence of U-shaped responses. The overall fidelity of the DNA damage repair process may have a large impact on the cumulative incidence of lung cancer. The reported studies also highlight the need to know whether or not (or to what extent) multiply damaged DNA sites are formed by endogenous processes. Model inputs that give rise to U-shaped responses are consistent with an effective cumulative lung cancer incidence threshold that may be as high as 300 mGy (4 mGy per year for 75 years) for low-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schöllnberger
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Mirecki A, Fitzmaurice P, Ang L, Kalasinsky KS, Peretti FJ, Aiken SS, Wickham DJ, Sherwin A, Nobrega JN, Forman HJ, Kish SJ. Brain antioxidant systems in human methamphetamine users. J Neurochem 2004; 89:1396-408. [PMID: 15189342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal data suggest that the widely abused psychostimulant methamphetamine can damage brain dopamine neurones by causing dopamine-dependent oxidative stress; however, the relevance to human methamphetamine users is unclear. We measured levels of key antioxidant defences [reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, six major GSH system enzymes, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), uric acid] that are often altered after exposure to oxidative stress, in autopsied brain of human methamphetamine users and matched controls. Changes in the total (n = 20) methamphetamine group were limited to the dopamine-rich caudate (the striatal subdivision with the most severe dopamine loss) in which only activity of CuZnSOD (+ 14%) and GSSG levels (+ 58%) were changed. In the six methamphetamine users with severe (- 72 to - 97%) caudate dopamine loss, caudate CuZnSOD activity (+ 20%) and uric acid levels (+ 63%) were increased with a trend for decreased (- 35%) GSH concentration. Our data suggest that brain levels of many antioxidant systems are preserved in methamphetamine users and that GSH depletion, commonly observed during severe oxidative stress, might occur only with severe dopamine loss. Increased CuZnSOD and uric acid might reflect compensatory responses to oxidative stress. Future studies are necessary to establish whether these changes are associated with oxidative brain damage in human methamphetamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mirecki
- Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We wanted to investigate the effect of X-rays on mononuclear blood cells (MNCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) of radiology technicians exposed to X-rays in hospital. METHODS DNA damage was detected by fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding. Glutathione levels were measured with enzymatic method in mononuclear blood cells. Glutathione content and catalase (CAT) activity of erythrocytes, and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by spectrophometric methods. RESULTS An insignificant increase in plasma malondialdehyde levels and a significant decrease in mononuclear blood cells glutathione levels were observed in nonsmoking radiology technicians. In smoking radiology technicians, on the other hand, in addition to an increase in plasma malondialdehyde levels, DNA damage was also significantly apparent. Besides mononuclear blood cells' glutathione depletion, the glutathione content of red blood cells was also found to be decreased. CONCLUSION It can be suggested that smoking seems to augment the toxic effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Akköse
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Capa-Istanbul 34390, Turkey
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Akköse A, Omer B, Deniz G, Darendeliler E. Detection of DNA single-strand breaks and glutathione in mononuclear blood cells of radiotherapy technicians. Addict Biol 2002; 7:409-14. [PMID: 14578017 DOI: 10.1080/1355621021000006008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We wanted to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) and glutathione (GSH) levels in mononuclear blood cells (MNC) of radiotherapy technicians. DNA SSB in MNC of radiotherapy technicians who use (60)Co-gamma source in their works were detected by alkaline filter elution and compared to control subjects. In addition, GSH levels were measured using the enzymatic method in MNC. Blood samples were collected from radiotherapy technicians on Monday and Friday. DNA SSB levels were found to be significantly higher in smoking controls compared to non-smoking controls. Significant increases of 36% and 49% in DNA SSB were detected from Monday to Friday for non-smoking and smoking radiotherapy technicians, respectively. GSH levels were found to be decreased significantly from Monday to Friday. Gamma-radiation resulted in increased DNA SSB levels of MNC in radiotherapy technicians throughout the working week and these breaks have been observed to be repaired at the weekend. Smoking habit caused an additional increase in the SSBs observed in radiotherapy technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Akköse
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, 34390 Capa-Istanbul, Turkey
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Gupta A, Butts B, Kwei KA, Dvorakova K, Stratton SP, Briehl MM, Bowden GT. Attenuation of catalase activity in the malignant phenotype plays a functional role in an in vitro model for tumor progression. Cancer Lett 2001; 173:115-25. [PMID: 11597785 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression. Using repeated treatments with ionizing radiation or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), we caused malignant progression of a papilloma producing mouse keratinocyte cell line, 308 cells. In a previous study we have shown that the malignant variants of 308 cells have elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and have established a functional role for the pro-oxidant state in the progressed phenotype (Carcinogenesis 20 (1999) 2063). In this study, we have evaluated the status of intracellular defense mechanisms for ROS scavenging in the progressed phenotype to identify sources that contribute to their pro-oxidant state. Our results demonstrate that a reduction in several anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, including catalase and glutathione S-transferase mu, correlates with the emergence of the malignant phenotype. We provide evidence that attenuation of catalase activity may play a functional role in the malignant progression of mouse keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room 4999, Arizona Cancer Center, P.O. Box 240524, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-0524, USA
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25
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Tiku AB, Kale RK. Radiomodification of glyoxalase I in the liver and spleen of mice: adaptive response and split-dose effect. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 216:79-83. [PMID: 11216867 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011020917051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase system, particularly glyoxalase I (Gly I) plays an important role in regulation of cell division and is considered to be a metabolic indicator of cell proliferation. The glyoxalase system is likely to have a close link with cellular radiosensitivity. Therefore, we have examined the effect of adaptive and split-dose of y-rays on the activity of Gly I in the liver and spleen of mice. For the adaptive response studies, mice pre-treated with a conditioning dose of 0.5 Gy were given a challenging dose of 4 Gy at varying time intervals. In the split-dose studies, a dose of 4 Gy was delivered into two equal fractions and spaced at different time intervals. The results show that pre-exposure to a conditioning dose or the fractionation of total dose decreased the specific activity of Gly I in the liver and spleen of mice. The decreased activity of Gly I was suggestive of protective action induced by the conditioning dose and fractionation of dose. The similar pattern of radiation response of Gly I probably supported the possibility of involvement of a common pathway in the radiation-induced adaptive and split-dose effect. From these observations a close link between the Gly I and the adaptive-response as well as the split-dose effect is speculated. Since, the glyoxalase system is vital for a variety of biological functions including cell division and repair, the present findings may have relevance in understanding the dose-fractionation as well as the biological defence induced by low doses of radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Tiku
- Free Radical Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Wild AC, Mulcahy RT. Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase subunit gene expression: insights into transcriptional control of antioxidant defenses. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:281-301. [PMID: 10741850 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS; also referred to as glutamate-cysteine ligase, GLCL) catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The GCS holoenzyme is composed of a catalytic and regulatory subunit, each encoded by a unique gene. In addition to some conditions which specifically upregulate the catalytic subunit gene, expression of both genes is increased in response to many Phase II enzyme inducers including oxidants, heavy metals, phenolic antioxidants and GSH-conjugating agents. Electrophile Response Elements (EpREs), located in 5'-flanking sequences of both the GCSh and GCSl subunit genes, are hypothesized to at least partially mediate gene induction following xenobiotic exposure. Recent experiments indicate that the bZip transcription factor Nrf2 participates in EpRE-mediated GCS subunit gene activation in combination with other bZip proteins. An AP-1-like binding sequence and an NF-kappaB site have also been implicated in regulation of the catalytic subunit gene following exposure to certain pro-oxidants. Potential signaling mechanisms mediating GCS gene induction by the diverse families of Phase II enzyme inducers include thiol modification of critical regulatory sensor protein(s) and the generation of the reactive oxygen species. This review summarizes recent progress in defining the molecular mechanisms operative in transcriptional control of the genes encoding the two GCS subunits, identifying areas of agreement and controversy. The mechanisms involved in GCS regulation might also be relevant to the transcriptional control of other components of the antioxidant defense battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wild
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C. Lu
- USC Liver Disease Research CenterDivision of Gastrointestinal and Liver DiseasesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles California 90033 USA
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