1
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Borhani F, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Ehsani AH, Rashidi Y, Ghahremanloo M, Amani M, Moghimi A. Current Status and Future Forecast of Short-lived Climate-Forced Ozone in Tehran, Iran, derived from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:134. [PMID: 36819757 PMCID: PMC9930078 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution and alterations of ozone concentrations in Tehran, Iran, in 2021 were investigated. The impacts of precursors (i.e., CO, NO2, and NO) on ozone were examined using the data collected over 12 months (i.e., January 2021 to December 2021) from 21 stations of the Air Quality Control Company (AQCC). The results of monthly heat mapping of tropospheric ozone concentrations indicated the lowest value in December and the highest value in July. The lowest and highest seasonal concentrations were in winter and summer, respectively. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between ozone and its precursors. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was then implemented to obtain air pollution zoning maps. Then, ozone concentration modeled by the IDW method was compared with the average monthly change of total column density of ozone derived from Sentinel-5 satellite data in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. A good agreement was discovered despite the harsh circumstances that both ground-based and satellite measurements were subjected to. The results obtained from both datasets showed that the west of the city of Tehran had the highest averaged O3 concentration. In this study, the status of the concentration of ozone precursors and tropospheric ozone in 2022 was also predicted. For this purpose, the Box-Jenkins Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) approach was implemented to predict the monthly air quality parameters. Overall, it was observed that the SARIMA approach was an efficient tool for forecasting air quality. Finally, the results showed that the trends of ozone obtained from terrestrial and satellite observations throughout 2021 were slightly different due to the contribution of the tropospheric ozone precursor concentration and meteorology conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Borhani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Ehsani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Yousef Rashidi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghahremanloo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Meisam Amani
- Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Ottawa, ON K2E 7L5 Canada
| | - Armin Moghimi
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, K. N Iran
- Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Xu X, Zeng B. Application of a novel second-order differential equation grey model to forecast NOx emissions in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24441-24453. [PMID: 36342602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) contains two harmful air pollutants: nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The reasonable prediction of China's NOx emissions is of positive significance for the government to formulate environmental protection policies. To this end, a new grey prediction model with second-order differential equation is proposed in this paper, which has more reasonable model structure and better modeling performance than the traditional grey model. Secondly, according to the data characteristics of NOx emissions of China in recent years, a smoothing algorithm and weakening buffer operator are employed to process the original data to solve the rationality of the prediction results of the new model. Thirdly, the model for predicting China's NOx emissions has been constructed by the new proposed model. The results show that the mean comprehensive error of the new model is only 0.0692%, and its performance is much better than that of several other mainstream grey prediction models. Finally, the new model is applied to China's carbon dioxide prediction in the next 5 years, and the rationality of the prediction results is analyzed. Based on the prediction results, relevant countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Social Economic and Applied Statistics, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China.
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3
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Dressel I, Demetillo MA, Judd LM, Janz SJ, Fields KP, Sun K, Fiore AM, McDonald BC, Pusede SE. Daily Satellite Observations of Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution Inequality in New York City, New York and Newark, New Jersey: Evaluation and Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15298-15311. [PMID: 36224708 PMCID: PMC9670852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollution disproportionately harms communities of color and low-income communities in the U.S. Intraurban nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inequalities can be observed from space using the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Past research has relied on time-averaged measurements, limiting our understanding of how neighborhood-level NO2 inequalities co-vary with urban air quality and climate. Here, we use fine-scale (250 m × 250 m) airborne NO2 remote sensing to demonstrate that daily TROPOMI observations resolve a major portion of census tract-scale NO2 inequalities in the New York City-Newark urbanized area. Spatiotemporally coincident TROPOMI and airborne inequalities are well correlated (r = 0.82-0.97), with slopes of 0.82-1.05 for relative and 0.76-0.96 for absolute inequalities for different groups. We calculate daily TROPOMI NO2 inequalities over May 2018-September 2021, reporting disparities of 25-38% with race, ethnicity, and/or household income. Mean daily inequalities agree with results based on TROPOMI measurements oversampled to 0.01° × 0.01° to within associated uncertainties. Individual and mean daily TROPOMI NO2 inequalities are largely insensitive to pixel size, at least when pixels are smaller than ∼60 km2, but are sensitive to low observational coverage. We statistically analyze daily NO2 inequalities, presenting empirical evidence of the systematic overburdening of communities of color and low-income neighborhoods with polluting sources, regulatory ozone co-benefits, and worsened NO2 inequalities and cumulative NO2 and urban heat burdens with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella
M. Dressel
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Mary Angelique
G. Demetillo
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Laura M. Judd
- NASA
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Scott J. Janz
- NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Fields
- Carter
G. Woodson Institute for African American and African Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kang Sun
- Department
of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Research
and Education in eNergy, Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Department
of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Chemical
Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United
States
| | - Sally E. Pusede
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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4
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Zhu Y, Liu C, Hu Q, Teng J, You D, Zhang C, Ou J, Liu T, Lin J, Xu T, Hong X. Impacts of TROPOMI-Derived NO X Emissions on NO 2 and O 3 Simulations in the NCP during COVID-19. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:441-454. [PMID: 37101457 PMCID: PMC10125370 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
NO2 and O3 simulations have great uncertainties during the COVID-19 epidemic, but their biases and spatial distributions can be improved with NO2 assimilations. This study adopted two top-down NO X inversions and estimated their impacts on NO2 and O3 simulation for three periods: the normal operation period (P1), the epidemic lockdown period following the Spring Festival (P2), and back to work period (P3) in the North China Plain (NCP). Two TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) NO2 retrievals came from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), respectively. Compared to the prior NO X emissions, the two TROPOMI posteriors greatly reduced the biases between simulations with in situ measurements (NO2 MREs: prior 85%, KNMI -27%, USTC -15%; O3 MREs: Prior -39%, KNMI 18%, USTC 11%). The NO X budgets from the USTC posterior were 17-31% higher than those from the KNMI one. Consequently, surface NO2 levels constrained by USTC-TROPOMI were 9-20% higher than those by the KNMI one, and O3 is 6-12% lower. Moreover, USTC posterior simulations showed more significant changes in adjacent periods (surface NO2: P2 vs P1, -46%, P3 vs P2, +25%; surface O3: P2 vs P1, +75%, P3 vs P2, +18%) than the KNMI one. For the transport flux in Beijing (BJ), the O3 flux differed by 5-6% between the two posteriori simulations, but the difference of NO2 flux between P2 and P3 was significant, where the USTC posterior NO2 flux was 1.5-2 times higher than the KNMI one. Overall, our results highlight the discrepancies in NO2 and O3 simulations constrained by two TROPOMI products and demonstrate that the USTC posterior has lower bias in the NCP during COVD-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhu
- Key
Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics
and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key
Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics
and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Center
for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Department
of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key
Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher
Education Institutes, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key
Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics
and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiahua Teng
- China
Satellite Application Center for Ecology and Environment, MEE, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Daian You
- China
Satellite Application Center for Ecology and Environment, MEE, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department
of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinping Ou
- Key
Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics
and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of
Earth and Space Sciences, University of
Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinan Lin
- Key
Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics
and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- School
of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Hong
- School
of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Wu N, Geng G, Qin X, Tong D, Zheng Y, Lei Y, Zhang Q. Daily Emission Patterns of Coal-Fired Power Plants in China Based on Multisource Data Fusion. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:363-372. [PMID: 37101967 PMCID: PMC10125283 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Daily emission estimates are essential for tracking the dynamic changes in emission sources. In this work, we estimate daily emissions of coal-fired power plants in China during 2017-2020 by combining information from the unit-based China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED) and real-time measurements from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). We develop a step-by-step method to screen outliers and impute missing values for data from CEMS. Then, plant-level daily profiles of flue gas volume and emissions obtained from CEMS are coupled with annual emissions from CPED to derive daily emissions. Reasonable agreement is found between emission variations and available statistics (i.e., monthly power generation and daily coal consumption). Daily power emissions are in the range of 6267-12,994, 0.4-1.3, 6.5-12.0, and 2.5-6.8 Gg for CO2, PM2.5, NO x , and SO2, respectively, with high emissions in winter and summer caused by heating and cooling demand. Our estimates can capture sudden decreases (e.g., those associated with COVID-19 lockdowns and short-term emission controls) or increases (e.g., those related to a drought) in daily power emissions during typical socioeconomic events. We also find that weekly patterns from CEMS exhibit no obvious weekend effect compared to those in previous studies. The daily power emissions will help to improve chemical transport modeling and facilitate policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinying Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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High-Dispersed V2O5-CuOX Nanoparticles on h-BN in NH3-SCR and NH3-SCO Performance. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142329. [PMID: 35889554 PMCID: PMC9325198 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Typically, to meet emission regulations, the selective catalytic reduction of NOX with NH3 (NH3-SCR) technology cause NH3 emissions owing to high NH3/NOX ratios to meet emission regulations. In this study, V-Cu/BN-Ti was used to remove residual NOX and NH3. Catalysts were evaluated for selective catalytic oxidation of NH3 (NH3-SCO) in the NH3-SCR reaction at 200–300 °C. The addition of vanadium and copper increased the number of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites available for the reaction by increasing the ratio of V5+ and forming Cu+ species, respectively. Furthermore, h-BN was dispersed in the catalyst to improve the content of vanadium and copper species on the surface. NH3 and NOX conversion were 98% and 91% at 260 °C, respectively. Consequently, slipped NH3 (NH3-Slip) emitted only 2% of the injected ammonia. Under SO2 conditions, based on the NH3 oxidation reaction, catalytic deactivation was improved by addition of h-BN. This study suggests that h-BN is a potential catalyst that can help remove residual NOX and meet NH3 emission regulations when placed at the bottom of the SCR catalyst layer in coal-fired power plants.
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7
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Korszun-Klak K, Hlawiczka S, Kobylecki R. Acidity of rainfall samples in close vicinity of coal-fired power plant with wet cooling tower with flue gas injection. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:635. [PMID: 34491444 PMCID: PMC8423646 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents measurement data concerning the degree of acidification of precipitation collected during a 6-month measurement campaign carried out in an immediate vicinity of a power plant, where the cooling tower was used for discharging flue gases as a product of coal combustion. As reference, data obtained from parallel measurements carried out at a monitoring station considered as city background station were used. High acidity of precipitation was anticipated due to reactions of acid gases contained in the combustion gases with water, which already occur inside the cooling tower. The results have not confirmed this assumption. The pH value of the precipitation samples was significantly higher than the pH of rainwater at the background station located 18 km away from the power plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Korszun-Klak
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Stanislaw Hlawiczka
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafal Kobylecki
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland
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8
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Gingerysty NJ, Odame-Ankrah CA, Jordan N, Osthoff HD. Interference from HONO in the measurement of ambient air NO 2 via photolytic conversion and quantification of NO. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:184-193. [PMID: 34412781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reference method to quantify mixing ratios of the criteria air pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL), in which mixing ratios of nitric oxide (NO) are measured by sampling ambient air directly, and mixing ratios of NOx (= sum of NO and NO2) are measured by converting NO2 to NO using, for example, heated molybdenum catalyst or, more selectively, photolytic conversion (P-CL). In this work, the nitrous acid (HONO) interference in the measurement of NO2 by P-CL was investigated. Results with two photolytic NO2 converters are presented. The first used radiation centered at 395 nm, a wavelength region commonly utilized in P-CL. The second used light at 415 nm, where the overlap with the HONO absorption spectrum and hence its photolysis rate are less. Mixing ratios of NO2, NOx and HONO entering and exiting the converters were quantified by Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (TD-CRDS). Both converters exhibited high NO2 conversion efficiency (CFNO2; > 90%) and partial conversion of HONO. Plots of CF against flow rate were consistent with photolysis frequencies of 4.2 s-1 and 2.9 s-1 for NO2 and 0.25 s-1 and 0.10 s-1 for HONO at 395 nm and 415 nm, respectively. CFHONO was larger than predicted from the overlap of the emission and HONO absorption spectra. The results imply that measurements of NO2 by P-CL marginally but systematically overestimate true NO2 concentrations, and that this interference should be considered in environments with high HONO:NO2 ratios such as the marine boundary layer or in biomass burning plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nick Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans D Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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9
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Singh M, Singh BB, Singh R, Upendra B, Kaur R, Gill SS, Biswas MS. Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS : SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 22:100489. [PMID: 36567694 PMCID: PMC9765305 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Global lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in the anthropogenic activities resulting in perceivable air quality improvements. Although several recent studies have analyzed these changes over different regions of the globe, these analyses have been constrained due to the usage of station based data which is mostly limited up to the metropolitan cities. Also the quantifiable changes have been reported only for the developed and developing regions leaving the poor economies (e.g. Africa) due to the shortage of in-situ data. Using a comprehensive set of high spatiotemporal resolution satellites and merged products of air pollutants, we analyze the air quality across the globe and quantify the improvement resulting from the suppressed anthropogenic activity during the lockdowns. In particular, we focus on megacities, capitals and cities with high standards of living to make the quantitative assessment. Our results offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution of changes in the air pollutants due to COVID-19 enforced lockdowns. Statistically significant reductions are observed over megacities with mean reduction by 19.74%, 7.38% and 49.9% in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and PM2.5 concentrations. Google Earth Engine empowered cloud computing based remote sensing is used and the results provide a testbed for climate sensitivity experiments and validation of chemistry-climate models. Additionally, Google Earth Engine based apps have been developed to visualize the changes in a real-time fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Singh
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Pune, India,IDP in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - Bhupendra Bahadur Singh
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Pune, India,Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Raunaq Singh
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Delhi, India
| | - Badimela Upendra
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sukhpal Singh Gill
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mriganka Sekhar Biswas
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Pune, India,Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India,Corresponding author. Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
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10
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Demetillo MAG, Navarro A, Knowles KK, Fields KP, Geddes JA, Nowlan CR, Janz SJ, Judd LM, Al-Saadi J, Sun K, McDonald BC, Diskin GS, Pusede SE. Observing Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution Inequality Using High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Measurements in Houston, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9882-9895. [PMID: 32806912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Houston, Texas is a major U.S. urban and industrial area where poor air quality is unevenly distributed and a disproportionate share is located in low-income, non-white, and Hispanic neighborhoods. We have traditionally lacked city-wide observations to fully describe these spatial heterogeneities in Houston and in cities globally, especially for reactive gases like nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Here, we analyze novel high-spatial-resolution (250 m × 500 m) NO2 vertical columns measured by the NASA GCAS airborne spectrometer as part of the September-2013 NASA DISCOVER-AQ mission and discuss differences in population-weighted NO2 at the census-tract level. Based on the average of 35 repeated flight circuits, we find 37 ± 6% higher NO2 for non-whites and Hispanics living in low-income tracts (LIN) compared to whites living in high-income tracts (HIW) and report NO2 disparities separately by race ethnicity (11-32%) and poverty status (15-28%). We observe substantial time-of-day and day-to-day variability in LIN-HIW NO2 differences (and in other metrics) driven by the greater prevalence of NOx (≡NO + NO2) emission sources in low-income, non-white, and Hispanic neighborhoods. We evaluate measurements from the recently launched satellite sensor TROPOMI (3.5 km × 7 km at nadir), averaged to 0.01° × 0.01° using physics-based oversampling, and demonstrate that TROPOMI resolves similar relative, but not absolute, tract-level differences compared to GCAS. We utilize the high-resolution FIVE and NEI NOx inventories, plus one year of TROPOMI weekday-weekend variability, to attribute tract-level NO2 disparities to industrial sources and heavy-duty diesel trucking. We show that GCAS and TROPOMI spatial patterns correspond to the surface patterns measured using aircraft profiling and surface monitors. We discuss opportunities for satellite remote sensing to inform decision making in cities generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Angelique G Demetillo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Aracely Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Katherine K Knowles
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kimberly P Fields
- Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Geddes
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Caroline R Nowlan
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Scott J Janz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Laura M Judd
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Jassim Al-Saadi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Research and Education in eNergy, Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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11
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Jordan N, Garner NM, Matchett LC, Tokarek TW, Osthoff HD, Odame-Ankrah CA, Grimm CE, Pickrell KN, Swainson C, Rosentreter BW. Potential interferences in photolytic nitrogen dioxide converters for ambient air monitoring: Evaluation of a prototype. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:753-764. [PMID: 32412399 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1769770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mixing ratios of the criteria air contaminant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are commonly quantified by reduction to nitric oxide (NO) using a photolytic converter followed by NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL). In this work, the performance of a photolytic NO2 converter prototype originally designed for continuous emission monitoring and emitting light at 395 nm was evaluated. Mixing ratios of NO2 and NOx (= NO + NO2) entering and exiting the converter were monitored by blue diode laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The NO2 photolysis frequency was determined by measuring the rate of conversion to NO as a function of converter residence time and found to be 4.2 s-1. A maximum 96% conversion of NO2 to NO over a large dynamic range was achieved at a residence time of (1.5 ± 0.3) s, independent of relative humidity. Interferences from odd nitrogen (NOy) species such as peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN; RC(O)O2NO2), alkyl nitrates (AN; RONO2), nitrous acid (HONO), and nitric acid (HNO3) were evaluated by operating the prototype converter outside its optimum operating range (i.e., at higher pressure and longer residence time) for easier quantification of interferences. Four mechanisms that generate artifacts and interferences were identified as follows: direct photolysis, foremost of HONO at a rate constant of 6% that of NO2; thermal decomposition, primarily of PAN; surface promoted photochemistry; and secondary chemistry in the connecting tubing. These interferences are likely present to a certain degree in all photolytic converters currently in use but are rarely evaluated or reported. Recommendations for improved performance of photolytic converters include operating at lower cell pressure and higher flow rates, thermal management that ideally results in a match of photolysis cell temperature with ambient conditions, and minimization of connecting tubing length. When properly implemented, these interferences can be made negligibly small when measuring NO2 in ambient air. IMPLICATIONS A new near-UV photolytic converter for measurement of the criteria pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air by NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL) was characterized. Four mechanisms that generate interferences were identified and investigated experimentally: direct photolysis of nitrous acid, which occurred at a rate constant 6% that of NO2, thermal decomposition of PAN and N2O5, surface promoted chemistry involving nitric acid, and secondary chemistry involving NO in the tubing connecting the converter and CL analyzer. These interferences are predicted to occur in all NO2 P-CL systems but can be avoided by appropriate thermal management and operating at high flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Natasha M Garner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laura C Matchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Travis W Tokarek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hans D Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Jin X, Fiore A, Boersma KF, Smedt ID, Valin L. Inferring Changes in Summertime Surface Ozone-NO x-VOC Chemistry over U.S. Urban Areas from Two Decades of Satellite and Ground-Based Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6518-6529. [PMID: 32348127 PMCID: PMC7996126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) formation can be limited by NOx, VOCs, or both, complicating the design of effective O3 abatement plans. A satellite-retrieved ratio of formaldehyde to NO2 (HCHO/NO2), developed from theory and modeling, has previously been used to indicate O3 formation chemistry. Here, we connect this space-based indicator to spatiotemporal variations in O3 recorded by on-the-ground monitors over major U.S. cities. High-O3 events vary nonlinearly with OMI HCHO and NO2, and the transition from VOC-limited to NOx-limited O3 formation regimes occurs at higher HCHO/NO2 value (3 to 4) than previously determined from models, with slight intercity variations. To extend satellite records back to 1996, we develop an approach to harmonize observations from GOME and SCIAMACHY that accounts for differences in spatial resolution and overpass time. Two-decade (1996-2016) multisatellite HCHO/NO2 captures the timing and location of the transition from VOC-limited to NOx-limited O3 production regimes in major U.S. cities, which aligns with the observed long-term changes in urban-rural gradient of O3 and the reversal of O3 weekend effect. Our findings suggest promise for applying space-based HCHO/NO2 to interpret local O3 chemistry, particularly with the new-generation satellite instruments that offer finer spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Arlene Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - K Folkert Boersma
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lukas Valin
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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13
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Sorooshian A, Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair J, Kleb MM, Mardi AH, Maring H, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Jo Scarino A, Schlosser J, Shingler T, Shook M, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031626. [PMID: 32699733 PMCID: PMC7375207 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long-term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer-reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019 have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): Aerosols (25%), Gases (24%), Development/Validation of Techniques, Models, and Retrievals (18%), Meteorology and Transport (9%), Air-Sea Interactions (8%), Clouds/Storms (8%), Atmospheric Deposition (7%), and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Joseph Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Nsanzineza R, Capps SL, Milford JB. Modeling Emissions and Ozone Air Quality Impacts of Future Scenarios for Energy and Power Production in the Rocky Mountain States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7893-7902. [PMID: 31180656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines air quality impacts of scenarios for energy production and use in 2030 across Colorado, northern New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Scenarios feature contrasting levels of oil and gas production and shares of electricity from coal, natural gas, and renewables. Hourly emissions are resolved for individual power plants; oil and gas emissions are basin-specific. Ozone decreased from 2011 to the 2030 baseline, with median and 90th percentile reductions in maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone across the four-state domain of 3.5 and 7.1 ppb, respectively, resulting in 200 fewer premature deaths annually. Relative to the 2030 baseline, MDA8 ozone increased in the "cheap gas" scenario, with median and 90th percentile increases of 0.1 and 1.0 ppb, and declined in a scenario with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions fees, with median and 90th percentile reductions of 0.2 and 1.5 ppb. Reduced coal generation lowered SO2 emissions in all future scenarios compared to 2011. GHG emissions from electricity and oil and gas production declined by 4% (CO2-equivalent) from 2011 to the 2030 baseline, increased by 10% from the 2030 baseline to the cheap gas scenario, and declined by 28% from the 2030 baseline to the GHG fees scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Nsanzineza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0427 , United States
| | - Shannon L Capps
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jana B Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0427 , United States
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15
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Howard DB, Thé J, Soria R, Fann N, Schaeffer R, Saphores JDM. Health benefits and control costs of tightening particulate matter emissions standards for coal power plants - The case of Northeast Brazil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:420-430. [PMID: 30682597 PMCID: PMC7227787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) caused an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015. However, PM emission standards for power plants vary widely. To explore if the current levels of these standards are sufficiently stringent in a simple cost-benefit framework, we compared the health benefits (avoided monetized health costs) with the control costs of tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants in Northeast (NE) Brazil, where ambient PM concentrations are below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We considered three Brazilian PM10 (PMx refers to PM with a diameter under x micrometers) emission standards and a stricter U.S. EPA standard for recent power plants. Our integrated methodology simulates hourly electricity grid dispatch from utility-scale power plants, disperses the resulting PM2.5, and estimates selected human health impacts from PM2.5 exposure using the latest integrated exposure-response model. Since the emissions inventories required to model secondary PM are not available in our study area, we modeled only primary PM so our benefit estimates are conservative. We found that tightening existing PM10 emission standards yields health benefits that are over 60 times greater than emissions control costs in all the scenarios we considered. The monetary value of avoided hospital admissions alone is at least four times as large as the corresponding control costs. These results provide strong arguments for considering tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants worldwide, including in regions that meet WHO guidelines and in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Howard
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jesse Thé
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Rafael Soria
- Departmento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11·253, Quito, Pichincha EC 17-01-2759, Ecuador.
| | - Neal Fann
- National Expert and Team Lead for Assessing the Benefits of Air Quality, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Roberto Schaeffer
- Energy Planning Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jean-Daniel M Saphores
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Economics, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA.
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16
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Impact of Control Measures on Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants in Anhui Province, China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anhui is one of the highest provincial emitters of air pollutants in China due to its large coal consumption in coal-fired plants. In this study, the total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) from coal-fired power plants in Anhui were investigated to assess the impact of control measures on the atmospheric emissions based upon continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). The total NOx, SO2 and PM emissions significantly decreased from 2013 to 2017 and they were estimated at 24.5 kt, 14.8 kt and 3.0 kt in 2017, respectively. The emission reductions of approximately 79.0%, 70.1% and 81.2% were achieved in 2017 compared with a 2013 baseline, respectively, due to the application of high-efficiency emission control measures, including the desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The NOx, SO2 and PM emission intensities were 0.125 g kWh−1, 0.076 g kWh−1 and 0.015 g kWh−1 in 2017, respectively, which were lower than the average of national coal-fired units. The coal-fired units with ≥600 MW generated 80.6% of the total electricity amount while they were estimated to account for 70.5% of total NOx, 70.1% of total SO2 and 71.9% of total PM. Their seasonal emissions showed a significant correlation to the power generation with the maximum correlation found in summer (July and August) and winter (January and December). The major regional contributors are the cities along the Huai River Basin and Yangtze River Basin, such as Huainan, Huaibei, Tongling, Maanshan and Wuhu, and the highest emission occurred in Huainan, accounting for approximately 26–40% of total emission from all the power plants. Our results indicated that the application of desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices has played an important role in controlling air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants.
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17
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Performance Evaluation of CCAM-CTM Regional Airshed Modelling for the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the coupled Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and Chemical Transport Model (CTM) (CCAM-CTM) for the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region (NSW GMR) was conducted based on modelling results for two periods coinciding with measurement campaigns undertaken during the Sydney Particle Study (SPS), namely the summer in 2011 (SPS1) and the autumn in 2012 (SPS2). The model performance was evaluated for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) against air quality data from the NSW Government’s air quality monitoring network, and PM2.5 components were compared with speciated PM measurements from the Sydney Particle Study’s Westmead sampling site. The model tends to overpredict PM2.5 with normalised mean bias (NMB) less than 20%, however, moderate underpredictions of the daily peak are found on high PM2.5 days. The PM2.5 predictions at all sites comply with performance criteria for mean fractional bias (MFB) of ±60%, but only PM2.5 predictions at Earlwood further comply with the performance goal for MFB of ±30% during both periods. The model generally captures the diurnal variations in ozone with a slight underestimation. The model also tends to underpredict daily maximum hourly ozone. Ozone predictions across regions in SPS1, as well as in Sydney East, Sydney Northwest and Illawarra regions in SPS2 comply with the benchmark of MFB of ±15%, however, none of the regions comply with the benchmark for mean fractional error (MFE) of 35%. The model reproduces the diurnal variations and magnitudes of NO2 well, with a slightly underestimating tendency across the regions. The MFE and normalised mean error (NME) for NO2 predictions fall well within the ranges inferred from other studies. Model results are within a factor of two of measured averages for sulphate, nitrate, sodium and organic matter, with elemental carbon, chloride, magnesium and ammonium being underpredicted. The overall performance of CCAM-CTM modelling system for the NSW GMR is comparable to similar model predictions by other regional airshed models documented in the literature. The performance of the modelling system is found to be variable according to benchmark criteria and depend on the location of the sites, as well as the time of the year. The benchmarking of CCAM-CTM modelling system supports the application of this model for air quality impact assessment and policy scenario modelling to inform air quality management in NSW.
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18
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Usui T, Liu Z, Ibe S, Zhu J, Anand C, Igarashi H, Onaya N, Sasaki Y, Shiramata Y, Kusamoto T, Wakihara T. Improve the Hydrothermal Stability of Cu-SSZ-13 Zeolite Catalyst by Loading a Small Amount of Ce. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyohiro Usui
- IBIDEN Co. Ltd, 1-1, Kitagata, Ibigawa-cho, Ibi-gun, Gifu Pref. 501-0695, Japan
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sayoko Ibe
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chokkalingam Anand
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Igarashi
- IBIDEN Co. Ltd, 1-1, Kitagata, Ibigawa-cho, Ibi-gun, Gifu Pref. 501-0695, Japan
| | - Naoki Onaya
- IBIDEN Co. Ltd, 1-1, Kitagata, Ibigawa-cho, Ibi-gun, Gifu Pref. 501-0695, Japan
| | - Yukichi Sasaki
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiramata
- Application Laboratory, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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19
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McDonald BC, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Ahmadov R, Kim SW, Frost GJ, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Graus M, Warneke C, Gilman JB, de Gouw JA, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Trainer M. Modeling Ozone in the Eastern U.S. using a Fuel-Based Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7360-7370. [PMID: 29870662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest overestimates in current U.S. emission inventories of nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO2). Here, we expand a previously developed fuel-based inventory of motor-vehicle emissions (FIVE) to the continental U.S. for the year 2013, and evaluate our estimates of mobile source emissions with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) interpolated to 2013. We find that mobile source emissions of NO x and carbon monoxide (CO) in the NEI are higher than FIVE by 28% and 90%, respectively. Using a chemical transport model, we model mobile source emissions from FIVE, and find consistent levels of urban NO x and CO as measured during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) Study in 2013. Lastly, we assess the sensitivity of ozone (O3) over the Eastern U.S. to uncertainties in mobile source NO x emissions and biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The ground-level O3 is sensitive to reductions in mobile source NO x emissions, most notably in the Southeastern U.S. and during O3 exceedance events, under the revised standard proposed in 2015 (>70 ppb, 8 h maximum). This suggests that decreasing mobile source NO x emissions could help in meeting more stringent O3 standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Global Systems Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - John S Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Martin Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21228 , United States
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
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20
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Abstract
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a large impact on air quality and climate change as precursors in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols. We find that NOx emissions have not been decreasing as expected in recent years (2011–2015) when comparing top-down estimates from satellites and surface NO2 measurements to the trends predicted from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s emission inventory data. The discrepancy can be explained by the growing relative contribution of industrial, area, and off-road mobile sources of emissions, decreasing relative contribution of on-road gasoline vehicles, and slower than expected decreases in on-road diesel NOx emissions, with implications for air-quality management. Ground and satellite observations show that air pollution regulations in the United States (US) have resulted in substantial reductions in emissions and corresponding improvements in air quality over the last several decades. However, large uncertainties remain in evaluating how recent regulations affect different emission sectors and pollutant trends. Here we show a significant slowdown in decreasing US emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for 2011–2015 using satellite and surface measurements. This observed slowdown in emission reductions is significantly different from the trend expected using US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bottom-up inventories and impedes compliance with local and federal agency air-quality goals. We find that the difference between observations and EPA’s NOx emission estimates could be explained by: (i) growing relative contributions of industrial, area, and off-road sources, (ii) decreasing relative contributions of on-road gasoline, and (iii) slower than expected decreases in on-road diesel emissions.
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21
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Emami F, Masiol M, Hopke PK. Air pollution at Rochester, NY: Long-term trends and multivariate analysis of upwind SO 2 source impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1506-1515. [PMID: 28915545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There have been many changes in the air pollutant sources in the northeastern United States since 2001. To assess the effect of these changes, trend analyses of the monthly average values were performed on PM2.5 and its components including major ions, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and gaseous pollutant concentrations measured between 2001 (in some cases 1999) and 2015 at the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation sites in Rochester, NY. Mann-Kendall regression with Sen's slope was applied to estimate the trends and seasonality. Using piecewise regression, significant reductions in the air pollution of Rochester area were observed between 2008 and 2010 when a 260MW coal-fired power plant was decommissioned, new heavy-duty diesel trucks had to be equipped with catalytic regenerator traps, and the economic recession that began in 2008 reduced traffic and other activities. The monthly average PM2.5 mass showed a downward trend (-5μg/m3; -41%) in Rochester between 2001 and 2015. This change is largely due to reductions in particulate sulfate that showed a 65% decrease. The sulfate concentrations were compared to changes in SO2 emissions in seventeen upwind source domains, and other systematic changes by multivariate linear regression. Selectivity ratio obtained from target projection discriminated the most important source domains that are SO2 emissions from Georgia for winter, North Carolina for transition (spring and fall) and Ohio along with other influences for summer. North Carolina and Michigan were identified as the main sources for entire period. These observations suggest that any further reductions in the specified regional SO2 emissions would result in a proportional decrease in sulfate in Rochester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Emami
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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Jin X, Fiore AM, Murray LT, Valin LC, Lamsal LN, Duncan B, Boersma KF, De Smedt I, Abad GG, Chance K, Tonnesen GS. Evaluating a Space-Based Indicator of Surface Ozone-NO x -VOC Sensitivity Over Midlatitude Source Regions and Application to Decadal Trends. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:10-461. [PMID: 29682438 PMCID: PMC5906809 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Determining effective strategies for mitigating surface ozone (O3) pollution requires knowledge of the relative ambient concentrations of its precursors, NO x , and VOCs. The space-based tropospheric column ratio of formaldehyde to NO2 (FNR) has been used as an indicator to identify NO x -limited versus NO x -saturated O3 formation regimes. Quantitative use of this indicator ratio is subject to three major uncertainties: (1) the split between NO x -limited and NO x -saturated conditions may shift in space and time, (2) the ratio of the vertically integrated column may not represent the near-surface environment, and (3) satellite products contain errors. We use the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to evaluate the quantitative utility of FNR observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument over three northern midlatitude source regions. We find that FNR in the model surface layer is a robust predictor of the simulated near-surface O3 production regime. Extending this surface-based predictor to a column-based FNR requires accounting for differences in the HCHO and NO2 vertical profiles. We compare four combinations of two OMI HCHO and NO2 retrievals with modeled FNR. The spatial and temporal correlations between the modeled and satellite-derived FNR vary with the choice of NO2 product, while the mean offset depends on the choice of HCHO product. Space-based FNR indicates that the spring transition to NO x -limited regimes has shifted at least a month earlier over major cities (e.g., New York, London, and Seoul) between 2005 and 2015. This increase in NO x sensitivity implies that NO x emission controls will improve O3 air quality more now than it would have a decade ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Lee T Murray
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lukas C Valin
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lok N Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Duncan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - K Folkert Boersma
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kelly Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gail S Tonnesen
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO, USA
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Makar PA, Staebler RM, Akingunola A, Zhang J, McLinden C, Kharol SK, Pabla B, Cheung P, Zheng Q. The effects of forest canopy shading and turbulence on boundary layer ozone. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15243. [PMID: 28516905 PMCID: PMC5454380 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere close to the surface is known to be strongly influenced by vegetation. However, two critical aspects of the forest environment have been neglected in the description of the large-scale influence of forests on air pollution: the reduction of photolysis reaction rates and the modification of vertical transport due to the presence of foliage. Here we show that foliage shading and foliage-modified vertical diffusion have a profound influence on atmospheric chemistry, both at the Earth's surface and extending throughout the atmospheric boundary layer. The absence of these processes in three-dimensional models may account for 59–72% of the positive bias in North American surface ozone forecasts, and up to 97% of the bias in forested regions within the continent. These processes are shown to have similar or greater influence on surface ozone levels as climate change and current emissions policy scenario simulations. Fully quantifying the influence of vegetation on atmospheric chemistry remains challenging. Here, the authors show that forest canopy shading and turbulence significantly modify air pollution throughout the atmospheric boundary layer, and must be taken into account in models of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Makar
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - R M Staebler
- Air Quality Processes Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - A Akingunola
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - J Zhang
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - C McLinden
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - S K Kharol
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - B Pabla
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - P Cheung
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Q Zheng
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Research Unit, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
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Motesaddi Zarandi S, Alimohammadi M, Kazemi Moghaddam V, Hasanvand MS, Miranzadeh MB, Rabbani D, Mostafaii GR, Sarsangi V, Hajiketabi S, Mazaheri Tehrani A. Long-term trends of Nitrogen oxides and surface ozone concentrations in Tehran city, 2002-2011. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:63. [PMID: 26380092 PMCID: PMC4571122 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tropospheric ozone is a problem with multi aspects - hazard to human health, plant, and welfare and a key factor to climate change, air pollution and atmosphere chemistry, as well. Behavior of ozone and nitrogen oxides (NO, and NO2) concentration is highly complex and variable; therefore, their trends as short and long-term were significantly attended. Most of the studies were carried out on the behavior of pollutant concentrations in North America, Europe, and East Asia, but few studies have been conducted in west Asia. The aim of this study was to assess daily changes and long-term trend of ozone and nitrogen oxides concentrations in Tehran city, Iran from March 2002 to September 2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected from 18 air quality monitoring stations. The data were sorted as daily mean of 10 years (daily changes) and annual mean for each year (long-term trend). One-sample test was used to assess the statistical significance. RESULTS Current findings indicated that changes of ozone, NO, and NO2 concentrations are dependent from job shifts and photochemical reactions. Annual mean concentrations of ozone and NO2 were gradually increased, long-term trend of ozone and NO2 concentration indicated. The correlation between long term trend of ozone and NO2 was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The controlling program was the most important factor in long-term concentration of ozone, and nitrogen oxides, but some problems and difficulties were accounted to perform controlling program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sadegh Hasanvand
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Air Pollution Research Center, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mostafaii
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vali Sarsangi
- />Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sajjad Hajiketabi
- />Student Research Committee, Jiroft university of medical science, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Pusede SE, Steiner AL, Cohen RC. Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3898-918. [PMID: 25950502 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Steiner
- §Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Farkas CM, Moeller MD, Felder FA, Baker KR, Rodgers M, Carlton AG. Temporalization of peak electric generation particulate matter emissions during high energy demand days. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4696-4704. [PMID: 25705922 DOI: 10.1021/es5050248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Underprediction of peak ambient pollution by air quality models hinders development of effective strategies to protect health and welfare. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model routinely underpredicts peak ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. Temporal misallocation of electricity sector emissions contributes to this modeling deficiency. Hourly emissions are created for CMAQ by use of temporal profiles applied to annual emission totals unless a source is matched to a continuous emissions monitor (CEM) in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI). More than 53% of CEMs in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) electricity market and 45% nationally are unmatched in the 2008 NEI. For July 2006, a United States heat wave with high electricity demand, peak electric sector emissions, and elevated ambient PM2.5 mass, we match hourly emissions for 267 CEM/NEI pairs in PJM (approximately 49% and 12% of unmatched CEMs in PJM and nationwide) using state permits, electricity dispatch modeling and CEMs. Hourly emissions for individual facilities can differ up to 154% during the simulation when measurement data is used rather than default temporalization values. Maximum CMAQ PM2.5 mass, sulfate, and elemental carbon predictions increase up to 83%, 103%, and 310%, at the surface and 51%, 75%, and 38% aloft (800 mb), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Farkas
- †Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael D Moeller
- †Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Frank A Felder
- ‡Center for Energy, Economic and Environmental Policy, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 33 Livingston Avenue, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Kirk R Baker
- §Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark Rodgers
- ∥Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 96 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Annmarie G Carlton
- †Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM. Bay breeze climatology at two sites along the Chesapeake bay from 1986-2010: Implications for surface ozone. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 72:355-372. [PMID: 26692595 PMCID: PMC4665746 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-013-9260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hourly surface meteorological measurements were coupled with surface ozone (O3) mixing ratio measurements at Hampton, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland, two sites along the Chesapeake Bay in the Mid-Atlantic United States, to examine the behavior of surface O3 during bay breeze events and quantify the impact of the bay breeze on local O3 pollution. Analyses were performed for the months of May through September for the years 1986 to 2010. The years were split into three groups to account for increasingly stringent environmental regulations that reduced regional emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx): 1986-1994, 1995-2002, and 2003-2010. Each day in the 25-year record was marked either as a bay breeze day, a non-bay breeze day, or a rainy/cloudy day based on the meteorological data. Mean eight hour (8-h) averaged surface O3 values during bay breeze events were 3 to 5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) higher at Hampton and Baltimore than on non-bay breeze days in all year periods. Anomalies from mean surface O3 were highest in the afternoon at both sites during bay breeze days in the 2003-2010 study period. In conjunction with an overall lowering of baseline O3 after the 1995-2002 period, the percentage of total exceedances of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 75 ppbv 8-h O3 standard that occurred on bay breeze days increased at Hampton for 2003-2010, while remaining steady at Baltimore. These results suggest that bay breeze circulations are becoming more important to causing exceedance events at particular sites in the region, and support the hypothesis of Martins et al. (2012) that highly localized meteorology increasingly drives air quality events at Hampton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Stauffer
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Removal dynamics of nitric oxide (NO) pollutant gas by pulse-discharged plasma technique. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:653576. [PMID: 24737985 PMCID: PMC3967449 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma technique has drawn extensive attentions for removal of air pollutants such as NOx and SO2. The NO removal mechanism in pulse discharged plasma is discussed in this paper. Emission spectra diagnosis indicates that the higher the discharge voltage is, the more the NO are removed and transformed into O, N, N2, NO2, and so forth. Plasma electron temperature Te is ranged from 6400 K at 2.4 kV discharge voltage to 9500 K at 4.8 kV. After establishing a zero-dimensional chemical reaction kinetic model, the major reaction paths are clarified as the electron collision dissociation of NO into N and O during discharge and followed by single substitution of N on NO to form N2 during and after discharge, compared with the small fraction of NO2 formed by oxidizing NO. The reaction directions can be adjusted by N2 additive, and the optimal N2/NO mixing ratio is 2 : 1. Such a ratio not only compensates the disadvantage of electron competitive consumption by the mixed N2, but also heightens the total NO removal extent through accelerating the NO oxidization process.
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Cooper OR, Gao RS, Tarasick D, Leblanc T, Sweeney C. Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990-2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McDonald BC, Dallmann TR, Martin EW, Harley RA. Long-term trends in nitrogen oxide emissions from motor vehicles at national, state, and air basin scales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Porter WC, Barsanti KC, Baughman EC, Rosenstiel TN. Considering the air quality impacts of bioenergy crop production: a case study involving Arundo donax. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9777-9784. [PMID: 22852528 DOI: 10.1021/es3013084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The expanding production of bioenergy crops may impact regional air quality through the production of volatile organic compounds such as isoprene. To investigate the effects of isoprene-emitting crops on air quality, specifically ozone (O(3)) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, we performed a series of model runs using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) coupled with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) simulating a proposed cropland conversion to the giant cane Arundo donax for biomass production. Cultivation of A. donax in the relatively clean air of northeastern Oregon resulted in an average increase in 8 h O(3) levels of 0.52 ppb, while SOA was largely unaffected (<+0.01 μg m(-3)). Conversions in U.S. regions with reduced air quality (eastern Texas and northern Illinois) resulted in average 8 h O(3) increases of 2.46 and 3.97 ppb, respectively, with daily increases up to 15 ppb in the Illinois case, and daytime SOA increases up to 0.57 μg m(-3). While cultivation of isoprene-emitting bioenergy crops may be appropriate at some scales and in some regions, other areas may experience increased O(3) and SOA, highlighting the need to consider isoprene emissions when evaluating potential regional impacts of bioenergy crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Porter
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States.
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Sun L, Webster M, McGaughey G, McDonald-Buller EC, Thompson T, Prinn R, Ellerman AD, Allen DT. Flexible NO(x) abatement from power plants in the eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5607-5615. [PMID: 22432925 DOI: 10.1021/es204290s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Emission controls that provide incentives for maximizing reductions in emissions of ozone precursors on days when ozone concentrations are highest have the potential to be cost-effective ozone management strategies. Conventional prescriptive emissions controls or cap-and-trade programs consider all emissions similarly regardless of when they occur, despite the fact that contributions to ozone formation may vary. In contrast, a time-differentiated approach targets emissions reductions on forecasted high ozone days without imposition of additional costs on lower ozone days. This work examines simulations of such dynamic air quality management strategies for NO(x) emissions from electric generating units. Results from a model of day-specific NO(x) pricing applied to the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) portion of the northeastern U.S. electrical grid demonstrate (i) that sufficient flexibility in electricity generation is available to allow power production to be switched from high to low NO(x) emitting facilities, (ii) that the emission price required to induce EGUs to change their strategies for power generation are competitive with other control costs, (iii) that dispatching strategies, which can change the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions, lead to ozone concentration reductions comparable to other control technologies, and (iv) that air quality forecasting is sufficiently accurate to allow EGUs to adapt their power generation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Brown SS, Dubé WP, Karamchandani P, Yarwood G, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Holloway JS, Washenfelder RA, Brock CA, Frost GJ, Trainer M, Parrish DD, Fehsenfeld FC, Ravishankara AR. Effects of NOxcontrol and plume mixing on nighttime chemical processing of plumes from coal-fired power plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Prasad AK, Singh RP, Kafatos M. Influence of coal-based thermal power plants on the spatial-temporal variability of tropospheric NO2 column over India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1891-1907. [PMID: 21573858 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The oxides of nitrogen--NO(x) (NO and NO(2))--are an important constituent of the troposphere. The availability of relatively higher spatial (0.25° grid) and temporal (daily) resolution data from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) onboard Aura helps us to better differentiate between the point sources such as thermal power plants from large cities and rural areas compared to previous sensors. The annual and seasonal (summer and winter) distributions shows very high mean tropospheric NO(2) in specific pockets over India especially over the Indo-Gangetic plains (up to 14.2 × 10(15) molecules/cm(2)). These pockets correspond with the known locations of major thermal power plants. The tropospheric NO(2) over India show a large seasonal variability that is also observed in the ground NO(2) data. The multiple regression analysis show that the influence of a unit of power plant (in gigawatts) over tropospheric NO(2) (×10(15) molecules/cm(2)) is around ten times compared to a unit of population (in millions) over India. The OMI data show that the NO(2) increases by 0.794 ± 0.12 (×10(15) molecules/cm(2); annual) per GW compared to a previous estimate of 0.014 (×10(15) molecules/cm(2)) over India. The increase of tropospheric NO(2) per gigawatt is found to be 1.088 ± 0.18, 0.898 ± 0.14, and 0.395 ± 0.13 (×10(15) molecules/cm(2)) during winter, summer, and monsoon seasons, respectively. The strong seasonal variation is attributed to the enhancement or suppression of NO(2) due to various controlling factors which is discussed here. The recent increasing trend (2005-2007) over rural thermal power plants pockets like Agori and Korba is due to recent large capacity additions in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Prasad
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
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Yegorova EA, Allen DJ, Loughner CP, Pickering KE, Dickerson RR. Characterization of an eastern U.S. severe air pollution episode using WRF/Chem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Martini M, Allen DJ, Pickering KE, Stenchikov GL, Richter A, Hyer EJ, Loughner CP. The impact of North American anthropogenic emissions and lightning on long-range transport of trace gases and their export from the continent during summers 2002 and 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Nowak JB, Neuman JA, Bahreini R, Brock CA, Middlebrook AM, Wollny AG, Holloway JS, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Fehsenfeld FC. Airborne observations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate formation over Houston, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Allen D, Pickering K, Duncan B, Damon M. Impact of lightning NO emissions on North American photochemistry as determined using the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Sensitivity of the NOybudget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NOxin summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Zhang Y, Pan Y, Wang K, Fast JD, Grell GA. WRF/Chem-MADRID: Incorporation of an aerosol module into WRF/Chem and its initial application to the TexAQS2000 episode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Digar A, Cohan DS. Efficient characterization of pollutant-emission response under parametric uncertainty. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6724-6730. [PMID: 20701284 DOI: 10.1021/es903743t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An essential requirement of modeling for air quality management is to accurately simulate the responses of pollutant concentrations to changes in emissions. Uncertain model input parameters such as emission rates and reaction rate constants lead to uncertainty in model responses. However, traditional methods for characterizing parametric uncertainty are exceedingly computationally intensive. This paper presents methods for using high-order sensitivity coefficients in analytical equations to efficiently represent how the responsiveness of pollutants to emission reductions in the underlying photochemical model varies with simultaneous perturbations in multiple model input parameters. Separate approaches are introduced for characterizing the parametric uncertainty of pollutant response to a fixed or a variable amount of emission reduction. The approaches are demonstrated for an air pollution episode used in recent attainment planning in Georgia. For hypothetical scenarios in which domain-wide emission rates and photolysis rates are perturbed simultaneously by 50%, the reduced form models yield highly accurate predictions of the ozone impacts due to 50% reductions in nitrogen-oxide emissions in Atlanta (normalized mean bias 6.0%, normalized mean error 9.7%, R2=0.992) and inorganic particulate responses to Atlanta sulfur-dioxide emissions (-2.9% bias, 3.7% error, R2=1.000). Similar accuracy is achieved for pollutant responses to power plant emission controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Digar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Parrish DD, Trainer M, Frost GJ, Aikin KC, Brown SS, Dubé WP, Stark H, Fehsenfeld FC. A top-down analysis of emissions from selected Texas power plants during TexAQS 2000 and 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Brechtel FJ, Gilles MK, Hubbe JM, Jayne JT, Kleinman LI, Laskin A, Madronich S, Onasch TB, Pekour MS, Springston SR, Thornton JA, Tivanski AV, Worsnop DR. Nighttime chemical evolution of aerosol and trace gases in a power plant plume: Implications for secondary organic nitrate and organosulfate aerosol formation, NO3radical chemistry, and N2O5heterogeneous hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Lamsal LN, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Celarier EA, Bucsela EJ, Boersma KF, Dirksen R, Luo C, Wang Y. Indirect validation of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide retrieved from the OMI satellite instrument: Insight into the seasonal variation of nitrogen oxides at northern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dennis R, Fox T, Fuentes M, Gilliland A, Hanna S, Hogrefe C, Irwin J, Rao S, Scheffe R, Schere K, Steyn D, Venkatram A. A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING REGIONAL-SCALE NUMERICAL PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELING SYSTEMS. ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS : 2001) 2010; 10:471-489. [PMID: 21461126 PMCID: PMC3066450 DOI: 10.1007/s10652-009-9163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the need for critically evaluating regional-scale (~200-2000 km) three-dimensional numerical photochemical air quality modeling systems to establish a model's credibility in simulating the spatio-temporal features embedded in the observations. Because of limitations of currently used approaches for evaluating regional air quality models, a framework for model evaluation is introduced here for determining the suitability of a modeling system for a given application, distinguishing the performance between different models through confidence-testing of model results, guiding model development, and analyzing the impacts of regulatory policy options. The framework identifies operational, diagnostic, dynamic, and probabilistic types of model evaluation. Operational evaluation techniques include statistical and graphical analyses aimed at determining whether model estimates are in agreement with the observations in an overall sense. Diagnostic evaluation focuses on process-oriented analyses to determine whether the individual processes and components of the model system are working correctly, both independently and in combination. Dynamic evaluation assesses the ability of the air quality model to simulate changes in air quality stemming from changes in source emissions and/or meteorology, the principal forces that drive the air quality model. Probabilistic evaluation attempts to assess the confidence that can be placed in model predictions using techniques such as ensemble modeling and Bayesian model averaging. The advantages of these types of model evaluation approaches are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Dennis
- Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
| | - Tyler Fox
- Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
| | - Montse Fuentes
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Alice Gilliland
- Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- Bureau of Air Quality Analysis and Research, NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY 12233 USA
| | - John Irwin
- John S. Irwin and Associates, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA
| | - S.Trivikrama. Rao
- Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
- Corresponding author: U.S. EPA – E243-02, R.T.P., NC 27711; ; phone: 919-541-4542; fax: 919-541-1379
| | - Richard Scheffe
- Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
| | - Kenneth Schere
- Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711 USA
| | - Douw Steyn
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Akula Venkatram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Wen XY, Snell HE, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional ozone and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 1. A 1 year CMAQ simulation and evaluation using surface and satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Wilczak JM, Djalalova I, McKeen S, Bianco L, Bao JW, Grell G, Peckham S, Mathur R, McQueen J, Lee P. Analysis of regional meteorology and surface ozone during the TexAQS II field program and an evaluation of the NMM-CMAQ and WRF-Chem air quality models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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