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Boreddy SKR, Nair VS, Babu SS. Assessment of submicron aerosol liquid water content and mass-based growth factors in South Asian outflow over the Indian Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166461. [PMID: 37607630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-bound water, a ubiquitous and abundant component of atmospheric aerosols, has an impact on regional climate, visibility, human health, the hydrological cycle, and atmospheric chemistry. Yet, the intricate relationship between aerosol liquid water (ALWC) and chemical composition and relative humidity (RH) was not well understood. The present study explores ALWC derived from the ISORROPIA II model using real-time, high-resolution data of non-refractory submicron chemical species and meteorological parameters (temperature and RH) collected over the Indian Ocean as part of the ICARB (Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases, and Radiation Budget)-2018 experiment. Results show that ALWC values over the South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) were found to be higher by 4-6 times than those observed over the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) due to a large decrease in aerosol loading from SEAS to EIO. ALWC peaked in the early morning hours (4:00-7:00), with greater values during the nighttime and lower values during the daytime across SEAS, which is comparable with RH variation. While the ratio of organics-to-SO42- mass fraction linearly decreased with increasing mass-based growth factors (MGFs) over EIO, such a scenario was not observed over SEAS. The latitudinal gradient of mass fraction of ALWC had shown a decrease towards EIO, consistent with organic fraction. The extinction coefficient of the dry mass of submicron particles is noticeably increased by 40 % by ALWC over SEAS and EIO. Moreover, ALWC could enhance the aerosol negative forcing by an average of 66 % (64 %) over SEAS (EIO) at the top of the atmosphere during the cruise period. These inferences imply that ALWC is the key factor in assessing the role of aerosols on atmospheric radiative forcing. Overall, the present study highlights the serious need to consider the ALWC in climate forcing simulations, particularly in moist tropical environments where their effect can be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - Vijayakumar S Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
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Su J, Zhao P, Ge S, Ding J. Aerosol liquid water content of PM 2.5 and its influencing factors in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156342. [PMID: 35640746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) has important influences on atmospheric radiation and aerosol chemical processes. In this work, the changes in ALWC of PM2.5 were investigated over four seasons based on hourly monitoring of inorganic water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors using the thermodynamic model ISORROPIA II. The results showed that the ALWC concentrations exhibited pronounced seasonal (autumn > summer > spring > winter) and diurnal variation characteristics. The sensitivity tests indicated that ALWC depended strongly on TSO4 (total sulfate (gas and aerosols) expressed as equivalent H2SO4), followed by TNO3 (total nitrate (gas and aerosols) expressed as equivalent HNO3). The relatively low concentration of TCl (total chloride (gas and aerosols) expressed as equivalent HCl) limit its importance in the atmosphere. ALWC showed exponential growth features as a function RH in all four seasons. RH became the most influential factor on the variation of ALWC when RH exceeded 80% in all seasons. The seasonal average data showed that the ALWC increased from 2.92 μg·m-3 to 75.83 μg·m-3 when ambient RH increased from 30% to 90%, the associated sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (abbreviated as SNA) mass fraction in PM2.5 rose from 0.39 to 0.58 in the atmosphere. The ALWC facilitated the formation of SNA through gas-particle conversion and partitioning. The self-amplifying processes between ALWC and SNA enhanced aerosol formation. By modeling ALWC under different seasonal atmospheric scenarios, it was found that reductions in chemical species could reduce ALWC concentrations in different degrees. Based on the current emission conditions, controlling excess NH3 emission could effectively reduce ALWC to a maximum of 45.71% in summer, indicating that NH3 control was crucial for reducing ALWC and PM2.5 concentrations under high levels of SO42- and NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China; Beijing Met High-Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing 102299, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- Meteorological and Environmental Center of Tianjin, Tianjin 300074, China
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3
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Quantification of Atmospheric Ammonia Concentrations: A Review of Its Measurement and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays a significant role in PM2.5 formation, atmospheric chemistry, and new particle formation. This paper reviews quantification of [NH3] through measurements, satellite-remote-sensing, and modeling reported in over 500 publications towards synthesizing the current knowledge of [NH3], focusing on spatiotemporal variations, controlling processes, and quantification issues. Most measurements are through regional passive sampler networks. [NH3] hotspots are typically over agricultural regions, such as the Midwest US and the North China Plain, with elevated concentrations reaching monthly averages of 20 and 74 ppbv, respectively. Topographical effects dramatically increase [NH3] over the Indo-Gangetic Plains, North India and San Joaquin Valley, US. Measurements are sparse over oceans, where [NH3] ≈ a few tens of pptv, variations of which can affect aerosol formation. Satellite remote-sensing (AIRS, CrIS, IASI, TANSO-FTS, TES) provides global [NH3] quantification in the column and at the surface since 2002. Modeling is crucial for improving understanding of NH3 chemistry and transport, its spatiotemporal variations, source apportionment, exploring physicochemical mechanisms, and predicting future scenarios. GEOS-Chem (global) and FRAME (UK) models are commonly applied for this. A synergistic approach of measurements↔satellite-inference↔modeling is needed towards improved understanding of atmospheric ammonia, which is of concern from the standpoint of human health and the ecosystem.
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Li C, Wang K, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang C. A kinetic model of gas-particle mass transfer in aerosol: Application to phase state in aerosol. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Characterization of Atmospheric PM2.5 Inorganic Aerosols Using the Semi-Continuous PPWD-PILS-IC System and the ISORROPIA-II. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A semi-continuous monitoring system, a parallel plate wet denuder and particle into liquid sampler coupled with ion chromatography (PPWD-PILS-IC), was used to measure the hourly precursor gases and water-soluble inorganic ions in ambient particles smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) for investigating the thermodynamic equilibrium of aerosols using the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium model. The 24-h average PPWD-PILS-IC data showed very good agreement with the daily data of the manual 5 L/min porous-metal denuder sampler with R2 ranging from 0.88 to 0.98 for inorganic ions (NH4+, Na+, K+, NO3−, SO42−, and Cl−) and 0.89 to 0.98 for precursor gases (NH3, HNO3, HONO, and SO2) and slopes ranging from 0.94 to 1.17 for ions and 0.87 to 0.95 for gases, respectively. In addition, the predicted ISORROPIA-II results were in good agreement with the hourly observed data of the PPWD-PILS-IC system for SO42− (R2 = 0.99 and slope = 1.0) and NH3 (R2 = 0.97 and slope = 1.02). The correlation of the predicted results and observed data was further improved for NH4+ and NO3− with the slope increasing from 0.90 to 0.96 and 0.95 to 1.09, respectively when the HNO2 and NO2− were included in the total nitrate concentration (TN = [NO3−] + [HNO3] + [HONO] + [NO2−]). The predicted HNO3 data were comparable to the sum of the observed [HNO3] and [HONO] indicating that HONO played an important role in the thermodynamic equilibrium of ambient PM2.5 aerosols but has not been considered in the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium model.
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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7
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Chen Y, Shen H, Russell AG. Current and Future Responses of Aerosol pH and Composition in the U.S. to Declining SO 2 Emissions and Increasing NH 3 Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9646-9655. [PMID: 31369250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol pH can affect gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile species, secondary aerosol formation, aerosol water uptake and growth, acid deposition, and, potentially, aerosol toxicity. Despite its importance, aerosol pH projected in the near future has not been addressed explicitly while investigating the response of aerosol concentrations to emission regulations. In this study, we apply CMAQ to simulate aerosol pH in 2011 and 2050 across the continental U.S. We also assess the influence of two major emission trends, declining SO2 emissions and rising NH3 emissions, with a set of sensitivity simulations. Our results show that the aerosols will remain acidic with average pH typically ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 in 2050. Further reducing domestic SO2 emissions does not significantly decrease aerosol acidity, even if SO2 emissions were reduced to preindustrial levels because of the nonlinear response of SO42- concentration to SO2 emissions, and the semivolatile NH3-NH4+ buffering effect. Aerosol pH response to NH3 emission increase will remain minor. Consequently, future fine particulate matter control efficiency will not be undercut by additional nitrate aerosol formation even if SO2 emissions from industry and electricity generation are aggressively controlled, although areas will see some substitution leading to nitrate increases if NOx emissions are not reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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8
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Christensen SI, Petters MD. The Role of Temperature in Cloud Droplet Activation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9706-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3064454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. I. Christensen
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
| | - M. D. Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
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9
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Zamora IR, Tabazadeh A, Golden DM, Jacobson MZ. Hygroscopic growth of common organic aerosol solutes, including humic substances, as derived from water activity measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Idania R. Zamora
- Department of Geophysics; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Azadeh Tabazadeh
- Department of Geophysics; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - David M. Golden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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10
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Pronchev GB, Korobeinikova IA, Ermakov AN. Analysis of aqueous nitric acid solutions using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810090091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Topping D, Lowe D, McFiggans G. Partial Derivative Fitted Taylor Expansion: An efficient method for calculating gas-liquid equilibria in atmospheric aerosol particles: 1. Inorganic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Zaveri RA, Easter RC, Fast JD, Peters LK. Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Amundson NR, Caboussat A, He JW, Martynenko AV, Seinfeld JH. A phase equilibrium model for atmospheric aerosols containing inorganic electrolytes and organic compounds (UHAERO), with application to dicarboxylic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wang T, Li S, Jiang F, Gao L. Investigations of main factors affecting tropospheric nitrate aerosol using a coupling model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1672-2515(07)60286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Zaveri RA, Easter RC, Peters LK. A computationally efficient Multicomponent Equilibrium Solver for Aerosols (MESA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Jacobson MZ. Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Vayenas DV. Simulation of the thermodynamics and removal processes in the sulfate-ammonia-nitric acid system during winter: Implications for PM2.5control strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Yu S. An assessment of the ability of three-dimensional air quality models with current thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict aerosol NO3−. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Zaveri RA. A new method for multicomponent activity coefficients of electrolytes in aqueous atmospheric aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Vignati E, Wilson J, Stier P. M7: An efficient size-resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vignati
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability; Joint Research Centre, European Commission; Ispra Italy
| | - Julian Wilson
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability; Joint Research Centre, European Commission; Ispra Italy
| | - Philip Stier
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
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21
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Takahama S. Modeling the diurnal variation of nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Zhang Y. Development and application of the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution (MADRID). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Lu R. Dry deposition of airborne trace metals on the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent coastal waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Ma J. Size distributions of ionic aerosols measured at Waliguan Observatory: Implication for nitrate gas-to-particle transfer processes in the free troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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A numerical study of the interactions between viscous flow, transport and kinetics in fixed bed reactors. Comput Chem Eng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0098-1354(01)00758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Wexler AS. Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including the ions H+, NH4+, Na+, SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, Br−, and H2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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28
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Kulmala M. Aerosol formation during PARFORCE: Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, NH3, and H2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Jacobson MZ. Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Song CH, Carmichael GR. A three-dimensional modeling investigation of the evolution processes of dust and sea-salt particles in east Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Yu F, Turco RP. From molecular clusters to nanoparticles: Role of ambient ionization in tropospheric aerosol formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Lin JS, Tabazadeh A. A parameterization of an aerosol physical chemistry model for the NH3/H2SO4/HNO3/H2O system at cold temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Six methods for attributing ambient pollutants to emission sources are reviewed: emissions analysis, trend analysis, tracer studies, trajectory analysis, receptor modeling, and dispersion modeling. The ranges of applicability, types of information provided, limitations, performance capabilities, and areas of active research of the different methods are compared. For primary, nonreactive pollutants whose effects of concern occur on a global scale, an accounting of emissions rates by source type and location largely characterizes source contributions. For other pollutants or smaller spatial scales, accurate estimates of emissions are needed for identifying the emissions reduction potentials of possible control measures and as inputs to dispersion models. Emission levels are frequently known with factor-of-two accuracy or worse, and improved estimates are needed for dispersion modeling. The analysis of regional or urban-scale trends in emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations can provide qualitative information on source contributions, but quantitative results are limited by the confounding influence of variations in meteorology and uncertainties in the areas over which emissions affect concentrations. Tracer studies are useful for quantifying dispersion characteristics of plumes, qualitatively characterizing transport directions, and providing empirical data for evaluating trajectory and dispersion models. Data are usually temporally limited to a short study period, typically do not provide information on vertical pollutant distributions, and are most applicable to the transport of primary, nonreactive pollutants. Trajectory analyses are routinely used to estimate atmospheric transport directions. Trajectory errors of about 20% of travel distance are considered typical of the better models and data sets. Receptor models use measurements of ambient pollutant concentrations to quantify the contributions of different source types to primary particulate matter or volatile organic compounds, or to characterize source-region contributions to a single pollutant. Accuracy rates of ∼30% are often achieved when quantifying the contributions from different types of emission sources. Dispersion models are well-suited for estimating quantitative source-receptor relationships, as the effects of individual emission sources or source regions can be studied. Lagrangian and Gaussian dispersion models are computationally efficient and can simulate the transport of nonreactive primary or linear secondary species. Eulerian models are computationally intensive but lend themselves to the simulation of nonlinear chemistry. Careful evaluation of modeling accuracy is needed for a model application to fulfill its potential for source attribution. Accuracy can be evaluated through a combination of performance evaluation, sensitivity analysis, diagnostic evaluation, and corroborating analyses.
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