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Kontul I, Cherkinsky A, Ješkovský M, Kaizer J, Povinec PP, Sučák K, Zeman J. Contributions of fossil and non-fossil fractions to total carbon in urban aerosols in Bratislava (Slovakia). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 278:107512. [PMID: 39116622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Radiocarbon measurements of total carbon (TC) fraction of aerosol samples collected at the campus of the Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia) during 2022-2023 were carried out. Based on radiocarbon activity of these samples and a source apportionment model we have determined the relative proportion of fossil and non-fossil carbon in collected atmospheric aerosols. The carbon from non-fossil sources (biomass burning and biogenic emissions) was dominant in this time period, on average it formed 72% of carbon present in the aerosols from the atmosphere of Bratislava. The whole range of determined non-fossil fraction was relatively small as it varied only from 0.67 (August-September) to 0.82 (December-January). These changes do not exhibit any significant seasonal variation as was previously observed in Bratislava during 2017-2018 in the elemental carbon (EC) aerosol fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kontul
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Alexander Cherkinsky
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA
| | - Miroslav Ješkovský
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Kaizer
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel P Povinec
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Sučák
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zeman
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Angyal A, Szoboszlai Z, Major I, Molnár M, Varga T, Török Z, Papp E, Enikő F, Gini M, Manousakas MI, Szikszai Z, Kertész Z. Characterisation of urban aerosol size distribution by radiocarbon and PIXE analyses in a middle-European urban environment for source identification: a pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:47258-47274. [PMID: 38987520 PMCID: PMC11297123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
This study, conducted in Debrecen, Hungary, aimed to analyse atmospheric particulate matter (APM or PM) through radiocarbon and PIXE analyses during the winter smog (23-25 January) and spring (15-18 May) seasons. The information presented in this pilot study aims to provide insight into the importance of utilising detailed characteristics of the mass size distributions of fossil carbon (ff) and contemporary carbon (fC) content. Additionally, it seeks to compare these characteristics with the size distributions of various elements to enable even more accurate PM source identification. In winter, APM concentrations were 86.27 μg/m3 (total), 17.07 μg/m3 (fC) and 10.4 μg/m3 (ff). In spring, these values changed to 29.5 μg/m3, 2.64 μg/m3 and 7.01 μg/m3, respectively. Notably, differences in mass size distribution patterns were observed between the two seasons, suggesting varied sources for contemporary carbon. Biomass burning emerged as a crucial source during the smog period, supported by similar MMAD (Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter) values and a strong correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) between potassium and fC. In spring, a significant change in the concentration and distribution of fC occurred, with a broad, coarse mode and a less prominent accumulation mode. Ff was found to have similar distributions as PM, with nearly the same MMADs, during both periods. Finally, a comprehensive comparison of modal characteristics identified specific sources for the various components, including biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, coal and oil combustion, vehicle non-exhaust, road dust, tyre abrasion, mineral dust and biogenic emission. This study showcases how using radiocarbon and PIXE analysis in size distribution data can enhance our understanding of the sources of PM and their effects on different size fractions of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Angyal
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary.
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Szoboszlai
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - István Major
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Tamás Varga
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Török
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Enikő Papp
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Furu Enikő
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Maria Gini
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Science & Technology, NCSR "Demokritos", Energy & Safety, 15310, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Zita Szikszai
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kertész
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training Center (INTERACT), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), P.O Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
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3
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Li C, Zhang C, Kang S, Xu Y, Yan F, Liu Y, Rai M, Zhang H, Chen P, Wang P, He C, Gao S, Wang S. Weak transport of atmospheric water-insoluble particulate carbon from South Asia to the inner Tibetan Plateau in the monsoon season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171321. [PMID: 38423306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous particles play a crucial role in atmospheric radiative forcing. However, our understanding of the behavior and sources of carbonaceous particles in remote regions remains limited. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a typical remote region that receives long-range transport of carbonaceous particles from severely polluted areas such as South Asia. Based on carbon isotopic compositions (Δ14C/δ13C) of water-insoluble particulate carbon (IPC) in total suspended particle (TSP), PM2.5, and precipitation samples collected during 2020-22 at the Nam Co Station, a remote site in the inner TP, the following results were achieved: First, fossil fuel contributions (ffossil) to IPC in TSP samples (28.60 ± 9.52 %) were higher than that of precipitation samples (23.11 ± 8.60 %), and it is estimated that the scavenging ratio of IPC from non-fossil fuel sources was around 2 times that from fossil fuel combustion during the monsoon season. The ffossil of IPC in both TSP and PM2.5 samples peaked during the monsoon season. Because heavy precipitation during the monsoon season scavenges large amounts of long-range transported carbonaceous particles, the contribution of local emissions from the TP largely outweighs that from South Asia during this season. The results of the IPC source apportionment based on Δ14C and δ13C in PM2.5 samples showed that the highest contribution of liquid fossil fuel combustion also occurred in the monsoon season, reflecting increased human activities (e.g., tourism) on the TP during this period. The results of this study highlight the longer lifetime of fossil fuel-sourced IPC in the atmosphere than that of non-fossil fuel sources in the inner TP and the importance of local emissions from the TP during the monsoon season. The findings provide new knowledge for model improvement and mitigation of carbonaceous particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengling Wang
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cenlin He
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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Eglinton TI, Graven HD, Raymond PA, Trumbore SE, Aluwihare L, Bard E, Basu S, Friedlingstein P, Hammer S, Lester J, Sanderman J, Schuur EAG, Sierra CA, Synal HA, Turnbull JC, Wacker L. Making the case for an International Decade of Radiocarbon. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20230081. [PMID: 37807687 PMCID: PMC10642805 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) is a critical tool for understanding the global carbon cycle. During the Anthropocene, two new processes influenced 14C in atmospheric, land and ocean carbon reservoirs. First, 14C-free carbon derived from fossil fuel burning has diluted 14C, at rates that have accelerated with time. Second, 'bomb' 14C produced by atmospheric nuclear weapon tests in the mid-twentieth century provided a global isotope tracer that is used to constrain rates of air-sea gas exchange, carbon turnover, large-scale atmospheric and ocean transport, and other key C cycle processes. As we write, the 14C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 is dropping below pre-industrial levels, and the rate of decline in the future will depend on global fossil fuel use and net exchange of bomb 14C between the atmosphere, ocean and land. This milestone coincides with a rapid increase in 14C measurement capacity worldwide. Leveraging future 14C measurements to understand processes and test models requires coordinated international effort-a 'decade of radiocarbon' with multiple goals: (i) filling observational gaps using archives, (ii) building and sustaining observation networks to increase measurement density across carbon reservoirs, (iii) developing databases, synthesis and modelling tools and (iv) establishing metrics for identifying and verifying changes in carbon sources and sinks. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan E. Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Lihini Aluwihare
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edouard Bard
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Sourish Basu
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel Hammer
- Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanna Lester
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Edward A. G. Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Carlos A. Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jocelyn C. Turnbull
- Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
- CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rhyner TMY, Bröder L, White ME, Mittelbach BVA, Brunmayr A, Hagedorn F, Storck FR, Passera L, Haghipour N, Zobrist J, Eglinton TI. Radiocarbon signatures of carbon phases exported by Swiss rivers in the Anthropocene. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220326. [PMID: 37807683 PMCID: PMC10642794 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lateral carbon transport through the land-to-ocean-aquatic-continuum (LOAC) represents a key component of the global carbon cycle. This LOAC involves complex processes, many of which are prone to anthropogenic perturbation, yet the influence of natural and human-induced drivers remains poorly constrained. This study examines the radiocarbon (14C) signatures of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transported by Swiss rivers to assess controls on sources and cycling of carbon within their watersheds. Twenty-one rivers were selected and sampled during high-flow conditions in summer 2021, a year of exceptionally high rainfall. Δ14C values of POC range from -446‰ to -158‰, while corresponding ranges of Δ14C values for DOC and DIC are -377‰ to -43‰ and -301‰ to -40‰, respectively, indicating the prevalence of pre-aged carbon. Region-specific agricultural practices seem to have an influential effect on all three carbon phases in rivers draining the Swiss Plateau. Based on Multivariate Regression Analysis, mean basin elevation correlated negatively with Δ14C values of all three carbon phases. These contrasts between alpine terrain and the lowlands reflect the importance of overriding ecoregional controls on riverine carbon dynamics within Switzerland, despite high spatial variability in catchment properties. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Bröder
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian R. Storck
- Hydrology Division, Federal Office for the Environment, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Passera
- Hydrology Division, Federal Office for the Environment, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics,8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Zobrist
- Emeritus Scientist, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Cha JY, Lee K, Lee SC, Lee EJ, Yim KJ, Ryoo I, Kim M, Ahn J, Yi SM, Park CR, Oh NH. Fossil and non-fossil sources of the carbonaceous component of PM 2.5 in forest and urban areas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5486. [PMID: 37016024 PMCID: PMC10073123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) can damage human health. Biogenic organic compounds emitted from trees may increase the concentration of PM2.5 via formation of secondary aerosols. Therefore, the role of biogenic emissions in PM2.5 formation and the sources of PM2.5 need to be investigated. Dual carbon isotope and levoglucosan analyses are powerful tools to track the sources of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5. We collected a total of 47 PM2.5 samples from 2019 to 2020 inside a pine forest and in urban areas in South Korea. The average δ13C and Δ14C of TC in PM2.5 at the Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) were - 25.7 and - 380.7‰, respectively, which were not significantly different from those collected at Seoul National University (SNU) in urban areas. Contribution of fossil fuel, C3-, and C4- plants to carbonaceous component of PM2.5 were 52, 27, and 21% at SNU, whereas those were 46, 35, and 19% at TRF, respectively. The biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, was most abundant in winter and correlated with the contribution of C4 plants derived carbon. Results indicate that biogenic aerosols emitted from trees is less likely to be an important source of PM2.5 and that trees can act as a bio-filter to reduce PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Cha
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Jin Yim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhan Ryoo
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Ahn
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Ryul Park
- Urban Forests Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Neung-Hwan Oh
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Meng L, Yu H, Bai Y, Shang N, Shi K, Ji M, Chen R, Huang T, Yang H, Huang C. Nonhomologous Black Carbon Decoupled Char and Soot Sequestration Based on Stable Carbon Isotopes in Tibetan Plateau Lake Sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:18069-18078. [PMID: 36454627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived black carbon (BC) is an important component of sedimentary carbon pool. Due to different physicochemical properties, determining the source of char and soot is crucial for BC cycling, especially for nonhomologous char and soot in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This study analyzed the sequestration and source of BC, char, and soot in the Dagze Co (inner TP) sediment core via the content and δ13C, revealing the biomass and fossil fuel driving on nonsynchronous char and soot and their response to local anthropogenic activities and atmospheric transmission. The results showed that BC concentration increased from 1.19 ± 0.35 mg g-1 (pre-1956) to 2.03 ± 1.05 mg g-1 (after 1956). The variation of char was similar to BC, while nonhomologous growth was detected in char and soot (r = 0.29 and p > 0.05). The source apportionment showed that biomass burning for 71.52 ± 10.23% of char and promoted char sequestration. The contribution of fossil fuel combustion to soot (46.67 ± 14.07%) is much higher than char (28.48 ± 10.23%). Redundancy analysis confirmed that local anthropogenic activities significantly influenced BC burial and atmospheric transport from outside TP-regulated BC burial. The contribution of biomass and fossil fuels to nonsynchronous char and soot is conducive to understanding the anthropogenic effect on BC burial in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yixin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Kunlin Shi
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi653100, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
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8
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Chen P, Kang S, Zhang L, Abdullaev SF, Wan X, Zheng H, Maslov VA, Abdyzhapar Uulu S, Safarov MS, Tripathee L, Li C. Organic aerosol compositions and source estimation by molecular tracers in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119055. [PMID: 35227849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular composition and sources of organic aerosols in Central Asia, carbonaceous compounds, major ions, and 15 organic molecular tracers of total suspended particulates (TSP) were analyzed from September 2018 to August 2019 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Extremely high TSP concentrations (annual mean ± std: 211 ± 131 μg m-3) were observed, particularly during summer (seasonal mean ± std: 333 ± 183 μg m-3). Organic carbon (OC: 11.9 ± 7.0 μg m-3) and elemental carbon (EC: 5.1 ± 2.2 μg m-3) exhibited distinct seasonal variations from TSP, with the highest values occurring in winter. A high concentration of Ca2+ was observed (11.9 ± 9.2 μg m-3), accounting for 50.8% of the total ions and reflecting the considerable influence of dust on aerosols. Among the measured organic molecular tracers, levoglucosan was the predominant compound (632 ± 770 ng m-3), and its concentration correlated significantly with OC and EC during the study period. These findings highlight biomass burning (BB) as an important contributor to the particulate air pollution in Dushanbe. High ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan, and syringic acid to vanillic acid suggest that mixed hardwood and herbaceous plants were the main burning materials in the area, with softwood being a minor one. According to the diagnostic tracer ratio, OC derived from BB constituted a large fraction of the primary OC (POC) in ambient aerosols, accounting for an annual mean of nearly 30% and reaching 63% in winter. The annual contribution of fungal spores to POC was 10%, with a maximum of 16% in spring. Measurements of plant debris, accounting for 3% of POC, divulged that these have the same variation as fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sabur F Abdullaev
- S.U.Umarov Physical Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Vladimir A Maslov
- S.U.Umarov Physical Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Salamat Abdyzhapar Uulu
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Bishkek), 720001, Kyrgyzstan; Geography Department, Geology Institute, National Academy of Sciences, 720001, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mustafo S Safarov
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Dushanbe), 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Detailed Carbon Isotope Study of PM2.5 Aerosols at Urban Background, Suburban Background and Regional Background Sites in Hungary. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate and refine the potential sources of carbon in the atmospheric PM2.5 fraction aerosol at three sampling sites in Hungary. Quantification of total, organic and elemental carbon (TC, OC and EC, respectively), as well as radiocarbon (14C) and stable carbon isotope analyses were performed on exposed filters collected at an urban background site, a suburban background site of the capital of Hungary, Budapest from October 2017 to July 2018. Results were also collected from the rural regional background site of K-puszta. Compared to TC concentrations from other regions of Europe, the ratio of the lowest and highest values at all sites in Hungary are lower than these European locations, probably due to the specific meteorological conditions prevailing in the Carpathian Basin over the observation period. The concentration of OC was constantly higher than that of EC and a seasonal variation with higher values in the heating period (October–March) and lower values in the non-heating vegetation period (April–September) could be observed for both EC and OC fractions. Using 14C, the seasonal mean fraction of contemporary carbon (fC) within the TC varied between 0.50 and 0.78 at the sites, suggesting that modern sources were remarkable during the year, regardless of the heating or vegetation period. At the two urban sites, assuming constant industrial emission during the year, the fossil fuel combustion sources were responsible for the seasonal variation of EC, while modern carbon emissions from biomass-burning and biogenic sources influenced the OC concentration. The higher EC/TC ratios at these sites were associated with lower fC and δ13C values, which can be explained by soot emission from transportation. The notably high EC/TC ratios in the spring were likely caused by the reduced concentration of OC instead of increased EC concentrations. This could probably be caused by the ending of winter biomass burning, which emits a huge amount of OC into the atmosphere. On the contrary, the rural K-puszta site showed some differences relative to the sites in Budapest. No correlation could be revealed between the EC/TC ratio, fC and δ13C results, suggesting that the structure of sources was very stagnant and balanced in each season. In autumn, however, some less depleted values were observed, and agricultural corn-stalk burning after harvesting in the southern and eastern directions from Hungary can be suggested as the main source.
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10
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Han Y, An Z, Arimoto R, Waters CN, Schneider T, Yao P, Sarli E, Zhou W, Li L, Dusek U. Sediment Soot Radiocarbon Indicates that Recent Pollution Controls Slowed Fossil Fuel Emissions in Southeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1534-1543. [PMID: 35007066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel (FF) combustion emissions account for a large, but uncertain, amount of the soot in the atmosphere, play an important role in climate change, and adversely affect human health. However, historical estimates of FF contributions to air pollution are limited by uncertainties in fuel usage and emission factors. Here, we constrained FF soot emissions from southeastern China over the past 110 years, based on a novel radiocarbon method applied to sedimentary soot. The reconstructed soot accumulations reflect the integrated effects of increased FF use caused by economic development and reductions in emissions due to pollution controls. A sharp increase in FF soot started in 1950 as southeastern China industrialized and developed economically, but decreased FF soot fluxes in recent years suggest that pollution controls reduced soot emissions. We compare FF soot history to changes in CO2 emissions, industrial and economic activities, and pollution controls and show that FF soot fluxes are more readily controlled than atmospheric CO2. Our independent FF soot record provides insights into the effects of economic development and controls on air pollution and the environmental impacts from the changes in soot emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Han
- SKLLQG, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- SKLLQG, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Richard Arimoto
- SKLLQG, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Colin N Waters
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Geosciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), Nijenborgh 6, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Eirini Sarli
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), Nijenborgh 6, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Weijian Zhou
- SKLLQG, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Li Li
- SKLLQG, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), Nijenborgh 6, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
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11
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Kontuľ I, Kaizer J, Ješkovský M, Steier P, Povinec PP. Radiocarbon analysis of carbonaceous aerosols in Bratislava, Slovakia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 218:106221. [PMID: 32421588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols dispersed in the atmosphere represent important factors influencing not only the environment, but also human health. Carbonaceous aerosols are one of the main components of total atmospheric aerosols, and their sources are of great interest. Radiocarbon analysis provides an excellent way to determine the fraction of fossil and non-fossil aerosols in the atmosphere. Over the period of one year (June 2017-June 2018), we sampled atmospheric aerosols with size greater than 0.3 μm in Bratislava, Slovakia and used the exposed quartz filters for radiocarbon analysis of the elemental carbon (EC) aerosol fraction. The results show that on average the fossil fuel combustion is the dominant source of EC aerosol particles in Bratislava. In summer months, they represent more than half (65-80%) of the total EC aerosols. The relative amount of EC particles derived from biomass burning was 20-35% in summer, which increased to 40-55% in winter months. The dominance of fossil fraction is caused by high degree of industrialization and urbanization of the city. The increase of biomass fraction in winter is probably caused by domestic wood burning in areas surrounding the Bratislava city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kontuľ
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jakub Kaizer
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Ješkovský
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Steier
- Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel P Povinec
- Centre for Nuclear and Accelerator Technologies (CENTA), Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
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12
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Merico E, Grasso FM, Cesari D, Decesari S, Belosi F, Manarini F, De Nuntiis P, Rinaldi M, Gambaro A, Morabito E, Contini D. Characterisation of atmospheric pollution near an industrial site with a biogas production and combustion plant in southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137220. [PMID: 32092819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although biogas production can have some benefits, there is a research gap on potential influence of biogas plant emissions on local air quality, thus an accurate and comprehensive evaluation of impacts of this technology is needed. This study deals with this issue by means of a characterisation of air pollution near an industrial area including a biogas production (from biomass) and combustion plant located in South Italy. The methodology consists in advanced statistical analysis on concentration of gaseous pollutants, particles concentration and size distribution in number and mass, and PM2.5 chemical composition. High-temporal resolution measurements, supported by ancillary meteorological parameters, and source apportionment of PM2.5 using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model, are performed. The integrated approach provides the emissive picture consisting in different anthropogenic sources (i.e. traffic, biomass burning, and industrial facilities) with particular focus on biogas plant emissions. Results showed that CO and nitrogen oxides were influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass combustion, however, a contribution of the plant to NO was observed. SO2 was influenced mainly by transport from the industrial zone, but a second local contribution compatible with the emissions of the biogas plant was detected. Number particle concentrations were analysed in four size ranges: nanoparticles (D < 0.05 μm), ultrafine particles (D < 0.3 μm), accumulation (0.3 < D < 1 μm) and coarse particles (D > 1 μm). Nanoparticles and ultrafine particles were mainly influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass burning, instead, a contribution of the plant was individuated in the accumulation mode. PMF5 identified the contribution of six sources: crustal (14.7% ± 2.1% of measured PM2.5); marine aerosol (aged) (12.9% ± 2.3%); biomass burning (32.8% ± 1.4%); secondary sulphate (19.7% ± 2.4%); primary industrial emissions (5.4% ± 2.3%); traffic and secondary nitrate (17.0% ± 3.9%). The plant is likely to contribute to both sources, the industrial and the traffic plus secondary nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - F M Grasso
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - S Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Belosi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Manarini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - P De Nuntiis
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - E Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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13
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Carbonaceous Aerosols in Contrasting Atmospheric Environments in Greek Cities: Evaluation of the EC-tracer Methods for Secondary Organic Carbon Estimation. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the carbonaceous-aerosol characteristics at three contrasting urban environments in Greece (Ioannina, Athens, and Heraklion), on the basis of 12 h sampling during winter (January to February 2013), aiming to explore the inter-site differences in atmospheric composition and carbonaceous-aerosol characteristics and sources. The winter-average organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in Ioannina were found to be 28.50 and 4.33 µg m−3, respectively, much higher than those in Heraklion (3.86 µg m−3 for OC and 2.29 µg m−3 for EC) and Athens (7.63 µg m−3 for OC and 2.44 µg m−3 for EC). The winter OC/EC ratio in Ioannina (6.53) was found to be almost three times that in Heraklion (2.03), indicating a larger impact of wood combustion, especially during the night, whereas in Heraklion, emissions from biomass burning were found to be less intense. Estimations of primary and secondary organic carbon (POC and SOC) using the EC-tracer method, and specifically its minimum R-squared (MRS) variant, revealed large differences between the sites, with a prevalence of POC (67–80%) in Ioannina and Athens and with a larger SOC fraction (53%) in Heraklion. SOC estimates were also obtained using the 5% and 25% percentiles of the OC/EC data to determine the (OC/EC)pri, leading to results contrasting to the MRS approach in Ioannina (70–74% for SOC). Although the MRS method provides generally more robust results, it may significantly underestimate SOC levels in environments highly burdened by biomass burning, as the fast-oxidized semi-volatile OC associated with combustion sources is classified in POC. Further analysis in Athens revealed that the difference in SOC estimates between the 5% percentile and MRS methods coincided with the semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol as quantified by aerosol mass spectrometry. Finally, the OC/Kbb+ ratio was used as tracer for decomposition of the POC into fossil-fuel and biomass-burning components, indicating the prevalence of biomass-burning POC, especially in Ioannina (77%).
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14
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Hu Z, Kang S, He X, Yan F, Zhang Y, Chen P, Li X, Gao S, Li C. Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:389-397. [PMID: 31791511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283 ± 200 μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624 ± 361 μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27 ± 3.15 μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97 ± 0.49 μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365 nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K+ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaobo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fangping Yan
- Department of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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15
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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 and of its Oxidative Potential in an Industrial Suburban Site in South Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some studies suggested a role of the atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and of its oxidative potential (OP) in determining adverse health effects. Several works have focused on characterisation of source contributions to PM OP, mainly using three approaches: correlation between OP and chemical markers of specific sources; use of OP as input variable in source apportionment with receptor models; and multi-linear regression (MLR) between OP and source contributions to PM obtained from receptor models. Up to now, comparison of results obtained with different approaches on the same dataset is scarce. This work aims to perform a OP study of PM2.5 collected in an industrial site, located near a biogas production and combustion plant (in southern Italy), comparing different approaches to investigate the contributions of the different sources to OP. The PM2.5 samples were analysed for determining ions, metals, carbonaceous components, and OP activity with the DTT (dithiotreitol) assay. Results showed that OP normalised in volume (DTTV) is correlated with carbonaceous components and some ions (NO3−, and Ca2+) indicating that PM of combustion, secondary, and crustal origin could contribute to the OP activity. The source apportionment, done with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF5.0) model, identified six sources: secondary sulphate; biomass burning; industrial emissions; crustal; vehicle traffic and secondary nitrate; and sea spray. A MLR analysis between the source’s daily contributions and the daily DTTV values showed a reasonable agreement of the two approaches (PMF and MLR), identifying the biomass burning and the vehicle traffic and secondary nitrate as the main sources contributing to DTTV activity.
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16
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Galindo N, Yubero E, Clemente A, Nicolás JF, Navarro-Selma B, Crespo J. Insights into the origin and evolution of carbonaceous aerosols in a mediterranean urban environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:636-642. [PMID: 31276876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured in PM1 and PM10 daily samples collected at an urban station in Elche (southeastern Spain) from February 2015 to February 2018. The effect of seasonal weather conditions, traffic, and specific pollution events (Saharan dust outbreaks and local pollution episodes) on the variability of carbonaceous aerosol levels was studied in this work. The joint contribution of carbonaceous species to PM1 and PM10 mass concentrations was, respectively, 48% and 26%. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher in winter than in summer because of the poor dispersion conditions and lower temperatures leading to the condensation of semivolatile species. Secondary organic carbon (SOC), estimated using the EC tracer method, also exhibited higher concentrations during winter, indicating that the prevailing meteorological conditions during the cold season are more favorable for the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Our results suggest different formation pathways of secondary organic components during summer and winter. At the sampling site, EC was primarily derived from traffic emissions, independently of the season and the type of event, with a modest contribution from biomass burning (<20%). The estimated contribution from this source to OC levels was similar. Local pollution episodes lead to a significant increase in the concentrations of carbonaceous species, in particular of SOC, influencing its temporal variation. On average, African dust outbreaks showed a moderate impact on the levels of carbonaceous aerosols; however, the effect was significantly stronger during winter Saharan events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - E Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - A Clemente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - J F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - B Navarro-Selma
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - J Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad, S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
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17
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High Contribution of Biomass Combustion to PM2.5 in the City Centre of Naples (Italy). ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A better knowledge of the local and regional sources of the atmospheric particulate matter provides policy makers with the proper awareness when acting to improve air quality, in order to protect public health. A source apportionment study of the carbonaceous aerosol in Naples (Italy) is presented here, in order to improve this understanding in a vulnerable urban area. The aim of this study is quantifying directly fossil and non-fossil contributions to carbonaceous aerosol, by means of radiocarbon measurements. This is the first time that such an approach is implemented in this area. Fine particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were collected daily on top of a building in the city center, from November 2016 until January 2017. The carbonaceous aerosol was separated into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), by a two-step thermal desorption method. Subsequent radiocarbon analysis enabled the partitioning of the major sources of carbonaceous aerosol into fossil and non-fossil ones by applying radiocarbon isotopic mass balance. The PM2.5 concentration was on average 29 ± 3 µg⁄m3 (mean ± standard error; n = 18), with a maximum of 68.6 ± 0.7 µg⁄m3 on a day when air masses back-trajectories suggest a local origin and stagnant airflow conditions in the region. The carbonaceous component accounts for roughly half of the PM2.5 mass. Fossil fuel emissions are a minor source of OC (23%), but the dominant source of EC (66%), which is directly emitted during combustion processes. However, overall only 30% of the total carbon is of fossil origin, accounting for 14% of PM2.5 mass. Surprisingly, a comparable contribution is due to primary biomass burning carbon, which accounts in total for 15% of PM2.5 mass. Traffic pollution, the main cause of fossil fuel emissions in urban areas, is a significant, but not the predominant source of carbonaceous particle concentration. These findings support the conclusion of a predominant contribution from non-fossil sources to the carbon in airborne particulate matter, which policy makers should take into account when planning mitigation strategies to improve urban air quality.
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18
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Li C, Kang S, Yan F. Importance of Local Black Carbon Emissions to the Fate of Glaciers of the Third Pole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14027-14028. [PMID: 30499660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Department of Green Chemistry , Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12 , FI-50130 Mikkeli , Finland
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , 730000 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Fangping Yan
- Department of Green Chemistry , Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12 , FI-50130 Mikkeli , Finland
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19
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Isley CF, Nelson PF, Taylor MP, Williams AA, Jacobsen GE. Radiocarbon determination of fossil and contemporary carbon contribution to aerosol in the Pacific Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:183-192. [PMID: 29936161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Combustion emissions are of growing concern across all Pacific Island Countries, which account for >10,000 km2 of the earth's surface area; as for many other small island states globally. Apportioning emissions inputs for Suva, the largest Pacific Island city, will aid in development of emission reduction strategies. Total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine particulate (PM2.5) samples were collected for Suva City, a residential area (Kinoya, TSP) and a mainly ocean-influenced site (Suva Point, TSP) from 2014 to 2015. Percentages of contemporary and fossil carbon were determined by radiocarbon analysis (accelerator mass spectrometry); for non‑carbonate carbon (NCC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Source contributions to particulate matter were identified and the accuracy of previous emissions inventory and source apportionment studies was evaluated. Suva Point NCC concentrations (2.7 ± 0.4 μg/m3) were four times lower than for City (13 ± 2 μg/m3 in TSP) and Kinoya (13 ± 1 μg/m3 in TSP); demonstrating the contribution of land-based emissions activities in city and residential areas. In Suva City, total NCC in air was 81% (79%-83%) fossil carbon, from vehicles, shipping, power generation and industry; whilst in the residential area, 48% (46%-50%) of total NCC was contemporary carbon; reflecting the higher incidence of biomass and waste burning and of cooking activities. Secondary organic fossil carbon sources contributed >36% of NCC mass at the city and >29% at Kinoya; with biogenic carbon being Kinoya's most significant source (approx. 30% of NCC mass). These results support the previous source apportionment studies for the city area; yet show that, in line with emissions inventory studies, biomass combustion contributes more PM2.5 mass in residential areas. Hence air quality management strategies need to target open burning activities as well as fossil fuel combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Isley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - P F Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - M P Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A A Williams
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - G E Jacobsen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
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Garbaras A, Šapolaitė J, Garbarienė I, Ežerinskis Ž, Mašalaitė-Nalivaikė A, Skipitytė R, Plukis A, Remeikis V. Aerosol source (biomass, traffic and coal emission) apportionment in Lithuania using stable carbon and radiocarbon analysis. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2018; 54:463-474. [PMID: 30114951 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1509074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a combination of the stable carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) with radiocarbon data (14C) allowed us to perform the aerosol source apportionment. Filter samples of PM1 were collected during the warm and cold periods in rural and urban sites in Lithuania. The 14C/12C ratio of total carbon (TC) was measured using the single stage accelerator mass spectrometer quantifying of fossil and non-fossil derived aerosol emissions. The δ13C value was measured using an elemental analyser interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. We have found that the highest fraction of contemporary carbon (fc = 0.82) was measured during a warm period in a rural location. A higher fraction of fossil fuel-derived carbon was observed for air masses transported from highly industrialized Western European regions during both seasons. Isotope mass balance calculations revealed that the traffic emissions composed 15 and 25 % in rural and urban sites, respectively, and did not change during either season. Input from coal-derived aerosol particles was estimated to be 15 % at an urban site during the cold period. The combination of the stable carbon isotope ratio with the radiocarbon data allowed us to distinguish coal, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and non-fossil derived aerosol particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Garbaras
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
- b Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics , Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Justina Šapolaitė
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Inga Garbarienė
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Žilvinas Ežerinskis
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Agnė Mašalaitė-Nalivaikė
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Raminta Skipitytė
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Artūras Plukis
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Remeikis
- a Mass Spectrometry Laboratory , State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Sharma A, Jain S. Carbonaceous Species of PM 2.5 in Megacity Delhi, India During 2012-2016. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29516139 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 were estimated to study the seasonal and inter-annual variability of atmospheric total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) at an urban site of megacity Delhi, India for 5 years from January, 2012 to December, 2016. The annual average (± standard deviation) concentrations of PM2.5, OC, EC and TCA were 128 ± 81, 16.6 ± 12.2, 8.4 ± 5.8 and 34.5 ± 25.2 µg m-3, respectively. During the study, significant seasonal variations in mass concentrations of PM2.5, OC, EC and TCA were observed with maxima in winter and minima in monsoon seasons. Significant correlations between OC and EC, and OC/EC ratio suggested that vehicular emissions, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning could be major sources of carbonaceous aerosols of PM2.5 at the sampling site of Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - A Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Srishti Jain
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Li C, Yan F, Kang S, Chen P, Hu Z, Han X, Zhang G, Gao S, Qu B, Sillanpää M. Deposition and light absorption characteristics of precipitation dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at three remote stations in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1039-1046. [PMID: 28709369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, depositions and optical properties of precipitation DOC at three remote stations (Nam Co, Lulang and Everest) were investigated in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP). The results showed that their volume-weighted mean DOC concentrations were 1.05±1.01mgCL-1, 0.83±0.85mgCL-1 and 0.86±0.91mgCL-1, respectively, close to those of other remote areas in the world and lower than those of typical polluted urban cities. Combined with precipitation amounts, the DOC depositions at these three stations were calculated to be 0.34±0.32gCm-2yr-1, 0.84±0.86gCm-2yr-1 and 0.16±0.17gCm-2yr-1, respectively. The annual DOC deposition in the HTP was approximately 0.94±0.87TgC, the highest and lowest values appeared in the southeastern and northwestern plateau, respectively. The sources of DOC in the precipitation at these three stations were remarkably different, indicating large spatial heterogeneity in the sources of precipitation DOC over the HTP. Nam Co presented combustion sources from South Asia and local residents, Lulang showed biomass combustion source from South Asia, and Everest was mainly influenced by local mineral dust. The values of the MACDOC at 365nm were 0.48±0.47m2g-1, 0.25±0.15m2g-1, and 0.64±0.49m2g-1, respectively, for the precipitation at the three stations. All of these values were significantly lower than those of corresponding near-surface aerosol samples because precipitation DOC contains more secondary organic aerosol with low light absorption abilities. Additionally, this phenomenon was also observed in seriously polluted urban areas, implying it is universal in the atmosphere. Because precipitation DOC contains information for both particle-bound and gaseous components from the near surface up to the altitude of clouds where precipitation occurs, the MACDOC of precipitation is more representative than that of near-surface aerosols for a given region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli 50130, Finland; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fangping Yan
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowen Han
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli 50130, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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23
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Evaluation and Inter-Comparison of Oxygen-Based OC-EC Separation Methods for Radiocarbon Analysis of Ambient Aerosol Particle Samples. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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The Multi-Wavelength Absorption Analyzer (MWAA) Model as a Tool for Source and Component Apportionment Based on Aerosol Absorption Properties: Application to Samples Collected in Different Environments. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Yan G, Kim G. Speciation and Sources of Brown Carbon in Precipitation at Seoul, Korea: Insights from Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy and Carbon Isotopic Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11580-11587. [PMID: 28929752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) plays a significant role in the Earth's radiative balance, yet its sources and chemical composition remain poorly understood. In this work, we investigated BrC in the atmospheric environment of Seoul by characterizing dissolved organic matter in precipitation using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The two independent fluorescent components identified by PARAFAC were attributed to humic-like substance (HULIS) and biologically derived material based on their significant correlations with measured HULIS isolated using solid-phase extraction and total hydrolyzable tyrosine. The year-long observation shows that HULIS contributes to 66 ± 13% of total fluorescence intensity of our samples on average. By using dual carbon (13C and 14C) isotopic analysis conducted on isolated HULIS, the HULIS fraction of BrC was found to be primarily derived from biomass burning and emission of terrestrial biogenic gases and particles (>70%), with minor contributions from fossil-fuel combustion. The knowledge derived from this study could contribute to the establishment of a characterizing system of BrC components identified by EEM spectroscopy. Our work demonstrates that, EEM fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool in BrC study, on the basis of its chromophore resolving power, allowing investigation into individual components of BrC by other organic matter characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences/RIO, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Guebuem Kim
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences/RIO, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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26
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Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Organic and Elemental Carbon and Levoglucosan in PM10 in Krynica Zdroj, Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Zhang Y, Ren H, Sun Y, Cao F, Chang Y, Liu S, Lee X, Agrios K, Kawamura K, Liu D, Ren L, Du W, Wang Z, Prévôt ASH, Szidat S, Fu P. High Contribution of Nonfossil Sources to Submicrometer Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7842-7852. [PMID: 28648047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) from PM1 (particulate matter with a diameter equal to or smaller than 1 μm) in Beijing, China was carried out using radiocarbon (14C) measurement. Despite a dominant fossil-fuel contribution to EC due to large emissions from traffic and coal combustion, nonfossil sources are dominant contributors of OC in Beijing throughout the year except during the winter. Primary emission was the most important contributor to fossil-fuel derived OC for all seasons. A clear seasonal trend was found for biomass-burning contribution to OC with the highest in autumn and spring, followed by winter and summer. 14C results were also integrated with those from positive matrix factorization (PMF) of organic aerosols from aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements during winter and spring. The results suggest that the fossil-derived primary OC was dominated by coal combustion emissions whereas secondary OC was mostly from fossil-fuel emissions. Taken together with previous 14C studies in Asia, Europe and USA, a ubiquity and dominance of nonfossil contribution to OC aerosols is identified not only in rural/background/remote regions but also in urban regions, which may be explained by cooking contributions, regional transportation or local emissions of seasonal-dependent biomass burning emission. In addition, biogenic and biomass burning derived SOA may be further enhanced by unresolved atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Ren
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shoudong Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuhui Lee
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut United States
| | - Konstantinos Agrios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern , Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Du
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | | | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern , Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Pingqing Fu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Azeem HA, Martinsson J, Stenström KE, Swietlicki E, Sandahl M. Towards the isolation and estimation of elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosols using supercritical fluid extraction and thermo-optical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4293-4300. [PMID: 28484807 PMCID: PMC5486914 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Air-starved combustion of biomass and fossil fuels releases aerosols, including airborne carbonaceous particles, causing negative climatic and health effects. Radiocarbon analysis of the elemental carbon (EC) fraction can help apportion sources of its emission, which is greatly constrained by the challenges in isolation of EC from organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. The isolation of EC using thermo-optical analysis is however biased by the presence of interfering compounds that undergo pyrolysis during the analysis. EC is considered insoluble in all acidic, basic, and organic solvents. Based on the property of insolubility, a sample preparation method using supercritical CO2 and methanol as co-solvent was developed to remove interfering organic compounds. The efficiency of the method was studied by varying the density of supercritical carbon dioxide by means of temperature and pressure and by varying the methanol content. Supercritical CO2 with 10% methanol by volume at a temperature of 60 °C, a pressure of 350 bar and 20 min static mode extraction were found to be the most suitable conditions for the removal of 59 ± 3% organic carbon, including compounds responsible for pyrolysis with 78 ± 16% EC recovery. The results indicate that the method has potential for the estimation and isolation of EC from OC for subsequent analysis methods and source apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Azeem
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A-C, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Johan Martinsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Swietlicki
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A-C, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Benetello F, Squizzato S, Hofer A, Masiol M, Khan MB, Piazzalunga A, Fermo P, Formenton GM, Rampazzo G, Pavoni B. Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM 2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2100-2115. [PMID: 27812966 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 85 PM2.5 samples were collected at a site located in a large industrial zone (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) during a 1-year-long sampling campaign. Samples were analyzed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan, and results were processed to investigate the seasonal patterns, the relationship between the analyzed species, and the most probable sources by using a set of tools, including (i) conditional probability function (CPF), (ii) conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), (iii) concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and (iv) potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses. Furthermore, the importance of biomass combustions to PM2.5 was also estimated. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 54 and 16 μg m-3 in the cold and warm period, respectively. The mean value of total ions was 11 μg m-3 (range 1-46 μg m-3): The most abundant ion was nitrate with a share of 44 % followed by sulfate (29 %), ammonium (14 %), potassium (4 %), and chloride (4 %). Levoglucosan accounted for 1.2 % of the PM2.5 mass, and its concentration ranged from few ng m-3 in warm periods to 2.66 μg m-3 during winter. Average concentrations of levoglucosan during the cold period were higher than those found in other European urban sites. This result may indicate a great influence of biomass combustions on particulate matter pollution. Elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC) showed similar behavior, with the highest contributions during cold periods and lower during summer. The ratios between biomass burning indicators (K+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, levoglucosan, EC, and OC) were used as proxy for the biomass burning estimation, and the contribution to the OC and PM2.5 was also calculated by using the levoglucosan (LG)/OC and LG/PM2.5 ratios and was estimated to be 29 and 18 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benetello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Angelika Hofer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Md Badiuzzaman Khan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Piazzalunga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Formenton
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Dipartimento Provinciale di Venezia, via Lissa 6, 30174, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rampazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Bruno Pavoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy.
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Niu Z, Zhou W, Cheng P, Wu S, Lu X, Xiong X, Du H, Fu Y. Observations of Atmospheric Δ 14CO 2 at the Global and Regional Background Sites in China: Implication for Fossil Fuel CO 2 Inputs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12122-12128. [PMID: 27778506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six months to more than one year of atmospheric Δ14CO2 were measured in 2014-2015 at one global background site in Waliguan (WLG) and four regional background sites at Shangdianzi (SDZ), Lin'an (LAN), Longfengshan (LFS) and Luhuitou (LHT), China. The objectives of the study are to document the Δ14CO2 levels at each site and to trace the variations in fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) inputs at regional background sites. Δ14CO2 at WLG varied from 7.1 ± 2.9‰ to 32.0 ± 3.2‰ (average 17.1 ± 6.8‰) in 2015, with high values generally in autumn/summer and low values in winter/spring. During the same period, Δ14CO2 values at the regional background sites were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those at WLG, indicating different levels of CO2ff inputs at those sites. CO2ff concentrations at LAN (12.7 ± 9.6 ppm) and SDZ (11.5 ± 8.2 ppm) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those at LHT (4.6 ± 4.3 ppm) in 2015. There were no significant (p > 0.05) seasonal differences in CO2ff concentrations for the regional sites. Regional sources contributed in part to the CO2ff inputs at LAN and SDZ, while local sources dominated the trend observed at LHT. These data provide a preliminary understanding of atmospheric Δ14CO2 and CO2ff inputs for a range of Chinese background sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
- Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shugang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunchong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an, China
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Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Gustafsson Ö. The sources of atmospheric black carbon at a European gateway to the Arctic. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12776. [PMID: 27627859 PMCID: PMC5027618 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel contribute to Arctic climate warming. Models-seeking to advise mitigation policy-are challenged in reproducing observations of seasonally varying BC concentrations in the Arctic air. Here we compare year-round observations of BC and its δ(13)C/Δ(14)C-diagnosed sources in Arctic Scandinavia, with tailored simulations from an atmospheric transport model. The model predictions for this European gateway to the Arctic are greatly improved when the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources is amended by satellite-derived estimates of BC emissions from fires. Both BC concentrations (R(2)=0.89, P<0.05) and source contributions (R(2)=0.77, P<0.05) are accurately mimicked and linked to predominantly European emissions. This improved model skill allows for more accurate assessment of sources and effects of BC in the Arctic, and a more credible scientific underpinning of policy efforts aimed at efficiently reducing BC emissions reaching the European Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - S Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - A Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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32
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Li C, Bosch C, Kang S, Andersson A, Chen P, Zhang Q, Cong Z, Chen B, Qin D, Gustafsson Ö. Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau glaciers. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12574. [PMID: 27552223 PMCID: PMC4996979 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustion-derived black carbon (BC) aerosols accelerate glacier melting in the Himalayas and in Tibet (the Third Pole (TP)), thereby limiting the sustainable freshwater supplies for billions of people. However, the sources of BC reaching the TP remain uncertain, hindering both process understanding and efficient mitigation. Here we present the source-diagnostic Δ14C/δ13C compositions of BC isolated from aerosol and snowpit samples in the TP. For the Himalayas, we found equal contributions from fossil fuel (46±11%) and biomass (54±11%) combustion, consistent with BC source fingerprints from the Indo-Gangetic Plain, whereas BC in the remote northern TP predominantly derives from fossil fuel combustion (66±16%), consistent with Chinese sources. The fossil fuel contributions to BC in the snowpits of the inner TP are lower (30±10%), implying contributions from internal Tibetan sources (for example, yak dung combustion). Constraints on BC sources facilitate improved modelling of climatic patterns, hydrological effects and provide guidance for effective mitigation actions. Black carbon accelerates melting of glaciers in the Himalayas and Tibet, yet the source of these aerosols remains enigmatic. Here, the authors use isotope fingerprinting techniques to determine the origin of black carbon preserved in glacier ice cores recovered from the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Carme Bosch
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Shichang Kang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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Yao L, Yang L, Chen J, Wang X, Xue L, Li W, Sui X, Wen L, Chi J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Xu C, Zhu T, Wang W. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols: Impact of biomass burning and secondary formation in summertime in a rural area of the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:520-530. [PMID: 27031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in rural areas of the North China Plain, field measurements were conducted at Yucheng (YC) in the summers of 2013 and 2014. The concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols at YC exhibited clear diurnal variation, with higher concentrations in the early morning and at night and lower concentrations during the afternoon hours. The mass-balance method designed for particulate matter smaller than 2.5μm (PM2.5) was used to calculate the organic matter (OM)/organic carbon (OC) ratio. The value obtained, 2.07±0.05, was suggested as a reference to estimate organics in PM2.5 in rural areas of the North China Plain. Biomass burning was identified to be a significant source of carbonaceous aerosols; approximately half of the samples obtained at YC were affected by biomass burning during summer 2013. Case studies revealed that biomass burning accounted for up to 52.6% of the OC and 51.1% of the elemental carbon in PM2.5 samples. The organic coatings observed on sulphur-rich and potassium-rich particles indicated the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from the oxidation of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the aging of smoke released from biomass burning. Based on the evolution of the VOCs, the contribution of VOCs oxidation to SOA concentration was 3.21 and 1.07μgm(-3)ppm(-1) CO under conditions of low nitrogen oxide (NOx) and high NOx, respectively. Aromatics (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene) made the greatest contribution to SOA concentration (88.4% in low-NOx conditions and 80.6% in high-NOx conditions). The results of the study offer novel insights into the effects of biomass burning on the carbonaceous aerosols and SOA formation in polluted rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiao Sui
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jianwei Chi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D, Ferrari S, Ricciardelli I, Scotto F, Trentini A, Visentin M. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy) from four-year observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:172-183. [PMID: 26925729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 aerosol samples were measured in two sites of Emilia Romagna (Po Valley, Northern Italy) in eight campaigns during different seasons from 2011 to 2014. Strong seasonality was observed with the highest OC concentrations during the cold periods (≈ 5.5 μg m(-3)) and the lowest in the warm months (≈ 2.7 μg m(-3)) as well as with higher EC levels in fall/winter (≈ 1.4 μg m(-3)) in comparison with spring/summer (≈ 0.6 μg m(-3)). Concerning spatial variability, there were no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between OC concentrations at the two sampling sites in each campaign, while the EC values were nearly twofold higher levels at the urban site than those at the rural one. Specific molecular markers were investigated to attempt the basic apportionment of OC by discriminating between the main emission sources of primary OC, such as fossil fuels burning - including traffic vehicle emission - residential wood burning, and bio-aerosol released from plants and microorganisms, and the atmospheric photo-oxidation processes generating OCsec. The investigated markers were low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids - to describe the contribution of secondary organic aerosol - anhydrosugars - to quantify primary emissions from biomass burning - bio-sugars - to qualitatively estimate biogenic sources - and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - to differentiate among different combustion emissions. Using the levoglucosan tracer method, contribution of wood smoke to atmospheric OC concentration was computed. Wood burning accounts for 33% of OC in fall/winter and for 3% in spring/summer. A clear seasonal trend is also observed for the impact of secondary processes with higher contribution in the warm seasons (≈ 63%) in comparison with that in colder months (≈ 33%), that is consistent with enhanced solar radiation in spring/summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy; Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Scotto
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Winiger P, Andersson A, Yttri KE, Tunved P, Gustafsson Ö. Isotope-Based Source Apportionment of EC Aerosol Particles during Winter High-Pollution Events at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11959-11966. [PMID: 26332725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol particles contribute to climate warming of the Arctic, yet both the sources and the source-related effects are currently poorly constrained. Bottom-up emission inventory (EI) approaches are challenged for BC in general and the Arctic in particular. For example, estimates from three different EI models on the fractional contribution to BC from biomass burning (north of 60° N) vary between 11% and 68%, each acknowledging large uncertainties. Here we present the first dual-carbon isotope-based (Δ(14)C and δ(13)C) source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based correspondent to optically defined BC, in the Arctic atmosphere. It targeted 14 high-loading and high-pollution events during January through March of 2009 at the Zeppelin Observatory (79° N; Svalbard, Norway), with these representing one-third of the total sampling period that was yet responsible for three-quarters of the total EC loading. The top-down source-diagnostic (14)C fingerprint constrained that 52 ± 15% (n = 12) of the EC stemmed from biomass burning. Including also two samples with 95% and 98% biomass contribution yield 57 ± 21% of EC from biomass burning. Significant variability in the stable carbon isotope signature indicated temporally shifting emissions between different fossil sources, likely including liquid fossil and gas flaring. Improved source constraints of Arctic BC both aids better understanding of effects and guides policy actions to mitigate emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl E Yttri
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Peter Tunved
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Sun F, Lun X, Liu X, Mo L, Li R, Zhang H, Chen J, Cao Y, Shi F, Yu X. Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in heating and non-heating periods in four locations of Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:121-128. [PMID: 26101900 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1064170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5 atmospheric aerosol were measured at four different sites in Beijing: Beijing Olympic Forest Park (OF), Jiufeng National Forest Park (JF), Beijing Forestry University campus lawn (G), and roads near the Beijing Forestry University (S). The winter heating period concentrations were 30-45% higher than the spring non-heating period. Possible reasons for this could be the severe convective weather in spring due to the temperate monsoon, deposition of PM2.5 to plants in spring, stable atmospheric conditions in winter, and/or a greater number of sources of carbonaceous aerosols in winter. The proportion of total carbon (i.e. EC + OC) in PM2.5 in Beijing is high. The OC/EC value was 2.45 (OF) and 2.39 (JF) in winter and 1.6 (OF) and 1.43 (JF) in spring. These ratios and the high correlation of OC with EC in the winter samples indicate a strong primary source of OC. Eight carbon fractions from the four different sampling locations were analysed, and the OC1-4 values were found to vary considerably. In winter, the OC1 values from all four sites were higher than the spring values. Although there were differences at each site, the percentages of OC2, OC3, EC1-OP, and EC2 were the largest. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) formed during long-range transport from the emission sources to the monitoring sites, and the increase of OC2 and OC3 concentrations could be associated with SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Sun
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
- b Zachry Department of Civil Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77843 , USA
| | - Xiaoxiu Lun
- c College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Mo
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Renna Li
- c College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jungang Chen
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Cao
- c College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fangtian Shi
- d College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- a School of Soil and Water Conservation , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
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38
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von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD, Bruhwiler L, Forster P, Fowler D, Lauer A, Morgan WT, Paasonen P, Righi M, Sindelarova K, Sutton MA. Chemistry and the Linkages between Air Quality and Climate Change. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3856-97. [PMID: 25926133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Monks
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David Fowler
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Lauer
- †Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Pauli Paasonen
- ○Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattia Righi
- ◆Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- ¶UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU; LATMOS-IPSL, UMR 8190 Paris, France.,□Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark A Sutton
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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Nava S, Lucarelli F, Amato F, Becagli S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Giannoni M, Traversi R, Udisti R. Biomass burning contributions estimated by synergistic coupling of daily and hourly aerosol composition records. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:11-20. [PMID: 25525710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in many parts of the world. Whereas numerous studies demonstrate the relevance of BB emissions in central and northern Europe, the quantification of this source has been assessed only in few cities in southern European countries. In this work, the application of Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) allowed a clear identification and quantification of an unexpected very high biomass burning contribution in Tuscany (central Italy), in the most polluted site of the PATOS project. In this urban background site, BB accounted for 37% of the mass of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) as annual average, and more than 50% during winter, being the main cause of all the PM10 limit exceedances. Due to the chemical complexity of BB emissions, an accurate assessment of this source contribution is not always easily achievable using just a single tracer. The present work takes advantage of the combination of a long-term daily data-set, characterized by an extended chemical speciation, with a short-term high time resolution (1-hour) and size-segregated data-set, obtained by PIXE analyses of streaker samples. The hourly time pattern of the BB source, characterised by a periodic behaviour with peaks starting at about 6 p.m. and lasting all the evening-night, and its strong seasonality, with higher values in the winter period, clearly confirmed the hypothesis of a domestic heating source (also excluding important contributions from wildfires and agricultural wastes burning).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nava
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - F Lucarelli
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Becagli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Chiari
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Giannoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Traversi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Udisti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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40
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the functional content of organic aerosols: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 191:232-249. [PMID: 24861958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge deficit of organic aerosol (OA) composition has been identified as the most important factor limiting our understanding of the atmospheric fate and implications of aerosol. The efforts to chemically characterize OA include the increasing utilization of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Since 1998, the functional composition of different types, sizes and fractions of OA has been studied with one-dimensional, two-dimensional and solid state proton and carbon-13 NMR. This led to the use of functional group ratios to reconcile the most important sources of OA, including secondary organic aerosol and initial source apportionment using positive matrix factorization. Future research efforts may be directed towards the optimization of experimental parameters, detailed NMR experiments and analysis by pattern recognition methods to identify the chemical components, determination of the NMR fingerprints of OA sources and solid state NMR to study the content of OA as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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Cordell RL, White IR, Monks PS. Validation of an assay for the determination of levoglucosan and associated monosaccharide anhydrides for the quantification of wood smoke in atmospheric aerosol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5283-92. [PMID: 24948096 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning is becoming an increasing contributor to atmospheric particulate matter, and concern is increasing over the detrimental health effects of inhaling such particles. Levoglucosan and related monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) can be used as tracers of the contribution of wood burning to total particulate matter. An improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantify atmospheric levels of MAs has been developed and, for the first-time, fully validated. The method uses an optimised, low-volume methanol extraction, derivitisation by trimethylsilylation and analysis with high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recovery of approximately 90 % for levoglucosan, and 70 % for the isomers galactosan and mannosan, was achieved using spiked blank filters estimates. The method was extensively validated to ensure that the precision of the method over five experimental replicates on five repeat experimental occasions was within 15 % for low, mid and high concentrations and accuracy between 85 and 115 %. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.21 and 1.05 ng m(-3) for levoglucosan and galactosan/mannosan, respectively, where the assay satisfied precisions of ≤20 % and accuracies 80-120 %. The limit of detection (LOD) for all analytes was 0.105 ng m(-3). The stability of the MAs, once deposited on aerosol filters, was high over the short term (4 weeks) at room temperature and over longer periods (3 months) when stored at -20 °C. The method was applied to determine atmospheric levels of MAs at an urban background site in Leicester (UK) for a month. Mean concentrations of levoglucosan over the month of May were 21.4 ± 18.3 ng m(-3), 7.5 ± 6.1 ng m(-3) mannosan and 1.8 ± 1.3 ng m(-3) galactosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Perrino C, Catrambone M, Dalla Torre S, Rantica E, Sargolini T, Canepari S. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of particulate matter: a case study in the Po Valley. Part I: macro-components and mass closure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3999-4009. [PMID: 24019138 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variability in the mass concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was studied during a 2-year field study carried out between 2010 and 2012. The site of the study was the area of Ferrara (Po Valley, Northern Italy), which is characterized by frequent episodes of very stable atmospheric conditions in winter. Chemical analyses carried out during the study allowed the determination of the main components of atmospheric PM (macro-elements, ions, elemental carbon, organic matter) and a satisfactory mass closure was obtained. Accordingly, chemical components could be grouped into the main macro-sources of PM: soil, sea spray, inorganic compounds from secondary reactions, vehicular emission, organics from domestic heating, organics from secondary formation, and other sources. The more significant seasonal variations were observed for secondary inorganic species in the fine fraction of PM; these species were very sensitive to air mass age and thus to the frequency of stable atmospheric conditions. During the winter ammonium nitrate, the single species with the highest concentration, reached concentrations as high as 30 μg/m(3). The intensity of natural sources was fairly constant during the year; increases in natural aerosols were linked to medium and long-range transport episodes. The ratio of winter to summer concentrations was roughly 2 for combustion product, close to 3 for secondary inorganic species, and between 2 and 3 for organics. The winter increase of organics was due to poorer atmospheric dispersion and to the addition of the emission from domestic heating. A similar winter to summer ratio (around 3) was observed for the fine fraction of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perrino
- CNR Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, Monterotondo St., Rome, 00015, Italy,
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The Alps in the age of the Anthropocene: the impact of human activities on the cryosphere recorded in the Colle Gnifetti glacier. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-014-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The application of carbon-14 analyses to the source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:81-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Niu Z, Wang S, Chen J, Zhang F, Chen X, He C, Lin L, Yin L, Xu L. Source contributions to carbonaceous species in PM₂.₅ and their uncertainty analysis at typical urban, peri-urban and background sites in southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:107-114. [PMID: 23845768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Determination of (14)C and levoglucosan can provide insights into the quantification of source contributions to carbonaceous aerosols, yet there is still uncertainty on the partitioning of organic carbon (OC) into biomass burning OC (OCbb) and biogenic emission OC (OCbio). Carbonaceous species, levoglucosan and (14)C in PM2.5 were measured at three types of site in southeast China combined with Latin hypercube sampling, with the objectives to study source contributions to total carbon (TC) and their uncertainties, and to evaluate the influence of levoglucosan/OCbb ratios on OCbb and OCbio partitioning. It was found reliably that fossil fuel combustion is the main contributor (62.90-72.23%) to TC at urban and peri-urban sites. Biogenic emissions have important contribution (winter, 52.98%; summer, 45.71%) to TC at background site. With the increase in levoglucosan/OCbb ratios, the contribution of OCbio is increased while OCbb is decreased in a pattern of approximate natural logarithm at a given range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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47
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Ducret-Stich RE, Tsai MY, Thimmaiah D, Künzli N, Hopke PK, Phuleria HC. PM10 source apportionment in a Swiss Alpine valley impacted by highway traffic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6496-6508. [PMID: 23608980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although trans-Alpine highway traffic exhaust is one of the major sources of air pollution along the highway valleys of the Alpine regions, little is known about its contribution to residential exposure and impact on respiratory health. In this paper, source-specific contributions to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM10) and their spatio-temporal distribution were determined for later use in a pediatric asthma panel study in an Alpine village. PM10 sources were identified by positive matrix factorization using chemical trace elements, elemental, and organic carbon from daily PM10 filters collected between November 2007 and June 2009 at seven locations within the village. Of the nine sources identified, four were directly road traffic-related: traffic exhaust, road dust, tire and brake wear, and road salt contributing 16 %, 8 %, 1 %, and 2 % to annual PM10 concentrations, respectively. They showed a clear dependence with distance to highway. Additional contributions were identified from secondary particles (27 %), biomass burning (18 %), railway (11 %), and mineral dust including a local construction site (13 %). Comparing these source contributions with known source-specific biomarkers (e.g., levoglucosan, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) showed high agreement with biomass burning, moderate with secondary particles (in winter), and lowest agreement with traffic exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina E Ducret-Stich
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Heringa MF, DeCarlo PF, Chirico R, Lauber A, Doberer A, Good J, Nussbaumer T, Keller A, Burtscher H, Richard A, Miljevic B, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U. Time-resolved characterization of primary emissions from residential wood combustion appliances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11418-11425. [PMID: 22970884 DOI: 10.1021/es301654w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary emissions from a log wood burner and a pellet boiler were characterized by online measurements of the organic aerosol (OA) using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and of black carbon (BC). The OA and BC concentrations measured during the burning cycle of the log wood burner, batch wise fueled with wood logs, were highly variable and generally dominated by BC. The emissions of the pellet burner had, besides inorganic material, a high fraction of OA and a minor contribution of BC. However, during artificially induced poor burning BC was the dominating species with ∼80% of the measured mass. The elemental O:C ratio of the OA was generally found in the range of 0.2-0.5 during the startup phase or after reloading of the log wood burner. During the burnout or smoldering phase, O:C ratios increased up to 1.6-1.7, which is similar to the ratios found for the pellet boiler during stable burning conditions and higher than the O:C ratios observed for highly aged ambient OA. The organic emissions of both burners have a very similar H:C ratio at a given O:C ratio and therefore fall on the same line in the Van Krevelen diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Heringa
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Reche C, Viana M, Amato F, Alastuey A, Moreno T, Hillamo R, Teinilä K, Saarnio K, Seco R, Peñuelas J, Mohr C, Prévôt ASH, Querol X. Biomass burning contributions to urban aerosols in a coastal Mediterranean city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 427-428:175-190. [PMID: 22554530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mean annual biomass burning contributions to the bulk particulate matter (PM(X)) load were quantified in a southern-European urban environment (Barcelona, Spain) with special attention to typical Mediterranean winter and summer conditions. In spite of the complexity of the local air pollution cocktail and the expected low contribution of biomass burning emissions to PM levels in Southern Europe, the impact of these emissions was detected at an urban background site by means of tracers such as levoglucosan, K(+) and organic carbon (OC). The significant correlation between levoglucosan and OC (r(2)=0.77) and K(+) (r(2)=0.65), as well as a marked day/night variability of the levoglucosan levels and levoglucosan/OC ratios was indicative of the contribution from regional scale biomass burning emissions during night-time transported by land breezes. In addition, on specific days (21-22 March), the contribution from long-range transported biomass burning aerosols was detected. Quantification of the contribution of biomass burning aerosols to PM levels on an annual basis was possible by means of the Multilinear Engine (ME). Biomass burning emissions accounted for 3% of PM(10) and PM(2.5) (annual mean), while this percentage increased up to 5% of PM(1). During the winter period, regional-scale biomass burning emissions (agricultural waste burning) were estimated to contribute with 7±4% of PM(2.5) aerosols during night-time (period when emissions were clearly detected). Long-range transported biomass burning aerosols (possibly from forest fires and/or agricultural waste burning) accounted for 5±2% of PM(2.5) during specific episodes. Annually, biomass burning emissions accounted for 19%-21% of OC levels in PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(1). The contribution of this source to K(+) ranged between 48% for PM(10) and 97% for PM(1) (annual mean). Results for K(+) from biomass burning evidenced that this tracer is mostly emitted in the fine fraction, and thus coarse K(+) could not be taken as an appropriate tracer of biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sheesley RJ, Kirillova E, Andersson A, Kruså M, Praveen PS, Budhavant K, Safai PD, Rao PSP, Gustafsson Ö. Year-round radiocarbon-based source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols at two background sites in South Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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