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Zhong S, Liu R, Yue S, Wang P, Zhang Q, Ma C, Deng J, Qi Y, Zhu J, Liu CQ, Kawamura K, Fu P. Peatland Wildfires Enhance Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Marine Aerosols over the Western Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10991-11002. [PMID: 38829627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peatland wildfires contribute significantly to the atmospheric release of light-absorbing organic carbon, often referred to as brown carbon. In this study, we examine the presence of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) within marine aerosols across the Western Pacific Ocean, which are influenced by peatland fires from Southeast Asia. Employing ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive mode, we discovered that NOCs are predominantly composed of reduced nitrogenous bases, including CHN+ and CHON+ groups. Notably, the count of NOC formulas experiences a marked increase within plumes from peatland wildfires compared to those found in typical marine air masses. These NOCs, often identified as N-heterocyclic alkaloids, serve as potential light-absorbing chromophores. Furthermore, many NOCs demonstrate pyrolytic stability, engage in a variety of substitution reactions, and display enhanced hydrophilic properties, attributed to chemical processes such as methoxylation, hydroxylation, methylation, and hydrogenation that occur during emission and subsequent atmospheric aging. During the daytime atmospheric transport, aging of aromatic N-heterocyclic compounds, particularly in aliphatic amines prone to oxidation and reactions with amine, was observed. The findings underscore the critical role of peatland wildfires in augmenting nitrogen-containing organics in marine aerosols, underscoring the need for in-depth research into their effects on marine ecosystems and regional climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhong
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environment Protection, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Rajeev P, Gupta T, Marynowski L. Neutral saccharides and hemicellulose over two urban sites in Indo-Gangetic Plain and Central Europe during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168849. [PMID: 38056638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides are ubiquitous organic compounds that are omnipresent in nature and are considered tracers of aerosol sources. Saccharides and hemicellulose were analyzed in the aerosols of two polluted regions (Allahabad, India and Sosnowiec, Poland). The chemical compositions of the compounds and their abundances were significantly different at the two sites. Levoglucosan was the most dominant saccharide present at both sites. Galactosan, anhydroglucofuranose, mannosan, glucose, arabitol, D-pinitol, sucrose, and trehalose were found in Allahabad samples in high abundance but were significantly lower than levoglucosan. Mannosan, galactosan, arabinose, glycerol, and sucrose were significant compounds in Sosnowiec after dominating levoglucosan. The major sources of saccharides present in the Allahabad aerosols are hardwood and agricultural waste-burning emissions, whereas those at Sosnowiec are attributed to the burning of softwood (mainly gymnosperm trees), pine needles, or sporadically grass during the winter. Further, the chemical characteristics of hemicellulose remnants present in ambient aerosol at the Indian and European sites were analyzed and discussed. At both locations, hemicellulose was found using methanolysis of the filter samples; however, its state of preservation was poor. We believe that the primary sources of hemicellulose remnants are incomplete wood burning, crop straw, grass burning, or plant debris. Relatively poor preservation is associated with partial hemicellulose degradation when exposed to elevated temperatures or due to the oxidation and microbial degradation of plant fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradhi Rajeev
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801106, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Leszek Marynowski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
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Pereira Freitas G, Adachi K, Conen F, Heslin-Rees D, Krejci R, Tobo Y, Yttri KE, Zieger P. Regionally sourced bioaerosols drive high-temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5997. [PMID: 37770489 PMCID: PMC10539358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) play an important role in the climate system, facilitating the formation of ice within clouds, consequently PBAP may be important in understanding the rapidly changing Arctic. Within this work, we use single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy to identify and quantify PBAP at an Arctic mountain site, with transmission electronic microscopy analysis supporting the presence of PBAP. We find that PBAP concentrations range between 10-3-10-1 L-1 and peak in summer. Evidences suggest that the terrestrial Arctic biosphere is an important regional source of PBAP, given the high correlation to air temperature, surface albedo, surface vegetation and PBAP tracers. PBAP clearly correlate with high-temperature ice nucleating particles (INP) (>-15 °C), of which a high a fraction (>90%) are proteinaceous in summer, implying biological origin. These findings will contribute to an improved understanding of sources and characteristics of Arctic PBAP and their links to INP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pereira Freitas
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockolm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean, and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Franz Conen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Heslin-Rees
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockolm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockolm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Tobo
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Karl Espen Yttri
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockolm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Amarandei C, Olariu RI, Arsene C. First insights into the molecular characteristics of atmospheric organic aerosols from Iasi, Romania: Behavior of biogenic versus anthropogenic contributions and potential implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162830. [PMID: 36924952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports first data on the organic molecular composition and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) markers in aerosol samples from an urban environment in Romania. Targeted and non-targeted approaches of liquid chromatography tandem with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ToF-MS) were used as powerful analytical approaches for aerosol characterization at the molecular level. Four distinct organic molecular groups (CHO, CHON, CHONS, and CHOS) were classified as relevant for both warm (with 847 assigned molecular formulae) and cold (with 432 assigned molecular formulae) periods. Different formation mechanisms, physico-chemical processing, meteorological conditions, and sources origin or strengths (biogenic versus anthropogenic), were identified as governing factors of the mass concentration size distribution for the first generation and second-generation oxidation products of α-/β-pinene and two nitroaromatics (i.e., 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitrocatechol). Aromaticity equivalent (XC), carbon oxidation state (OSC), H/C and O/C ratios, and van Krevelen diagrams, were used to discriminate between: i) the aliphatic or aromatic nature of the identified organic aerosol constituents, ii) the oxidation state of the aerosol samples (e.g., more oxidized molecular formulae during the highly insolated period, more intense photochemistry), and iii) sources role in controlling OAs constituents abundances and behavior (e.g., higher relative contributions of aliphatic CHO formulae with a wider range of carbon numbers and CHOS molecular group with higher contribution during the warm period due to increased biogenic emissions or secondary formation from the biogenic precursors). Since in the present study >88 % of the 4-nitrocatechol and 4-nitrophenol was determined in the aerosol size fraction below 1 μm, it is believed that determination of their abundances and size distribution in ambient aerosols might provide direction for future studies such as to enhance the knowledge on their toxic potential levels for the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Amarandei
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region (CERNESIM), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Research Center with Integrated Techniques for Atmospheric Aerosol Investigation in Romania (RECENT-AIR), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region (CERNESIM), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Research Center with Integrated Techniques for Atmospheric Aerosol Investigation in Romania (RECENT-AIR), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cecilia Arsene
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region (CERNESIM), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Research Center with Integrated Techniques for Atmospheric Aerosol Investigation in Romania (RECENT-AIR), 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
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Carena L, Zoppi B, Sordello F, Fabbri D, Minella M, Minero C. Phototransformation of Vanillin in Artificial Snow by Direct Photolysis and Mediated by Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37269319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of vanillin, as a proxy of methoxyphenols emitted by biomass burning, was investigated in artificial snow at 243 K and in liquid water at room temperature. Nitrite (NO2-) was used as a photosensitizer of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under UVA light, because of its key photochemical role in snowpacks and atmospheric ice/waters. In snow and in the absence of NO2-, slow direct photolysis of vanillin was observed due to back-reactions taking place in the quasi-liquid layer at the ice-grain surface. The addition of NO2- made the photodegradation of vanillin faster, because of the important contribution of photoproduced reactive nitrogen species in vanillin phototransformation. These species triggered both nitration and oligomerization of vanillin in irradiated snow, as the identified vanillin by-products showed. Conversely, in liquid water, direct photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway of vanillin, even in the presence of NO2-, which had negligible effects on vanillin photodegradation. The results outline the different role of iced and liquid water in the photochemical fate of vanillin in different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Gowda D, Deshmukh DK, Narasimhulu K, Ramagopal K. Sulfate-associated liquid water amplifies the formation of oxalic acid at a semi-arid tropical location over peninsular India during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162365. [PMID: 36822414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water (ALW) can serve as an aqueous-phase medium for numerous chemical reactions and consequently enhance the formation of secondary aerosols in a highly humid atmosphere. However, the aqueous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) is not well understood in the Indian regions, particularly in tropical peninsular India. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate samples (n = 30) at a semiarid station (Ballari; 15.15°N, 76.93°E; 495 m asl) in tropical peninsular India during the winter of 2016. Homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12), oxoacids (ωC2-ωC9), pyruvic acid (Pyr), and glyoxal (Gly) were determined by employing a water-extraction of aerosol and analyzed using capillary gas chromatography (GC). Results show that oxalic acid (C2) was the most abundant organic acid, followed by succinic (C4), malonic (C3), azelaic (C9), and glyoxylic (ωC2) or phthalic (Ph) acids. Total diacids-C accounted for 1.7-5.8 % of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 0.6-3.6 % of total carbon (TC). ALW, estimated from the ISORROPIA 2.1 model, showed a strong linear relationship with sulfate (SO42-), C2, C3, C4, ωC2, Pyr, and Gly. Based on molecular distribution, specific mass ratios (C2/C3, C2/C4, C2/Gly, and Ph/C9), linear relationships among the measured organic acids, ALW, organic (levoglucosan and oleic acid), and inorganic (SO42-) marker compounds, we emphasize that diacids and related organic compounds, especially C2, majorly form via aqueous-phase oxidation of precursor compounds including aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) originated from biomass burning and combustion-related sources. The present study demonstrates that sulfate driven ALW largely enhances the formation of SOAs via the aqueous-phase reactions over tropical peninsular India during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - K Narasimhulu
- Department of Physics, SSA Govt. First Grade College, Ballari 583101, India
| | - K Ramagopal
- Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur 515003, India
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7
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Oliveira TSD, Ghosh A, Chaudhuri P. Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions of Malic Acid with Common Atmospheric Bases. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3551-3559. [PMID: 37102248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Malic acid (MA) (C4H6O5) is one of the most important organic constituents of fruits that is widely used in food and beverage industries. It is also detected in the atmospheric aerosol samples collected in different parts of the world. Considering the fact that secondary organic aerosols have adverse impacts on the global atmosphere and climate and a molecular-level understanding of the compositions and formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols is necessary, we have performed systematic density functional electronic structure calculations to investigate the hydrogen-bonding interactions between MA and several naturally occurring nitrogen-containing atmospheric bases such as ammonia and amines that are derived from ammonia by the substitution of hydrogens by a methyl group. The base molecules were allowed to interact with the carboxylic COOH and the hydroxyl-OH group of the MA separately. While at both sites, MA produces energetically stable binary complexes with bases with large negative values of binding energy, the thermodynamical stability, at an ambient temperature and pressure of 298.15 K and 1 atm, respectively, is favored only for the clusters formed at the COOH site. A much larger red shift of the carboxylic-OH stretch than that of the hydroxyl-OH reinforces the preference of this site for cluster formation. Both the binding electronic energy and binding free energy of MA-ammonia complexes are lower than those of MA-amine complexes, although the amines are derivatives of NH3. The large increase in the Rayleigh activities upon cluster formation indicates that the MA-atmospheric base cluster may interact strongly with solar radiation. The detailed analysis of the structural, energetic, electrical, and spectroscopic properties of the binary complexes formed by MA with atmospheric bases shows that MA could participate in the atmospheric nucleation processes and subsequently contribute effectively to new particle formation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angsula Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Amazonas, Brazil
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Franklin EB, Yee LD, Wernis R, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Kreisberg N, Weber R, Zhang H, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Manzi A, Artaxo P, Souza RAFD, Jimenez JL, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Chemical Signatures of Seasonally Unique Anthropogenic Influences on Organic Aerosol Composition in the Central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6263-6272. [PMID: 37011031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and fires perturb the quantities and composition of fine organic aerosol in the central Amazon, with ramifications for radiative forcing and public health. These disturbances include not only direct emissions of particulates and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors but also changes in the pathways through which biogenic precursors form SOA. The composition of ambient organic aerosol is complex and incompletely characterized, encompassing millions of potential structures relatively few of which have been synthesized and characterized. Through analysis of submicron aerosol samples from the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with machine learning, ∼1300 unique compounds were traced and characterized over two seasons. Fires and urban emissions produced chemically and interseasonally distinct impacts on product signatures, with only ∼50% of compounds observed in both seasons. Seasonally unique populations point to the importance of aqueous processing in Amazonian aerosol aging, but further mechanistic insights are impeded by limited product identity knowledge. Less than 10% of compounds were identifiable at an isomer-specific level. Overall, the findings (i) provide compositional characterization of anthropogenic influence on submicron organic aerosol in the Amazon, (ii) identify key season-to-season differences in chemical signatures, and (iii) highlight high-priority knowledge gaps in current speciated knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics, Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Robert Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A F De Souza
- School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69065-020, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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El-Sayed MMH, Hennigan CJ. Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:241-253. [PMID: 35838080 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous multi-phase processes are significant contributors to organic aerosol (OA) mass in the atmosphere. This study characterizes the formation of water-soluble organic matter during the winter in the eastern United States through simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas and particle phases (WSOCg and WSOCp, respectively). The formation of secondary WSOCp occurred primarily through two pathways: (1) absorptive partitioning of oxygenated organics to the bulk OA and (2) aqueous phase processes. WSOCp formation through the former pathway was evident through the relationship between the fraction of total WSOC in the particle phase (Fp) and the total OA concentration. Conversely, evidence for nighttime aqueous WSOCp formation was based upon the strong enhancement in Fp with increasing relative humidity, indicating the uptake of WSOCg to aerosol liquid water (ALW). The Fp-RH relationship was only observed for temperatures between 0-10 °C, suggesting conditions for aqueous multi-phase processes were enhanced during these times. Temperature exhibited an inverse relationship with ALW and a proportional relationship with aerosol potassium. ALW and biomass burning precursors were both abundant in the 0-10 °C temperature range, facilitating aqueous WSOCp formation. To assess the impact of particle drying on the WSOCp concentrations, the particle measurements alternated between ambient and dried channels. No change was observed in the concentration of particles before and after drying, indicating that the WSOCp formed through the uptake of WSOCg into OA and ALW remained in the condensed phase upon particle drying at all temperature ranges. This work contributes to our understanding of sources, pathways, and factors affecting aqueous aerosol formation in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Rudziński KJ, Sarang K, Nestorowicz K, Asztemborska M, Żyfka-Zagrodzińska E, Skotak K, Szmigielski R. Winter sources of PM 2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84504-84520. [PMID: 35788483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper analyzes PM2.5 aerosol samples collected in Podkowa Leśna, a garden town in Mazovia, Central Poland, for 15 days in winter 2019. We determined the mass concentrations in the air of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM2.5 ranged from 11 to 51 μg m-3 (mean 31 μg m-3) and contained less than 32% organic carbon, 4% elemental carbon, 1% levoglucosan, and 0.12% total PAHs. The analysis based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated two sources of PM2.5 of similar strength - burning vehicle fuels and biomass burning for residential heating. Levoglucosan originated exclusively from biomass burning, while 90% of elemental carbon was from vehicle emissions. About 62% of organic carbon, 85% of benzo(a)anthracene and 55-65% of the remaining PAHs originated from biomass burning. Compared to many worldwide locations, PM2.5, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and levoglucosan in Podkowa were among the lowest. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were the highest, while other PAHs were intermediate. However, the mass fractions of PAHs in Podkowa PM2.5 were the highest among the four locations available for comparison. That may indicate the low quality of fuel-burning processes. PAH-related inhalation cancer risk based on PAH carcinogenic potency in Podkowa appeared marginal. This work aims to induce local administrative actions to improve air quality in garden towns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof J Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kumar Sarang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klara Nestorowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Krucza str. 5/11D, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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12
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Singh D, Tassew DD, Nelson J, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG, Demokritou P, Tesfaigzi Y. Development of an Integrated Platform to Assess the Physicochemical and Toxicological Properties of Wood Combustion Particulate Matter. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1541-1557. [PMID: 36066868 PMCID: PMC9491341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wood burning contributes to indoor and ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Here, we present an integrated methodology that allows to generate, sample, and characterize wood smoke derived from different moisture contents and representative combustion conditions using pine wood as a model. Flaming, smoldering, and incomplete combustion were assessed for low-moisture pine, whereas both low-moisture pine and high-moisture pine were investigated under flaming conditions. Real-time monitoring of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and aerosol number concentration/size in wood smoke was performed. The PM was size-fractionated, sampled, and characterized for elemental/organic carbon, organic functional groups, and inorganic elements. Bioactivity of PM was assessed by measuring the sterile alpha motif (SAM) pointed domain containing ETS (E-twenty-six) transcription factor (SPDEF) gene promoter activity in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293T) cells, a biomarker for mucin gene expression. Findings showed that moisture content and combustion condition significantly affected the organic and inorganic elemental composition of PM0.1 as well as its bioactivity. Also, for a given moisture and combustion scenario, PM chemistry and bioactivity differed considerably with PM size. Importantly, PM0.1 from flaming combustion of low-moisture pine contained the highest abundance of the oxygenated saturated aliphatic functional group [H-C-O] and was also biologically most potent in stimulating SPDEF promoter activity, suggesting the role of organic compounds such as carbohydrates and sugar alcohols (that contain [H-C-O]) in driving mucus-related respiratory outcomes. Our platform enables further well-controlled parametric studies using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to link wood burning parameters with acute and chronic inhalation health effects of wood smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Dereje Damte Tassew
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jordan Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216
| | - Marie-Cecile G. Chalbot
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216
| | - Ilias G. Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Tan S, Zhang X, Lian Y, Chen X, Yin S, Du L, Ge M. OH Group Orientation Leads to Organosulfate Formation at the Liquid Aerosol Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16953-16964. [PMID: 36070362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles and have been used as secondary organic aerosol markers in many field studies. Hence, it is imperative to understand the formation of OS species in the atmosphere. Recently, hydroxy acids (HAs) and hydroxy acid sulfates have been extensively detected in the atmospheric environment. However, the reaction mechanism of HAs to form OSs is much less understood. In this work, we have mainly investigated the reaction of typical α-HAs, including glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA), and SO3 at the liquid aerosol surface using quantum chemistry calculations and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The OH group orientation of α-HAs at the air-water interface is found to exert a significant impact on the formation of OSs. The OH group pointing to the gas phase is obviously beneficial to the formation of OSs. Two key factors are discovered important to the reaction of α-HAs adsorbed on the liquid surface with SO3: (a) the exposure position of the active site to the gas phase and (b) the reactivity of the exposed site to the attracted SO3 molecule. Moreover, we found that the air-water interface exerts a significant influence on the physicochemical behaviors of GA and LA, especially on their OH group orientation, and thus leads to their different properties for the SO3 colliding reaction. The presented reaction mechanism provides a new feasible pathway for the production of OSs at the liquid aerosol surface, which may have important impacts on the formation of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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14
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Vincenti B, Paris E, Carnevale M, Palma A, Guerriero E, Borello D, Paolini V, Gallucci F. Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4387. [PMID: 35410070 PMCID: PMC8998709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific community. It is therefore undeniable that a good understanding of the sources of PM is crucial for effective control of emissions and to protect public health. One of the major contributions to atmospheric PM is biomass burning, a practice used both in agriculture and home heating, which can be traced and identified by analyzing sugars emitted from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose that make up biomass. In this review comparing almost 200 selected articles, we highlight the most recent studies that broaden such category of tracers, covering research publications on residential wood combustions, open-fire or combustion chamber burnings and ambient PM in different regions of Asia, America and Europe. The purpose of the present work is to collect data in the literature that indicate a direct correspondence between biomass burning and saccharides emitted into the atmosphere with regard to distinguishing common sugars attributed to biomass burning from those that have co-causes of issue. In this paper, we provide a list of 24 compounds, including those most commonly recognized as biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), from which it emerges that monosaccharide anhydrides, sugar alcohols and primary sugars have been widely reported as organic tracers for biomass combustion, although it has also been shown that emissions of these compounds depend not only on combustion characteristics and equipment but also on fuel type, combustion quality and weather conditions. Although it appears that it is currently not possible to define a single compound as a universal indicator of biomass combustion, this review provides a valuable tool for the collection of information in the literature and identifies analytes that can lead to the determination of patterns for the distribution between PM generated by biomass combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vincenti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Enrico Paris
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Monica Carnevale
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Adriano Palma
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Domenico Borello
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valerio Paolini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
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15
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Ferreira MPS, Santos PSM, Duarte AC. Oxidation of small aromatic compounds in rainwater by UV/H 2O 2: Optimization by response surface methodology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152857. [PMID: 34995602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of aromatic compounds in rainwater is a matter of concern, mainly when the use of rainwater in buildings is intended. The present work aimed to assess the oxidation of a mixture of small aromatic compounds (benzoic, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic and syringic acids) in rainwater by the UV/H2O2 process, and the possibility of its optimization by the response surface methodology. The extent of oxidation was assessed by ultraviolet-visible and molecular fluorescence spectroscopies. During the oxidation of the mixture new chromophoric compounds were formed at an initial stage, but they were then degraded at a later stage. The increase of the H2O2 concentration, resulted in a higher extent of oxidation, while the initial pH value showed no influence in the oxidation of the mixture. The optimization of the oxidation was performed using the uniform design with the factors: initial H2O2 concentration, initial pH, and reaction time. The response surface model found, through the best subsets regression, described the extent of oxidation as function of the following variables: initial H2O2 concentration and reaction time, interaction between them, and also their respective quadratic forms. The optimal conditions, the lowest H2O2 concentration (3.1 mM) for a selected maximum reaction time (4 h), were applied to rainwater samples spiked with the mixture of contaminants and resulted in an extent of oxidation higher than 99.5%, validating the application of the model to real samples. Therefore, the UV/H2O2 process coupled to its optimization via response surface methodology may be an alternative for rainwater treatment in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica P S Ferreira
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Radola B, Picaud S, Ortega IK. DFT Study of the Formation of Atmospheric Aerosol Precursors from the Interaction between Sulfuric Acid and Benzenedicarboxylic Acid Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1211-1220. [PMID: 35147031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are ubiquitous products of the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds which are believed to play a significant role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. In this paper, we report high-level quantum investigations of the clustering properties of sulfuric acid and benzenedicarboxylic acid molecules. Up to four molecules have been considered in the calculations, and the behavior of the three isomers of the organic diacid species have been compared. The most stable geometries have been characterized together with the corresponding thermodynamic data. From an atmospheric point of view, the results of the DFT calculations show that the organic diacid molecules may significantly enhance the nucleation of small atmospheric clusters, at least from an energetic point of view. In this respect, the phthalic acid isomer seems more efficient than the two other isomers of the benzenedicarboxylic acid, in particular because the internal distance between the two carboxyl groups in the organic diacids appears to play an important role in the stabilization of the H-bond network inside the corresponding heterocluster formed with sulfuric acid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Radola
- Institut UTINAM─UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM─UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Ismael Kenneth Ortega
- Multi-Physics for Energetics Department, ONERA/Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
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17
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Marynowski L, Simoneit BRT. Saccharides in atmospheric particulate and sedimentary organic matter: Status overview and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132376. [PMID: 34600018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides are omnipresent compounds in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Since the 2000s, their role in environmental and geochemical studies has significantly increased, but only anhydrosaccharides (mainly levoglucosan) have been reviewed. Here we present the wider knowledge about saccharides in organic matter of aerosols, bottom sediments, soils, dust, and sedimentary rocks. The main purpose here is to characterize the possible sources of saccharides, as well as sacharol formation, seasonal variability, and the possible applications in environmental and paleoenvironmental interpretations. Different saccharide sources were designated, including biomass burning, and particulate matter such as pollen, spores, lichen, and fungi, as well as polysaccharide decomposition as possible inputs of monosaccharides. The main focus was on the most common saccharides encountered in environmental samples and sedimentary rocks. These are the mono- and disaccharides glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose, and sacharols arabitol and mannitol. The anhydrosaccharides levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were evaluated as ancient wildfire indicators and industrialization tracers found in lacustrine sediments starting from Pleistocene to contemporary deposits. However, other anhydrosaccharides like xylosan and arabinosan were also found as products of fossil wood burning. These anhydrosaccharides have the potential to be further tracers of hemicellulose burning. Additional recommendations are proposed for future research, including environmental and paleoenvironmental topics that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Marynowski
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul., Będzińska 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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18
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Noblet C, Besombes JL, Lemire M, Pin M, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Van Elsuve D, Dubois P, Collet S, Lestremau F, Albinet A. Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149367. [PMID: 34375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an evaluation of the emission factors (EFs) of typical garden waste burning (fallen leaves and hedge trimming) in terms of particulate matter (PM), elemental and organic carbon (EC-OC) together with a detailed chemical characterization of 88 particle-bound organic species including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), levoglucosan and its isomers, lignin breakdown products (methoxyphenols), cholesterol, alkanes, polyols and sugars. Furthermore, wood-log based burning experiments have been performed to highlight key indicators or chemical patterns of both, green waste and wood burning (residential heating) sources, that may be used for PM source apportionment purposes. Two residential log wood combustion appliances, wood stove (RWS) and fireplace, under different output conditions (nominal and reduced) and wood log moisture content (mix of beech, oak and hornbeam), have been tested. Open wood burning experiments using wood logs were also performed. Green waste burning EFs obtained were comparable to the available literature data for open-air biomass burning. For PM and for most of the organic species studied, they were about 2 to 30 times higher than those observed for wood log combustion experiments. Though, poor performance wood combustions (open-air wood log burning, fireplace and RWS in reduced output) showed comparable EFs for levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, polyols, PAHs and sugars. Toxic PAH equivalent benzo[a]pyrene EFs were even 3-10 times higher for the fireplace and open-air wood log burning. These results highlighted the impact of the nature of the fuel burnt and the combustion performances on the emissions. Different chemical fingerprints between both biomass burning sources were highlighted with notably a predominance of odd high-molecular weight n-alkanes (higher carbon preference index, CPI), lower levoglucosan/mannosan ratio and lower sinapylaldehyde abundance for green waste burning. However, the use of such indicators seems limited, especially if applied alone, for a clear discrimination of both sources in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie Lemire
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Robin Aujay-Plouzeau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Denis Van Elsuve
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Dubois
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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19
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On the Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Inhalable Air Particles: Why Should Outdoor Experience Motivate Indoor Studies? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11219917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of water-soluble organic aerosol (OA) composition, sources, transformations, and effects is still limited to outdoor scenarios. However, the OA is also an important component of particulate matter indoors, whose complexity impairs a full structural and molecular identification. The current limited knowledge on indoor OA, and particularly on its water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) fraction is the basis of this feature paper. Inspired by studies on outdoor OA, this paper discusses and prioritizes issues related to indoor water-soluble OA and their effects on human health, providing a basis for future research in the field. The following three main topics are addressed: (1) what is known about the origin, mass contribution, and health effects of WSOM in outdoor air particles; (2) the current state-of-the-art on the WSOM in indoor air particles, the main challenges and opportunities for its chemical characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation; and (3) why the aerosol WSOM should be considered in future indoor air quality studies. While challenging, studies on the WSOM fraction in air particles are highly necessary to fully understand its origin, fate, toxicity, and long-term risks indoors.
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Organic Molecular Tracers in PM2.5 at Urban Sites during Spring and Summer in Japan: Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosols on Water-Soluble Organic Carbon. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and estimate their impact on water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in urban areas in Japan, we measured 17 organic tracers using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry from particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm collected at five urban sites in Japan during spring and summer. Most anthropogenic, monoterpene-derived, and isoprene-derived SOA tracers showed meaningful correlations with potential ozone in both these seasons. These results indicate that oxidants play an important role in SOAs produced during both seasons in urban cities in Japan. WSOC was significantly affected by anthropogenic and monoterpene-derived SOAs during spring and three SOA groups during summer at most of the sites sampled. The total estimated secondary organic carbons (SOCs), including mono-aromatic, di-aromatic, monoterpene-derived, and isoprene-derived SOCs, could explain the WSOC fractions of 39–63% in spring and 46–54% in summer at each site. Notably, monoterpene-derived and mono-aromatic SOCs accounted for most of the total estimated SOCs in both spring (85–93%) and summer (75–82%) at each site. These results indicate that SOAs significantly impact WSOC concentrations during both these seasons at urban sites in Japan.
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21
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Feng X, Zhang L, Chen J, Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Fu P, Yang X, Zhu L, Zeng Z. Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5525-5536. [PMID: 33754698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan has been widely used to quantitatively assess biomass burning's contribution to ambient aerosols, but previous such assessments have not accounted for levoglucosan's degradation in the atmosphere. We develop the first global simulation of atmospheric levoglucosan, explicitly accounting for its chemical degradation, to evaluate the impacts on levoglucosan's use in quantitative aerosol source apportionment. Levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere from the burning of plant matter in open fires (1.7 Tg yr-1) and as biofuels (2.1 Tg yr-1). Sinks of atmospheric levoglucosan include aqueous-phase oxidation (2.9 Tg yr-1), heterogeneous oxidation (0.16 Tg yr-1), gas-phase oxidation (1.4 × 10-4 Tg yr-1), and dry and wet deposition (0.27 and 0.43 Tg yr -1). The global atmospheric burden of levoglucosan is 19 Gg with a lifetime of 1.8 days. Observations show a sharp decline in levoglucosan's concentrations and its relative abundance to organic carbon aerosol (OC) and particulate K+ from near-source to remote sites. We show that such features can only be reproduced when levoglucosan's chemical degradation is included in the model. Using model results, we develop statistical parametrizations to account for the atmospheric degradation in levoglucosan measurements, improving their use for quantitative aerosol source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Feng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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22
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Li H, Zhang Q, Jiang W, Collier S, Sun Y, Zhang Q, He K. Characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in a heavily polluted environment in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143970. [PMID: 33338790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) in fine particles (PM2.5) collected during wintertime in a polluted city (Handan) in Northern China was characterized using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Through comparing with real-time measurements from a collocated Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), we determined that WSOA on average accounts for 29% of total organic aerosol (OA) mass and correlates tightly with secondary organic aerosol (SOA; Pearson's r = 0.95). The mass spectra of WSOA closely resemble those of ambient SOA, but also show obvious influences from coal combustion and biomass burning. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the WSOA mass spectra resolved a water-soluble coal combustion OA (WS-CCOA; O/C = 0.17), a water-soluble biomass burning OA (WS-BBOA; O/C = 0.32), and a water-soluble oxygenated OA (WS-OOA; O/C = 0.89), which account for 10.3%, 29.3% and 60.4% of the total WSOA mass, respectively. The water-solubility of the OA factors was estimated by comparing the offline AMS analysis results with the ambient ACSM measurements. OOA has the highest water-solubility of 49%, consistent with increased hygroscopicity of oxidized organics induced by atmospheric aging processes. In contrast, CCOA is the least water soluble, containing 17% WS-CCOA. The distinct characteristics of WSOA from different sources extend our knowledge of the complex aerosol chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Northern China and the water-solubility analysis may help us to understand better aerosol hygroscopicity and its effects on radiative forcing in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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23
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Molecular Speciation of Size Fractionated Particulate Water-Soluble Organic Carbon by Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031334. [PMID: 33540704 PMCID: PMC7908621 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter is associated with increased morbidity and mortality; its effects depend on particle size and chemical content. It is important to understand the composition and resultant toxicological profile of particulate organic compounds, the largest and most complex fraction of particulate matter. The objective of the study was to delineate the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral fingerprint of the biologically relevant water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction of size fractionated urban aerosol. A combination of one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy methods was used. The size distribution of particle mass, water-soluble extract, non-exchangeable organic hydrogen functional types and specific biomarkers such as levoglucosan, methane sulfonate, ammonium and saccharides indicated the contribution of fresh and aged wood burning emissions, anthropogenic and biogenic secondary aerosol for fine particles as well as primary traffic exhausts and pollen for large particles. Humic-like macromolecules in the fine particle size range included branched carbon structures containing aromatic, olefinic, keto and nitrile groups and terminal carboxylic and hydroxyl groups such as terpenoid-like polycarboxylic acids and polyols. Our study show that 2D-NMR spectroscopy can be applied to study the chemical composition of size fractionated aerosols.
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24
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Santos PSM, Santos GTAD, Cachada A, Patinha C, Coimbra MA, Coelho E, Duarte AC. Sources of carbohydrates on bulk deposition in South-Western of Europe. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127982. [PMID: 32854009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scarce information is available concerning the presence of carbohydrates in rainwater. The existence of carbohydrates in bulk deposition at the town of Estarreja (Portugal), at industrial (I) and background (BG) locals, in winter and spring seasons 2016, was assessed. Seventeen carbohydrates and related compounds were identified: monosaccharides (ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose), polyols (arabinitol, xylitol, myo-inositol, mannitol, glucitol, maltitol), and the anhydromonosaccharide levoglucosan. Higher content of carbohydrates was observed in spring (BG: 670 nM; I: 249 nM) than in winter (BG: 168 nM; I: 195 nM), and fructose was the carbohydrate with the highest contribution in both seasons (spring: 32%/44% (I/BG); winter: 24% (at both sites)). Fructose, myo-inositol, glucose and sucrose showed higher volume-weighted averages (VWA) concentrations in spring than in winter, possibly due to biogenic emissions typical of spring, such as pollen, and fungal spores for myo-inositol. Fructose may have derived from isomerization of glucose in biomass burning, namely in winter. Levoglucosan and galactose presented higher VWA concentration in winter than in spring, suggesting a seasonal effect related with the biomass combustion. The carbohydrates VWA concentrations were similar for samples associated with maritime and terrestrial air masses, indicating that local sources were their main contributors. Source assessment of carbohydrates by factor analysis suggested: biogenic sources for the arabinitol, myo-inositol, glucose, fructose and sucrose; soil dust for the trehalose; and anthropogenic sources from biomass burning for the galactose, arabinose and levoglucosan. The bulk deposition showed to be fundamental on removing carbohydrates from the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Gabriela T A D Santos
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cachada
- CIIMAR-UP, Novo Edifício Do Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Patinha
- GEOBIOTEC & Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Klyta J, Czaplicka M. Determination of secondary organic aerosol in particulate matter – Short review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Yan F, Kang S, Sillanpää M, Hu Z, Gao S, Chen P, Gautam S, Reinikainen SP, Li C. A new method for extraction of methanol-soluble brown carbon: Implications for investigation of its light absorption ability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114300. [PMID: 32155553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an important component of organic carbon (OC), brown carbon (BrC) plays a significant role in radiative forcing in the atmosphere. Water-insoluble OC (WIOC) generally has higher light absorption ability than water-soluble OC (WSOC). The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of WIOC is normally investigated by dissolving OC in methanol. However, all the current methods have shortcomings due to neglecting the methanol insoluble particulate carbon that is detached from the filter and suspended in methanol extracts, which results in MAC uncertainties of the methanol-soluble BrC and its climate warming estimation. In this study, by investigating typical biomass combustion sourced aerosols from the Tibetan Plateau and ambient aerosols from rural and urban areas in China, we evaluated the light absorption of extractable OC fraction for the existing methods. Moreover, a new method was developed to overcome the methanol insoluble particulate carbon detachment problem to achieve more reliable MAC values. We found that OC can be dissolved in methanol in a short time (e.g., 1 h) and ultrasonic treatment and long-term soaking do not significantly increase the extractable OC fraction. Additionally, we proved that methanol insoluble particulate carbon detachment in methanol does exist in previous methods, causing overestimation of the BrC mass extracted by methanol and thus the underestimation of MAC values. We therefore recommend the newly developed extraction method in this study to be utilized in future related studies to quantitatively obtain the light absorption property of methanol-soluble BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, 53851, Lappeenranta, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Floride International University, Miami, FI, USA
| | - Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sangita Gautam
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Satu-Pia Reinikainen
- LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, 53851, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
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28
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Pérez Pastor R, Salvador P, García Alonso S, Alastuey A, García Dos Santos S, Querol X, Artíñano B. Characterization of organic aerosol at a rural site influenced by olive waste biomass burning. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125896. [PMID: 32006840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major air pollution problem all around the world. However, the identification and quantification of its contribution to ambient aerosol levels is a difficult task due to the generalized lack of observations of molecular markers. This paper presents the results of a yearlong study of organic constituents of the atmospheric aerosol at a rural site in southern Spain (Villanueva del Arzobispo, Jaén). Sampling was performed for PM10 and PM2.5, and a total of 116 and 115 samples, respectively, were collected and analyzed by GC/MS, quantifying 77 organic compounds. Higher levels of organic pollutants were recorded from November to March, coinciding with the cold season when domestic combustion is a common practice in rural areas. This jointly with adverse meteorological conditions, e.g. strong atmospheric stability, produced severe pollution episodes with high PMx ambient levels. High daily concentrations of tracers were reached, up to 26 ng m-3 for B(a)P and 6065 ng m-3 for levoglucosan in PM2.5, supporting that biomass burning is a major source of pollution at rural areas. A multivariate statistical study based on factor and cluster analysis, was applied to the data set with the aim to distinguish sources of organic compounds. The main resulting sources were related with biomass combustion, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), biogenic emissions, lubricating oil and soil organic components. A preliminary organic source profile for olive wastes burning was evaluated, based on cluster results, showing anhydrosacharides and xylitol are the main emitted compounds, accounting for more than 85% of the quantified compounds. Other source compounds were fatty acids, diacids, aliphatics, sugars, sugar alcohols, PAHs and quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pérez Pastor
- Technology Department, Chemistry Division, CIEMAT. Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Environment Department, Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García Alonso
- Technology Department, Chemistry Division, CIEMAT. Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saúl García Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Centre for Environmental Health ISCIII, Ctra de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Environment Department, Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Molecular Markers in Ambient Air Associated with Biomass Burning in Morelos, México. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) were collected at two sites located in the urban area of the city of Cuernavaca (Morelos) during a season when a large number of forest fires occurred. Three dicarboxylic acids (malonic, glutaric and succinic) and levoglucosan were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF) and soluble potassium (K+) was analyzed by ion chromatography. The concentration of PM2.5 increased on the days when the highest number of forest fires occurred. A strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and K+, confirming the hypothesis that both are tracers of biomass burning (r = 0.57, p < 0.05). Levoglucosan (average 367.6 ng m−3, Site 2) was the most abundant compound, followed by succinic acid (average 101.7 ng m−3, Site 2), glutaric acid (average 63.2 ng m−3, Site 2), and malonic acid (average 46.9 ng m−3, Site 2), respectively. The ratio of C3/C4 concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 1.2, with an average of 0.8, which suggests great photochemical activity in the Cuernavaca atmosphere. The ratio of K+/levoglucosan concentrations (0.44) indicates that open fires are the main source of these tracers. The positive correlations between PM2.5 and levoglucosan and succinic and malonic acids suggest that such compounds are contributing to secondary organic aerosol particle formation.
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30
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Ribeiro IO, do Santos EO, Batista CE, Fernandes KS, Ye J, Medeiros AS, E Oliveira RL, de Sá SS, de Sousa TR, Kayano MT, Andreoli RV, Machado CDMD, Surratt JD, Junior SD, Martin ST, de Souza RAF. Impact of biomass burning on a metropolitan area in the Amazon during the 2015 El Niño: The enhancement of carbon monoxide and levoglucosan concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114029. [PMID: 32018200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme droughts associated with changes in the climate have occurred every 5 years in the Amazon during the 21st century, with the most severe being in 2015. The increase in biomass burning (BB) events that occurred during the 2015 drought had several negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts, one of which was a decrease in the air quality. This study is an investigation into the air quality in the Manaus Metropolitan Region (MMR) (central Amazon, Brazil) during the dry (September to October) and wet (April to May) seasons of 2015 and 2016. A strong El Niño event began during the wet season of 2015 and ended during the wet season of 2016. Particulate matter samples were collected in the MMR during 2015 and 2016, and analyses of the satellite-estimated total carbon monoxide (CO) column and observed levoglucosan concentrations were carried out. Levoglucosan has been shown to be significantly correlated with regional fires and is a well-established chemical tracer for the atmospheric particulates emitted by BB, and CO can be treated as a gaseous-phase tracer for BB. The number of BB events increased significantly during the El Niño period when compared to the average number during 2003-2016. Consequently, the total CO column and levoglucosan concentration values in the MMR increased by 15% and 500%, respectively, when compared to the normal conditions. These results indicate that during the period that was analyzed, the impacts of BB were exacerbated during the strong El Niño event as compared to the non-El Niño period. In this study, we provided evidence that the air quality in the MMR will degrade in the future if droughts and BB occurrences continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Climate and Environment (CLIAMB, INPA/UEA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Erickson O do Santos
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Carla E Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Climate and Environment (CLIAMB, INPA/UEA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Karenn S Fernandes
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adan S Medeiros
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rafael L E Oliveira
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thaiane R de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology (PPG-ECO, INPA), Av. André Araújo, 97, Campus III, Adrianópolis, 69060-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mary T Kayano
- National Institute for Space Research, Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1758 Sao José Dos Campos, 12227-010, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita V Andreoli
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cristine de M D Machado
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jason D Surratt
- University of North Carolina, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 27516, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sergio D Junior
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Scot T Martin
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A F de Souza
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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31
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Assessment of Interactions between Transition Metals and Atmospheric Organics: Ascorbic Acid Depletion and Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Organic-Metal Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1431-1442. [PMID: 31917554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress has been recognized as an important cause of the adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM). Transition metals (TMs) (e.g., iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)) are known catalysts in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surrogate lung fluid containing antioxidants. Humic-like substances (HULIS), extracted from atmospheric aerosols, retain the compositional complexity of real-world samples. It contains mixtures of organics that chelate TMs and was used in this work to examine the roles of atmospheric organics in affecting ROS formation and antioxidant depletion by TMs. Two types of metal-binding organics known to be present in HULIS, oxygen-containing (i.e., carboxylic acids) and reduced-nitrogen-containing organics (i.e., imidazoles), were first investigated for their effects on the ascorbic acid depletion (denoted as OPAA) and hydroxyl radical formation (denoted as OP•OH) from both Fe(II) and Cu(II) in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.40) containing ascorbic acid. Our results show that carboxylic acids enhance the OPAA and OP•OH by TMs while imidazoles suppress them. Similar experiments using three HULIS samples with distinctly different chemical compositions revealed complexity in metal-organics interactions. While ambient HULIS showed negligible impacts, two biomass burning source HULIS samples from rice straw and sugar cane leaf burning displayed unambiguous suppression or enhancement effects on OPAA and OP•OH by TMs. The effect was metal-specific and source HULIS-specific. The distinct behaviors of the three HULIS types can be explained by their different chemical compositions, for example, outstanding higher level of alkaloid compounds (e.g., imidazoles) in rice straw burning HULIS was consistent with the suppression effect exerted by this source of HULIS. In addition, we found OPAA and OP•OH are well-correlated while the proportion of OP•OH/OPAA by Cu is noticeably lower than that by Fe, indicating varying sensitivity of the metals to different OP end points. Our work highlights the importance and complexity of metal-organics interactions and the advantages of comeasurements of ROS generation and antioxidant depletion when assessing oxidative stress elicited by atmospheric PM.
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Lee WC, Chen J, Budisulistiorini SH, Itoh M, Shiodera S, Kuwata M. Polarity-Dependent Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Laboratory-Generated Biomass-Burning Revealed by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8047-8056. [PMID: 31194524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarity distribution of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is an important factor in determining the hygroscopic and cloud nucleation abilities of organic aerosol particles. We applied a novel framework to quantitatively classify WSOM based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which often serves as a proxy of polarity. In this study, WSOM was generated in a laboratory biomass-burning experiment by smoldering of Indonesian peat and vegetation samples. The fractionated WSOM was analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Several deconvolution methods, including positive matrix factorization, parallel factor analysis, and least-squares analysis, were applied to the measured spectra, resulting in three classes of WSOM. The highly polar fraction of WSOM, which predominantly exists in the range of log KOW < 0, is highly oxygenated and exhibits similar optical properties as those of light-absorbing humic-like substances (HULIS, termed after the humic substances due to the similarity in chemical characteristics). WSOM in the least-polar fraction, which mainly distributes in log KOW > 1, mostly consists of hydrocarbon-like and high molecular weight species. In between the most- and least-polar fraction, WSOM in the marginally polar fraction likely contains aromatic compounds. The analyses have also suggested the existence of HULIS with different polarities. Comparison with previous studies indicates that only WSOM in the highly polar fraction (log KOW < 0) likely contributes to water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Chen
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | | | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature , Kyoto 603-8047 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of the Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Water Soluble Organic Carbon of Atmospheric Aerosol Types. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19849972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The water soluble organic carbon of the prevalent atmospheric aerosol sources (traffic exhausts, paved road dust, agricultural soil, native soil, wood combustion, epicuticular waxes from pine and broad-leaved trees, and pollen) has been characterized using 1H (1-dimensional), 1H-1H-correlation spectroscopy and 1H-13C-heteronuclear single quantum correlation 2-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Traffic exhaust particles were mainly constituted of primary alcohols, carbohydrates, functionalized olefins, C3 and C4 oxy- and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids, and short-chain alkanes. Road dust was a mixture of soil particles and traffic components. Agricultural, natural, road dust, and traffic particles contained broad signals that were attributed to poly-carboxylic compounds typically found in humic compounds and humic-like substances. Traces of traffic particles (ie, peaks in the 7.3-7.5 ppm [phthalic acid derivatives] and signals found in the 0.5-3 ppm originating from functionalized carboxylic acids) were also found in natural soil dust. Long-chain (>C3) fatty acids and amino acids were found in road dust, natural soil, pine trees waxes, pollen, and woodburning. The aromatic region mainly constituted of lignin derivatives and cellulose/hemicellulose pyrolysis products (signals in 2D-NMR) in woodburning. Primary biogenic and woodburning particles were uniquely clustered as compared to traffic exhausts, road, agricultural, and natural dust based on the relative ratio of hydro-oxygenated functional groups (H-C-O and H-C-C=O) to the sum of aliphatics. Overall, source-specific NMR spectrometric fingerprints, functional composition profiles, and several organic compounds were identified allowing for the reconciliation of ambient organic aerosol sources including the degree of atmospheric aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilias G. Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, NY, USA
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Wan X, Kawamura K, Ram K, Kang S, Loewen M, Gao S, Wu G, Fu P, Zhang Y, Bhattarai H, Cong Z. Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:216-228. [PMID: 30677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols with adverse impacts on air quality, visibility, health and climate. BB emits a few specific aromatic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic and dehydroabietic acids) which have been widely used as key indicators for source identification of BB-derived carbonaceous aerosols in various environmental matrices. In addition, measurement of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in snow and ice cores have revealed the historical records of the fire emissions. Despite their uniqueness and importance as tracers, our current understanding of analytical methods, concentrations, diagnostic ratios and degradation processes are rather limited and scattered in literature. In this review paper, firstly we have summarized the most established methods and protocols for the measurement of these aromatic acids in aerosols and ice cores. Secondly, we have highlighted the geographical variability in the abundances of these acids, their diagnostic ratios and degradation processes in the environments. The review of the existing data indicates that the concentrations of aromatic acids in aerosols vary greatly with locations worldwide, typically more abundant in urban atmosphere where biomass fuels are commonly used for residential heating and/or cooking purposes. In contrast, their concentrations are lowest in the polar regions which are avoid of localized emissions and largely influenced by long-range transport. The diagnostic ratios among aromatic acids can be used as good indicators for the relative amounts and types of biomass (e.g. hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants) as well as photochemical oxidation processes. Although studies suggest that the degradation processes of the aromatic acids may be controlled by light, pH and hygroscopicity, a more careful investigation, including closed chamber studies, is highly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark Loewen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Barbaro E, Feltracco M, Cesari D, Padoan S, Zangrando R, Contini D, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Characterization of the water soluble fraction in ultrafine, fine, and coarse atmospheric aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1423-1439. [PMID: 30678002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble organic carbon significantly contributes to aerosol's carbon mass and its chemical composition is poorly characterized due to the huge number of species. In this study, we determined 94 water-soluble compounds: inorganic ions (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, SO42-,K+, Mg+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+), organic acids (methanesulfonic acid and C2-C7 carboxylic acids), monosaccharides, alcohol-sugars, levoglucosan and its isomers, sucrose, phenolic compounds, free l- and d-amino acids and photo-oxidation products of α-pinene (cis-pinonic acid and pinic acid). The sampling was conducted using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) at the urban area of Mestre-Venice from March to May 2016. The main aim of this work is to identify the source of each detected compound, evaluating its particle size distribution. Clear differences in size distributions were observed for each class of analyzed compounds. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify six factors related to different sources: a) primary biogenic aerosol particles with particle size > 10 μm; b) secondary sulfate contribution; c) biomass burning; d) primary biogenic aerosol particles distributed between 10 and 1 μm; e) an aged sea salt input and f) SOA pinene. Each factor was also characterized by different composition in waters soluble compounds and different particles size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
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Yan C, Sullivan AP, Cheng Y, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Collett JL. Characterization of saccharides and associated usage in determining biogenic and biomass burning aerosols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2939-2950. [PMID: 30373070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric processes and climate change, their contributions to atmospheric particulate matter mass have not received much attention, partly due to the difficulty in identifying key aerosol components and due to the often dominant role of anthropogenic emissions. In order to estimate contributions of biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols to atmospheric particles, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected simultaneously at an urban and a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP), a region with extensive anthropogenic emissions, during summer 2014. Saccharides, including anhydrosugars, monosaccharides, and sugar alcohols, were quantified. Profiles of saccharides in PM2.5 collected at urban and rural sites during the daytime and nighttime, nearby biomass burning, and without significant influence of biomass burning were investigated and compared. Contributions of biomass burning, biogenic aerosol associated with primary biological aerosol particles, and isoprene-derived secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total organic carbon were then estimated based on source-specific saccharide tracers. The results showed that concentrations of nearly all saccharides were higher at the rural site than at the urban site. Levoglucosan was the most abundant saccharide, followed by glycerol and glucose. Mass concentrations of source specific tracers and associated source contribution estimates indicated that the absolute and relative contributions of biomass burning were both much higher compared to fungal spore derived OC and isoprene SOC, with greater contributions observed at the rural site especially during nighttime. Our findings reveal that biogenic and biomass burning sources are non-negligible summertime contributors to atmospheric PM2.5 OC mass both at the rural site (up to 50%) and at the urban site (~20%) in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Duarte RMBO, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Silva AMS, Duarte AC. Comparative study of atmospheric water-soluble organic aerosols composition in contrasting suburban environments in the Iberian Peninsula Coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:430-441. [PMID: 30121042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the structural composition and major sources of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from PM2.5 collected, in parallel, during summer and winter, in two contrasting suburban sites at Iberian Peninsula Coast: Aveiro (Portugal) and Coruña (Spain). PM10 samples were also collected at Coruña for comparison. Ambient concentrations of PM2.5, total nitrogen (TN), and WSOM were higher in Aveiro than in Coruña, with the highest levels found in winter at both locations. In Coruña, concentrations of PM10, TN, and WSOM were higher than those from PM2.5. Regardless of the season, stable isotopic δ13C and δ15N in PM2.5 suggested important contributions of anthropogenic fresh organic aerosols (OAs) at Aveiro. In Coruña, δ13C and δ15N of PM2.5 and PM10 suggests decreased anthropogenic input during summer. Although excitation-emission fluorescence profiles were similar for all WSOM samples, multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed differences in their structural composition, reflecting differences in aging processes and/or local sources between the two locations. In PM2.5 WSOM in Aveiro, the relative distribution of non-exchangeable proton functional groups was in the order: HC (40-43%) > HCC (31-39%) > HCO (12-15%) > Ar-H (5.0-13%). However, in PM2.5 and PM10 WSOM in Coruña, the relative contribution of HCO groups (24-30% and 23-29%, respectively) equals and/or surpasses that of HCC (25-26% and 25-29%, respectively), being also higher than those of Aveiro. In both locations, the highest aromatic contents were observed during winter due to biomass burning emissions. The structural composition of PM2.5 and PM10 WSOM in Coruña is dominated by oxygenated aliphatic compounds, reflecting the contribution of secondary OAs from biogenic, soil dust, and minor influence of anthropogenic emissions. In contrast, the composition of PM2.5 WSOM in Aveiro appears to be significantly impacted by fresh and secondary anthropogenic OAs. Marine and biomass burning OAs are important contributors, common to both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M B O Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria Piñeiro-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ren H, Kang M, Ren L, Zhao Y, Pan X, Yue S, Li L, Zhao W, Wei L, Xie Q, Li J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. The organic molecular composition, diurnal variation, and stable carbon isotope ratios of PM 2.5 in Beijing during the 2014 APEC summit. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:919-928. [PMID: 30245454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic tracers are useful for investigating the sources of carbonaceous aerosols but there are still no adequate studies in China. To obtain insights into the diurnal variations, properties, and the influence of regional emission controls on carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing, day-/nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected before (Oct. 15th - Nov. 2nd) and during (Nov. 3rd - Nov. 12th) the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. Eleven organic compound classes were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, the stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13CTC) of total carbon (TC) were detected using an elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/irMS). Most of the organic compounds were more abundant during the night than in the daytime, and their concentrations generally decreased during the APEC. These features were associated with the strict regional emission controls and meteorological conditions. The day/night variations of δ13CTC were smaller during the APEC than those before the APEC the summit, suggesting that regionally transported aerosols are potentially played an important role in the loading of organic aerosols in Beijing before the APEC summit. The source apportionment based on the organic tracers suggested that biomass burning, plastic and microbial emissions, and fossil fuel combustion were important sources of organic aerosols in Beijing. Furthermore, a similar contribution of biomass burning to OC before and during the APEC suggests biomass burning was a persistent contributor to PM2.5 in Beijing and its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingjie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Jiang H, Zhong G, Wang J, Jiang H, Tian C, Li J, Zhao S, Yu Z, Morawska L, Zhang G. Using Polyurethane Foam-Based Passive Air Sampling Technique to Monitor Monosaccharides at a Regional Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12546-12555. [PMID: 30244568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monosaccharides are important tracers of pollution aerosol from biomass burning. Air sampling of monosaccharides is often conducted using active samplers. However, applicability of sampling monosaccharides using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) has not been investigated, since passive air samplers are often applied to monitor semivolatile organic contaminants in large scale and remote area. Our study successfully collected atmospheric monosaccharides using PUF-PASs, providing a valuable tool for monosaccharides sampling. PUF-PAS sampling rates for individual monosaccharides were calibrated using an active sampler for 92 days, and were 1.1, 1.5, and 1.1 m3/d for levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan, respectively. Degradation of monosaccharides in PUF-PAS was demonstrated to be negligible by spike test of 13C-labeled levoglucosan. Furthermore, passive sampling was carried out at 11 sites in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China from January to April and July to September of 2015. Monosaccharide concentrations derived from PUF-PASs were comparable with the reported data obtained by active sampling, demonstrating that the PUF-PAS approach is valid for monosaccharides monitoring. On the basis of our approach, we found that there is a clear correlation between the monosaccharide concentrations and the MODIS fire activities during January-April.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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40
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Tomaz S, Cui T, Chen Y, Sexton KG, Roberts JM, Warneke C, Yokelson RJ, Surratt JD, Turpin BJ. Photochemical Cloud Processing of Primary Wildfire Emissions as a Potential Source of Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11027-11037. [PMID: 30153017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the gas-phase chemical composition of biomass burning (BB) emissions and their role in aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation through photochemical cloud processing. A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer using iodide reagent ion chemistry detected more than 100 gas-phase compounds from the emissions of 30 different controlled burns during the 2016 Fire Influence on Regional and Global Environments Experiment (FIREX) at the Fire Science Laboratory. Compounds likely to partition to cloudwater were selected based on high atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio and abundance. Water solubility was confirmed by detection of these compounds in water after mist chamber collection during controlled burns and analysis using ion chromatography and electrospray ionization interfaced to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Known precursors of aqSOA were found in the primary gaseous BB emissions (e.g., phenols, acetate, and pyruvate). Aqueous OH oxidation of the complex biomass burning mixtures led to rapid depletion of many compounds (e.g., catechol, levoglucosan, methoxyphenol) and formation of others (e.g., oxalate, malonate, mesoxalate). After 150 min of oxidation (approximatively 1 day of cloud processing), oxalate accounted for 13-16% of total dissolved organic carbon. Formation of known SOA components suggests that cloud processing of primary BB emissions forms SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tomaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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41
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Corral Arroyo P, Bartels-Rausch T, Alpert PA, Dumas S, Perrier S, George C, Ammann M. Particle-Phase Photosensitized Radical Production and Aerosol Aging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7680-7688. [PMID: 29898357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles may contain light absorbing (brown carbon, BrC), triplet forming organic compounds that can sustain catalytic radical reactions and thus contribute to oxidative aerosol aging. We quantify UVA induced radical production initiated by imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (IC), benzophenone (BPh). and 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA) in the presence of the nonabsorbing organics citric acid (CA), shikimic acid (SA), and syringol (Syr) at varying mixing ratios. We observed a maximum HO2 release of 1013 molecules min-1 cm-2 at a mole ratio XBPh < 0.02 for BPh in CA. Mixtures of either IC or BBA with CA resulted in 1011-1012 molecules min-1 cm-2 of HO2 at mole ratios ( XIC and XBBA) between 0.01 and 0.15. HO2 release was affected by relative humidity ( RH) and film thickness suggesting coupled photochemical reaction and diffusion processes. Quantum yields of HO2 formed per absorbed photon for IC, BBA and BPh were between 10-7 and 5 × 10-5. The nonphotoactive organics, Syr and SA, increased HO2 production due to the reaction with the triplet excited species ensuing ketyl radical production. Rate coefficients of the triplet of IC with Syr and SA measured by laser flash photolysis experiments were kSyr = (9.4 ± 0.3) × 108 M-1 s-1 and kSA = (2.7 ± 0.5) × 107 M-1 s-1. A simple kinetic model was used to assess total HO2 and organic radical production in the condensed phase and to upscale to ambient aerosol, indicating that BrC induced radical production may amount to an upper limit of 20 and 200 M day-1 of HO2 and organic radical respectively, which is greater or in the same order of magnitude as the internal radical production from other processes, previously estimated to be around 15 M per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , 2012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Dumas
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON , Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON , Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Christian George
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON , Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
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Jiang H, Jang M. Dynamic Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol under Ambient Sunlight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7496-7504. [PMID: 29772167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric process dynamically changes the chemical compositions of organic aerosol (OA), thereby complicating the interpretation of its health effects. In this study, the dynamic evolution of the oxidative potential of various OA was studied, including wood combustion particles and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) generated from different hydrocarbons (i.e., gasoline, toluene, isoprene, and α-pinene). The oxidative potential of OA at different aging stages was subsequently measured by the dithiothreitol consumption (DTTm, mass normalized). We hypothesized that DTT consumptions by OA were modulated by catalytic particulate oxidizers (e.g., quinones), noncatalytic particulate oxidizers (e.g., organic hydroperoxides and peroxyacyl nitrates) and electron-deficient alkenes. The results of this study showed that the oxidative potential of OA decreased after an extended period of aging due to the decomposition of particulate oxidizers and electron-deficient alkenes. Quinones (GC-MS data) partially attributed to the DTTm of fresh wood smoke particles but rapidly dropped with aging. In biogenic SOA, organic hydroperoxides (4-nitrophenyl boronic acid assay) exclusively accounted for DTTm and decreased with aging. The DTTm of aromatic SOA, mainly comprising organic hydroperoxides and electron-deficient alkenes (FTIR data), was shortly elevated during the early atmospheric process; however, it showed a noticeable decrease (32-75%) for a long period of aging. We concluded that fresh or moderately aged OA are more reactive to a sulfhydryl group than highly aged OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Myoseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
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Liu L, Kupiainen-Määttä O, Zhang H, Li H, Zhong J, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Ge M, Zhang X, Li Z. Clustering mechanism of oxocarboxylic acids involving hydration reaction: Implications for the atmospheric models. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Oona Kupiainen-Määttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Srivastava D, Tomaz S, Favez O, Lanzafame GM, Golly B, Besombes JL, Alleman LY, Jaffrezo JL, Jacob V, Perraudin E, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fraction does matter for source apportionment. Part 1: A one-year campaign in Grenoble (France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1598-1611. [PMID: 29275933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PM10 source apportionment was performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) using specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers on samples collected over a one year period (2013) at an urban station in Grenoble (France). The results provided a 9-factor optimum solution, including sources rarely apportioned in the literature, such as two types of primary biogenic organic aerosols (fungal spores and plant debris), as well as specific biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA). These sources were identified thanks to the use of key organic markers, namely, polyols, odd number higher alkanes, and several SOA markers related to the oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene, toluene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Primary and secondary biogenic contributions together accounted for at least 68% of the total organic carbon (OC) in the summer, while anthropogenic primary and secondary sources represented at least 71% of OC during wintertime. A very significant contribution of anthropogenic SOA was estimated in the winter during an intense PM pollution event (PM10>50μgm-3 for several days; 18% of PM10 and 42% of OC). Specific meteorological conditions with a stagnation of pollutants over 10days and possibly Fenton-like chemistry and self-amplification cycle of SOA formation could explain such high anthropogenic SOA concentrations during this period. Finally, PMF outputs were also used to investigate the origins of humic-like substances (HuLiS), which represented 16% of OC on an annual average basis. The results indicated that HuLiS were mainly associated with biomass burning (22%), secondary inorganic (22%), mineral dust (15%) and biogenic SOA (14%) factors. This study is probably the first to state that HuLiS are significantly associated with mineral dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepchandra Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | | | - Benjamin Golly
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LCME, 73000 Chambéry, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Véronique Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Eric Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Emygdio APM, Andrade MDF, Gonçalves FLT, Engling G, Zanetti RHDS, Kumar P. Biomarkers as indicators of fungal biomass in the atmosphere of São Paulo, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:809-821. [PMID: 28881304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic aerosol contribution to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) mass concentration is usually neglected due to the difficulty in identifying its components, although it can be significant. In the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP)-Brazil, several studies have been performed to identify sources for PM, revealing vehicular emissions and soil re-suspension as the main identified sources. The organic fraction has been related primarily to biomass burning (BB) and fuel combustion, although there is significant presence of green areas in the city which render biogenic emissions as an additional source of organic carbon (OC). The objectives of this work are to (i) characterise the composition of the PM10 (ii) estimate the relative mass contribution of fungal spores to PM concentrations with sizes smaller than 10μm (PM10) in MASP and (iii) assess the main sources of PM10. To achieve these objectives, we measured markers of biogenic sources and BB, during the fall-winter transition, which along with other constituents, such as ions, organic/elemental carbon, elemental composition and fungal spore concentrations, help assess the PM10 sources. We used receptor models to identify distinct source-related PM10 fractions and conversion factors to convert biomarker concentrations to fungal mass. Our results show the mean contributions of fungal aerosol to PM10 and OC mass were 2% and 8%, respectively, indicating the importance of fungal spores to the aerosol burden in the urban atmosphere. Using specific rotation factor analysis, we identified the following factors contributing to PM: soil re-suspension, biogenic aerosol, secondary inorganic aerosol, vehicular emissions and BB/isoprene-related secondary organic aerosol (I-SOA). BB/I-SOA was the main source representing 28% of the PM10 mass, while biogenic aerosol explained a significant (11%) fraction of the PM10 mass as well. Our findings suggest that primary biogenic aerosol is an important fraction of PM10 mass, yet not considered in most studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Mendes Emygdio
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, 03828-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fátima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guenter Engling
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rafael Henrique de Souza Zanetti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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46
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Dutta Majumdar R, Bliumkin L, Lane D, Soong R, Simpson M, Simpson AJ. Analysis of DOM phototransformation using a looped NMR system integrated with a sunlight simulator. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:64-76. [PMID: 28478296 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation plays an important role in functionalizing and degrading dissolved organic matter (DOM), producing one of the most complex mixtures known. In this study, using a flow-based design, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is directly interfaced with a sunlight simulator enabling the study of DOM photodegradation in situ with high temporal resolution over 5 days. Samples from Suwannee River (Florida), Nordic Reservoir (Norway), and Pony Lake (Antarctic) are studied. Phototransformation of DOM is dominated by the degradation of aromatics and unsaturated structures (many arising from lignin) into carboxylated and hydroxylated products. To assess longer term changes, the samples were continuously irradiated for 17.5 days, followed by the identification a wide range of compounds and assessment of their fate using off-line 2D-NMR. This study demonstrates the applicability of the looped system to follow degradation in a non-targeted fashion (the mixture as a whole) and target analysis (tracing specific metabolites), which holds great potential to study the fate and transformation of contaminants and nutrients in the presence of DOM. It also demonstrates that components that remain unresolved in 1D NMR can be identified using 2D methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Liora Bliumkin
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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47
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Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Padoan S, Karroca O, Toscano G, Cairns WRL, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Aerosol and snow transfer processes: An investigation on the behavior of water-soluble organic compounds and ionic species. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:132-138. [PMID: 28544898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of water-soluble compounds (ions, carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds) in aerosol and snow have been determined at the coastal Italian base "Mario Zucchelli" (Antarctica) during the 2014-2015 austral summer. The main aim of this research was to investigate the air-snow transfer processes of a number of classes of chemical compounds and investigate their potential as tracers for specific sources. The composition and particle size distribution of Antarctic aerosol was measured, and water-soluble compounds accounted for 66% of the PM10 total mass concentration. The major ions Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- made up 99% of the total water soluble compound concentration indicating that sea spray input was the main source of aerosol. These ionic species were found mainly in the coarse fraction of the aerosol resulting in enhanced deposition, as reflected by the snow composition. Biogenic sources were identified using chemical markers such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and phenolic compounds. This study describes the first characterization of amino acids and sugar concentrations in surface snow. High concentrations of amino acids were found after a snowfall event, their presence is probably due to the degradation of biological material scavenged during the snow event. Alcohol sugars increased in concentration after the snow event, suggesting a deposition of primary biological particles, such as airborne fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Ornela Karroca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Toscano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Warren R L Cairns
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
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48
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Duarte RMBO, Matos JTV, Paula AS, Lopes SP, Pereira G, Vasconcellos P, Gioda A, Carreira R, Silva AMS, Duarte AC, Smichowski P, Rojas N, Sanchez-Ccoyllo O. Structural signatures of water-soluble organic aerosols in contrasting environments in South America and Western Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:513-525. [PMID: 28499261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes and compares the key structural units present in water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction of atmospheric aerosols collected in different South American (Colombia - Medellín and Bogotá, Peru - Lima, Argentina - Buenos Aires, and Brazil - Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Porto Velho, during moderate (MBB) and intense (IBB) biomass burning) and Western European (Portugal - Aveiro and Lisbon) locations. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to assess the relative distribution of non-exchangeable proton functional groups in aerosol WSOC of diverse origin, for the first time to the authors' knowledge in South America. The relative contribution of the proton functional groups was in the order H-C > H-C-C= > H-C-O > Ar-H, except in Porto Velho during MBB, Medellín, Bogotá, and Buenos Aires, for which the relative contribution of H-C-O was higher than that of H-C-C=. The 1H NMR source attribution confirmed differences in aging processes or regional sources between the two geographic regions, allowing the differentiation between urban combustion-related aerosol and biological particles. The aerosol WSOC in Aveiro, Lisbon, and Rio de Janeiro during summer are more oxidized than those from the remaining locations, indicating the predominance of secondary organic aerosols. Fresh emissions, namely of smoke particles, becomes important during winter in Aveiro and São Paulo, and in Porto Velho during IBB. The biosphere is an important source altering the chemical composition of aerosol WSOC in South America locations. The source attribution in Medellín, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, and Lima confirmed the mixed contributions of biological material, secondary formation, as well as urban and biomass burning emissions. Overall, the information and knowledge acquired in this study provide important diagnostic tools for future studies aiming at understanding the water-soluble organic aerosol problem, their sources and impact at a wider geographic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M B O Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João T V Matos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia S Paula
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia P Lopes
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Carreira
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Nestor Rojas
- National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zhang H, Kupiainen-Määttä O, Zhang X, Molinero V, Zhang Y, Li Z. The enhancement mechanism of glycolic acid on the formation of atmospheric sulfuric acid–ammonia molecular clusters. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Application of simple ultrasonic assisted extraction coupled with HPLC and GC/MS for the determination of surface active compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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