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Rivi V, Caruso G, Caraci F, Alboni S, Pani L, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K, Blom JMC, Benatti C. Behavioral and transcriptional effects of carnosine in the central ring ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25371. [PMID: 39078068 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide with well-recognized anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects at the central nervous system level. To date, very few studies have been focused on the ability of carnosine to rescue and/or enhance memory. Here, we used a well-known invertebrate model system, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and a well-studied associative learning procedure, operant conditioning of aerial respiration, to investigate the ability of carnosine to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation and reverse memory obstruction caused by an immune challenge (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection). Exposing snails to 1 mM carnosine for 1 h before training in addition to enhancing memory formation resulted in a significant upregulation of the expression levels of key neuroplasticity genes (i.e., glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate [NMDA]-type subunit 1-LymGRIN1, and the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein 1-LymCREB1) in snails' central ring ganglia. Moreover, pre-exposure to 1 mM carnosine before an LPS injection reversed the memory deficit brought about by inflammation, by preventing the upregulation of key targets for immune and stress response (i.e., Toll-like receptor 4-LymTLR4, molluscan defense molecule-LymMDM, heat shock protein 70-LymHSP70). Our data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that carnosine can have positive benefits on cognitive ability and be able to reverse memory aversive states induced by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Deparment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Dobrowolski SF, Phua YL, Sudano C, Spridik K, Zinn PO, Wang Y, Bharathi S, Vockley J, Goetzman E. Comparative metabolomics in the Pah enu2 classical PKU mouse identifies cerebral energy pathway disruption and oxidative stress. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:38-45. [PMID: 35367142 PMCID: PMC9759961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Classical phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) owes to hepatic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that enzymatically converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). PKU neurologic phenotypes include impaired brain development, decreased myelination, early onset mental retardation, seizures, and late-onset features (neuropsychiatric, Parkinsonism). Phe over-representation is systemic; however, tissue response to hyperphenylalaninemia is not consistent. To characterize hyperphenylalaninemia tissue response, metabolomics was applied to Pahenu2 classical PKU mouse blood, liver, and brain. In blood and liver over-represented analytes were principally Phe, Phe catabolites, and Phe-related analytes (Phe-conjugates, Phe-containing dipeptides). In addition to Phe and Phe-related analytes, the metabolomic profile of Pahenu2 brain tissue evidenced oxidative stress responses and energy dysregulation. Glutathione and homocarnosine anti-oxidative responses are apparent Pahenu2 brain. Oxidative stress in Pahenu2 brain was further evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species. Pahenu2 brain presents an increased NADH/NAD ratio suggesting respiratory chain complex 1 dysfunction. Respirometry in Pahenu2 brain mitochondria functionally confirmed reduced respiratory chain activity with an attenuated response to pyruvate substrate. Glycolysis pathway analytes are over-represented in Pahenu2 brain tissue. PKU pathologies owe to liver metabolic deficiency; yet, Pahenu2 liver tissue shows neither energy disruption nor anti-oxidative response. Unique aspects of metabolomic homeostasis in PKU brain tissue along with increased reactive oxygen species and respiratory chain deficit provide insight to neurologic disease mechanisms. While some elements of assumed, long standing PKU neuropathology are enforced by metabolomic data (e.g. reduced tryptophan and serotonin representation), energy dysregulation and tissue oxidative stress expand mechanisms underlying neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America.
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Cayla Sudano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Kayla Spridik
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Yudong Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Sivakama Bharathi
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
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Neuroprotective Potential of Carnosine in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Dobrowolski SF, Phua YL, Sudano C, Spridik K, Zinn PO, Wang Y, Bharathi S, Vockley J, Goetzman E. Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient phenylketonuria comparative metabolomics identifies energy pathway disruption and oxidative stress. Mol Genet Metab 2021:S1096-7192(21)00686-7. [PMID: 33846068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Classical phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) owes to hepatic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that enzymatically converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). PKU neurologic phenotypes include impaired brain development, decreased myelination, early onset mental retardation, seizures, and late-onset features (neuropsychiatric, Parkinsonism). PAH deficiency leads to systemic hyperphenylalaninemia; however, the impact of Phe varies between tissues. To characterize tissue response to hyperphenylalaninemia, metabolomics was applied to tissue from therapy noncompliant classical PKU patients (blood, liver), the Pahenu2 classical PKU mouse (blood, liver, brain) and the PAH deficient pig (blood, liver, brain, cerebrospinal fluid). In blood, liver, and CSF from both patients and animal models over-represented analytes were principally Phe, Phe catabolites, and Phe-related analytes (conjugates, Phe-containing dipeptides). In addition to Phe and Phe-related analytes, the metabolomic profile of PKU brain tissue (mouse, pig) evidenced oxidative stress responses and energy dysregulation. In Pahenu2 and PKU pig brain tissues, anti-oxidative response by glutathione and homocarnosine is apparent. Oxidative stress in Pahenu2 brain was further demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species. In Pahenu2 and PKU pig brain, an increased NADH/NAD ratio suggests a respiratory chain dysfunction. Respirometry in PKU brain mitochondria (mouse, pig) functionally confirmed reduced respiratory chain activity. Glycolysis pathway analytes are over-represented in PKU brain tissue (mouse, pig). PKU pathologies owe to liver metabolic deficiency; yet, PKU liver tissue (mouse, pig, human) shows neither energy disruption nor anti-oxidative response. Unique aspects of metabolomic homeostasis in PKU brain tissue along with increased reactive oxygen species and respiratory chain deficit provide insight to neurologic disease mechanisms. While some elements of assumed, long standing PKU neuropathology are enforced by metabolomic data (e.g. reduced tryptophan and serotonin representation), energy dysregulation and tissue oxidative stress expand mechanisms underlying neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Cayla Sudano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Kayla Spridik
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Yudong Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Sivakama Bharathi
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
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Berezhnoy DS, Stvolinsky SL, Lopachev AV, Devyatov AA, Lopacheva OM, Kulikova OI, Abaimov DA, Fedorova TN. Carnosine as an effective neuroprotector in brain pathology and potential neuromodulator in normal conditions. Amino Acids 2018; 51:139-150. [PMID: 30353356 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine (b-alanyl-L-histidine) is an endogenous dipeptide widely distributed in excitable tissues, such as muscle and neural tissues-though in minor concentrations in the latter. Multiple benefits have been attributed to carnosine: direct and indirect antioxidant effect, antiglycating, metal-chelating, chaperone and pH-buffering activity. Thus, carnosine turns out to be a multipotent protector against oxidative damage. However, the role of carnosine in the brain remains unclear. The key aspects concerning carnosine in the brain reviewed are as follows: its concentration and bioavailability, mechanisms of action in neuronal and glial cells, beneficial effects in human studies. Recent literature data and the results of our own research are summarized here. This review covers studies of carnosine effects on both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral damage, such as neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic injuries and the data on its physiological actions on neuronal signaling and cerebral functions. Besides its antioxidant and homeostatic properties, new potential roles of carnosine in the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Berezhnoy
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - S L Stvolinsky
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - A V Lopachev
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - A A Devyatov
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - O M Lopacheva
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - O I Kulikova
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia.,Faculty of Ecology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - D A Abaimov
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - T N Fedorova
- Research Center of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurochemistry, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
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Huang J, Wang T, Yu D, Fang X, Fan H, Liu Q, Yi G, Yi X, Liu Q. l-Homocarnosine attenuates inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:357-364. [PMID: 29890246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the therapeutic effects of l-homocarnosine against inflammation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were grouped into control, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 0.5 mM l-homocarnosine + MCAO, and 1 mM l-homocarnosine + MCAO treatment groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase, lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Neurological scores were assessed, and histopathology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy analyses were conducted. The mRNA expression levels of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and protein expression levels of NLRP3 were assessed. l-Homocarnosine supplementation substantially increased SOD, catalase, Gpx, and GSH levels, whereas it reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation relative to MCAO rats. l-Homocarnosine significantly reduced the infarct area and neurological deficit score, as well as histopathological alteration, apoptosis, and necrosis in brain tissue. The mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-6 were increased in MCAO rats, whereas l-homocarnosine supplementation reduced mRNA expression by >40%, and NLRP3 protein expression was reduced by >30% in 1 mM l-homocarnosine-treated MCAO rats. We propose that l-homocarnosine exerts a protective effect in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced rats by downregulating NLRP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Tao Wang
- International Nursing School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Daorui Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Xingyue Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Haofei Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Guohui Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Xinan Yi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.
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8
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Berezhnoy DS, Fedorova TN, Stvolinskii SL, Inozemtsev AN. Carnosine modulates oxidative homeostasis and levels of neurotransmitters in the brain in models of learning with positive and negative reinforcement. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chu C, Lundeen RA, Sander M, McNeill K. Assessing the Indirect Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Combined Amino Acids through the Use of Systematically Designed Histidine-Containing Oligopeptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12798-12807. [PMID: 26425803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation is an important abiotic transformation pathway for amino acids (AAs) in sunlit waters. Although dissolved free AAs are well studied, the photooxidation of dissolved combined AAs (DCAAs) remains poorly investigated. This study is a systematic investigation of the effect of neighboring photostable AA residues (i.e., aliphatic, cationic, anionic, or aromatic residues) on the environmental indirect photochemical transformation of histidine (His) in His-containing oligopeptides. The pKa values of His residues in the studied oligopeptides were found to be between 4.3 and 8.1. Accordingly, the phototransformation rate constants of the His-containing oligopeptides were highly pH-dependent in an environmentally relevant pH range with higher reactivity for neutral His than for the protonated species. The photostable AA residues significantly modulated the photoreactivity of oligopeptides either through altering the accessibility of His to photochemically produced oxidants or through shifting the pKa values of His residues. In addition, the influence of neighboring photostable AA residues on the sorption-enhanced phototransformation of oligopeptides in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was assessed. The constituent photostable AA residues promoted sorption of His-containing oligopeptides to CDOM macromolecules through electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic effects, and/or low-barrier hydrogen bonds, and subsequently increased the apparent phototransformation rate constants by up to 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Chu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel A Lundeen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Omrani H, Alipour MR, Mohaddes G. Ghrelin Improves Antioxidant Defense in Blood and Brain in Normobaric Hypoxia in Adult Male Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:283-8. [PMID: 26236669 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia is one of the important factors in formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that reduces oxidative stress. However, antioxidant effect of ghrelin on blood and brain in normobaric hypoxia condition has not yet been investigated. METHODS thirty-two animals were randomly divided into four (n=8) experimental groups: Control (C), ghrelin (Gh), hypoxia (H), hypoxic animals that received ghrelin (H+Gh). Normobaric systemic hypoxia (11% O2) was induced in rats for 48 hours. Effect of ghrelin (80 μg/kg, i.p) on serum TAC and MDA and brain SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA were assessed. RESULTS Hypoxia significantly (p<0.001) increased both blood and brain MDA Levels. Ghrelin treatment significantly (p<0.001) decreased blood MDA levels both in control and hypoxia, and brain MDA levels in hypoxia conditions. Brain SOD, CAT and GPx variations were not significant in two days of hypoxia. Ghrelin treatment also could not significantly increase activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in brain. Total antioxidant capacity of serum increased in ghrelin treatment both in control and hypoxic conditions, although it was only significant (p<0.01) in control conditions. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that administration of ghrelin may be useful in reducing blood and brain oxidative stress in normobaric hypoxia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Omrani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Bhattacharya TK, Pence BD, Ossyra JM, Gibbons TE, Perez S, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Woods JA, Rhodes JS. Exercise but not (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or β-alanine enhances physical fitness, brain plasticity, and behavioral performance in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 145:29-37. [PMID: 25797079 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and physical exercise can enhance cognitive function but the specific combinations of dietary bioactives that maximize pro-cognitive effects are not known nor are the contributing neurobiological mechanisms. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid constituent of many plants with high levels found in green tea. EGCG has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and is known to cross the blood brain barrier where it can affect brain chemistry and physiology. β-Alanine (B-ALA) is a naturally occurring β-amino acid that could increase cognitive functioning by increasing levels of exercise via increased capacity of skeletal muscle, by crossing the blood brain barrier and acting as a neurotransmitter, or by free radical scavenging in muscle and brain after conversion into carnosine. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of EGCG (~250mg/kg/day), B-ALA (~550mg/kg/day), and their combination with voluntary wheel running exercise on the following outcome measures: body composition, time to fatigue, production of new cells in the granule layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as a marker for neuronal plasticity, and behavioral performance on the contextual and cued fear conditioning tasks, as measures of associative learning and memory. Young adult male BALB/cJ mice approximately 2months old were randomized into 8 groups varying the nutritional supplement in their diet and access to running wheels over a 39day study period. Running increased food intake, decreased fat mass, increased time to exhaustive fatigue, increased numbers of new cells in the granule layer of the hippocampus, and enhanced retrieval of both contextual and cued fear memories. The diets had no effect on their own or in combination with exercise on any of the fitness, plasticity, and behavioral outcome measures other than B-ALA decreased percent body fat whereas EGCG increased lean body mass slightly. Results suggest that, in young adult BALB/cJ mice, a 39day treatment of exercise but not dietary supplementation with B-ALA or EGCG enhances measures of fitness, neuroplasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Trisha E Gibbons
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Samuel Perez
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Psychology, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Ritacco I, Moustafa EM, Sicilia E, Russo N, Shoeib T. Fragmentation pathways analysis for the gas phase dissociation of protonated carnosine-oxaliplatin complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4455-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02217c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on the protonated carnosine-oxaliplatin complex were shown to yield nine different fragment ions. Density functional calculations were employed to probe the fragmentation mechanisms that account for all experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ritacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica UniVersita della Calabria
- Via P. Bucci
- cubo 14c
- 87036 Arca Vacata di Rende (CS)
- Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite - Centro d'Eccellenza MIUR
| | - Eslam M. Moustafa
- Department of Chemistry
- The American University in Cairo
- New Cairo 11835
- Egypt
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica UniVersita della Calabria
- Via P. Bucci
- cubo 14c
- 87036 Arca Vacata di Rende (CS)
- Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite - Centro d'Eccellenza MIUR
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica UniVersita della Calabria
- Via P. Bucci
- cubo 14c
- 87036 Arca Vacata di Rende (CS)
- Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite - Centro d'Eccellenza MIUR
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry
- The American University in Cairo
- New Cairo 11835
- Egypt
- Centre for Analytical Science
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Vishnyakova KS, Babizhayev MA, Aliper AM, Buzdin AA, Kudryavzeva AV, Yegorov YE. Stimulation of cell proliferation by carnosine: Cell and transcriptome approaches. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314050161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Carnosine complexes and binding energies to some biologically relevant metals and platinum containing anticancer drugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Smythies J, Edelstein L. The desferrioxamine-prochlorperazine coma-clue to the role of dopamine-iron recycling in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in the brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:74. [PMID: 25136292 PMCID: PMC4120698 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Smythies
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Gibbons TE, Pence BD, Petr G, Ossyra JM, Mach HC, Bhattacharya TK, Perez S, Martin SA, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Rhodes JS, Johnson RW, Woods JA. Voluntary wheel running, but not a diet containing (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and β-alanine, improves learning, memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:131-40. [PMID: 25004447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with impaired learning and memory accompanied by reductions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and brain expression of neurotrophic factors among other processes. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, a green tea catechin), β-alanine (β-ala, the precursor of carnosine), and exercise have independently been shown to be neuroprotective and to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that EGCG, β-ala supplementation or exercise alone would improve learning and memory and increase neurogenesis in aged mice, and the combined intervention would be better than either treatment alone. Male Balb/cByJ mice (19 months) were given AIN-93M diet with or without EGCG (182mg/kg/d) and β-ala (417mg/kg/d). Half of the mice were given access to a running wheel (VWR). The first 10 days, animals received 50mg/kg bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) daily. After 28 days, learning and memory was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) and contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Brains were collected for immunohistochemical detection of BrdU and quantitative mRNA expression in the hippocampus. VWR increased the number of BrdU cells in the dentate gyrus, increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, decreased expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, and improved performance in the MWM and CFC tests. The dietary intervention reduced brain oxidative stress as measured by 4-hydroxynonenal in the cerebellum, but had no effect on BrdU labeling or behavioral performance. These results suggest that exercise, but not a diet containing EGCG and β-ala, exhibit pro-cognitive effects in aged mice when given at these doses in this relatively short time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha E Gibbons
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Geraldine Petr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Houston C Mach
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Samuel Perez
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Martin
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Smith-Ryan AE, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Kendall KL. The influence of β-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:38-46. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Kristina L. Kendall
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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Moustafa EM, Camp CL, Youssef AS, Amleh A, Reid HJ, Sharp BL, Shoeib T. Oxaliplatin complexes with carnosine and its derivatives: in vitro cytotoxicity, mass spectrometric and computational studies with a focus on complex fragmentation. Metallomics 2013; 5:1537-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Chengappa KNR, Turkin SR, DeSanti S, Bowie CR, Brar JS, Schlicht PJ, Murphy SL, Hetrick ML, Bilder R, Fleet D. A preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnosine to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 142:145-52. [PMID: 23099060 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting glutamatergic dysfunction provides an exciting opportunity to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. One treatment approach has targeted inadequate antioxidant defenses at glutamatergic synapses. Animal and human data suggest NMDA antagonists worsen executive cognitive controls--e.g. increase perseverative responses and impair set-shifting. We conducted a preliminary study to test the hypothesis that L-carnosine, an antioxidant and anti-glycation agent which is co-localized and released with glutamate would improve executive dysfunction, a cognitive domain associated with glutamate. METHODS Seventy-five symptomatically stable adults with chronic schizophrenia were randomly assigned to L-carnosine as adjunctive treatment (2 g/day) or a matched placebo in a double-blind manner for 3 months. Cognitive domains (executive dysfunction, memory, attention and motor speed) were assessed using a computerized battery at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks, along with psychopathology ratings and safety parameters. RESULTS The L-carnosine group performed significantly faster on non-reversal condition trials of the set-shifting test compared with placebo but reversal reaction times and errors were not significantly different between treatments. On the strategic target detection test, the L-carnosine group displayed significantly improved strategic efficiency and made fewer perseverative errors compared with placebo. Other cognitive tests showed no significant differences between treatments. Psychopathology scores remained stable. The carnosine group reported more adverse events (30%) compared with the placebo group (14%). Laboratory indices remained within acceptable ranges. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that L-carnosine merits further consideration as adjunctive treatment to improve executive dysfunction in persons with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Roy Chengappa
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213-2593, USA.
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Dolu N, Süer C, Artis S, Aydogan S, Bitiktaş S. Sodium Nitroprusside Does Not Prevent an Inhibitory Effect of Carnosine on Long-Term Potentiation in the Dentate Gyrus of Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-012-9290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Stvolinsky S, Toropova K, Gordeeva M, Kazey V, Sato T, Meguro K, Boldyrev A. Carnosine and its (S)-Trolox™ derivative protect animals against oxidative stress. Amino Acids 2012; 43:165-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Makletsova MG, Rihireva GT, Stvolinsky SL, Sharygin VL. Effect of hypoxia on the state of tissues in samr1 and samp1 mice with various rates of aging. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:360-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Smith AE, Stout JR, Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Cramer JT. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: the effects of β-alanine supplementation in women. Amino Acids 2011; 43:77-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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24
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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25
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Spatial and electronic structure of monomeric and dimeric complexes of carnosine with zinc. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-010-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Effects of Supplementary Blood Meal on the Content of Carnosine and Anserine in Broiler Meat. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Süer C, Dolu N, Artis S, Aydogan S. Effects of carnosine on long-term plasticity of medial perforant pathway/dentate gyrus synapses in urethane-anesthetized rats: an in vivo model. Exp Brain Res 2009; 197:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Boldyrev AA. Molecular mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:589-98. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909060017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Pekcetin C, Kiray M, Ergur BU, Tugyan K, Bagriyanik HA, Erbil G, Baykara B, Camsari UM. Carnosine attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in transient cerebral ischemia in rats. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2009; 60:137-48. [PMID: 19584023 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.60.2009.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to cognitive decline and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the neuronal loss after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Carnosine has both antioxidant and neuroprotective effects against ROS. In the present study, the effects of carnosine on oxidative stress, apoptotic neuronal cell death and spatial memory following transient cerebral ischemia in rats were investigated. Transient ischemia was induced by occlusion of right common carotid artery of rats for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h or 1 week. Rats received intraperitoneal injection of 250 mg/kg carnosine or saline 30 min prior to experiment. Determination of antioxidant enzyme activities was performed spectrophotometrically. To detect apoptotic cells, TUNEL staining was performed using an In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit. Carnosine treatment elicited a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in ischemic rat brains. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was decreased significantly in carnosine-treated group when compared with the ischemia-induction group. Carnosine treatment did not provide significant protection from ischemia induced deficits in spatial learning. The results show that carnosine is effective as a prophylactic treatment for brain tissue when it is administered before ischemia without affecting spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pekcetin
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
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Hipkiss AR. Carnosine and its possible roles in nutrition and health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 57:87-154. [PMID: 19595386 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)57003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine has been observed to exert antiaging activity at cellular and whole animal levels. This review discusses the possible mechanisms by which carnosine may exert antiaging action and considers whether the dipeptide could be beneficial to humans. Carnosine's possible biological activities include scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), chelator of zinc and copper ions, and antiglycating and anticross-linking activities. Carnosine's ability to react with deleterious aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, methylglyoxal, hydroxynonenal, and acetaldehyde may also contribute to its protective functions. Physiologically carnosine may help to suppress some secondary complications of diabetes, and the deleterious consequences of ischemic-reperfusion injury, most likely due to antioxidation and carbonyl-scavenging functions. Other, and much more speculative, possible functions of carnosine considered include transglutaminase inhibition, stimulation of proteolysis mediated via effects on proteasome activity or induction of protease and stress-protein gene expression, upregulation of corticosteroid synthesis, stimulation of protein repair, and effects on ADP-ribose metabolism associated with sirtuin and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) activities. Evidence for carnosine's possible protective action against secondary diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, cancer, and other age-related pathologies is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- School of Clinicial and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The Univeristy of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Min J, Senut MC, Rajanikant K, Greenberg E, Bandagi R, Zemke D, Mousa A, Kassab M, Farooq MU, Gupta R, Majid A. Differential neuroprotective effects of carnosine, anserine, and N-acetyl carnosine against permanent focal ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2984-91. [PMID: 18543335 PMCID: PMC2805719 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) has been shown to exhibit neuroprotection in rodent models of cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we further characterized the effects of carnosine treatment in a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia and compared them with its related peptides anserine and N-acetylated carnosine. We also evaluated the efficacy of bestatin, a carnosinase inhibitor, in ameliorating ischemic brain damage. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO). Mice were subsequently randomly assigned to receive an intraperitoneal injection of vehicle (0.9% saline), carnosine, N-acetyl carnosine, anserine, bestatin alone, or bestatin with carnosine. Infarct size was examined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining 1, 3, and 7 days following pMCAO, and neurological function was evaluated using an 18-point-based scale. Brain levels of carnosine were measured in treated mice using high-performance liquid chromatography 1 day following pMCAO. We demonstrated that treatment with carnosine, but not its analogues, was able to significantly reduce infarct volume and improve neurological function compared with those in vehicle-treated mice. These beneficial effects were maintained for 7 days post-pMCAO. In contrast, compared with the vehicle-treated group, bestatin-treated mice displayed an increase in the severity of ischemic lesion, which was prevented by the addition of carnosine. These new data further characterize the neuroprotective effects of carnosine and suggest that carnosine may be an attractive candidate for testing as a stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Min
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Marie-Claude Senut
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Krishnamurthy Rajanikant
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Eric Greenberg
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ram Bandagi
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Daniel Zemke
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ahmad Mousa
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Mounzer Kassab
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Muhammad U. Farooq
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Rishi Gupta
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Arshad Majid
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Sato M, Karasawa N, Shimizu M, Morimatsu F, Yamada R. Safety evaluation of chicken breast extract containing carnosine and anserine. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Kozina LS, Arutjunyan AV, Stvolinskii SL, Stepanova MS, Makletsova MG, Khavinson VK. Regulatory peptides protect brain neurons from hypoxia in vivo. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 418:7-10. [PMID: 21249538 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496608010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L S Kozina
- Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Northeastern Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia
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Matsukura K, Tsumuki H, Izumi Y, Wada T. Changes in chemical components in the freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in relation to the development of its cold hardiness. Cryobiology 2007; 56:131-7. [PMID: 18190902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is an invasive freshwater snail. It increases its cold hardiness before winter. However, the physiological mechanism of cold hardiness in molluscs is poorly understood, especially in freshwater molluscs. In this study, we examined the changes in low molecular weight compounds, glycogen and lipids, in the body of P. canaliculata in association with the development of cold hardiness. When snails without cold hardiness were experimentally cold-acclimated, the amount of glycerol, glutamine, and carnosine increased, while glycogen and phenylalanine decreased. Overwintering cold-tolerant snails collected from a drained paddy field in November also showed increased glycerol in their bodies with decreasing glycogen concentration, compared to summer snails collected from a submerged field. Water content also decreased during the cold acclimation, although the water loss was minimal. These results indicate that the freshwater snail, P. canaliculata enhances cold hardiness by accumulation of some kinds of low molecular weight compounds in its body as some insects do. However, the actual function of each low molecular compound is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Matsukura
- Research Team for Insect and Nematode Management, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan.
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Hue JJ, Lee AR, Lee YE, Cho MH, Lee KN, Nam SY, Yun YW, Jeong JH, Lee SH, Lee BJ. Protective Effect of Carnosine Against Zn-Mediated Toxicity in Cortical Neuronal Cells. Toxicol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.5487/tr.2007.23.1.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Tang SC, Arumugam TV, Cutler RG, Jo DG, Magnus T, Chan SL, Mughal MR, Telljohann RS, Nassar M, Ouyang X, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Guiotto A, Mattson MP. Neuroprotective actions of a histidine analogue in models of ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2007; 101:729-36. [PMID: 17254011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Histidine is a naturally occurring amino acid with antioxidant properties, which is present in low amounts in tissues throughout the body. We recently synthesized and characterized histidine analogues related to the natural dipeptide carnosine, which selectively scavenge the toxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We now report that the histidine analogue histidyl hydrazide is effective in reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke when administered intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg, either 30 min before or 60 min and 3 h after the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The histidine analogue also protected cultured rat primary neurons against death induced by HNE, chemical hypoxia, glucose deprivation, and combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. The histidine analogue prevented neuronal apoptosis as indicated by decreased production of cleaved caspase-3 protein. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for HNE-scavenging histidine analogues in the treatment of stroke and related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chun Tang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Xiang J, Hu Y, Smith DE, Keep RF. PEPT2-mediated transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid and carnosine in astrocytes. Brain Res 2006; 1122:18-23. [PMID: 17034769 PMCID: PMC1829310 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and carnosine have important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the CNS. Both are substrates for the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter PEPT2. The purpose of the current study was to determine the importance of PEPT2 in the uptake of ALA and carnosine in rat and mouse (PEPT2+/+ and PEPT2-/-) cultured neonatal astrocytes. Although neonatal astrocytes are known to express PEPT2, its quantitative importance in the transport of these compounds is not known. [14C]ALA uptake in neonatal rat astrocytes was inhibited by dipeptides, an alpha-amino containing cephalosporin (which is a PEPT2 substrate) but was not affected by a non-amino containing cephalosporin (which is not a PEPT2 substrate). Uptake was pH sensitive as expected from a proton-coupled transporter and was saturable (Vmax=715+/-29 pmol/mg/min, Km=606+/-14 microM). [3H]Carnosine uptake in neonatal rat astrocytes was inhibited by dipeptides but not by histidine (a substrate for the peptide/histidine transporters PHT1 and PHT2) and also showed saturable transport (Vmax=447+/-23 pmol/mg/min, Km=43+/-5.5 microM). Neonatal astrocytes from PEPT2-/- mice had a 62% reduction in [14C]ALA uptake and a 92% reduction in [3H]carnosine uptake compared to PEPT2+/+ mice. These results demonstrate that PEPT2 is the primary transporter responsible for the astrocytic uptake of ALA and carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5014 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Chepkova AN, Sergeeva OA, Haas HL. Taurine rescues hippocampal long-term potentiation from ammonia-induced impairment. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:512-21. [PMID: 16766203 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia, a major pathophysiological factor in hepatic encephalopathy, impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission, a cellular model of learning and memory, in the hippocampus. We have now studied the protective action of taurine on this paradigm by analyzing LTP characteristics in mouse hippocampal slices treated with ammonium chloride (1 mM) in the presence of taurine (1 mM), an ubiquitous osmolyte, antioxidant, and neuromodulator, as well as other substances with such properties. Ammonia-treated slices displayed a significant impairment of LTP maintenance. Taurine and the mitochondrial enhancer l-carnitine, but not the antioxidants (ascorbate, carnosine, and the novel compound GVS-111) or the osmolyte betaine prevented this impairment. The protective effect of taurine was preserved under the blockade of inhibitory GABA(A) and glycine receptors. It is suggested that taurine may rescue the mechanisms of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by improving mitochondrial function under hyperammonemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisa N Chepkova
- Department of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine University, POB 101007, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hipkiss AR. Could carnosine suppress zinc-mediated proteasome inhibition and neurodegeneration? Therapeutic potential of a non-toxic but non-patentable dipeptide. Biogerontology 2005; 6:147-9. [PMID: 16034682 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-3460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and neurodegenerative conditions are often associated with proteasome dysfunction, possibly mediated by zinc and/or copper ions. Studies have shown that (i) the olfactory lobe is normally enriched in carnosine and zinc, (ii) carnosine can suppress copper and zinc toxicity in olfactory neurones, (iii) olfactory dysfunction is often associated with neurodegenerative conditions and (iv) elevated levels of zinc are found in brains of Alzheimer's patients. It is suggested that nasal administration of carnosine should be explored as a possible way of suppressing zinc/copper-mediated proteasome inhibition and consequent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, UK.
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Hipkiss AR. Glycation, ageing and carnosine: Are carnivorous diets beneficial? Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:1034-9. [PMID: 15955546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymic protein glycosylation (glycation) plays important roles in ageing and in diabetes and its secondary complications. Dietary constituents may play important roles in accelerating or suppressing glycation. It is suggested that carnivorous diets contain a potential anti-glycating agent, carnosine (beta-alanyl-histidine), whilst vegetarians may lack intake of the dipeptide. The possible beneficial effects of carnosine and related structures on protein carbonyl stress, AGE formation, secondary diabetic complications and age-related neuropathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Bart's and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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41
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Hipkiss AR. Is Carnosine a Naturally Occurring Suppressor of Oxidative Damage in Olfactory Neurones? Rejuvenation Res 2004; 7:253-5. [PMID: 15671727 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2004.7.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghanbari et al. recently showed that neurones from olfactory lobes of Alzheimer's patients exhibit oxidative stress and it is well known that olfactory dysfunction frequently accompanies neurodegeneration. The olfactory lobe is normally enriched in carnosine, a relatively non-toxic (and sometimes abundant) dipeptide which possesses functions (anti-oxidant, antiglycator, scavenger of zinc and copper ions, toxic aldehydes and protein carbonyls) that are likely to suppress oxidative stress. It is suggested that carnosine's therapeutic potential should be explored in olfactory tissue. Should the peptide prove beneficial, olfactory carnosine administration could provide a direct route to compromised tissue, avoiding serum carnosinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts' and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom.
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Tabakman R, Jiang H, Levine RA, Kohen R, Lazarovici P. Apoptotic characteristics of cell death and the neuroprotective effect of homocarnosine on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2004; 75:499-507. [PMID: 14743433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We recently improved an in vitro ischemic model, using PC12 neuronal cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 hr in a special device, followed by 18 hr of reoxygenation. The cell death induced in this ischemic model was evaluated by a series of markers: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, caspase-3 activation, presence of cyclin D1, cytochrome c leakage from the mitochondria, BAX cellular redistribution, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to an 85-kDa apoptotic fragment, and DNA fragmentation. The OGD insult, in the absence of reoxygenation, caused a strong activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), also known as p-38. The detection of apoptotic markers and activation of MAPKs during the ischemic insult strongly suggest that apoptosis plays an important role in the PC12 cell death. Homocarnosine, a neuroprotective histidine dipeptide, present in high concentrations in the brain, was found to provide neuroprotection, as expressed by a 40% reduction in LDH release and caspase-3 activity at 1 mM. Homocarnosine reduced OGD activation of ERK 1, ERK 2, JNK 1, and JNK 2 by 40%, 46%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. These results suggest that apoptosis is an important characteristic of OGD-induced neuronal death and that antioxidants, such as homocarnosine, may prevent OGD-induced neuronal death by inhibiting the apoptotic process and/or in relation to the differential attenuation of activity of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Tabakman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Teuscher NS, Shen H, Shu C, Xiang J, Keep RF, Smith DE. Carnosine uptake in rat choroid plexus primary cell cultures and choroid plexus whole tissue from PEPT2 null mice. J Neurochem 2004; 89:375-82. [PMID: 15056281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PEPT2 is functionally active and localized to the apical membrane of rat choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, little is known about the transport mechanisms of endogenous neuropeptides in choroid plexus, and the role of PEPT2 in this process. In the present study, we examined the uptake kinetics of carnosine in rat choroid plexus primary cell cultures and choroid plexus whole tissue from wild-type (PEPT2(+/+)) and null (PEPT2(-/-)) mice. Our results indicate that carnosine is preferentially taken up from the apical as opposed to basolateral membrane of cell monolayers, and that basolateral efflux in limited. Transepithelial flux of carnosine was not distinguishable from that of paracellular diffusion. The apical uptake of carnosine was characterized by a high affinity (K(m) = 34 microM), low capacity (V(max) = 73 pmol/mg protein/min) process, consistent with that of PEPT2. The non-saturable component was small (K(d) = 0.063 microL/mg protein/min) and, under linear conditions, was only 3% of the total uptake. Studies in transgenic mice clearly demonstrated that PEPT2 was responsible for over 90% of carnosine's uptake in choroid plexus whole tissue. These findings elucidate the unique role of PEPT2 in regulating neuropeptide homeostasis at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Teuscher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and Upjohn Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Pubill D, Verdaguer E, Sureda FX, Camins A, Pallàs M, Camarasa J, Escubedo E. Carnosine prevents methamphetamine-induced gliosis but not dopamine terminal loss in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 448:165-8. [PMID: 12144937 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of carnosine, an endogenous antioxidant, was examined against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Carnosine pretreatment had no effect on dopamine terminal loss induced by methamphetamine (assessed by [3H]1-(2-[diphenylmethoxy]ethyl)-4-[3-phenylpropyl]piperazine([3H]GBR 12935) binding) but prevented microgliosis (increase in [3H]1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide ([3H]PK 11195) binding) in striatum. The 27-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP27) expression was used as indicator of astroglial stress. Methamphetamine treatment induced the expression of HSP27 in striatum and hippocampus, which was inhibited by carnosine, indicating a protective effect. Carnosine had no effect on methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia. Thus, carnosine prevents the microgliosis in striatum (where we did not detect loss of serotonergic terminals by [3H]paroxetine binding) and the expression of HSP27 in all the areas, but fails to prevent methamphetamine-induced loss of dopamine reuptake sites. Therefore, carnosine inhibits only some of the consequences of methamphetamine neurotoxicity, where reactive oxygen species play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pubill
- Unitat de Farmacological i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Tabakman R, Lazarovici P, Kohen R. Neuroprotective effects of carnosine and homocarnosine on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:463-9. [PMID: 11992473 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of neuroprotective drugs against ischemic insults is hampered by the lack of pharmacological in vitro models. We developed an ischemic model using PC12 cell cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation (18 hr) under regular atmospheric oxygen level. The toxicity induced in this model, that is partially caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was measured morphologically as well as by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the prostaglandin PGE(2) from the cells. Carnosine and homocarnosine, histidine dipeptides antioxidants, found in high concentration in the brain, have been suggested to provide neuroprotection. Using the OGD model we found that 5 mM carnosine and 1 mM homocarnosine provided maximal neuroprotection of about 50% against OGD insult. This neuroprotective effect was similar to that of a known antioxidant, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (tempol), and was not observed in a serum-deprivation toxicity model of PC12 cells, indicating that carnosine and homocarnosine may act as antioxidant-neuroprotective agents in the brain. Our ischemic model may provide a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection afforded by histidine dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Tabakman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Peretto P, Luzzati F, Bonfanti L, De Marchis S, Fasolo A. Aminoacyl-histidine dipeptides in the glial cells of the adult rabbit forebrain. Peptides 2000; 21:1717-24. [PMID: 11090927 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system contains high amounts of the aminoacyl-histidine dipeptides carnosine and homocarnosine. In the brain, they prevalently occur mainly in glial and ependymal cells, their role(s) still remaining obscure. In vitro studies indicate that these molecules exert diverse protective effects, and in vivo they are frequently associated with extracellular fluid compartments. Recently, carnosine-like immunoreactivity has been found in the subependymal layer (SEL) of adult rodents, a region endowed with persistent cell proliferation and migration. Unlike rodents, the SEL of the rabbit has a persistent olfactory ventricle. We show here that the morphologic organization of the SEL is different in these species, with particular reference to the glial/non glial cell compartments. The distribution of carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit displays some differences only within the SEL, which could be linked to its arrangement and compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peretto
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153, Turin, Italy
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Stvolinsky S, Kukley M, Dobrota D, Mezesova V, Boldyrev A. Carnosine protects rats under global ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2000; 53:445-8. [PMID: 11137002 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Rat brain subjected to 45-min global ischemia is characterized by decreased activity of K-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and monoamine oxidase B and a disordering of the membrane bilayer by reactive oxygen species attack, the latter being monitored by the fluorescence of the membrane fluorescent probe, 1-anilino, 8-naphtalene sulphonate (ANS). Ischemic injury resulted in 67% mortality of the animals. In the group of animals pre-treated with the neuropeptide carnosine the mortality was only 30%. At the same time, carnosine protected both the activity of the above-mentioned enzymes and the brain membrane disordering, which was also tested by ANS fluorescence. The conclusion was made that carnosine protects the brain against oxidative injury and thereby increases the survival of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stvolinsky
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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49
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50
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Gallant S, Kukley M, Stvolinsky S, Bulygina E, Boldyrev A. Effect of carnosine on rats under experimental brain ischemia. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2000; 191:85-99. [PMID: 10946918 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.191.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary carnosine on the behavioral and biochemical characteristics of rats under experimental ischemia was studied. Carnosine was shown to improve the animals orientation and learning in "Open Field" and "T-Maze" tests, and this effect was accompanied with an increase in glutamate binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in brain synaptosomes. Long-term brain ischemia induced by both sides' occlusion of common carotid arteries resulted in 55% mortality of experimental rats, and those who survived were characterized by partial suppression of orientation in T-maze. In the group of rats treated with carnosine, mortality after ischemic attack was decreased (from 55% to 17%) and most of the learning parameters were kept at the pre-ischemic level. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) activity in brain of the carnosine treated rats was not changed by ischemia significantly (compared to that of ischemic untreated rats) but NMDA binding to brain synaptosomal membranes being increased by ischemic attack was significantly suppressed and reached the level characteristic of normal brain. The suggestion was made that carnosine possesses a dual effect on NMDA receptors resulting in increase in their amount after long-term treatment but decrease the capacity to bind NMDA after ischemic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallant
- Zoetic Neurosciences Ltd., England, UK
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