1
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Qin Z, Li K, Zhang Y. Laboratory study on the characteristics of fresh and aged PM 1 emitted from typical forest vegetation combustion in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124505. [PMID: 38968986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of forest fires are amplified by climate change. Substantial quantities of PM1 emitted from forest fires can undergo gradual atmospheric dispersion and long-range transport, thus impacting air quality far from the source. However, the chemical composition and physical properties of PM emitted from forest fires and its changes during atmospheric transport remain uncertain. In this study, the evolution of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and water-soluble metals in the particulate phase of smoke emitted from the typical forest vegetation combustion in Southwest China before and after photo-oxidation was investigated in the laboratory. Two aging periods of 5 and 9 days were selected. The OC and TC mass concentrations tended to decrease after 9-days aged compared to fresh emissions. OP, OC2, and OC3 in PM1 are expected to be potential indicators of fresh smoke, while OC3 and OC4 may serve as suitable markers for identifying aged carbon sources from the typical forest vegetation combustion in Southwest China. K+ exhibited the highest abundant water-soluble ion in fresh PM1, whereas NO3- became the most abundant water-soluble ion in aged PM1. NH4NO3 emerged as the primary secondary inorganic aerosol emitted from typical forest vegetation combustion in Southwest China. Notably, a 5-day aging period proved insufficient for the complete formation of the secondary inorganic aerosols NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. After aging, the mass concentration of the water-soluble metal Ni in PM1 from typical forest vegetation combustion in Southwest China decreased, while the mean mass concentrations of all other water-soluble metals increased in varying degrees. These findings provide valuable data support and theoretical guidance for studying the atmospheric evolution of forest fire aerosols, as well as contribute to policy formulation and management of atmospheric environment safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sun
- College of Energy Environment and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhenhai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Kaili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
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2
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Desservettaz M, Pikridas M, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Hatzianastassiou N, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N, Bourtsoukidis E. Emission of volatile organic compounds from residential biomass burning and their rapid chemical transformations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166592. [PMID: 37640072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion releases a complex array of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that pose significant challenges to air quality and human health. Although biomass burning has been extensively studied at ecosystem levels, understanding the atmospheric transformation and impact on air quality of emissions in urban environments remains challenging due to complex sources and burning materials. In this study, we investigate the VOC emission rates and atmospheric chemical processing of predominantly wood burning emissions in a small urban centre in Greece. Ioannina is situated in a valley within the Dinaric Alps and experiences intense atmospheric pollution accumulation during winter due to its topography and high wood burning activity. During pollution event days, the ambient mixing ratios of key VOC species were found to be similar to those reported for major urban centres worldwide. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis revealed that biomass burning was the dominant emission source (>50 %), representing two thirds of OH reactivity, which indicates a highly reactive atmospheric mixture. Calculated OH reactivity ranges from 5 s-1 to an unprecedented 278 s-1, and averages at 93 ± 66 s-1 at 9 PM, indicating the presence of exceptionally reactive VOCs. The highly pronounced photochemical formation of organic acids coincided with the formation of ozone, highlighting the significance of secondary formation of pollutants in poorly ventilated urban areas. Our findings underscore the pressing need to transition from wood burning to environmentally friendly sources of energy in poorly ventilated urban areas, in order to improve air quality and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou
- Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
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3
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Tayari S, Taghikhah F, Bharathy G, Voinov A. Designing a conceptual framework for strategic selection of Bushfire mitigation approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118486. [PMID: 37413725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Fires are an important aspect of environmental ecology; however, they are also one of the most widespread destructive forces impacting natural ecosystems as well as property, human health, water and other resources. Urban sprawl is driving the construction of new homes and facilities into fire-vulnerable areas. This growth, combined with a warmer climate, is likely to make the consequences of wildfires more severe. To reduce wildfires and associated risks, a variety of hazard reduction practices are implemented, such as prescribed burning (PB) and mechanical fuel load reduction (MFLR). PB can reduce forest fuel load; however, it has adverse effects on air quality and human health, and should not be applied close to residential areas due to risks of fire escape. On the other hand, MFLR releases less greenhouse gasses and does not impose risks to residential areas. However, it is more expensive to implement. We suggest that environmental, economic and social costs of various mitigation tools should be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate fire mitigation approach and propose a conceptual framework, which can do it. We show that applying GIS methods and life cycle assessment we can produce a more reasonable comparison that can, for example, include the benefits that can be generated by using collected biomass for bioenergy or in timber industries. This framework can assist decision makers to find the optimal combinations of hazard reduction practices for various specific conditions and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tayari
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Firouzeh Taghikhah
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Business Analytics, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Gnana Bharathy
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexey Voinov
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Netherlands
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4
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Müller S, Giorio C, Borduas-Dedekind N. Tracking the Photomineralization Mechanism in Irradiated Lab-Generated and Field-Collected Brown Carbon Samples and Its Effect on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Abilities. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:164-178. [PMID: 37215437 PMCID: PMC10197166 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols affect the planet's radiative balance by absorbing and scattering light as well as by activating cloud droplets. These organic aerosols contain chromophores, termed brown carbon (BrC), and can undergo indirect photochemistry, affecting their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we investigated the effect of photochemical aging by tracking the conversion of organic carbon into inorganic carbon, termed the photomineralization mechanism, and its effect on the CCN abilities in four different types of BrC samples: (1) laboratory-generated (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal solutions, (2) dissolved organic matter isolate from Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), (3) ambient firewood smoke aerosols, and (4) ambient urban wintertime particulate matter in Padua, Italy. Photomineralization occurred in all BrC samples albeit at different rates, evidenced by photobleaching and by loss of organic carbon up to 23% over a simulated 17.6 h of sunlight exposure. These losses were correlated with the production of CO up to 4% and of CO2 up to 54% of the initial organic carbon mass, monitored by gas chromatography. Photoproducts of formic, acetic, oxalic and pyruvic acids were also produced during irradiation of the BrC solutions, but at different yields depending on the sample. Despite these chemical changes, CCN abilities did not change substantially for the BrC samples. In fact, the CCN abilities were dictated by the salt content of the BrC solution, trumping a photomineralization effect on the CCN abilities for the hygroscopic BrC samples. Solutions of (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal, SRFA, firewood smoke, and ambient Padua samples had hygroscopicity parameters κ of 0.6, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6, respectively. As expected, the SRFA solution with a κ of 0.1 was most impacted by the photomineralization mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that the photomineralization mechanism is expected in all BrC samples and can drive changes in the optical properties and chemical composition of aging organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Müller
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
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5
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Urbanski SP, Long RW, Halliday H, Lincoln EN, Habel A, Landis MS. Fuel layer specific pollutant emission factors for fire prone forest ecosystems of the western U.S. and Canada. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2022; 16:1-17. [PMID: 36960321 PMCID: PMC10031496 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires are a major source of gases and aerosols, and the production, dispersion, and transformation of fire emissions have significant ambient air quality impacts and climate interactions. The increase in wildfire area burned and severity across the United States and Canada in recent decades has led to increased interest in expanding the use of prescribed fires as a forest management tool. While the primary goal of prescribed fire use is to limit the loss of life and property and ecosystem damage by constraining the growth and severity of future wildfires, a potential additional benefit of prescribed fire - reduction in the adverse impacts of smoke production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - has recently gained the interest of land management agencies and policy makers in the United States and other nations. The evaluation of prescribed fire/wildfire scenarios and the potential mitigation of adverse impacts on air quality and GHGs requires fuel layer specific pollutant emission factors (EFs) for fire prone forest ecosystems. Our study addresses this need with laboratory experiments measuring EFs for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethyne (C2H2), formaldehyde (H2CO), formic acid (CH2O2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and total reduced sulfur (TRS) for the burning of individual fuel components from three forest ecosystems which account for a large share of wildfire burned area and emissions in the western United States and Canada - Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and black spruce/jack pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Urbanski
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Halliday
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Emily N. Lincoln
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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6
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Chaudhary P, Singh R, Shabin M, Sharma A, Bhatt S, Sinha V, Sinha B. Replacing the greater evil: Can legalizing decentralized waste burning in improved devices reduce waste burning emissions for improved air quality? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119897. [PMID: 35963389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Open waste burning emissions constitute a significant source of air pollution affecting human health in India. In regions where cleaner fuels have displaced solid biofuel usage, open waste burning is rapidly becoming one of the largest sources of airborne human class-I-carcinogens and particulate matter. As the establishment of waste management infrastructure in rural India is likely to take years, we explore whether health-relevant emissions can be reduced by legalizing the burning of dry non-biodegradable waste in improved devices. We measure the emission factors of 76 VOCs, CH4, CO, and CO2 from different types of waste burned in two different improved devices, a burn basket and a local water heater. Based on our experiments, we create four "what-if" intervention scenarios to assess the improvement of air quality due to the emission reductions that can be accomplished by four management strategies. We find that substituting the traditional, more polluting water heating fuels with dry plastic waste across rural India can reduce primary emissions (e.g., -29 Ggy-1 for benzene) and ozone formation potential (-2960 Ggy-1) from open waste burning. When dry waste is used in lieu of more polluting fuels, and its burning serves a purpose, the net class-I-carcinogen benzene emissions, would be halved compared to the present. The change in emissions for the class-I carcinogen 1,3-butadiene would become net negative. This happens because the emissions avoided when part of the solid biofuel currently used in rural India is replaced by plastic waste (4.1 (1.2-4.1) Ggy-1) exceed the waste burning emissions of this compound (3 (1.2-3.7) Ggy-1) by so much, that residential sector emission reductions offset all waste burning emissions including those of landfill fires. Our study demonstrates that India's air quality can be improved by permitting and promoting the use of dry packaging waste in lieu of traditional biofuels and by promoting improved burning devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chaudhary
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Raj Singh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Muhammed Shabin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Anita Sharma
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sachin Bhatt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India.
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7
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Wiggins EB, Anderson BE, Brown MD, Campuzano‐Jost P, Chen G, Crawford J, Crosbie EC, Dibb J, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fenn M, Gallo F, Gargulinski EM, Guo H, Hair JW, Halliday HS, Ichoku C, Jimenez JL, Jordan CE, Katich JM, Nowak JB, Perring AE, Robinson CE, Sanchez KJ, Schueneman M, Schwarz JP, Shingler TJ, Shook MA, Soja AJ, Stockwell CE, Thornhill KL, Travis KR, Warneke C, Winstead EL, Ziemba LD, Moore RH. Reconciling Assumptions in Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for Estimating Aerosol Emission Rates From Wildland Fires Using Observations From FIREX-AQ. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD035692. [PMID: 35865864 PMCID: PMC9286562 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate fire emissions inventories are crucial to predict the impacts of wildland fires on air quality and atmospheric composition. Two traditional approaches are widely used to calculate fire emissions: a satellite-based top-down approach and a fuels-based bottom-up approach. However, these methods often considerably disagree on the amount of particulate mass emitted from fires. Previously available observational datasets tended to be sparse, and lacked the statistics needed to resolve these methodological discrepancies. Here, we leverage the extensive and comprehensive airborne in situ and remote sensing measurements of smoke plumes from the recent Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) campaign to statistically assess the skill of the two traditional approaches. We use detailed campaign observations to calculate and compare emission rates at an exceptionally high-resolution using three separate approaches: top-down, bottom-up, and a novel approach based entirely on integrated airborne in situ measurements. We then compute the daily average of these high-resolution estimates and compare with estimates from lower resolution, global top-down and bottom-up inventories. We uncover strong, linear relationships between all of the high-resolution emission rate estimates in aggregate, however no single approach is capable of capturing the emission characteristics of every fire. Global inventory emission rate estimates exhibited weaker correlations with the high-resolution approaches and displayed evidence of systematic bias. The disparity between the low-resolution global inventories and the high-resolution approaches is likely caused by high levels of uncertainty in essential variables used in bottom-up inventories and imperfect assumptions in top-down inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Wiggins
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - M. D. Brown
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | | | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - E. C. Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - J. Dibb
- Earth Systems Research CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | | | | | - M. Fenn
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - F. Gallo
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - H. Guo
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. W. Hair
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - H. S. Halliday
- Environmental Protection AgencyResearch TriangleDurhamNCUSA
| | - C. Ichoku
- College of Arts and SciencesHoward UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - C. E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVAUSA
| | - J. M. Katich
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - A. E. Perring
- Department of ChemistryColgate UniversityHamiltonNYUSA
| | - C. E. Robinson
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - K. J. Sanchez
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - A. J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVAUSA
| | - C. E. Stockwell
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - K. L. Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | | | - C. Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - E. L. Winstead
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
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8
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Kumar A, Hakkim H, Sinha B, Sinha V. Gridded 1 km × 1 km emission inventory for paddy stubble burning emissions over north-west India constrained by measured emission factors of 77 VOCs and district-wise crop yield data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148064. [PMID: 34323834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Every year in the post-monsoon season, ~1.7 billion tons of paddy stubble is burnt openly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) producing persistent smog and air quality deterioration that affects the entire IGP. Information concerning the identity, amounts and spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which drive ozone and aerosol formation is still largely unknown as existing global emission inventories have poor VOC speciation and rely on limited satellite overpasses for mapping burnt areas. Here, emission factors (EFs) of 77 VOCs were measured from paddy fire smoke and combined with 1 km × 1 km stubble burning activity constrained by annual crop production yields and detected fires to compile a new gridded emission inventory for 2017. Our results reveal a large source of acetaldehyde (37.5 ± 9.6 Ggy-1), 2-furaldehyde (37.1 ± 12.5 Ggy-1), acetone (34.7 ± 13.6 Ggy-1), benzene (9.9 ± 2.8 Ggy-1) and isocyanic acid (0.4 ± 0.2 Ggy-1) that are not accounted for by existing emission inventories (GFED, GFAS, FINv2.1). During October-November, these emissions (346 ± 65 Ggy-1 NMVOC; 38 ± 8 Ggy-1 NOx; 16 ± 4 Ggy-1 NH3; 129 ± 9 Ggy-1 PM2.5; 22,125 ± 3674 Ggy-1 GHG CO2 equivalents) are more than 20 times larger than corresponding emissions from traffic and municipal waste burning over north-west India. Mitigation of this source alone can therefore yield massive air-quality climate co-benefits for more than 500 million people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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9
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Vast CO 2 release from Australian fires in 2019-2020 constrained by satellite. Nature 2021; 597:366-369. [PMID: 34526704 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Australia experienced intensive and geographically extensive wildfires during the 2019-2020 summer season1,2. The fires released substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere3. However, existing emission estimates based on fire inventories are uncertain4, and vary by up to a factor of four for this event. Here we constrain emission estimates with the help of satellite observations of carbon monoxide5, an analytical Bayesian inversion6 and observed ratios between emitted carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide7. We estimate emissions of carbon dioxide to be 715 teragrams (range 517-867) from November 2019 to January 2020. This is more than twice the estimate derived by five different fire inventories8-12, and broadly consistent with estimates based on a bottom-up bootstrap analysis of this fire episode13. Although fires occur regularly in the savannas in northern Australia, the recent episodes were extremely large in scale and intensity, burning unusually large areas of eucalyptus forest in the southeast13. The fires were driven partly by climate change14,15, making better-constrained emission estimates particularly important. This is because the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide may become increasingly dependent on fire-driven climate-carbon feedbacks, as highlighted by this event16.
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10
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Russell-Smith J, Yates C, Vernooij R, Eames T, van der Werf G, Ribeiro N, Edwards A, Beatty R, Lekoko O, Mafoko J, Monagle C, Johnston S. Opportunities and challenges for savanna burning emissions abatement in southern Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112414. [PMID: 33831642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Savanna fires occurring in sub-Saharan Africa account for over 60% of global fire extent, of which more than half occurs in the Southern Hemisphere contributing ~29% of global fire emissions. Building on experience in reducing savanna fire emissions in fire-prone north Australian savannas through implementation of an internationally accredited 'savanna burning' emissions abatement methodology, we explore opportunities and challenges associated with the application of a similar approach to incentivise emissions reduction in fire-prone southern African savannas. We first show that for a focal region covering seven contiguous countries, at least 80% of annual savanna large fire (>250 ha) extent and emissions occur under relatively severe late dry season (LDS) fire-weather conditions, predominantly in sparsely inhabited areas. We then assess the feasibility of adapting the Australian emissions abatement methodology through exploratory field studies at the Tsodilo Hills World Heritage site in north-west Botswana, and the Niassa Special Reserve in northern Mozambique. Our assessment demonstrates that application of a savanna burning emissions abatement method focused on the undertaking of strategically located early dry season (EDS) burning to reduce LDS wildfire extent and resultant emissions meets key technical criteria, including: LDS fine fuels tend to be markedly greater than EDS fuels given seasonal leaf litter inputs; LDS fires tend to be significantly more severe and combust more fuels; methane and nitrous oxide emission factors are essentially equivalent in EDS and LDS periods under cured fuel conditions. In discussion we consider associated key implementation challenges and caveats that need to be addressed for progressing development of savanna burning methods that incentivise sustainable fire management, reduce emissions, and support community livelihoods in wildfire-dominated southern African savannas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Russell-Smith
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia; International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Cameron Yates
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia; International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roland Vernooij
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Eames
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido van der Werf
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha Ribeiro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia; International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin Beatty
- International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia; 321 Fire, Praia Do Tofo, Inhambane, 1300, Mozambique
| | - Othusitse Lekoko
- Darwin Centre for Bushfire Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia; International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB, 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jomo Mafoko
- Department of Forestry and Range Resources, Private Bag BO 199, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Catherine Monagle
- International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Johnston
- International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (ISFMI), Level 4, 346 Kent Street, Sydney, 2000, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Long RW, Whitehill A, Habel A, Urbanski S, Halliday H, Colón M, Kaushik S, Landis MS. Comparison of ozone measurement methods in biomass burning smoke: an evaluation under field and laboratory conditions. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2021; 14:1783-1800. [PMID: 34017362 PMCID: PMC8128704 DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-1783-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) have been observed downwind of wildland fire plumes (DeBell et al., 2004; Bytnerowicz et al., 2010; Preisler et al., 2010; Jaffe et al., 2012; Bytnerowicz et al., 2013; Jaffe et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2016; Lindaas et al., 2017; McClure and Jaffe, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Baylon et al., 2018; Buysse et al., 2019). Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas-phase hydrocarbon (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®-permeating VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Long
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maribel Colón
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Surender Kaushik
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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12
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van den Broek J, Klein Cerrejon D, Pratsinis SE, Güntner AT. Selective formaldehyde detection at ppb in indoor air with a portable sensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123052. [PMID: 32937713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic indoor air pollutant emitted from wood-based furniture, building materials, paints and textiles. Yet, no low-cost sensor exists for on-site monitoring to fulfill stringent current and upcoming (e.g., 8 parts-per-billion by volume, ppb, in France by 2023) exposure guidelines. Here, we present an inexpensive and handheld formaldehyde detector with proven performance in real indoor air. Selectivity is achieved by a compact packed bed column of nanoporous polymer sorbent that separates formaldehyde from interferants present in ambient air. Downstream, a highly sensitive nanoparticle-based chemoresistive Pd-doped SnO2 sensor detects formaldehyde in the relevant concentration range down to 5 ppb within 2 min. As a proof-of-concept, we measured formaldehyde in indoor air and from different wood product emissions, in excellent agreement (R2 > 0.98) with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This detector is simple-in-use and readily applicable for on-site formaldehyde exposure monitoring at home or work. It is promising for internet-of-things (IOT) sensing networks or even wearables for personal exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van den Broek
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Klein Cerrejon
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas T Güntner
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Jaffe DA, O’Neill SM, Larkin NK, Holder AL, Peterson DL, Halofsky JE, Rappold AG. Wildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:583-615. [PMID: 32240055 PMCID: PMC7932990 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1749731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air quality impacts from wildfires have been dramatic in recent years, with millions of people exposed to elevated and sometimes hazardous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations for extended periods. Fires emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds that can negatively impact human health and reduce visibility. While the overall trend in U.S. air quality has been improving for decades, largely due to implementation of the Clean Air Act, seasonal wildfires threaten to undo this in some regions of the United States. Our understanding of the health effects of smoke is growing with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular consequences and mortality. The costs of these health outcomes can exceed the billions already spent on wildfire suppression. In this critical review, we examine each of the processes that influence wildland fires and the effects of fires, including the natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry, and human health impacts. We highlight key data gaps and examine the complexity and scope and scale of fire occurrence, estimated emissions, and resulting effects on regional air quality across the United States. The goal is to clarify which areas are well understood and which need more study. We conclude with a set of recommendations for future research. IMPLICATIONS In the recent decade the area of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically and the resulting smoke has exposed millions of people to unhealthy air quality. In this critical review we examine the key factors and impacts from fires including natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Jaffe
- School of STEM and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Amara L. Holder
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David L. Peterson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Halofsky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ana G. Rappold
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Peng Q, Palm BB, Melander KE, Lee BH, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Campos T, Weinheimer AJ, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills AJ, Montzka DD, Flocke F, Hu L, Permar W, Wielgasz C, Lindaas J, Pollack IB, Fischer EV, Bertram TH, Thornton JA. HONO Emissions from Western U.S. Wildfires Provide Dominant Radical Source in Fresh Wildfire Smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5954-5963. [PMID: 32294377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are an important source of nitrous acid (HONO), a photolabile radical precursor, yet in situ measurements and quantification of primary HONO emissions from open wildfires have been scarce. We present airborne observations of HONO within wildfire plumes sampled during the Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud chemistry, Aerosol absorption and Nitrogen (WE-CAN) campaign. ΔHONO/ΔCO close to the fire locations ranged from 0.7 to 17 pptv ppbv-1 using a maximum enhancement method, with the median similar to previous observations of temperate forest fire plumes. Measured HONO to NOx enhancement ratios were generally factors of 2, or higher, at early plume ages than previous studies. Enhancement ratios scale with modified combustion efficiency and certain nitrogenous trace gases, which may be useful to estimate HONO release when HONO observations are lacking or plumes have photochemical exposures exceeding an hour as emitted HONO is rapidly photolyzed. We find that HONO photolysis is the dominant contributor to hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx = OH + HO2) in early stage (<3 h) wildfire plume evolution. These results highlight the role of HONO as a major component of reactive nitrogen emissions from wildfires and the main driver of initial photochemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Peng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kira E Melander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Teresa Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alan J Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Denise D Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Frank Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Wade Permar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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15
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Xing C, Liu C, Hu Q, Fu Q, Lin H, Wang S, Su W, Wang W, Javed Z, Liu J. Identifying the wintertime sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from MAX-DOAS measured formaldehyde and glyoxal in Chongqing, southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136258. [PMID: 32007868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were performed from 27 December 2018 to 16 January 2019 in Changshou, one of subdistricts of Chongqing, China. Primary atmospheric pollutant in Changshou during wintertime was PM2.5, whose contribution averaged about 70.15% ± 9.5% of PM10. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10 decreased when PM2.5 pollution became worse, and it should attribute to biomass burning and the contribution of hygroscopic growth and enhanced heterogeneous chemistry under high relative humidity condition. Moreover, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) vertical profiles during the campaign period were retrieved separately. TROPOMI HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) and MAX-DOAS HCHO VCDs were correlated well (R = 0.93). In order to identify the sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) in Changshou, the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO (RGF) in five different layers were estimated. The estimated daily averaged RGF were 0.0205 ± 0.0077, 0.0727 ± 0.0286, 0.0864 ± 0.0296, 0.0770 ± 0.0275 and 0.0746 ± 0.0263 in 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 300-400 m, 500-600 m and 700-800 m layers, respectively. The estimated RGF will increase when biomass burnings were dominated. Using NO2 as a tracer of anthropogenic emissions, we found the RGF values gradually decrease with the increase of NO2 levels. RGF values in 0-100 m layer and all the other upper layers are 0.015-0.025 and 0.06-0.14, and that means the dominant sources of VOCs in 0-100 m layer and all the other upper layers are biogenic emission and anthropogenic emission (especially biomass burning), respectively. In addition, we found that RGF has site dependence which is in compliance with several previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, USTC, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenjing Su
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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16
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Sharma G, Sinha B, Hakkim H, Chandra BP, Kumar A, Sinha V. Gridded Emissions of CO, NO x, SO 2, CO 2, NH 3, HCl, CH 4, PM 2.5, PM 10, BC, and NMVOC from Open Municipal Waste Burning in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4765-4774. [PMID: 31021611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accurate emission inventories serve as critical inputs for air quality and climate models but are poorly constrained over India. We present a new municipal open waste burning emission inventory from India (OWBEII), at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°. Out of the 216 (201-232) Tg y-1 of waste produced in the year 2015, 68 (45-105) Tg y-1 was burned in the open. To determine emissions from waste burning, emission factors of 59 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), CH4, CO2, CO, and NO x were measured from garbage fires in rural and urban sites in India. The NMVOC emissions from open waste burning of 1.4-2 Tg y-1 increase India's total anthropogenic NMVOC budget by 8-12%, while BC emissions (40-110 Ggy-1) increase the total anthropogenic BC emissions by 8-12%. Open waste burning in India emits 3-7 Tg y-1 of CO and 58-130 Tg y-1 of CO2. Emissions increase the total anthropogenic CO and CO2 in the MIX-Asia inventory by 4-11% and 2-6%, respectively. Open waste burning may affect atmospheric OH reactivity and ozone formation rates downwind of urban centers through the emission of other highly reactive compounds such as acetaldehyde (20-320 Gg y-1), propene (50-170 Gg y-1), and ethene (50-190 Gg y-1) and is s source of carcinogenic benzene (30-280 Gg y-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Boggarapu Praphulla Chandra
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
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17
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Whitehill AR, George I, Long R, Baker KR, Landis M. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Prescribed Burning in Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystems. ATMOSPHERE 2019; 10:1-464. [PMID: 31595190 PMCID: PMC6781241 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prescribed pasture burning plays a critical role in ecosystem maintenance in tallgrass prairie ecosystems and may contribute to agricultural productivity but can also have negative impacts on air quality. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were measured immediately downwind of prescribed tallgrass prairie fires in the Flint Hills region of Kansas, United States. The VOC mixture is dominated by alkenes and oxygenated VOCs, which are highly reactive and can drive photochemical production of ozone downwind of the fires. The computed emission factors are comparable to those previous measured from pasture maintenance fires in Brazil. In addition to the emission of large amounts of particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants such as benzene and acrolein are emitted in significant amounts and could contribute to adverse health effects in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whitehill
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Landis
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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18
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Luong J, Yang X, Hua Y, Yang P, Gras R. Gas Chromatography with In Situ Catalytic Hydrogenolysis and Flame Ionization Detection for the Direct Measurement of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Challenging Matrices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13855-13859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15, Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta T8L 2P4, Canada
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Xiuhan Yang
- Dow Chemical China Investment Company, Ltd., Number 936 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15, Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta T8L 2P4, Canada
| | - Peilin Yang
- Analytical Science, Dow Chemical USA, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ronda Gras
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15, Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta T8L 2P4, Canada
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
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19
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New Tropical Peatland Gas and Particulate Emissions Factors Indicate 2015 Indonesian Fires Released Far More Particulate Matter (but Less Methane) than Current Inventories Imply. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Landis MS, Edgerton ES, White EM, Wentworth GR, Sullivan AP, Dillner AM. The impact of the 2016 Fort McMurray Horse River Wildfire on ambient air pollution levels in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1665-1676. [PMID: 29102183 PMCID: PMC6084447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented wildfire impacted the northern Alberta city of Fort McMurray in May 2016 causing a mandatory city wide evacuation and the loss of 2,400 homes and commercial structures. A two-hectare wildfire was discovered on May 1, grew to ~157,000ha by May 5, and continued to burn an estimated ~590,000ha by June 13. A comprehensive air monitoring network operated by the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) in and around Fort McMurray provided essential health-related real-time air quality data to firefighters during the emergency, and provided a rare opportunity to elucidate the impact of gaseous and particulate matter emissions on near-field communities and regional air pollution concentrations. The WBEA network recorded 188 fire-related exceedances of 1-hr and 24-hr Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objectives. Two air monitoring sites within Fort McMurray recorded mean/maximum 1-hr PM2.5 concentrations of 291/5229μgm-3 (AMS-6) and 293/3259μgm-3 (AMS-7) during fire impact periods. High correlations (r2=0.83-0.97) between biomass combustion related gases (carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), total hydrocarbons (THC), total reduced sulfur (TRS), ammonia) and PM2.5 were observed at the sites. Filter-based 24-hr integrated PM2.5 samples collected every 6 days showed maximum concentrations of 267μgm-3 (AMS-6) and 394μgm-3 (AMS-7). Normalized excess emission ratios relative to CO were 149.87±3.37μgm-3ppm-1 (PM2.5), 0.274±0.002ppmppm-1 (THC), 0.169±0.001ppmppm-1 (NMHC), 0.104±0.001ppmppm-1 (CH4), 0.694±0.007ppbppm-1 (TRS), 0.519±0.040ppbppm-1 (SO2), 0.412±0.045ppbppm-1 (NO), 1.968±0.053ppbppm-1 (NO2), and 2.337±0.077ppbppm-1 (NOX). A subset of PM2.5 filter samples was analyzed for trace elements, major ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and carbohydrates. Sample mass reconstruction and fire specific emission profiles are presented and discussed. Potential fire-related photometric ozone instrument positive interferences were observed and were positively correlated with NO and NMHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Gregory R Wentworth
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Fu J, Zhang L. Sensing Parts per Million Level Ammonia and Parts per Billion Level Acetic Acid in the Gas Phase by Common Black Film with a Fluorescent pH Probe. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1356-1362. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingni Fu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Luning Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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22
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Lui KH, Dai WT, Chan CS, Tian L, Ning BF, Zhou Y, Song X, Wang B, Li J, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Ho KF. Cancer risk from gaseous carbonyl compounds in indoor environment generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17500-17510. [PMID: 28593548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m-3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2-63 × 10-5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Chi-Sing Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo-Fu Ning
- Xuanwei City Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Chronic Non-infectious Disease Control Department, Xuanwei, 655400, China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Xiaolin Song
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jinwen Li
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
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23
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Wang X, Thai PK, Mallet M, Desservettaz M, Hawker DW, Keywood M, Miljevic B, Paton-Walsh C, Gallen M, Mueller JF. Emissions of Selected Semivolatile Organic Chemicals from Forest and Savannah Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1293-1302. [PMID: 28019099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) for a broad range of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from subtropical eucalypt forest and tropical savannah fires were determined for the first time from in situ investigations. Significantly higher (t test, P < 0.01) EFs (μg kg-1 dry fuel, gas + particle-associated) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑13 PAHs) were determined from the subtropical forest fire (7,000 ± 170) compared to the tropical savannah fires (1,600 ± 110), due to the approximately 60-fold higher EFs for 3-ring PAHs from the former. EF data for many PAHs from the eucalypt forest fire were comparable with those previously reported from pine and fir forest combustion events. EFs for other SVOCs including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners as well as some pesticides (e.g., permethrin) were determined from the subtropical eucalypt forest fire. The highest concentrations of total suspended particles, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PBDEs, were typically observed in the flaming phase of combustion. However, concentrations of levoglucosan and some pesticides such as permethrin peaked during the smoldering phase. Along a transect (10-150-350 m) from the forest fire, concentration decrease for PCBs during flaming was faster compared to PAHs, while levoglucosan concentrations increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Marc Mallet
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilien Desservettaz
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Melita Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Clare Paton-Walsh
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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24
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Presser C, Nazarian A, Conny JM, Chand D, Sedlacek A, Hubbe JM. Absorption/Transmission Measurements of PSAP Particle-Laden Filters from the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) Field Campaign. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2016; 51:451-466. [PMID: 28690360 PMCID: PMC5497477 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2016.1267856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Absorptivity measurements with a laser-heating approach, referred to as the laser-driven thermal reactor (LDTR), were carried out in the infrared and applied at ambient (laboratory) non-reacting conditions to particle-laden filters from a three-wavelength (visible) particle/soot absorption photometer (PSAP). The particles were obtained during the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign. The focus of this study was to determine the particle absorption coefficient from field-campaign filter samples using the LDTR approach, and compare results with other commercially available instrumentation (in this case with the PSAP, which has been compared with numerous other optical techniques). Advantages of the LDTR approach include 1) direct estimation of material absorption from temperature measurements (as opposed to resolving the difference between the measured reflection/scattering and transmission), 2) information on the filter optical properties, and 3) identification of the filter material effects on particle absorption (e.g., leading to particle absorption enhancement or shadowing). For measurements carried out under ambient conditions, the particle absorptivity is obtained with a thermocouple placed flush with the filter back surface and the laser probe beam impinging normal to the filter particle-laden surface. Thus, in principle one can employ a simple experimental arrangement to measure simultaneously both the transmissivity and absorptivity (at different discrete wavelengths) and ascertain the particle absorption coefficient. For this investigation, LDTR measurements were carried out with PSAP filters (pairs with both blank and exposed filters) from eight different days during the campaign, having relatively light but different particle loadings. The observed particles coating the filters were found to be carbonaceous (having broadband absorption characteristics). The LDTR absorption coefficient compared well with results from the PSAP. The analysis was also expanded to account for the filter fiber scattering on particle absorption in assessing particle absorption enhancement and shadowing effects. The results indicated that absorption enhancement effects were significant, and diminished with increased filter particle loading.
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25
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Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26886. [PMID: 27241616 PMCID: PMC4886261 DOI: 10.1038/srep26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In September and October 2015 widespread forest and peatland fires burned over large parts of maritime southeast Asia, most notably Indonesia, releasing large amounts of terrestrially-stored carbon into the atmosphere, primarily in the form of CO2, CO and CH4. With a mean emission rate of 11.3 Tg CO2 per day during Sept-Oct 2015, emissions from these fires exceeded the fossil fuel CO2 release rate of the European Union (EU28) (8.9 Tg CO2 per day). Although seasonal fires are a frequent occurrence in the human modified landscapes found in Indonesia, the extent of the 2015 fires was greatly inflated by an extended drought period associated with a strong El Niño. We estimate carbon emissions from the 2015 fires to be the largest seen in maritime southeast Asia since those associated with the record breaking El Niño of 1997. Compared to that event, a much better constrained regional total carbon emission estimate can be made for the 2015 fires through the use of present-day satellite observations of the fire's radiative power output and atmospheric CO concentrations, processed using the modelling and assimilation framework of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and combined with unique in situ smoke measurements made on Kalimantan.
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26
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Surawski NC, Sullivan AL, Roxburgh SH, Meyer CPM, Polglase PJ. Incorrect interpretation of carbon mass balance biases global vegetation fire emission estimates. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11536. [PMID: 27146785 PMCID: PMC4858743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation fires are a complex phenomenon in the Earth system with many global impacts, including influences on global climate. Estimating carbon emissions from vegetation fires relies on a carbon mass balance technique that has evolved with two different interpretations. Databases of global vegetation fire emissions use an approach based on ‘consumed biomass', which is an approximation to the biogeochemically correct ‘burnt carbon' approach. Here we show that applying the ‘consumed biomass' approach to global emissions from vegetation fires leads to annual overestimates of carbon emitted to the atmosphere by 4.0% or 100 Tg compared with the ‘burnt carbon' approach. The required correction is significant and represents ∼9% of the net global forest carbon sink estimated annually. Vegetation fire emission studies should use the ‘burnt carbon' approach to quantify and understand the role of this burnt carbon, which is not emitted to the atmosphere, as a sink enriched in carbon. Vegetation fires contribute to global carbon emissions, but uncertainty exists due to inconsistencies in the treatment of post-burn combustion. Here, it is shown that the ‘consumed biomass' approach overestimates emissions by 4%, which can be corrected using an alternative ‘burnt carbon' method.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Surawski
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - A L Sullivan
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - S H Roxburgh
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - C P Mick Meyer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - P J Polglase
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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27
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So S, Wille U, da Silva G. A Theoretical Study of the Photoisomerization of Glycolaldehyde and Subsequent OH Radical-Initiated Oxidation of 1,2-Ethenediol. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9812-20. [PMID: 26335928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been discovered that carbonyl compounds can undergo UV-induced isomerization to their enol counterparts under atmospheric conditions. This study investigates the photoisomerization of glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO) to 1,2-ethenediol (HOCH═CHOH) and the subsequent (•)OH-initiated oxidation chemistry of the latter using quantum chemical calculations and stochastic master equation simulations. The keto-enol tautomerization of glycolaldehyde to 1,2-ethenediol is associated with a barrier of 66 kcal mol(-1) and involves a double-hydrogen shift mechanism to give the lower-energy Z isomer. This barrier lies below the energy of the UV/vis absorption band of glycolaldehyde and is also considerably below the energy of the products resulting from photolytic decomposition. The subsequent atmospheric oxidation of 1,2-ethenediol by (•)OH is initiated by addition of the radical to the π system to give the (•)CH(OH)CH(OH)2 radical, which is subsequently trapped by O2 to form the peroxyl radical (•)O2CH(OH)CH(OH)2. According to kinetic simulations, collisional deactivation of the latter is negligible and cannot compete with rapid fragmentation reactions, which lead to (i) formation of glyoxal hydrate [CH(OH)2CHO] and HO2(•) through an α-hydroxyl mechanism (96%) and (ii) two molecules of formic acid with release of (•)OH through a β-hydroxyl pathway (4%). Phenomenological rate coefficients for these two reaction channels were obtained for use in atmospheric chemical modeling. At tropospheric (•)OH concentrations, the lifetime of 1,2-ethenediol toward reaction with (•)OH is calculated to be 68 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui So
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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28
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Aurell J, Gullett BK, Tabor D, Williams RK, Mitchell W, Kemme MR. Aerostat-based sampling of emissions from open burning and open detonation of military ordnance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 284:108-120. [PMID: 25463224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from open detonation (OD), open burning (OB), and static firing (SF) of obsolete military munitions were collected using an aerostat-lofted sampling instrument maneuvered into the plumes with remotely controlled tether winches. PM2.5, PM10, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), energetics, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized from 121 trials of three different munitions (Composition B (hereafter, "Comp B"), V453, V548), 152 trials of five different propellants (M31A1E1, M26, SPCF, Arc 451, 452A), and 12 trials with static firing of ammonium perchlorate-containing Sparrow rocket motors. Sampling was conducted with operational charge sizes and under open area conditions to determine emission levels representative of actual disposal practices. The successful application of the tethered aerostat and sampling instruments demonstrated the ability to sample for and determine the first ever emission factors for static firing of rocket motors and buried and metal-cased OD, as well as the first measurements of PM2.5 for OB and for surface OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Aurell
- National Research Council Post Doctoral Fellow to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Brian K Gullett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Dennis Tabor
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Ryan K Williams
- U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Munitions Command, Logistics Integration Directorate, Engineering and Demil Technology Office, AMSJM-LIB-T, OK 74501, USA.
| | - William Mitchell
- William Mitchell, Bill Mitchell & Associates, LLC, 5621 Pelham Rd., Durham, NC 27713, USA.
| | - Michael R Kemme
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Attn: CEERD-CN-E, PO Box 9005, Champaign, IL 61826-9005, USA.
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29
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Jayarathne T, Stockwell CE, Yokelson RJ, Nakao S, Stone EA. Emissions of fine particle fluoride from biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12636-44. [PMID: 25275955 DOI: 10.1021/es502933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burning of biomasses releases fluorine to the atmosphere, representing a major and previously uncharacterized flux of this atmospheric pollutant. Emissions of fine particle (PM2.5) water-soluble fluoride (F-) from biomass burning were evaluated during the fourth Fire Laboratory at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-IV) using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and ion chromatography with conductivity detection. F- was detected in 100% of the PM2.5 emissions from conifers (n=11), 94% of emissions from agricultural residues (n=16), and 36% of the grasses and other perennial plants (n=14). When F- was quantified, it accounted for an average (±standard error) of 0.13±0.02% of PM2.5. F- was not detected in remaining samples (n=15) collected from peat burning, shredded tire combustion, and cook-stove emissions. Emission factors (EF) of F- emitted per kilogram of biomass burned correlated with emissions of PM2.5 and combustion efficiency, and also varied with the type of biomass burned and the geographic location where it was harvested. Based on recent evaluations of global biomass burning, we estimate that biomass burning releases 76 Gg F- yr(-1) to the atmosphere, with upper and lower bounds of 40-150 Gg F- yr(-1). The estimated F- flux from biomass burning is comparable to total fluorine emissions from coal combustion plus other anthropogenic sources. These data demonstrate that biomass burning represents a major source of fluorine to the atmosphere in the form of fine particles, which have potential to undergo long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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30
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So S, Wille U, da Silva G. Atmospheric chemistry of enols: a theoretical study of the vinyl alcohol + OH + O(2) reaction mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6694-6701. [PMID: 24844308 DOI: 10.1021/es500319q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enols are emerging as trace atmospheric components that may play a significant role in the formation of organic acids in the atmosphere. We have investigated the hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) initiated oxidation chemistry of the simplest enol, vinyl alcohol (ethenol, CH2═CHOH), using quantum chemical calculations and energy-grained master equation simulations. A lifetime of around 4 h was determined for vinyl alcohol in the presence of tropospheric levels of (•)OH. The reaction proceeds by (•)OH addition at both the α (66%) and β (33%) carbons of the π-system, yielding the C-centered radicals (•)CH2CH(OH)2, and HOCH2C(•)HOH, respectively. Subsequent trapping by O2 leads to the respective peroxyl radicals. About 90% of the chemically activated population of the major peroxyl radical adduct (•)O2CH2CH(OH)2 is predicted to undergo fragmentation to produce formic acid and formaldehyde, with regeneration of (•)OH. The minor peroxyl radical HOCH2C(OO(•))HOH is even less stable and undergoes almost exclusive HO2(•) elimination to form glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO). Formation of the latter has not been proposed before in the oxidation of vinyl alcohol. A kinetic mechanism for use in atmospheric modeling is provided, featuring phenomenological rate coefficients for formation of the three main product channels ((•)O2CH2CH(OH)2 [8%]; HC(O)OH + HCHO + (•)OH [56%]; HOCH2CHO + HO2(•) [37%]). Our study supports previous findings that vinyl alcohol should be rapidly removed from the atmosphere by reaction with (•)OH and O2 with glycolaldehyde being identified as a previously unconsidered product. Most importantly, it is shown that direct chemically activated reactions can lead to (•)OH and HO2(•) (HOx) recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui So
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
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31
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Read KA, Carpenter LJ, Arnold SR, Beale R, Nightingale PD, Hopkins JR, Lewis AC, Lee JD, Mendes L, Pickering SJ. Multiannual observations of acetone, methanol, and acetaldehyde in remote tropical atlantic air: implications for atmospheric OVOC budgets and oxidative capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11028-39. [PMID: 22963451 DOI: 10.1021/es302082p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the atmosphere are precursors to peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN), affect the tropospheric ozone budget, and in the remote marine environment represent a significant sink of the hydroxyl radical (OH). The sparse observational database for these compounds, particularly in the tropics, contributes to a high uncertainty in their emissions and atmospheric significance. Here, we show measurements of acetone, methanol, and acetaldehyde in the tropical remote marine boundary layer made between October 2006 and September 2011 at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) (16.85° N, 24.87° W). Mean mixing ratios of acetone, methanol, and acetaldehyde were 546 ± 295 pptv, 742 ± 419 pptv, and 428 ± 190 pptv, respectively, averaged from approximately hourly values over this five-year period. The CAM-Chem global chemical transport model reproduced annual average acetone concentrations well (21% overestimation) but underestimated levels by a factor of 2 in autumn and overestimated concentrations in winter. Annual average concentrations of acetaldehyde were underestimated by a factor of 10, rising to a factor of 40 in summer, and methanol was underestimated on average by a factor of 2, peaking to over a factor of 4 in spring. The model predicted summer minima in acetaldehyde and acetone, which were not apparent in the observations. CAM-Chem was adapted to include a two-way sea-air flux parametrization based on seawater measurements made in the Atlantic Ocean, and the resultant fluxes suggest that the tropical Atlantic region is a net sink for acetone but a net source for methanol and acetaldehyde. Inclusion of the ocean fluxes resulted in good model simulations of monthly averaged methanol levels although still with a 3-fold underestimation in acetaldehyde. Wintertime acetone levels were better simulated, but the observed autumn levels were more severely underestimated than in the standard model. We suggest that the latter may be caused by underestimated terrestrial biogenic African primary and/or secondary OVOC sources by the model. The model underestimation of acetaldehyde concentrations all year round implies a consistent significant missing source, potentially from secondary chemistry of higher alkanes produced biogenically from plants or from the ocean. We estimate that low model bias in OVOC abundances in the remote tropical marine atmosphere may result in up to 8% underestimation of the global methane lifetime due to missing model OH reactivity. Underestimation of acetaldehyde concentrations is responsible for the bulk (∼70%) of this missing reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Read
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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32
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Kondo Y, Matsui H, Moteki N, Sahu L, Takegawa N, Kajino M, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Anderson B, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Fuelberg HE, Blake DR, Huey G, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ, Brune WH. Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Veres P, Roberts JM, Burling IR, Warneke C, de Gouw J, Yokelson RJ. Measurements of gas-phase inorganic and organic acids from biomass fires by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Nowak JB, Neuman JA, Bahreini R, Brock CA, Middlebrook AM, Wollny AG, Holloway JS, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Fehsenfeld FC. Airborne observations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate formation over Houston, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Nussbaum NJ, Zhu D, Kuhns HD, Mazzoleni C, Chang MCO, Moosmüller H, Watson JG. The In-Plume Emission Test Stand: an instrument platform for the real-time characterization of fuel-based combustion emissions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:1437-1445. [PMID: 20066909 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.12.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The In-Plume Emission Test Stand (IPETS) characterizes gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from combustion sources in real time. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other gases are quantified with a closed-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Particle concentrations, chemical composition, and other particle properties are characterized with an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), a light-scattering particle detector, an optical particle counter, and filter samples amenable to different laboratory analysis. IPETS measurements of fuel-based emission factors for a diesel generator are compared with those from a Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL). IPETS emission factors ranged from 0.3 to 11.8, 0.2 to 3.7, and 22.2 to 32.8 g/kg fuel for CO, NO2, and NO, respectively. IPETS PM emission factors ranged from 0.4 to 1.4, 0.3 to 1.8, 0.3 to 2.2, and 1 to 3.4 g/kg fuel for filter, photoacoustic, nephelometer, and impactor measurements, respectively. Observed linear regression statistics for IPETS versus MEL concentrations were as follows: CO slope = 1.1, r2 = 0.99; NO slope = 1.1, r2 = 0.92; and NO2 slope = 0.8, r2 = 0.96. IPETS versus MEL PM regression statistics were: filter slope = 1.3, r2 = 0.80; ELPI slope = 1.7, r2 = 0.87; light-scattering slope = 2.7, r2 = 0.92; and photoacoustic slope = 2.1, r2 = 0.91. Lower temperatures in the dilution air (approximately 25 degrees C for IPETS vs. approximately 50 degrees C for MEL) may result in greater condensation of semi-volatile compounds on existing particles, thereby explaining the 30% difference for filters. The other PM measurement devices are highly correlated with the filter, but their factory-default PM calibration factors do not represent the size and optical properties of diesel exhaust. They must be normalized to a simultaneous filter measurement.
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McMeeking GR, Kreidenweis SM, Baker S, Carrico CM, Chow JC, Collett JL, Hao WM, Holden AS, Kirchstetter TW, Malm WC, Moosmüller H, Sullivan AP, Wold CE. Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Quantum cascade laser-based photoacoustic sensor for trace detection of formaldehyde gas. SENSORS 2009; 9:2697-705. [PMID: 22574040 PMCID: PMC3348822 DOI: 10.3390/s90402697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a photoacoustic sensor for the detection of formaldehyde (CH(2)O) using a thermoelectrically cooled distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser operating in pulsed mode at 5.6 μm. A resonant photoacoustic cell, equipped with four electret microphones, is excited in its first longitudinal mode at 1,380 Hz. The absorption line at 1,778.9 cm(-1) is selected for CH(2)O detection. A detection limit of 150 parts per billion in volume in nitrogen is achieved using a 10 seconds time constant and 4 mW laser power. Measurements in ambient air will require water vapour filters.
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Apel EC, Brauers T, Koppmann R, Bandowe B, Boßmeyer J, Holzke C, Tillmann R, Wahner A, Wegener R, Brunner A, Jocher M, Ruuskanen T, Spirig C, Steigner D, Steinbrecher R, Gomez Alvarez E, Müller K, Burrows JP, Schade G, Solomon SJ, Ladstätter-Weißenmayer A, Simmonds P, Young D, Hopkins JR, Lewis AC, Legreid G, Reimann S, Hansel A, Wisthaler A, Blake RS, Ellis AM, Monks PS, Wyche KP. Intercomparison of oxygenated volatile organic compound measurements at the SAPHIR atmosphere simulation chamber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Choi Y, Vay SA, Vadrevu KP, Soja AJ, Woo JH, Nolf SR, Sachse GW, Diskin GS, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Singh HB, Avery MA, Fried A, Pfister L, Fuelberg HE. Characteristics of the atmospheric CO2signal as observed over the conterminous United States during INTEX-NA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mu Y, Pang X, Quan J, Zhang X. Atmospheric carbonyl compounds in Chinese background area: A remote mountain of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Gratien A, Nilsson E, Doussin JF, Johnson MS, Nielsen CJ, Stenstrøm Y, Picquet-Varrault B. UV and IR Absorption Cross-sections of HCHO, HCDO, and DCDO. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11506-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gratien
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Elna Nilsson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Matthew S. Johnson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
| | - Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, University of Paris 7 and Paris 12, Créteil, France, Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033 − Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science,
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Saha S, Barry H, Hancock G, Ritchie GAD, Western CM. Rotational analysis of the 2ν5 band of formaldehyde. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970601126767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Snow JA, Heikes BG, Shen H, O'Sullivan DW, Fried A, Walega J. Hydrogen peroxide, methyl hydroperoxide, and formaldehyde over North America and the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Gratien A, Picquet-Varrault B, Orphal J, Perraudin E, Doussin JF, Flaud JM. Laboratory intercomparison of the formaldehyde absorption cross sections in the infrared (1660–1820 cm−1) and ultraviolet (300–360 nm) spectral regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Nowak JB, Neuman JA, Kozai K, Huey LG, Tanner DJ, Holloway JS, Ryerson TB, Frost GJ, McKeen SA, Fehsenfeld FC. A chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for airborne measurements of ammonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. A. Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Kozai
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. G. Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - J. S. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. J. Frost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. A. McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. C. Fehsenfeld
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
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de Gouw JA, Warneke C, Stohl A, Wollny AG, Brock CA, Cooper OR, Holloway JS, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld FC, Atlas EL, Donnelly SG, Stroud V, Lueb A. Volatile organic compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Warneke
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Stohl
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - C. A. Brock
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - M. Trainer
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - E. L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - S. G. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry; Fort Hays State University; Hays Kansas USA
| | - V. Stroud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Lueb
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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48
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Jain AK, Tao Z, Yang X, Gillespie C. Estimates of global biomass burning emissions for reactive greenhouse gases (CO, NMHCs, and NOx) and CO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Perrin A, Valentin A, Daumont L. New analysis of the 2ν4, ν4+ν6, 2ν6, ν3+ν4, ν3+ν6, ν1, ν5, ν2+ν4, 2ν3, ν2+ν6 and ν2+ν3 bands of formaldehyde H212C16O: Line positions and intensities in the 3.5μm spectral region. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Dasgupta PK, Li J, Zhang G, Luke WT, McClenny WA, Stutz J, Fried A. Summertime ambient formaldehyde in five U.S. metropolitan areas: Nashville, Atlanta, Houston, Philadelphia, and Tampa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4767-83. [PMID: 16053074 DOI: 10.1021/es048327d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
First, we briefly review the atmospheric chemistry and previous intercomparison measurements for HCHO, with special reference to the diffusion scrubber Hantzsch reaction based fluorescence instrument used in the field studies reported herein. Then we discuss summertime HCHO levels in five major U.S. cities measured over 1999-2002, primarily from ground-based measurements. Land-sea breeze circulations play a major role in observed concentrations in coastal cities. Very high HCHO peak mixing ratios were observed in Houston (>47 ppb) where the overall median mixing ratio was 3.3 ppb; the corresponding values in Atlanta were approximately >18 and 7.9 ppb, respectively. The peak and median mixing ratios (9.3 and 2.3 ppb) were the lowest for Tampa, where the land-sea breeze also played an important role. In several cities, replicate HCHO measurements were made by direct spectroscopic instruments; the instruments were located kilometers from each other and addressed very different heights (e.g., 106 vs 10 m). Even under these conditions, there was remarkable qualitative and often quantitative agreement between the different instruments, when they were all sampling the same air mass within a short period of each other. Local chemistry dominates how HCHO is formed and dissipated. The high concentrations in Houston resulted from emissions near the ship channel; the same formaldehyde plume was measured at two sites and clearly ranged over tens of kilometers. Local micrometeorology is another factor. HCHO patterns measured at a high-rise site in downtown Nashville were very much in synchrony with other ground sites 12 km away until July 4 celebrations whence HCHO concentrations at the downtown site remained elevated for several days and nights. The formation and dissipation of HCHO in the different cities are discussed in terms of other concurrently measured species and meteorological vectors. The vertical profiles of HCHO in and around Tampa under several different atmospheric conditions are presented. The extensive data set represented in this paper underscores that urban HCHO measurements can now be made easily; the agreement between disparate instruments (that are independently calibrated or rely on the absolute absorption cross section) further indicates that such measurements can be done reliably and accurately for this very important atmospheric species. The data set presented here can be used as a benchmark for future measurements if the use of formaldehyde precursors such as methanol or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as oxygenated fuel additives increases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.
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