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Bodenstein DF, Siebiger G, Zhao Y, Clasky AJ, Mukkala AN, Beroncal EL, Banh L, Aslostovar L, Brijbassi S, Hogan SE, McCully JD, Mehrabian M, Petersen TH, Robinson LA, Walker M, Zachos C, Viswanathan S, Gu FX, Rotstein OD, Cypel M, Radisic M, Andreazza AC. Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo models: a way forward to clinical translation of mitochondrial transplantation in acute disease states. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:157. [PMID: 38816774 PMCID: PMC11140916 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transplantation and transfer are being explored as therapeutic options in acute and chronic diseases to restore cellular function in injured tissues. To limit potential immune responses and rejection of donor mitochondria, current clinical applications have focused on delivery of autologous mitochondria. We recently convened a Mitochondrial Transplant Convergent Working Group (CWG), to explore three key issues that limit clinical translation: (1) storage of mitochondria, (2) biomaterials to enhance mitochondrial uptake, and (3) dynamic models to mimic the complex recipient tissue environment. In this review, we present a summary of CWG conclusions related to these three issues and provide an overview of pre-clinical studies aimed at building a more robust toolkit for translational trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bodenstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriel Siebiger
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Avinash N Mukkala
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Erika L Beroncal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Lauren Banh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lili Aslostovar
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sonya Brijbassi
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah E Hogan
- Regenerative Medicine Department, United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, USA
| | - James D McCully
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Petersen
- Regenerative Medicine Department, United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melanie Walker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ori D Rotstein
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Terence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Xi XR, Zhang ZQ, Li YL, Liu Z, Ma DY, Gao Z, Zhang S. Hypothermia promotes tunneling nanotube formation and the transfer of astrocytic mitochondria into oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-injured neurons. Brain Res 2024; 1831:148826. [PMID: 38403036 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transfer occurs between cells, and it is important for damaged cells to receive healthy mitochondria to maintain their normal function and protect against cell death. Accumulating evidence suggests that the functional mitochondria of astrocytes are released and transferred to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-injured neurons. Mild hypothermia (33 °C) is capable of promoting this process, which partially restores the function of damaged neurons. However, the pathways and mechanisms by which mild hypothermia facilitates mitochondrial transfer remain unclear. We are committed to studying the role of mild hypothermia in neuroprotection to provide reliable evidences and insights for the clinical application of mild hypothermia in brain protection. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are considered to be one of the routes through which mitochondria are transferred between cells. In this study, an OGD/R-injured neuronal model was successfully established, and TNTs, mitochondria, neurons and astrocytes were double labeled using immunofluorescent probes. Our results showed that TNTs were present and involved in the transfer of mitochondria between cells in the mixed-culture system of neurons and astrocytes. When neurons were subjected to OGD/R exposure, TNT formation and mitochondrial transportation from astrocytes to injured neurons were facilitated. Further analysis revealed that mild hypothermia increased the quantity of astrocytic mitochondria transferred into damaged neurons through TNTs, raised the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and decreased the neuronal damage and death during OGD/R. Altogether, our data indicate that TNTs play an important role in the endogenous neuroprotection of astrocytic mitochondrial transfer. Furthermore, mild hypothermia enhances astrocytic mitochondrial transfer into OGD/R-injured neurons via TNTs, thereby promoting neuroprotection and neuronal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Yan-Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Dong-Yang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Zan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei, China.
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3
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Zhang LY, Hu YY, Liu XY, Wang XY, Li SC, Zhang JG, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. The Role of Astrocytic Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Brain Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2270-2282. [PMID: 37870679 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity rate of ischemic stroke is increasing annually with the growing aging population in China. Astrocytes are ubiquitous glial cells in the brain and play a crucial role in supporting neuronal function and metabolism. Increasing evidence shows that the impairment or loss of astrocytes contributes to neuronal dysfunction during cerebral ischemic injury. The mitochondrion is increasingly recognized as a key player in regulating astrocyte function. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be closely linked to the homeostasis imbalance defects in glutamate metabolism, Ca2+ regulation, fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and copper regulation. Here, we discuss the role of astrocytic mitochondria in the pathogenesis of brain ischemic injury and their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China.
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Feng XF, Li MC, Lin ZY, Li MZ, Lu Y, Zhuang YM, Lei JF, Wang L, Zhao H. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes stroke recovery by inducing the restoration of neurovascular unit and transformation of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1125412. [PMID: 37051111 PMCID: PMC10083399 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1125412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) as an active ingredient extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. has been proved to penetrate blood-brain barrier (BBB) and show neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. However, whether TMP could regulate astrocytic reactivity to facilitate neurovascular restoration in the subacute ischemic stroke needs to be urgently verified. In this research, permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) model was conducted and TMP (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administrated to rats once daily for 2 weeks. Neurological function was evaluated by motor deficit score (MDS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was implemented to analyze tissue injury and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was applied to exhibit vascular signals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to detect the neurovascular unit (NVU) ultrastructure. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was utilized to evaluate cerebral histopathological lesions. The neurogenesis, angiogenesis, A1/A2 reactivity, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and connexin 43 (Cx43) of astrocytes were observed with immunofluorescent staining. Then FGF2/PI3K/AKT signals were measured by western blot. Findings revealed TMP ameliorated neurological functional recovery, preserved NVU integrity, and enhanced endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis of rats with subacute ischemia. Shifting A1 to A2 reactivity, suppressing excessive AQP4 and Cx43 expression of astrocytes, and activating FGF2/PI3K/AKT pathway might be potential mechanisms of promoting neurovascular restoration with TMP after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-cong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-yue Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Man-zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-ming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-feng Lei
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Zhao
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5
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Hazra R, Novelli EM, Hu X. Astrocytic mitochondrial frataxin-A promising target for ischemic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:783-788. [PMID: 36550598 PMCID: PMC9928550 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ischemic brain, hypoxia leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, insufficient energy production, and astrocyte activation. Yet, most studies investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebral ischemia have focused exclusively on neurons. This review will highlight the importance of the morphological, molecular, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in their role in brain injuries and explore how activated astrocytes exhibit calcium imbalance, reactive oxygen species overproduction, and apoptosis. In addition, special focus will be given to the role of the mitochondrial protein frataxin in activated astrocytes during ischemia and its putative role in the pharmacological management of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Hazra
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrico M Novelli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Essawy AE, El-Sayed SA, Tousson E, Abd El-Gawad HS, Alhasani RH, Abd Elkader HTAE. Anti-kindling effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and L-carnitine in the pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48573-48587. [PMID: 35194715 PMCID: PMC9252962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious brain disorders, affecting about 1% of the population all over the world. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) and L-carnitine (LC) reportedly possess the antioxidative activity and neuroprotective potential. In this report, we investigated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of GbE and LC against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Adult male albino rats were equally divided into eight groups: control, GbE (100 mg/kg), LC (300 mg/kg), PTZ (40 mg/kg), protective groups (GbE + PTZ and LC + PTZ), and therapeutic groups (PTZ + GbE and PTZ + LC). The oxidative stress, antioxidant, and neurochemical parameters, viz., malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), acetylcholine esterase (AchE), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT), in the hippocampal and hypothalamic regions have been evaluated. PTZ injection leads to an increase in the seizure score, the levels of MDA and NO, and to a decrease in the activity of GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx. Besides, monoamine neurotransmitters, DA, NE, and 5-HT, were depleted in PTZ-kindled rats. Furthermore, PTZ administration caused a significant elevation in the activity of AchE. Hippocampal and hypothalamic sections from PTZ-treated animals were characterized by severe histopathological alterations and, intensely, increased the ezrin immunolabeled astrocytes. Pre- and post-treatment of PTZ rats with GbE and LC suppressed the kindling acquisition process and remarkably alleviated all the aforementioned PTZ-induced effects. GbE and LC have potent protective and therapeutic effects against PTZ-induced kindling seizures via the amelioration of oxidative/antioxidative imbalance, neuromodulatory, and antiepileptic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina E Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Soad Ahmed El-Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Hu J, Cheng Y, Chen P, Huang Z, Yang L. Caffeine Citrate Protects Against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy and Inhibits the UCP2/NLRP3 Axis in Astrocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:267-278. [PMID: 35420462 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction without overt central nervous system infection. Caffeine citrate has therapeutic effect on different brain diseases, while its role in SAE remains unclear. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β were upregulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of the subjects. In this study, a rat model of SAE was established by cecal ligation and puncture. Caffeine citrate inhibited SAE-induced neuronal apoptosis and astrocytic activation, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level in the cerebral cortex. In vitro, primary astrocytes were isolated from rat cerebral cortex and incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Caffeine citrate reduced ROS and MMP levels and mitochondrial complex enzyme activities in LPS plus IFN-γ-induced astrocytes. Moreover, caffeine citrate inhibited the activation of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLRP3) inflammasome and decreased the production of IL-1β and IL-18 in vivo and in vitro. Notably, caffeine citrate promoted UCP2 expression in astrocytes. The neuroprotective role of UCP2 has been reported in several experimental brain diseases. These results suggest that caffeine citrate inhibits neuronal apoptosis, astrocytic activation, mitochondrial dysfunction in rat cerebral cortex, thereby alleviating SAE. The protection of caffeine citrate against SAE may be achieved by the UCP2-mediated NLRP3 pathway inhibition in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liqi Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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8
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Hastings N, Kuan WL, Osborne A, Kotter MRN. Therapeutic Potential of Astrocyte Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221105499. [PMID: 35770772 PMCID: PMC9251977 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an attractive treatment strategy for a variety of brain disorders, as it promises to replenish lost functions and rejuvenate the brain. In particular, transplantation of astrocytes has come into light recently as a therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); moreover, grafting of astrocytes also showed positive results in models of other conditions ranging from neurodegenerative diseases of older age to traumatic injury and stroke. Despite clear differences in etiology, disorders such as ALS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, as well as traumatic injury and stroke, converge on a number of underlying astrocytic abnormalities, which include inflammatory changes, mitochondrial damage, calcium signaling disturbance, hemichannel opening, and loss of glutamate transporters. In this review, we examine these convergent pathways leading to astrocyte dysfunction, and explore the existing evidence for a therapeutic potential of transplantation of healthy astrocytes in various models. Existing literature presents a wide variety of methods to generate astrocytes, or relevant precursor cells, for subsequent transplantation, while described outcomes of this type of treatment also differ between studies. We take technical differences between methodologies into account to understand the variability of therapeutic benefits, or lack thereof, at a deeper level. We conclude by discussing some key requirements of an astrocyte graft that would be most suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Hastings
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei-Li Kuan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R N Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Ahluwalia M, Kumar M, Ahluwalia P, Rahimi S, Vender JR, Raju RP, Hess DC, Baban B, Vale FL, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105192. [PMID: 34560175 PMCID: PMC8542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides, regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, signal transmission, and the fate of cellular survival in case of injury and pathologies. Accumulating reports have suggested multiple roles of mitochondria in neuropathologies, neurodegeneration, and immune activation under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs at the initial phase of brain injury, involves oxidative stress, inflammation, deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, transport, and autophagy. Thus, development of targeted therapeutics to protect mitochondria may improve functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction related to TBI and ICH, including the mechanisms involved, and discuss therapeutic approaches with special emphasis on past and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan P Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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10
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Stoyanov D. Biological Signatures of Disease in Neuro-Psychiatry as Inter-Theoretical Reduction. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:746. [PMID: 32442080 DOI: 10.2174/156802662009200331084634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Zhu J, Yang LK, Wang QH, Lin W, Feng Y, Xu YP, Chen WL, Xiong K, Wang YH. NDRG2 attenuates ischemia-induced astrocyte necroptosis via the repression of RIPK1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3103-3110. [PMID: 32945444 PMCID: PMC7453600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia results in severe brain damage, and is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Previous studies have investigated methods to activate astrocytes in order to promote repair in injured brain tissue and inhibit cell death. It has previously been shown that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was highly expressed in astrocytes and associated with cell activity, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. The present study generated NDRG2 conditional knockout (Ndrg2-/-) mice to investigate whether NDRG2 can block ischemia-induced astrocyte necroptosis by suppressing receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) expression. This study investigated astrocyte activity in cerebral ischemia, and identified that ischemic brain injuries could trigger RIP-dependent astrocyte necroptosis. The depletion of NDRG2 was found to accelerate permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced necroptosis in the brain tissue of Ndrg2-/- mice, indicating that NDRG2 may act as a neuroprotector during cerebral ischemic injury. The present study suggested that NDRG2 attenuated astrocytic cell death via the suppression of RIPK1. The pharmacological inhibition of astrocyte necroptosis by necrostatin-1 provided neuroprotection against ischemic brain injuries after NDRG2 knockdown. Therefore, NDRG2 could be considered as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101 Hospital of PLA, School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
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12
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Xiao QX, Wen S, Zhang XR, Xue LL, Zhang ZB, Tan YX, Du RL, Zhu ZQ, Zhu YH, Wang TH, Yu CY, Xiong LL. MiR-410-3p overexpression ameliorates neurological deficits in rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:218-230. [PMID: 32579902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is major cause of neonatal death or long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, which becomes a major practical problem currently in clinic. Whereas, its pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. MicroRNAs are involved in the normal growth and development of neuronal cells. Herein, the objective of this research was to examine the roles of miR-410-3p in neurological deficits, neuronal injury and neuron apoptosis after hypoxic-ischemic and to explore its associated mechanisms. We established the hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) model and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model. Zea-longa score and TTC staining were used to detect the acute cerebral dysfunction after HIBD. QPCR verification exhibited notable downregulation of miR-410-3p expression at 24 h in rats after HIBD as well as that in PC12, SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons post OGD. To further determine the function of miR-410-3p, lentivirus-mediated overexpression virus was applied in vivo and in vitro. Behavioral tests, including Morris water maze, open field test, Y maze test, neurological severity score and rotating rod test, were performed to evaluate long-term behavioral changes of rats at 1 month post HIBD. The results showed that the number of cells together with the axonal length were reduced post OGD. While the increase of cells number and the axonal length was measured after upregulating miR-410-3p. Meanwhile, miR-410-3p overexpression inhibited neuron apoptosis and enhanced neuronal survival. In addition, long-term motor and cognitive functions were remarkably recovered in HIBD rats with miR-410-3p overexpression. Together, miR-410-3p exerts a critical role in protecting neuronal growth as well as promoting motor and cognitive function recovery in neonatal rats subjected to HIBD. The current study therefore provides critical insights to develop the activator of miR-410-3p for the clinical treatment of HIBD in future clinic trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Xia Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xue-Rong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China; Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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13
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Morris G, Maes M, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Puri BK. Nutritional ketosis as an intervention to relieve astrogliosis: Possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e8. [PMID: 32093791 PMCID: PMC8057392 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis, induced via either the classical ketogenic diet or the use of emulsified medium-chain triglycerides, is an established treatment for pharmaceutical resistant epilepsy in children and more recently in adults. In addition, the use of oral ketogenic compounds, fractionated coconut oil, very low carbohydrate intake, or ketone monoester supplementation has been reported to be potentially helpful in mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autistic spectrum disorder. In these and other neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, there are detrimental effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation on neuronal function. However, they also adversely impact on neurone–glia interactions, disrupting the role of microglia and astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Astrocytes are the main site of CNS fatty acid oxidation; the resulting ketone bodies constitute an important source of oxidative fuel for neurones in an environment of glucose restriction. Importantly, the lactate shuttle between astrocytes and neurones is dependent on glycogenolysis and glycolysis, resulting from the fact that the astrocytic filopodia responsible for lactate release are too narrow to accommodate mitochondria. The entry into the CNS of ketone bodies and fatty acids, as a result of nutritional ketosis, has effects on the astrocytic glutamate–glutamine cycle, glutamate synthase activity, and on the function of vesicular glutamate transporters, EAAT, Na+, K+-ATPase, Kir4.1, aquaporin-4, Cx34 and KATP channels, as well as on astrogliosis. These mechanisms are detailed and it is suggested that they would tend to mitigate the changes seen in many neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders. Hence, it is hypothesized that nutritional ketosis may have therapeutic applications in such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Robinson MB, Lee ML, DaSilva S. Glutamate Transporters and Mitochondria: Signaling, Co-compartmentalization, Functional Coupling, and Future Directions. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:526-540. [PMID: 32002773 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being an amino acid that is incorporated into proteins, glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, the precursor for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, and one metabolic step from the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate. Extracellular glutamate is cleared by a family of Na+-dependent transporters. These transporters are variably expressed by all cell types in the nervous system, but the bulk of clearance is into astrocytes. GLT-1 and GLAST (also called EAAT2 and EAAT1) mediate this activity and are extremely abundant proteins with their expression enriched in fine astrocyte processes. In this review, we will focus on three topics related to these astrocytic glutamate transporters. First, these transporters co-transport three Na+ ions and a H+ with each molecule of glutamate and counter-transport one K+; they are also coupled to a Cl- conductance. The movement of Na+ is sufficient to cause profound astrocytic depolarization, and the movement of H+ is linked to astrocytic acidification. In addition, the movement of Na+ can trigger the activation of Na+ co-transporters (e.g. Na+-Ca2+ exchangers). We will describe the ways in which these ionic movements have been linked as signals to brain function and/or metabolism. Second, these transporters co-compartmentalize with mitochondria, potentially providing a mechanism to supply glutamate to mitochondria as a source of fuel for the brain. We will provide an overview of the proteins involved, discuss the evidence that glutamate is oxidized, and then highlight some of the un-resolved issues related to glutamate oxidation. Finally, we will review evidence that ischemic insults (stroke or oxygen/glucose deprivation) cause changes in these astrocytic mitochondria and discuss the ways in which these changes have been linked to glutamate transport, glutamate transport-dependent signaling, and altered glutamate metabolism. We conclude with a broader summary of some of the unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 502N, Abramson Pediatric Research Building, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA.
| | - Meredith L Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 502N, Abramson Pediatric Research Building, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Sabrina DaSilva
- Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 502N, Abramson Pediatric Research Building, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
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15
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders affecting the white matter of the central nervous system. The combination of MRI pattern recognition and next-generation sequencing for the definition of novel disease entities has recently demonstrated that many leukodystrophies are due to the primary involvement and/or mutations in genes selectively expressed by cell types other than the oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the brain. This has led to a new definition of leukodystrophies as genetic white matter disorders resulting from the involvement of any white matter structural component. As a result, the research has shifted its main focus from oligodendrocytes to other types of neuroglia. Astrocytes are the housekeeping cells of the nervous system, responsible for maintaining homeostasis and normal brain physiology and to orchestrate repair upon injury. Several lines of evidence show that astrocytic interactions with the other white matter cellular constituents play a primary pathophysiologic role in many leukodystrophies. These are thus now classified as astrocytopathies. This chapter addresses how the crosstalk between astrocytes, other glial cells, axons and non-neural cells are essential for the integrity and maintenance of the white matter in health. It also addresses the current knowledge of the cellular pathomechanisms of astrocytic leukodystrophies, and specifically Alexander disease, vanishing white matter, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and Aicardi-Goutière Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jorge
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Qin X, Fan Y, Hu X. Effect of melilotus on brain inflammatory factors of rats with acute cerebral ischemic injury. Panminerva Med 2019; 63:243-244. [PMID: 31355599 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China -
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17
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Taxifolin protects neurons against ischemic injury in vitro via the activation of antioxidant systems and signal transduction pathways of GABAergic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 96:10-24. [PMID: 30776416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow disturbances lead to the massive death of brain cells. The death of >80% of cells is observed in hippocampal cell cultures after 40 min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (ischemia-like conditions, OGD). However, there are some populations of GABAergic neurons which are characterized by increased vulnerability to oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions. Using fluorescent microscopy, immunocytochemical assay, vitality tests and PCR-analysis, we have shown that population of GABAergic neurons are characterized by a different (faster) Ca2+ dynamics in response to OGD and increased basal ROS production under OGD conditions. A plant flavonoid taxifolin inhibited an excessive ROS production and an irreversible cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increase in GABAergic neurons, preventing the death of these neurons and further excitation of a neuronal network; neuroprotective effect of taxifolin increased after incubation of 24 h and correlated with increased expression of antiapoptocic and antioxidant genes Stat3 Nrf-2 Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Ikk2, and genes coding for AMPA and kainate receptor subunits; in addition, taxifolin decreased expression of prooxidant enzyme NOS and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β.
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18
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Shih EK, Robinson MB. Role of Astrocytic Mitochondria in Limiting Ischemic Brain Injury? Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:99-112. [PMID: 29412059 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, astrocyte processes were thought to be too small to contain mitochondria. However, it is now clear that mitochondria are found throughout fine astrocyte processes and are mobile with neuronal activity resulting in positioning near synapses. In this review, we discuss evidence that astrocytic mitochondria confer selective resiliency to astrocytes during ischemic insults and the functional significance of these mitochondria for normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn K Shih
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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The Antiapoptosis Effect of Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense Extracts on Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via PI3K/Akt Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7290170. [PMID: 30538763 PMCID: PMC6261079 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7290170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense (GJ) is a type of wild vegetable found in China and other Asian countries; it has been reported that its extracts possess a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) injury. The aim of this study is to explore the effect GJ extracts on transient focal CIR injury and neurons apoptosis and to clarify its possible underlying mechanisms in vivo. Our results indicated that pretreatment with GJ extracts significantly ameliorated the infarct volume, decreased neurological deficits, lessened neural cells apoptosis, downregulated GFAP activity level, and increased surviving neurons. Moreover, GJ extracts preadministration increased Bcl-2 levels and attenuated the increase in the expressions of Bax and it also lowered the cleaved caspase-3 activity in ischemic cortex tissues which was caused by CIR and increased the expression of PI3K and p-Akt. The above effects of high dose of GJ (GJ-H) group were much better than those of low dose of GJ (GJ-L), which indicated that GJ extracts may be helpful in the suppression of CIR injury with a dose-dependent manner.
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20
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Liu X, Tian F, Wang S, Wang F, Xiong L. Astrocyte Autophagy Flux Protects Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:405-415. [PMID: 29125039 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy varies with the type of acute brain injury. In general, autophagy mediates a clear neuroprotective effect in intoxication caused by various psychoactive agents, subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal cord injury. In contrast, autophagic cell death has also been reported to actively contribute to neuronal loss in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. However, it still remains to be determined whether autophagy pays a cytoprotective or a cytotoxic role in stroke. Previous studies focused primarily on the role of neurons rather than the role of astrocytes in brain injury. Thus, it is unknown whether modulating the autophagy flux of astrocytes contributes to improving neuronal survival after stroke. In the current study, we investigated the time course of autophagy flux in vitro using cocultured astrocytes and neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, which mimicked the process of ischemia/reperfusion. Autophagy flux of astrocytes was regulated by treatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, and the transduction of small interfering RNA against autophagy-related gene 5. In addition, AAV-GFAP-ATG7 was used to induce astrocyte autophagy flux in mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. We found that induction of autophagy flux of astrocytes in vitro enhanced the viability of neurons and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of astrocyte autophagy flux in mice improved neurological outcomes. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy flux in astrocytes decreased the viability of neurons and increased neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that upregulation of autophagy flux in astrocytes may contribute to endogenous neuroprotective and neurorecovery mechanisms after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Fengfeng Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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21
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Transient Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation Causes a Delayed Loss of Mitochondria and Increases Spontaneous Calcium Signaling in Astrocytic Processes. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7109-27. [PMID: 27383588 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4518-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, mitochondria have been localized to astrocytic processes where they shape Ca(2+) signaling; this relationship has not been examined in models of ischemia/reperfusion. We biolistically transfected astrocytes in rat hippocampal slice cultures to facilitate fluorescent confocal microscopy, and subjected these slices to transient oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) that causes delayed excitotoxic death of CA1 pyramidal neurons. This insult caused a delayed loss of mitochondria from astrocytic processes and increased colocalization of mitochondria with the autophagosome marker LC3B. The losses of neurons in area CA1 and mitochondria in astrocytic processes were blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists, tetrodotoxin, ziconotide (Ca(2+) channel blocker), two inhibitors of reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (KB-R7943, YM-244769), or two inhibitors of calcineurin (cyclosporin-A, FK506). The effects of OGD were mimicked by NMDA. The glutamate uptake inhibitor (3S)-3-[[3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]-l-aspartate increased neuronal loss after OGD or NMDA, and blocked the loss of astrocytic mitochondria. Exogenous glutamate in the presence of iGluR antagonists caused a loss of mitochondria without a decrease in neurons in area CA1. Using the genetic Ca(2+) indicator Lck-GCaMP-6S, we observed two types of Ca(2+) signals: (1) in the cytoplasm surrounding mitochondria (mitochondrially centered) and (2) traversing the space between mitochondria (extramitochondrial). The spatial spread, kinetics, and frequency of these events were different. The amplitude of both types was doubled and the spread of both types changed by ∼2-fold 24 h after OGD. Together, these data suggest that pathologic activation of glutamate transport and increased astrocytic Ca(2+) through reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange triggers mitochondrial loss and dramatic increases in Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytic processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain, are vital integrators of signaling and metabolism. Each astrocyte consists of many long, thin branches, called processes, which ensheathe vasculature and thousands of synapses. Mitochondria occupy the majority of each process. This occupancy is decreased by ∼50% 24 h after an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, due to delayed fragmentation and mitophagy. The mechanism appears to be independent of neuropathology, instead involving an extended period of high glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Our data suggest that mitochondria serve as spatial buffers, and possibly even as a source of calcium signals in astrocytic processes. Loss of mitochondria resulted in drastically altered calcium signaling that could disrupt neurovascular coupling and gliotransmission.
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22
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Leaw B, Nair S, Lim R, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondria, Bioenergetics and Excitotoxicity: New Therapeutic Targets in Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:199. [PMID: 28747873 PMCID: PMC5506196 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the fragile immature brain is implicated in the manifestation of long-term neurological disorders, including childhood disability such as cerebral palsy, learning disability and behavioral disorders. Advancements in perinatal practice and improved care mean the majority of infants suffering from perinatal brain injury will survive, with many subtle clinical symptoms going undiagnosed until later in life. Hypoxic-ischemia is the dominant cause of perinatal brain injury, and constitutes a significant socioeconomic burden to both developed and developing countries. Therapeutic hypothermia is the sole validated clinical intervention to perinatal asphyxia; however it is not always neuroprotective and its utility is limited to developed countries. There is an urgent need to better understand the molecular pathways underlying hypoxic-ischemic injury to identify new therapeutic targets in such a small but critical therapeutic window. Mitochondria are highly implicated following ischemic injury due to their roles as the powerhouse and main energy generators of the cell, as well as cell death processes. While the link between impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and secondary energy failure following loss of high-energy phosphates is well established after hypoxia-ischemia (HI), there is emerging evidence that the roles of mitochondria in disease extend far beyond this. Indeed, mitochondrial turnover, including processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, fission and mitophagy, affect recovery of neurons after injury and mitochondria are involved in the regulation of the innate immune response to inflammation. This review article will explore these mitochondrial pathways, and finally will summarize past and current efforts in targeting these pathways after hypoxic-ischemic injury, as a means of identifying new avenues for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University ClaytonClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Da Silva-Candal A, Argibay B, Iglesias-Rey R, Vargas Z, Vieites-Prado A, López-Arias E, Rodríguez-Castro E, López-Dequidt I, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Piñeiro Y, Sobrino T, Campos F, Rivas J, Castillo J. Vectorized nanodelivery systems for ischemic stroke: a concept and a need. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:30. [PMID: 28399863 PMCID: PMC5387212 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases of diverse aetiologies have significant effects on the quality of life of patients. The limited self-repairing capacity of the brain is considered to be the origin of the irreversible and progressive nature of many neurological diseases. Therefore, neuroprotection is an important goal shared by many clinical neurologists and neuroscientists. In this review, we discuss the main obstacles that have prevented the implementation of experimental neuroprotective strategies in humans and propose alternative avenues for the use of neuroprotection as a feasible therapeutic approach. Special attention is devoted to nanotechnology, which is a new approach for developing highly specific and localized biomedical solutions for the study of the multiple mechanisms involved in stroke. Nanotechnology is contributing to personalized neuroprotection by allowing us to identify mechanisms, determine optimal therapeutic windows, and protect patients from brain damage. In summary, multiple aspects of these new players in biomedicine should be considered in future in vivo and in vitro studies with the aim of improving their applicability to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Da Silva-Candal
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bárbara Argibay
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zulema Vargas
- Nanomag Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Technological Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez-Castro
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria López-Dequidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Piñeiro
- Nanomag Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Technological Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Rivas
- Nanomag Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Technological Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Castillo
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), c/Travesa da Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Xiang Y, Zhao H, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu A, Chen Y. Inflammatory mechanisms involved in brain injury following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:11-17. [PMID: 27330748 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is a leading cause of fatality and long-term disability worldwide. Recent advances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have improved survival rates; however, the survivors are prone to severe neurological injury subsequent to successful CPR following CA. Effective therapeutic options to protect the brain from CA remain limited, due to the complexities of the injury cascades caused by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Although the precise mechanisms of neurological impairment following CA-initiated I/R injury require further clarification, evidence supports that one of the key cellular pathways of cerebral injury is inflammation. The inflammatory response is orchestrated by activated glial cells in response to I/R injury. Increased release of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules and cellular dysfunction in activated microglia and astrocytes contribute to ischemia-induced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory cytokines generation, and ultimately to delayed death of neurons. Furthermore, cytokines and adhesion molecules generated within activated microglia, as well as astrocytes, are involved in the innate immune response; modulate influx of peripheral immune and inflammatory cells into the brain, resulting in neurological injury. The present review discusses the molecular aspects of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in global cerebral I/R injury following CA and CPR, and the potential therapeutic strategies that target neuroinflammation and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Luetao Zhang
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Anchang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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25
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HUANG WENJUAN, ZHANG XIA, CHEN WEIWEI. Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:519-522. [PMID: 27123241 PMCID: PMC4840676 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of disability in individuals aged >65 years worldwide. AD is characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated τ protein and dementia. The neurotoxic oligomer Aβ peptide, which is the neuropathological diagnostic criterion of the disease, together with τ protein, are mediators of the neurodegeneration that is among the main causative factors. However, these phenomena are mainly initiated and enhanced by oxidative stress, a process referring to an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants in favour of oxidants. This imbalance can occur as a result of increased free radicals or a decrease in antioxidant defense, free radicals being a species that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outer shell. The major source of potent free radicals is the reduction of molecular oxygen in water, that initially yields the superoxide radical, which produces hydrogen peroxide by the addition of an electron. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide produces highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, termed reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can react with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules and may also alter their structures and functions. Thus, tissues and organs, particularly the brain, a vulnerable organ, are affected by ROS due to its composition. The brain is largely composed of easily oxidizable lipids while featuring a high oxygen consumption rate. The current review examined the role of oxidative stress in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- WEN-JUAN HUANG
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - XIA ZHANG
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - WEI-WEI CHEN
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Moghaddas A, Dashti-Khavidaki S. Potential protective effects of l-carnitine against neuromuscular ischemia-reperfusion injury: From experimental data to potential clinical applications. Clin Nutr 2015. [PMID: 26199084 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury plays important role in morbidity and mortality in several pathologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, trauma, and circulatory arrest. An imbalance in metabolic supply and tissue's demand during ischemia results in profound tissue hypoxia and microvascular dysfunction. Subsequently, reperfusion further results in activation of immune responses and cell death programs. l-carnitine and its derivatives have been administered to improve tolerance against I/R injury in various tissues. Anti-ischemic properties of l-carnitine and its derivative in neuromuscular organs will be reviewed here at the light of pertinent results from basic and clinical researches. METHOD All available in vitro and in vivo studies, patents, clinical trials, and meeting abstracts in English language that examined the protective effects of l-carnitine against I/R induced injury in neuromuscular organs were reviewed. Materials were obtained by searching ELSEVIER, web of knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, clinical trials, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews. CONCLUSION Although animal studies on central nervous system and some human studies on muscular system were in favors of effects of l-carnitine against I/R injury, however, more clinical trials are needed to clarify the clinical importance of l-carnitine as a treatment option to manage I/R-induced injury of neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Moghaddas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Wilhelm CJ, Hashimoto JG, Roberts ML, Bloom SH, Andrew MR, Wiren KM. Astrocyte Dysfunction Induced by Alcohol in Females but Not Males. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:433-51. [PMID: 26088166 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with brain damage in a sex-specific fashion, but the mechanisms involved are poorly described and remain controversial. Previous results have suggested that astrocyte gene expression is influenced by ethanol intoxication and during abstinence in vivo. Here, bioinformatic analysis of astrocyte-enriched ethanol-regulated genes in vivo revealed ubiquitin pathways as an ethanol target, but with sexually dimorphic cytokine signaling and changes associated with brain aging in females and not males. Consistent with this result, astrocyte activation was observed after exposure in female but not male animals, with reduced S100β levels in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased GFAP(+) cells in the hippocampus. In primary culture, the direct effects of chronic ethanol exposure followed by recovery on sex-specific astrocyte function were examined. Male astrocyte responses were consistent with astrocyte deactivation with reduced GFAP expression during ethanol exposure. In contrast, female astrocytes exhibited increased expression of Tnf, reduced expression of the neuroprotective cytokine Tgfb1, disrupted bioenergetics and reduced excitatory amino acid uptake following exposure or recovery. These results indicate widespread astrocyte dysfunction in ethanol-exposed females and suggest a mechanism that may underlie increased vulnerability to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | - Melissa R Andrew
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kristine M Wiren
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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28
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Protection of erythropoietin against ischemic neurovascular unit injuries through the effects of connexin43. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:656-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Lou YH, Wang JS, Dong G, Guo PP, Wei DD, Xie SS, Yang MH, Kong LY. The acute hepatotoxicity of tacrine explained by 1H NMR based metabolomic profiling. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR based metabolomics approach was applied to study the mechanism of tacrine-induced acute hepatotoxicity and had found significant disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Sai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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30
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Cabezas R, Avila M, Gonzalez J, El-Bachá RS, Báez E, García-Segura LM, Jurado Coronel JC, Capani F, Cardona-Gomez GP, Barreto GE. Astrocytic modulation of blood brain barrier: perspectives on Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25136294 PMCID: PMC4120694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly regulated interface in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that regulates the exchange of molecules in and out from the brain thus maintaining the CNS homeostasis. It is mainly composed of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes that create a neurovascular unit (NVU) with the adjacent neurons. Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the BBB by providing secreted factors that lead to the adequate association between the cells of the BBB and the formation of strong tight junctions. Under neurological disorders, such as chronic cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, Epilepsy, Alzheimer and Parkinson’s Diseases, a disruption of the BBB takes place, involving a lost in the permeability of the barrier and phenotypical changes in both the ECs and astrocytes. In this aspect, it has been established that the process of reactive gliosis is a common feature of astrocytes during BBB disruption, which has a detrimental effect on the barrier function and a subsequent damage in neuronal survival. In this review we discuss the implications of astrocyte functions in the protection of the BBB, and in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related disorders. Additionally, we highlight the current and future strategies in astrocyte protection aimed at the development of restorative therapies for the BBB in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Marcos Avila
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Eliana Báez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Juan Camilo Jurado Coronel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA Medellín, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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31
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Jo WK, Law ACK, Chung SK. The neglected co-star in the dementia drama: the putative roles of astrocytes in the pathogeneses of major neurocognitive disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:159-67. [PMID: 24393807 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are the major causes of cognitive disorders worldwide. They are characterized by cognitive impairments along with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and that their pathogeneses show overlapping multifactorial mechanisms. Although AD has long been considered the most common cause of dementia, individuals afflicted with AD commonly exhibit cerebral vascular abnormalities. The concept of mixed dementia has emerged to more clearly identify patients with neurodegenerative phenomena exhibiting both AD and cerebral vascular pathologies-vascular damage along with β-amyloid (Aβ)-associated neurotoxicity and τ-hyperphosphorylation. Cognitive impairment has long been commonly explained through a 'neuro-centric' perspective, but emerging evidence has shed light over the important roles that neurovascular unit dysfunction could have in neuronal death. Moreover, accumulating data have been demonstrating astrocytes being the essential cell type in maintaining proper central nervous system functioning. In relation to dementia, the roles of astrocytes in Aβ deposition and clearance are unclear. This article emphasizes the multiple events triggered by ischemia and the cytotoxicity exerted by Aβ either alone or in association with endothelin-1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, thereby leading to neurodegeneration in an 'astroglio-centric' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Jo
- Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - A C K Law
- 1] Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [3] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - S K Chung
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Wang PR, Wang JS, Yang MH, Kong LY. Neuroprotective effects of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on ischemic stroke rats revealed by 1H NMR metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ouyang YB, Xu L, Liu S, Giffard RG. Role of Astrocytes in Delayed Neuronal Death: GLT-1 and its Novel Regulation by MicroRNAs. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:171-88. [PMID: 25236729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons from delayed neuronal death and increase their survival in cerebral ischemia. One of the main mechanisms of astrocyte protection is rapid removal of excess glutamate from synaptic sites by astrocytic plasma membrane glutamate transporters such as GLT-1/EAAT-2, reducing excitotoxicity. Astrocytic mitochondrial function is essential for normal GLT-1 function. Manipulating astrocytic mitochondrial and GLT-1 function is thus an important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcome following cerebral ischemia. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of microRNAs (miRNA), some of them being astrocyte-enriched, in the regulation of cerebral ischemia. This chapter will first update the information about astrocytes, GLT-1, astrocytic mitochondria, and delayed neuronal death. Then we will focus on two recently reported astrocyte-enriched miRNAs (miR-181 and miR-29 families), their effects on astrocytic mitochondria and GLT-1 as well as on outcome after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S272A and S290, Stanford, CA, 94305-5117, USA,
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Abstract
The central nervous system is comprised of numerous cell types that work in concert to facilitate proper function and homeostasis. Disruption of these carefully orchestrated networks results in neuronal dysfunction, manifesting itself in a variety of neurologic disorders. Although neuronal dysregulation is causative of symptoms that manifest in the clinic, the etiology of these disorders is often more complex than simply a loss of neurons or intrinsic dysregulation of their function. In the adult brain, astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type and play key roles in central nervous system physiology; therefore, it stands to reason that dysregulation of normal astrocyte function contributes to the etiology and progression of varied neurologic disorders. We review here some neurologic disorders associated with an astrocyte factor and discuss how the related astrocyte dysfunction contributes to the etiology or progression of these disorders or both.
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35
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Bartnik-Olson BL, Harris NG, Shijo K, Sutton RL. Insights into the metabolic response to traumatic brain injury as revealed by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2013; 5:8. [PMID: 24109452 PMCID: PMC3790078 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review highlights critical issues related to cerebral metabolism following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the use of (13)C labeled substrates and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study these changes. First we address some pathophysiologic factors contributing to metabolic dysfunction following TBI. We then examine how (13)C NMR spectroscopy strategies have been used to investigate energy metabolism, neurotransmission, the intracellular redox state, and neuroglial compartmentation following injury. (13)C NMR spectroscopy studies of brain extracts from animal models of TBI have revealed enhanced glycolytic production of lactate, evidence of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activation, and alterations in neuronal and astrocyte oxidative metabolism that are dependent on injury severity. Differential incorporation of label into glutamate and glutamine from (13)C labeled glucose or acetate also suggest TBI-induced adaptations to the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
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36
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Radak D, Resanovic I, Isenovic ER. Changes in Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Following Transient Ischemic Attack. Angiology 2013; 65:723-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319713503487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia caused by transient ischemic attack initiates a complex sequence of events in the central nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis which may ultimately culminate in neuronal and cell damage. The brain is highly susceptible to ischemia and in response to stress shows changes in morphology and chemistry that are largely reversible. These responses are known to modify the function of the HPA axis, but their mechanisms are not yet clear. Duration and size of the HPA axis activation are regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin (AVP), and glucocorticoids, including cortisol. Numerous studies suggest that activation of these hormones following brain ischemia can result in neurohormonal dysfunction that can exacerbate long-term prognosis following stroke. These studies represent evidence that changes in the HPA axis play an important role in brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Radak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Resanovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Liu F, Mccullough LD. Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1121-30. [PMID: 23892271 PMCID: PMC3764334 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in mediating brain injury induced by neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses to ischemia may be shared by neonatal and adult brains; however, HIE exhibits a unique inflammation phenotype that results from the immaturity of the neonatal immune system. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning systemic and local inflammatory responses in the acute and subacute stages of HIE. The key components of inflammation, including immune cells, adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines and oxidative stress, will be reviewed, and the differences between neonatal and adult inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemic injury will also be discussed.
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Shrivastava K, Llovera G, Recasens M, Chertoff M, Giménez-Llort L, Gonzalez B, Acarin L. Temporal expression of cytokines and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 activation after neonatal hypoxia/ischemia in mice. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:212-25. [PMID: 23571161 DOI: 10.1159/000348432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is a prevalent reason for neonatal brain injury with inflammation being an inevitable phenomenon following such injury; but there is a scarcity of data regarding the signaling pathway involved and the effector molecules. The signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is known to modulate injury following imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral and central nervous system injury making it a potential molecule for study. The current study investigates the temporal expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) after carotid occlusion and hypoxia (8% O2, 55 min) in postnatal day 7 C57BL/6 mice from 3 h to 21 days after hypoxia. Protein array illustrated notable changes in cytokines expressed in both hemispheres in a time-dependent manner. The major pro-inflammatory cytokines showing immediate changes between ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres were IL-6 and IL-1β. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 demonstrated a delayed augmentation with no prominent differences between hemispheres, while IL-1ra showed two distinct peaks of expression spread over time. We also illustrate for the first time the spatiotemporal activation of pSTAT3 (Y705 phosphorylation) after a neonatal HI in mice brain. The main regions expressing pSTAT3 were the hippocampus and the corpus callosum. pSTAT3+ cells were mostly a subpopulation of activated astrocytes (GFAP+) and microglia/macrophages (F4/80+) seen only in the ipsilateral hemisphere at most time points studied (till 7 days after hypoxia). The highest expression of pSTAT3+ cells was observed to be around 24-48 h, where the presence of pSTAT3+ astrocytes and pSTAT3+ microglia/macrophages was seen by confocal micrographs. In conclusion, our study highlights a synchronized expression of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially in the long term not previously defined. It also points towards a significant role of STAT3 signaling following micro- and astrogliosis in the pathophysiology of neonatal HI-related brain injury. In the study, a shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine profile was also noted as the injury progressed. We suggest that while designing efficient neuroprotective therapies using inflammatory molecules, the time of intervention and balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shrivastava
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Turner RC, Lucke-Wold B, Lucke-Wold N, Elliott AS, Logsdon AF, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: moving past shortcomings and identifying promising directions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1890-917. [PMID: 23344061 PMCID: PMC3565354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation of neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke from bench-to-bedside has largely failed to produce improved treatments since the development of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). One possible reason for lack of translation is the failure to acknowledge the greatest risk factor for stroke, age, and other common comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with stroke. In this review, we highlight both mechanisms of studying these factors and results of those that have been addressed. We also discuss the potential role of other lifestyle factors associated with an increased stroke risk such as sleep fragmentation and/or deprivation. Furthermore, many proposed therapeutic agents have targeted molecular mechanisms occurring soon after the onset of ischemia despite data indicating delayed patient presentation following ischemic stroke. Modulating inflammation has been identified as a promising therapeutic avenue consistent with preliminary success of ongoing clinical trials for anti-inflammatory compounds such as minocycline. We review the role of inflammation in stroke and in particular, the role of inflammatory cell recruitment and macrophage phenotype in the inflammatory process. Emerging evidence indicates an increasing role of neuro-immune crosstalk, which has led to increased interest in identification of peripheral biomarkers indicative of neural injury. It is our hope that identification and investigation of factors influencing stroke pathophysiology may lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Noelle Lucke-Wold
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Health Restoration, West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alisa S. Elliott
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-5041; Fax: +1-304-293-4819
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Zhou S, Wu H, Zeng C, Xiong X, Tang S, Tang Z, Sun X. Apolipoprotein E protects astrocytes from hypoxia and glutamate-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2012; 587:254-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cabezas R, El-Bachá RS, González J, Barreto GE. Mitochondrial functions in astrocytes: neuroprotective implications from oxidative damage by rotenone. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:80-90. [PMID: 22902554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cell survival and normal development, as they provide energy to the cell, buffer intracellular calcium, and regulate apoptosis. They are also major targets of oxidative stress, which causes bioenergetics failure in astrocytes through the activation of different mechanisms and production of oxidative molecules. This review provides an insightful overview of the recent discoveries and strategies for mitochondrial protection in astrocytes. We also discuss the importance of rotenone as an experimental approach for assessing oxidative stress in the brain and delineate some molecular strategies that enhance mitochondrial function in astrocytes as a promising strategy against brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Protective effect of carbamazepine on kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:172-81. [PMID: 22772901 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the protective effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on seizure-induced neuronal injury. However, its precise mechanisms remain unknown. Here, to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of CBZ against seizure-induced neuronal cell death, we identified the change of gene expressions by CBZ in the hippocampus of kainic acid (KA)-treated mice using microarray method, and studied the involvement of candidate gene in neuroprotective action of CBZ. KA (15 mg/kg) and/or CBZ (30 mg/kg, 0.5 h after KA exposure) were injected intraperitoneally into mice. Through microarray analysis, we found that signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) gene expression was upregulated in the hippocampal CA3 region, 24 h after KA injection (15 mg/kg), and that CBZ further elevated Stat3 expression in KA-treated mice. KA also increased the protein level and phosphorylation of Stat3, and CBZ further increased the Stat3 phosphorylation, without changing Stat3 protein level in KA-treated mice. In particular, phospho-Stat3 immunoreactivity (IR) by KA was shown in astrocytes rather than in neurons; whereas phospho-Stat3 IR by CBZ in KA-treated mice was observed predominantly in neurons, and also in neuroprotective protein Bcl-xL-expression cells. These results indicate that Stat3 may play an important role in neuroprotective action of CBZ on seizure-induced neuronal injury.
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Nodin C, Zhu C, Blomgren K, Nilsson M, Blomstrand F. Decreased oxidative stress during glycolytic inhibition enables maintenance of ATP production and astrocytic survival. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:291-301. [PMID: 22634249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depressed energy metabolism and oxidative stress are common features in many pathological situations in the brain, including stroke. In order to investigate astrocytic responses to such stress, we induced metabolic depression in cultured rat astrocytes. Iodoacetate (IA), an inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used and resulted in a rapid inhibition of GAPDH activity. After 1h of GAPDH inhibition the ATP levels started to decrease and were completely abolished at 4h. In parallel, the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased, followed by extensive cell death involving flipping of phosphatidylserine and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, but not caspase-3 activation. When IA was combined with azide, a respiratory chain complex IV inhibitor, the ATP levels decreased immediately. Interestingly, with azide present, the ROS activity remained low and the astrocytes remained viable even at very low ATP levels. Addition of exogenous ROS-scavengers prevented the IA-induced ROS activity, the ATP levels were maintained and cell death was prevented. Similar protection could be obtained when astrocytes, prior to addition of IA, were incubated with substances known to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated endogenous antioxidant system. When IA was washed out, after a relatively moderate ATP depression, massive cell death occurred. This was efficiently prevented by addition of azide or ROS scavengers during the IA treatment or by pre-activation of the Nrf2 system. Our results demonstrate that astrocytes in culture can endure and recover from glycolytic inhibition if the ROS activity remained at a low level and suggest that oxidative stress can be an important component for astrocytic cell death following metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nodin
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Barreto G, White RE, Ouyang Y, Xu L, Giffard RG. Astrocytes: targets for neuroprotection in stroke. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2012; 11:164-73. [PMID: 21521168 DOI: 10.2174/187152411796011303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, over 1000 clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a benefit in treating stroke, with the exception of thrombolytics. Although many targets have been pursued, including antioxidants, calcium channel blockers, glutamate receptor blockers, and neurotrophic factors, often the focus has been on neuronal mechanisms of injury. Broader attention to loss and dysfunction of non-neuronal cell types is now required to increase the chance of success. Of the several glial cell types, this review will focus on astrocytes. Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the higher mammalian nervous system, and they play key roles in normal CNS physiology and in central nervous system injury and pathology. In the setting of ischemia astrocytes perform multiple functions, some beneficial and some potentially detrimental, making them excellent candidates as therapeutic targets to improve outcome following stroke and in other central nervous system injuries. The older neurocentric view of the central nervous system has changed radically with the growing understanding of the many essential functions of astrocytes. These include K+ buffering, glutamate clearance, brain antioxidant defense, close metabolic coupling with neurons, and modulation of neuronal excitability. In this review, we will focus on those functions of astrocytes that can both protect and endanger neurons, and discuss how manipulating these functions provides a novel and important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcome following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Barreto
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, S272, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Nagakannan P, Shivasharan BD, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP, Bansal P. Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi Linn. flowers against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced brain injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:247-254. [PMID: 22281124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the traditional Indian and Thai system of medicine, Mimusops elengi Linn., flower is used as brain tonic and to calm anxiety and panic attacks. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi (ME) against cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were pretreated with ME (100 and 200mg/kg) for seven days and focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After 60min of MCAO and 24h of reperfusion, a battery of behavioral tests assessed the extent of neurological deficits. Infarct volume and brain edema were measured in TTC stained brain sections and the extent of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption was observed by Evan's blue extravasation. Oxidative and nitrative stress parameters were estimated in the brain homogenates. Further, simultaneous quantification of five polyphenolic biomarkers were done using HPLC. RESULTS Pretreatment with ME at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg significantly improved the neurobehavioral alterations and reduced the infarct volume, edema and extent of BBB disruption induced by ischemia reperfusion injury. It also prevented the alteration in the antioxidant status and reduced the nitrite levels when compared to ischemic animals. Further, HPLC studies revealed that ME contains five bioactive polyphenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate the neuroprotective effect of ME against stroke like injury. The observed protective effect might be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagakannan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur 572 102, Karnataka, India
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Bedó G, Lagos P, Agrati D. Temporal distribution of Hig-1 (hypoxia-induced gene 1) mRNA and protein in rat spinal cord: changes during postnatal life. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:666-73. [PMID: 22350989 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several cellular and molecular events responsible for the development of the central nervous system (CNS), particularly those related to the development of ordered neural connections, occur during the first days of postnatal life, being days 1 through 10 a critical period to reach maturity and establish innervations. We have previously characterized hypoxia-induced gene 1 (Hig-1) and described an increase in its expression from day 1 to 15 of postnatal life in the spinal cord. Hig-1 mRNA has an open reading frame for a 93 amino acid protein, but its function has not been completely elucidated. Recently, several analyses in many cell types have related Hig-1 expression with differentiation or cell death/survival balance. With the aim of further characterizing the presence of Hig-1 in the CNS, we analyzed the cellular distribution of HIG-1 protein in rat's spinal cord at postnatal days 1, 8, 15, and 90 (P1-P90). We found an interesting change in the protein expression pattern, shifting from neurons at P1 to glial cells at P90, which points towards a functional role for this protein in the spinal cord throughout development. We also compared the protein distribution with the cellular distribution of the mRNA and of an antisense RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bedó
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Voloboueva LA, Giffard RG. Inflammation, mitochondria, and the inhibition of adult neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1989-96. [PMID: 21910136 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis continues throughout life, with thousands of new neurons generated every day in the mammalian brain. Impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis has been suggested to be involved in neurodegenerative conditions, including the cognitive decline associated with aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ionizing radiation. These neurodegenerative conditions are all characterized by proinflammatory changes and increased numbers of activated microglia. Activated microglia produce a variety of proinflammatory factors, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, all of which are antineurogenic. These same factors have also been shown to suppress mitochondrial function, but the role of mitochondria in neurogenesis remains barely investigated. This brief review summarizes the findings of several studies that support a role for mitochondrial impairment as part of the mechanism of the reduction of neurogenesis associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A Voloboueva
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Ito U, Hakamata Y, Kawakami E, Oyanagi K. Temporary [corrected] cerebral ischemia results in swollen astrocytic end-feet that compress microvessels and lead to delayed [corrected] focal cortical infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:328-38. [PMID: 20588315 PMCID: PMC3049496 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the mechanisms underlying the abrupt onset of the focal infarction in disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN) after temporary ischemia. Stroke-positive animals were selected according to their stroke-index score during the first 10 minutes after left carotid occlusion performed twice at a 5-hour interval. The animals were euthanized at various times after the second ischemia. Light- and electron-microscopical studies were performed chronologically on the coronal-cut surface of the cerebral cortex at the chiasmatic level, where focal infarction evolved in the maturing DSNN. We counted the number of neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytic processes (APs); measured the areas of end-feet and astrocytes; and counted the numbers of obstructed microvessels and carbon-black-suspension-perfused microvessels (CBSPm). Between 0.5 and 5 hours after ischemia, DSNN matured, with the numbers of degenerated and dead neurons increasing, and those of APs cut-ends decreasing; whereas the area of the end-feet and the numbers of obstructed microvessels increased and those of CBSPm decreased. At 12 and 24 hours after ischemia, the infarction evolved, with the area of end-feet and astrocytic number decreased; whereas the numbers of obstructed microvessels decreased and the CBSPm number increased. The focal infarction evolved by temporary microvascular obstruction because of compression by swollen end-feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeo Ito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan.
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Bartnik-Olson BL, Oyoyo U, Hovda DA, Sutton RL. Astrocyte oxidative metabolism and metabolite trafficking after fluid percussion brain injury in adult rats. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2191-202. [PMID: 20939699 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite various lines of evidence pointing to the compartmentation of metabolism within the brain, few studies have reported the effect of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) on neuronal and astrocyte compartments and/or metabolic trafficking between these cells. In this study we used ex vivo ¹³C NMR spectroscopy following an infusion of [1-¹³C] glucose and [1,2-¹³C₂] acetate to study oxidative metabolism in neurons and astrocytes of sham-operated and fluid percussion brain injured (FPI) rats at 1, 5, and 14 days post-surgery. FPI resulted in a decrease in the ¹³C glucose enrichment of glutamate in neurons in the injured hemisphere at day 1. In contrast, enrichment of glutamine in astrocytes from acetate was not significantly decreased at day 1. At day 5 the ¹³C enrichment of glutamate and glutamine from glucose in the injured hemisphere of FPI rats did not differ from sham levels, but glutamine derived from acetate metabolism in astrocytes was significantly increased. The ¹³C glucose enrichment of the C3 position of glutamate (C3) in neurons was significantly decreased ipsilateral to FPI at day 14, whereas the enrichment of glutamine in astrocytes had returned to sham levels at this time point. These findings indicate that the oxidative metabolism of glucose is reduced to a greater extent in neurons compared to astrocytes following a FPI. The increased utilization of acetate to synthesize glutamine, and the acetate enrichment of glutamate via the glutamate-glutamine cycle, suggests an integral protective role for astrocytes in maintaining metabolic function following TBI-induced impairments in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Bartnik-Olson
- Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics in Huntington's disease: tripartite synapses and selective striatal degeneration. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:227-34. [PMID: 20454921 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preferential striatal neurodegeneration is a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, which has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Evidence from genetic HD models suggest that mutant huntingtin (mHtt) compromises mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, preventing efficient calcium handling and ATP generation in neuronal networks. Striatal neurons receive abundant glutamatergic input from the cortex, forming tripartite synapses with astrocytic partners. These are involved in bidirectional communication, play neuroprotective roles, and emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte dysfunction supports non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. In addition to mHtt effects, inherent mitochondria vulnerability within striatal neurons and astrocytes may contribute for preferential neurodegeneration in HD. Dysfunctional astrocytic mitochondria in cortico-striatal tripartite synapses might be particularly relevant in the pathogenesis of juvenile/infantile HD, frequently associated with seizures and abnormally large mHtt polyglutamine expansions. This review discusses our work, primarily addressing in situ mitochondrial function in neurons and astrocytes, in the context of related work within the HD-mitochondria field.
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