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Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Silva MDVD, Martelossi-Cebinelli G, Fattori V, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: Endogenous Roles and Pharmacological Activities in Infections. Molecules 2023; 28:5032. [PMID: 37446699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During an infection, inflammation mobilizes immune cells to eliminate the pathogen and protect the host. However, inflammation can be detrimental when exacerbated and/or chronic. The resolution phase of the inflammatory process is actively orchestrated by the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), generated from omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that bind to different G-protein coupled receptors to exert their activity. As immunoresolvents, SPMs regulate the influx of leukocytes to the inflammatory site, reduce cytokine and chemokine levels, promote bacterial clearance, inhibit the export of viral transcripts, enhance efferocytosis, stimulate tissue healing, and lower antibiotic requirements. Metabolomic studies have evaluated SPM levels in patients and animals during infection, and temporal regulation of SPMs seems to be essential to properly coordinate a response against the microorganism. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SPM biosynthesis and classifications, endogenous production profiles and their effects in animal models of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Rasquel-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matheus Deroco Veloso da Silva
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana Martelossi-Cebinelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Science, Londrina State University, Londrina 86038-440, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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2
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Kruckow KL, Zhao K, Bowdish DME, Orihuela CJ. Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36870980 PMCID: PMC9985869 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a major public health problem, as it is a main cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis. Acute episodes of pneumococcal disease have been demonstrated to cause organ damage with lingering negative consequences. Cytotoxic products released by the bacterium, biomechanical and physiological stress resulting from infection, and the corresponding inflammatory response together contribute to organ damage accrued during infection. The collective result of this damage can be acutely life-threatening, but among survivors, it also contributes to the long-lasting sequelae of pneumococcal disease. These include the development of new morbidities or exacerbation of pre-existing conditions such as COPD, heart disease, and neurological impairments. Currently, pneumonia is ranked as the 9th leading cause of death, but this estimate only considers short-term mortality and likely underestimates the true long-term impact of disease. Herein, we review the data that indicates damage incurred during acute pneumococcal infection can result in long-term sequelae which reduces quality of life and life expectancy among pneumococcal disease survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Kruckow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin Zhao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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3
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Guo Y, Liu X, Huang H, Lu Y, Ling X, Mo Y, Yin C, Zhu H, Zheng H, Liang Y, Guo H, Lu R, Su Z, Song H. Metabolic response of Lactobacillus acidophilus exposed to amoxicillin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:268-281. [PMID: 35332275 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced diarrhea is a common adverse drug reaction, especially the one caused by the widespread use of antibiotics. The reduction of probiotics is one reason for intestinal disorders induced by an oral antibiotic. However, the intrinsic mechanism of drug-induced diarrhea is still unknown. In this study, we used metabolomics methods to explore the effects of the classic oral antibiotic, amoxicillin, on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus acidophilus, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were employed to evaluate changes in cell activity and morphology. The results showed that cell viability gradually decreased, while the degree of cell wall rupture increased, with increasing amoxicillin concentrations. A non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified 13 potential biomarkers associated with 9 metabolic pathways. The data showed that arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and histidine metabolism may be involved in the different effects exerted by amoxicillin on L. acidophilus. This study provides potential targets for screening probiotics regulators and lays a theoretical foundation for the elucidation of their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yating Lu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xue Ling
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yiyi Mo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Chunli Yin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hongjia Zhu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yonghong Liang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Rigang Lu
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Hui Song
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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4
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Mechanism by which immune complexes are deposited in hosts tissue. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:349-351. [PMID: 35041118 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We offer an explanation how immune complexes are deposited in tissues of auto-immune disorders in humans. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation in tissues of large numbers of neutrophils, which can shed out long extracellular traps (NETs) rich in a nucleosome and in highly opsonic poly cations, histone, LL37, defensins and elastase possessing properties similar to antibodies. These can bind by strong electrostatic forces to negatively charged domains in immune globulins, thus facilitating their deposition and internalization by tissue cells. However, the main cause for tissue damage in auto-immune patients is inflicted by the plethora of toxic pro-inflammatory agents released by activated neutrophils. To ameliorate tissue damage and the cytokine storms, it is recommended to administer to patients highly anionic heparins accompanied by steroids, methotrexate, colchicine, copaxone, and also by additional agents which retarded neutrophil functions.
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Zaninelli TH, Fattori V, Verri WA. Harnessing Inflammation Resolution in Arthritis: Current Understanding of Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators' Contribution to Arthritis Physiopathology and Future Perspectives. Front Physiol 2021; 12:729134. [PMID: 34539449 PMCID: PMC8440959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.729134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept behind the resolution of inflammation has changed in the past decades from a passive to an active process, which reflects in novel avenues to understand and control inflammation-driven diseases. The time-dependent and active process of resolution phase is orchestrated by the endogenous biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Inflammation and its resolution are two forces in rheumatic diseases that affect millions of people worldwide with pain as the most common experienced symptom. The pathophysiological role of SPMs in arthritis has been demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies (no clinical trials yet), which highlight their active orchestration of disease control. The endogenous roles of SPMs also give rise to the opportunity of envisaging these molecules as novel candidates to improve the life quality of rhematic diseases patients. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of SPMs endogenous roles in arthritis as pro-resolutive, protective, and immunoresolvent lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Kumar S, Theis T, Tschang M, Nagaraj V, Berthiaume F. Reactive Oxygen Species and Pressure Ulcer Formation after Traumatic Injury to Spinal Cord and Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071013. [PMID: 34202655 PMCID: PMC8300734 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, lead to neurological dysfunction depending upon the severity of the injury. Due to the loss of motor (immobility) and sensory function (lack of sensation), spinal cord injury (SCI) and brain injury (TBI) patients may be bed-ridden and immobile for a very long-time. These conditions lead to secondary complications such as bladder/bowel dysfunction, the formation of pressure ulcers (PUs), bacterial infections, etc. PUs are chronic wounds that fail to heal or heal very slowly, may require multiple treatment modalities, and pose a risk to develop further complications, such as sepsis and amputation. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the formation of PUs in patients with TBI and SCI. Decades of research suggest that ROS may be key players in mediating the formation of PUs. ROS levels are increased due to the accumulation of activated macrophages and neutrophils. Excessive ROS production from these cells overwhelms intrinsic antioxidant mechanisms. While short-term and moderate increases in ROS regulate signal transduction of various bioactive molecules; long-term and excessively elevated ROS can cause secondary tissue damage and further debilitating complications. This review discusses the role of ROS in PU development after SCI and TBI. We also review the completed and ongoing clinical trials in the management of PUs after SCI and TBI using different technologies and treatments, including antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6581
| | - Thomas Theis
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (T.T.); (V.N.)
| | - Monica Tschang
- School of Art and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Vini Nagaraj
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (T.T.); (V.N.)
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Ponraj P, De AK, Mondal S, Ravi SK, Sawhney S, Sarkar G, Bera AK, Malakar D, Kumar A, Singh LB, Ahmed SZ, Muniswamy K, Jerard BA, Bhattacharya D. Tri-Model Therapy: Combining Macrocyclic Lactone, Piperazine Derivative and Herbal Preparation in Treating Humpsore in Cattle. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020027. [PMID: 33668568 PMCID: PMC7918163 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stephanofilariasis or humpsore is a chronic parasitic dermatitis of cattle. Various treatment regimens were attempted in the past but were found to be partially effective. Here, we claim a successful treatment regime using an FDA-approved macrocyclic lactone, a piperazine derivative, and an herbal preparation. Twenty-four cattle (18 affected and 6 unaffected) were selected and divided into Gr 1: positive control (infected without treatment; n = 6), Gr 2: treatment group (infected with treatment with ivermectin; n = 6), Gr 3: treatment group (infected with treatment with tri-model therapy including ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate, and an herbal ointment, n = 6), and Gr 4: negative control (non-infected animals; n = 6). In Gr 2 and Gr 3, treatment to the ailing animals were given for 30 days. Lesion was significantly reduced in day 15 of post-treatment and completely healed on day 30 of post-treatment in Gr 3. Tri-model therapy recorded significant improvement in the surface area of the sore as compared to ivermectin administration alone. Antioxidants were increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) and cortisol concentrations were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in Gr 3 than in untreated control group at day 14, 21 and 28. Histopathological changes in infected animals were characterized by parakeratotic hyperkeratosis along with presence of nucleated keratinocytes. There were infiltrations of polymorphonuclear cells specially eosinophils along with a few monomorphonuclear cells. Microfilarial organism was observed beneath the epidermis, which was surrounded by fibrocytes and infiltrated cells. In the tri-model-treated animal after recovery, the skin revived a normal architecture. Therefore, tri-model therapy has the potential to cure humpsore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Ponraj
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Arun Kumar De
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-967-951-5260
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India; (S.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar Ravi
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Sneha Sawhney
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Gopal Sarkar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India; (S.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Asit Kumar Bera
- Reservoir and Wetland Fisheries Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fishery Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India;
| | - Dhruba Malakar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;
| | - Ashish Kumar
- CTARA, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Laishram Brojendra Singh
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India;
| | - Sheikh Zamir Ahmed
- Social Science Section, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India;
| | - Kangayan Muniswamy
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Bosco Augustine Jerard
- Horticulture and Forestry Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India;
| | - Debasis Bhattacharya
- Animal Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (P.P.); (S.K.R.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (D.B.)
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Rombauts A, Abelenda-Alonso G, Cuervo G, Gudiol C, Carratalà J. Role of the inflammatory response in community-acquired pneumonia: clinical implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:1261-1274. [PMID: 33034228 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1834848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite adequate antibiotic coverage, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide. It induces both a local pulmonary and a systemic inflammatory response, particularly significant in severe cases. The intensity of the dysregulated host response varies from patient to patient and has a negative impact on survival and other outcomes. AREAS COVERED This comprehensive review summarizes the pathophysiological aspects of the inflammatory response in CAP, briefly discusses the usefulness of biomarkers, and assesses the clinical evidence for modulating the inflammatory pathways. We searched PubMed for the most relevant studies, reviews, and meta-analysis until August 2020. EXPERT OPINION Notable efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that can accurately differentiate between viral and bacterial etiology, and indeed, to enhance risk stratification in CAP. However, none has proven ideal and no recommended biomarker-guided algorithms exist. Biomarker signatures from proteomic and metabolomic studies could be more useful for such assessments. To date, most studies have produced contradictory results concerning the role of immunomodulatory agents (e.g. corticosteroids, macrolides, and statins) in CAP. Adequately identifying the population who may benefit most from effective modulation of the inflammatory response remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rombauts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cuervo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Gudiol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Patel N, Swavey S, Robinson J. A Cationic Porphyrin, ZnPor, Disassembles Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Matrix, Kills Cells Directly, and Enhances Antibiotic Activity of Tobramycin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E875. [PMID: 33291344 PMCID: PMC7762324 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest threats to human health is the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is an "opportunistic" pathogen known to cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals and is the most common pathogen in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). We report here a cationic zinc (II) porphyrin, ZnPor, that effectively kills planktonic and biofilm-associated cells of PsA. In standard tests against 16-18 h-old biofilms, concentrations as low as 16 µg/mL resulted in the extensive disruption and detachment of the matrix. The pre-treatment of biofilms for 30 min with ZnPor at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels (4 µg/mL) substantially enhanced the ability of tobramycin (Tobra) to kill biofilm-associated cells. We demonstrate the rapid uptake and accumulation of ZnPor in planktonic cells even in dedicated heme-uptake system mutants (ΔPhu, ΔHas, and the double mutant). Furthermore, uptake was unaffected by the ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP). Cells pre-exposed to ZnPor took up the cell-impermeant dye SYTOXTM Green in a concentration-dependent manner. The accumulation of ZnPor did not result in cell lysis, nor did the cells develop resistance. Taken together, these properties make ZnPor a promising candidate for treating multi-drug-resistant infections, including persistent, antibiotic-resistant biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Shawn Swavey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Jayne Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
- Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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Saldanha AA, Vieira L, Maia DSDS, de Oliveira FM, Ribeiro RIMDA, Thomé RG, Dos Santos HB, Lopes DDO, Carollo CA, Silva DB, Soares AC, de Siqueira JM. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of a phenylpropanoid-enriched fraction of Duguetia furfuracea. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:409-422. [PMID: 33156477 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A previous study reported the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil of the underground stem bark of Duguetia furfuracea, termed EODf. This study aimed to obtain a phenylpropanoid-enriched fraction from the D. furfuracea (EFDf) essential oil and to investigate its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. The chemical composition of the EFDf was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced paw oedema model. The effects of the EFDf on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were evaluated in mice footpads. Moreover, the in vivo antinociceptive effect was assayed using the formalin test and the LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia model. In the EFDf, 8 major compounds were identified, with α-asarone (36.4%) and 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene (27.8%) the main constituents. A higher concentration of phenylpropanoid derivatives was found in the EFDf, 64.2% compared to the EODf (38%). The oral (p.o.) treatment with the EFDf at a dose of 3 mg/kg significantly attenuated the paw oedema, polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration, iNOS expression, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. The EFDf (10 and 30 mg/kg) also inhibited both phases of the formalin test and caused a significant increase in the reaction time in the LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia model. Finally, EFDf-treated animals did not show any alteration of motor coordination. The results suggest that the enrichment of 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene and α-asarone enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of the EFDf compared to the EODf. In contrast, the antinociception promoted by the EFDf was similar to the EODf and was mediated via activation of adenosinergic and opioidergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aparecida Saldanha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Débora Soares da Silva Maia
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPROTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Hélio Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPROTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Soares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - João Máximo de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
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Feldman M, Ginsburg I. A novel aspect may explain the mechanisms of pathogenicity of rheumatic fever, a multifactorial, autoimmune, infectious and inflammatory disorder which "licks the joints and bites the heart": A working hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110222. [PMID: 33254529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel hypothesis is presented to explain the pathogenesis of the multifactorial autoimmune disorder rheumatic fever (RF). It involves a synergistic interaction among streptococcal toxins, their cell wall components, M protein, immune complexes, complement components, cationic histones. These agents can act with cationic histones released by neutrophils during NETosis and bacteriolysis and can function as opsonic agents possessing properties similar to antibodies. Cationic histones can interact by strong electrostatic forces with negatively- charged domains on immune complexes and complement components. This allows their deposition and endocytosis in the myocardium, the heart valves, and in the joints. However, the main cause of cell and tissue damage observed in RF is due to a synergism among the plethora of pro-inflammatory substances released by activated neutrophils and macrophages. Cell damage may be mitigated to some extent by anionic heparins, heparinoids, and by anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids which counteract neutrophils and macrophage chemotaxis induced by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Institute for Dental Sciences the Hebrew University Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute for Dental Sciences the Hebrew University Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Bassotti G, Marchegiani A, Marconi P, Fettucciari K. The cytotoxic synergy between Clostridioides difficile toxin B and proinflammatory cytokines: an unholy alliance favoring the onset of Clostridioides difficile infection and relapses. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1061. [PMID: 32657021 PMCID: PMC7424247 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents an important health problem worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality. This infection has also high recurrence rates, whose pathophysiological grounds are still poorly understood. Based on our experiments in vitro with Clostridioides difficile toxin B and existing experimental and clinical evidence, we propose that primary CDI and relapses might be favored by a mechanism that involves the enhancement of the toxicity of toxin B by proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma on the enteric glial cells and their network in an environment characterized by a strong dysmicrobism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.,Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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Paulchamy R, Sreeramulu B, Karuppiah H, Arumugam G, Sundaram J. A serine protease-associated lectin in the cytolytic system of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) larvae: Evidence and characterization. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21623. [PMID: 31579962 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic activity against invading microorganisms is one of the innate forms of immunity in invertebrates. A serine protease-associated sialic acid-specific cytolytic lectin was purified using glutaraldehyde-fixed ox erythrocytes from the larval extract of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The purified lectin lysed vertebrate erythrocytes with effective haemolysis of ox red blood cells (RBCs) in an isotonic medium. The degree of haemolytic (HL) activity of the purified cytolytic lectin depended on its concentration, pH, temperature, and calcium ions. It was sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The native molecular mass of the C-type lectin was 260 ± 26 kDa, comprising four different polypeptide subunits of 75 kDa (pI ~8), 69 kDa (pI ~7.0), 61 kDa (pI ~5.3), and 55 kDa (pI ~4.6). The association between the C-type lectin and serine protease was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis that revealed its homology in the same spectral peak as well as the proteases and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride inhibition of HL activity. Haemolysis inhibition by N-acetylneuraminic acid and other sugars revealed the properties of the lectin. The purified lectin distorted the integrity of ox RBCs and Paenalcaligenes hermetiae. This in vitro study documents the presence of a cytolytic system in blowfly (C. megacephala) larvae for the clearance of invading microbial pathogens in their feeding niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Paulchamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fattori V, Zaninelli TH, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators: A new class of non-immunosuppressive and non-opioid analgesic drugs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104549. [PMID: 31743775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We now appreciate that the mechanism of resolution depends on an active and time-dependent biosynthetic shift from pro-inflammatory to pro-resolution mediators, the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). These SPMs are biosynthesized from the omega-3 fatty acids arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Despite effective for a fraction of patients with rheumatic diseases and neuropathic pain, current analgesic therapies such as biological agents, opioids, corticoids, and gabapentinoids cause unwanted side effects, such as immunosuppression, addiction, or induce analgesic tolerance. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that isolated SPMs show efficacy at very low doses and have been successively used as therapeutic drugs to treat pain and infection in experimental models showing no side effects. Moreover, SPMs work as immunoresolvents and some of them present long-lasting analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (i.e. block pain without immunosuppressive effects). In this review, we focus on how SPMs block pain, infection and neuro-immune interactions and, therefore, emerge as a new class of non-immunosuppressive and non-opioid analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Tiago H Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Rasquel-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Laboratory of Antioxidants and Inflammation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Song T, Shi Y, Wang Y, Qazi IH, Angel C, Zhang M. Implication of Polyhistidine, a Novel Apoptosis Inhibitor, in Inhibiting Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis in Boar Sperm. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100719. [PMID: 31554281 PMCID: PMC6827019 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogenic microorganisms found in human and animal semen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, has been linked to inducing apoptosis in human and rat sperm; however, little is known regarding LPS-induced apoptosis in boar sperm. This detrimental effect of LPS is potentially mediated via competitive bidding with toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on the cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, it is reasonable to elucidate the potential mechanisms by which the binding of LPS and TLR4 could be prevented. Polyhistidine is widely used for the delivery of nucleic acids and antibodies into the cell cytoplasm, and it is a novel TLR4 agonist. In the current study, we envisaged that pHis might also serve as an effective tool for inhibiting LPS-induced apoptosis in boar sperm. The new finding of our present study is that pHis could inhibit, to some extent, LPS-induced boar sperm apoptosis, and it could ameliorate the overall sperm quality parameters under liquid storage or at 37 °C incubation conditions. However, further investigation should be continued to fully elucidate the mechanistic basis of these ameliorative effects of pHis. Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from Gram-negative bacteria binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induces boar sperm apoptosis. Similarly, polyhistidine (pHis), a TLR4 agonist, can also bind to TLR4. We hypothesized that pHis could inhibit LPS-induced sperm apoptosis by competitively binding to TLR4 to then improve sperm quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether pHis can inhibit LPS-induced sperm apoptosis and affect sperm quality. The results showed that the concentrations of bacterial colonies were significantly increased from 36 to 120 h under liquid storage conditions (p < 0.05); however, concentrations of LPS in boar semen showed a relatively constant trend (4.98 ± 1.55 EU/mL) following 120 h storage. The addition of 100 μg/mL pHis in the BTS extender significantly improved boar sperm motility and viability at 37 °C, and it significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited boar sperm apoptosis under liquid storage (17 °C) and at 37 °C incubation conditions. The co-treatment of LPS and pHis further confirmed that pHis played its role in inhibiting LPS-induced sperm apoptosis. In conclusion, our preliminary findings provide reasonable evidence that pHis could act as an inhibitor of LPS-induced apoptosis in boar sperm stored for longer periods of time. pHis might inhibit LPS-induced sperm apoptosis by competitively binding to TLR4. Nevertheless, further mechanistic studies are awaited to fully elucidate its potential implication in inhibiting LSP-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Song
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.); (I.H.Q.)
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Yi Shi
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.); (I.H.Q.)
| | - Yangang Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.); (I.H.Q.)
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.); (I.H.Q.)
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Christiana Angel
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.); (I.H.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zou L, Xiong X, Liu H, Zhou J, Liu Y, Yin Y. Effects of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity response and microbiota community of growing pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1643-1650. [PMID: 30198063 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozyme has been studied as a potential alternative to antibiotics for animals in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lysozyme on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune response and gut health of growing pigs. RESULTS A total of 216 growing pigs (19.81 ± 0.47 kg) were fed the diets supplemented with colistin sulfate at 20 mg kg-1 (control), or lysozyme at 50 (L50) or 100 mg kg-1 (L100) diet for 30 days. The results showed that pigs fed with L100 or control had greater average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio than pigs in the L50 group. Pigs fed with L100 or colistin had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum compared with pigs in the L50 group. Pigs fed with L100 had greater serum immunoglobulin A and jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A than control and L50, but lower serum total protein and globulin than control. No differences were observed in the messenger RNA expression of genes related to mucosal cytokines, antioxidant capacity, enzyme activity, and barrier functions among three treatments. The caecal microflora evenness was lower in the L100 group than in the control or L50 group by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states analysis predicted that lysozyme may modify nutrient metabolism by changing intestinal microbial function of pigs. CONCLUSIONS Pigs supplemented with 100 mg kg-1 lysozyme had similar growth performance and intestinal morphology as pigs fed with colistin. This was likely due to the improved systemic and gut immune responses and the reduced microbiota diversity by feeding 100 mg kg-1 lysozyme. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Saldanha AA, Vieira L, Ribeiro RIMDA, Thomé RG, Santos HBD, Silva DB, Carollo CA, Oliveira FMD, Lopes DDO, Siqueira JMD, Soares AC. Chemical composition and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Duguetia furfuracea essential oil: Effect on edema, leukocyte recruitment, tumor necrosis factor alpha production, iNOS expression, and adenosinergic and opioidergic systems. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:325-336. [PMID: 30445104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Duguetia furfuracea (A. St. -Hil.) Saff. (Annonaceae) is commonly known in Brazil as "araticum-seco," and its root is used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory and painful disorders. However, no studies have been performed to evaluate these therapeutic activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigate the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and elucidate the possible antinociceptive mechanisms of action from the essential oil of D. furfuracea (EODf) underground stem bark. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The paw edema induced by LPS, formalin-induced nociception, LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia and rota-rod tests in vivo were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in addition to the alteration on motor coordination. Histological analyses and an immunohistochemistry assay for iNOS were performed on mouse footpads of naive, control, 10 mg/kg EODf, and 10 mg/kg indomethacin (Ind) groups. The samples were removed at 1, 3, and 6 h after subplantar injection of LPS. In addition, the involvement of the adenosinergic, opioidergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems were investigated, in order to elucidate possible antinociceptive mechanisms. RESULTS Twenty-four volatile constituents were detected and identified. (E)-asarone (21.9%), bicyclogermacrene (16.7%), 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene (16.1%), α-gurjunene (15%), cyperene (7.8%), and (E)-caryophyllene (4.6%) were major compounds found in EODf. Oral treatment (p.o.) with EODf (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the paw edema induced by LPS. At 10 mg/kg EODf promoted inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production, recruitment of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in paw tissue. EODf (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) also reduced licking time in both phases of the formalin test and it had a significant effect on the LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia model. The administration of caffeine (Caf) and naloxone (Nal) reversed the antinociceptive activity of EODf, in the first phase of the formalin test and in the LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia model. Moreover, Nal was also able to abolish the antinociception caused by EODf, in the second phase of formalin test. In the rota-rod test, EODf-treated animals did not show any alteration of motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that EODf underground stem bark produces anti-inflammatory and both central and peripheral antinociceptive effects. Furthermore, the antinociceptive activity of EODf underground stem bark is possibly mediated by adenosinergic and opioidergic pathways, and its properties do not induce effects on motor coordination. These results support the use of the folk medicine, D. furfuracea root, to treat inflammation and painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aparecida Saldanha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPR OTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Hélio Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPR OTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - João Máximo de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Soares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil.
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Ginsburg I, Korem M, Koren E, Varani J. Pro-inflammatory agents released by pathogens, dying host cells, and neutrophils act synergistically to destroy host tissues: a working hypothesis. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:35-47. [PMID: 30774411 PMCID: PMC6350637 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We postulate that the extensive cell and tissue damage inflicted by many infectious, inflammatory and post-inflammatory episodes is an enled result of a synergism among the invading microbial agents, host neutrophils and dead and dying cells in the nidus. Microbial toxins and other metabolites along with the plethora of pro-inflammatory agents released from activated neutrophils massively recruited to the infectious sites and high levels of cationic histones, other cationic peptides, proteinases and Th1 cytokines released from activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and from necrotized tissues may act in concert (synergism) to bring about cell killing and tissue destruction. Multiple, diverse interactions among the many potential pro-inflammatory moieties have been described in these complex lesions. Such infections are often seen in the skin and aerodigestive tract where the tissue is exposed to the environment, but can occur in any tissue. Commonly, the tissue-destructive infections are caused by group A streptococci, pneumococci, Staphylococcus aureus, meningococci, Escherichia coli and Shigella, although many other microbial species are seen on occasion. All these microbial agents are characterized by their ability to recruit large numbers of PMNs. Given the complex nature of the disease process, it is proposed that, to treat these multifactorial disorders, a "cocktail" of anti-inflammatory agents combined with non-bacteriolytic antibiotics and measures to counteract the critical toxic role of cationic moieties might prove more effective than a strategy based on attacking the bacteria alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel,
| | - Maya Korem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,
| | - Erez Koren
- Research and Development Department, Clexio Biosciences Ltd, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mannan-Binding Lectin Suppresses Peptidoglycan-Induced TLR2 Activation and Inflammatory Responses. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1349784. [PMID: 30728747 PMCID: PMC6343158 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1349784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), as the major components of the bacterial cell wall, is known to cause excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is abundantly expressed on immune cells and has been shown to be involved in PGN-induced signaling. Although more and more evidences have indicated that PGN is recognized by TLR2, the role of TLR2 PGN recognition is controversial. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a plasma C-type lectin, plays a key role in innate immunity. More and more evidences show that MBL could suppress the amplification of inflammatory signals. Whether MBL can alter PGN-elicited cellular responses through TLR2 in macrophages is still unknown, and possible mechanism underlying it should be investigated. In this study, we found that MBL significantly attenuated PGN-induced inflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α and IL-6, in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of TLR2 was strongly induced by PGN stimulation. Furthermore, the administration of TLR2-neutralized antibody effectively suppressed PGN-induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression. These results supplied the evidence that PGN from Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be recognized by TLR2. In addition, we also found that MBL decreased PGN-induced TLR2 expression and suppressed TLR2-mediated downstream signaling, including the phosphorylation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65, and phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and ERK1/2. Administration of MBL alone did not have an effect on the expression of TLR2. Finally, our data showed that PGN-mediated immune responses were more severely suppressed by preincubation with MBL and indicated that MBL can combine with both TLR2 and PGN to block the inflammation cytokine expression induced by PGN. All these data suggest that MBL could downregulate inflammation by modulating PGN/TLR2 signaling pathways. This study supports an important role for MBL in immune regulation and signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses.
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20
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Duque-Correa MA, Karp NA, McCarthy C, Forman S, Goulding D, Sankaranarayanan G, Jenkins TP, Reid AJ, Cambridge EL, Ballesteros Reviriego C, Müller W, Cantacessi C, Dougan G, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007265. [PMID: 30640950 PMCID: PMC6347331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The whipworm Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth that dwells in the epithelium of the caecum and proximal colon of their hosts causing the human disease, trichuriasis. Trichuriasis is characterized by colitis attributed to the inflammatory response elicited by the parasite while tunnelling through intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The IL-10 family of receptors, comprising combinations of subunits IL-10Rα, IL-10Rβ, IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα, modulates intestinal inflammatory responses. Here we carefully dissected the role of these subunits in the resistance of mice to infection with T. muris, a mouse model of the human whipworm T. trichiura. Our findings demonstrate that whilst IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα are dispensable in the host response to whipworms, IL-10 signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ is essential to control caecal pathology, worm expulsion and survival during T. muris infections. We show that deficiency of IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ results in dysbiosis of the caecal microbiota characterised by expanded populations of opportunistic bacteria of the families Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, breakdown of the epithelial barrier after whipworm infection in IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ-deficient mice, allows the translocation of these opportunistic pathogens or their excretory products to the liver causing organ failure and lethal disease. Importantly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ in haematopoietic cells, but not IECs, is crucial to control worm expulsion and immunopathology. These findings are supported by worm expulsion upon infection of conditional mutant mice for the IL-10Rα on IECs. Our findings emphasize the pivotal and complex role of systemic IL-10Rα signalling on immune cells in promoting microbiota homeostasis and maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, thus preventing immunopathology during whipworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Forman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Cambridge
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Werner Müller
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of microbial infections dates back to 1893 when Buchner and Pfeiffer reported for the first time the lysis of bacteria by immune serum and related this phenomenon to the immune response. Later on, basic anti-microbial peptides and certain beta-lactam antibiotics have been shown not only to kill microorganisms but also to induce bacteriolysis and the release of cell-wall components. In 2009, a novel paradigm was offered suggesting that the main cause of death in sepsis is due to the exclusive release from activated human phagocytic neutrophils (PMNs) traps adhering upon endothelial cells of highly toxic nuclear histone. Since activated PMNs also release a plethora of pro-inflammatory agonists, it stands to reason that these may act in synergy with histone to damage cells. Since certain beta lactam antibiotics may induce bacteriolysis, it is questioned whether these may aggravate sepsis patient's condition. Enigmatically, since the term bacteriolysis and its possible involvement in sepsis is hardly ever mentioned in the extensive clinical articles and reviews dealing with critical care, we hereby aim to refresh the concept of bacteriolysis and its possible role in the pathogenesis of post infectious sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- a Institute for Dental sciences, The Hebrew University Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Erez Koren
- b Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. , Kfar Saba , Israel
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NK-18, a promising antimicrobial peptide: anti-multidrug resistant leukemia cells and LPS neutralizing properties. Biochimie 2018; 147:143-152. [PMID: 29427740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the increase of multidrug resistance, novel anti-leukemia agents with diverse mechanisms of action are required to address this challenge. NK-18, the core region of mammalian derived protein NK-lysin, effectively inhibited the viability of both multidrug resistant and sensitive leukemia cell lines. Meanwhile, this proliferation inhibition effect was not distinct between sensitive and multidrug resistant leukemia cell line. NK-18 showed selectivity between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells. It preferentially bound to tumor cells whose outer leaflet with high phosphatidylserine content. NK-18 acted on the multidrug resistant leukemia cell line by a rapid pore formation on the cell membrane, it is not easy for K562/ADM cells developing resistance against NK-18. Furthermore, NK-18 could neutralize lipopolysaccharides by electrostatic attraction and reduce NO production. These research data demonstrated NK-18 possesses great advantage in the multidrug resistant leukemia treatment compared with conventional chemotherapies and it could be a potential candidate for further research.
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Probucol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory hyperalgesia: effect on NF-кB activation and cytokine production. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 809:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Neutrophils and Immunity: From Bactericidal Action to Being Conquered. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9671604. [PMID: 28299345 PMCID: PMC5337389 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9671604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil is the major phagocyte and the final effector cell of the innate immunity, with a primary role in the clearance of extracellular pathogens. Using the broad array of cytokines, extracellular traps, and effector molecules as the humoral arm, neutrophils play a crucial role in the host defense against pathogen infections. On the other hand, the pathogen has the capacity to overcome neutrophil-mediated host defense to establish infection causing human disease. Pathogens, such as S. aureus, have the potential to thwart neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis and thereby succeed in evading killing by neutrophils. Furthermore, S. aureus surviving within neutrophils promotes neutrophil cytolysis, resulting in the release of host-derived molecules that promote local inflammation. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill the extracellular pathogens and how pathogens evade neutrophils degradation. This review will provide insights that might be useful for the development of novel therapies against infections caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens.
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Ginsburg I, van Heerden PV, Koren E. From amino acids polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and histones, to their possible role in the pathogenesis of septic shock: a historical perspective. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:7-15. [PMID: 28203100 PMCID: PMC5293372 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s126150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of our understanding of the biological role played by synthetic and natural antimicrobial cationic peptides and by the highly basic nuclear histones as modulators of infection, postinfectious sequelae, trauma, and coagulation phenomena. The authors discuss the effects of the synthetic polymers of basic poly α amino acids, poly l-lysine, and poly l-arginine on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, bacterial killing, and blood vessels; the properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial cationic peptides as potential replacements or adjuncts to antibiotics; polycations as opsonizing agents promoting endocytosis/phagocytosis; polycations and muramidases as activators of autolytic wall enzymes in bacteria, causing bacteriolysis and tissue damage; and polycations and nuclear histones as potential virulence factors and as markers of sepsis, septic shock, disseminated intravasclar coagulopathy, acute lung injury, pancreatitis, trauma, and other additional clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | - Erez Koren
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of three chensinin-1 peptides containing mutation of glycine and histidine residues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40228. [PMID: 28054660 PMCID: PMC5215317 DOI: 10.1038/srep40228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural peptide chensinin-1 doesnot exhibit its desired biological properties. In this study, the mutant MC1-1 was designed by replacing Gly in the chensinin-1 sequence with Trp. Mutants MC1-2 and MC1-3 were designed based on the MC1-1 sequence to investigate the specific role of His residues. The mutated peptides presented α-helicity in a membrane-mimetic environment and exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities; in contrast to Trp residues, His residues were dispensable for interacting with the cell membrane. The interactions between the mutant peptides and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) facilitated the ingestion of peptides by Gram-negative bacteria. The binding affinities of the peptides were similar, at approximately 10 μM, but ΔH for MC1-2 was −7.3 kcal.mol−1, which was 6-9 folds higher than those of MC1-1 and MC1-3, probably due to the conformational changes. All mutant peptides demonstrated the ability to inhibit LPS-induced tumour-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from murine RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the representative peptide MC1-1showed better inhibition of serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared to polymyxin B (PMB), a potent binder and neutralizer of LPS as positive control in LPS-challenged mice model. These data suggest that the mutant peptides could be promising molecules for development as chensinin-based therapeutic agents against sepsis.
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Rashedi M, Fazeli MH, Bahreini M. Polymyxin B changes the plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved bull semen. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Wolf AJ, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Inflammatory properties of antibiotic-treated bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:127-134. [PMID: 27576461 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr0316-153rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have proven to be enormously effective tools in combating infectious diseases. A common roadblock to the effective use of antibiotics is the development of antibiotic resistance. We have recently observed that the very mechanism by which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) becomes antibiotic resistant causes the organism to be more inflammatory to innate immune cells. In this review, we offer some thoughts on the ways in which antibiotics have been observed to influence immune responses to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; .,Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and
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Malanovic N, Lohner K. Gram-positive bacterial cell envelopes: The impact on the activity of antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:936-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Isolation and identification of some antibacterial peptides in the plasmin-digest of β-casein. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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32
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Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Zarpelon AC, Mizokami SS, Borghi SM, Bordignon J, Silva RL, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ, Casagrande R, Verri WA. The citrus flavonone naringenin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment by inhibiting NF-κB activation. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:8-14. [PMID: 27260463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major structural component of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall and a highly pro-inflammatory toxin. Naringenin is found in Citrus fruits and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of NF-κB activation but its effects in LPS-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment were not investigated yet. We investigated the effects of naringenin in mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and leukocyte recruitment induced by intraplantar injection of LPS in mice. We found that naringenin reduced hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli, myeloperoxidase (MPO, a neutrophil and macrophage marker) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, a macrophage marker) activities, oxidative stress and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) production in the paw skin. In the peritoneal cavity, naringenin reduced neutrophil and mononuclear cell recruitment, and abrogated MPO and NAG activity, cytokine and superoxide anion production, and lipid peroxidation. In vitro, pre-treatment with naringenin inhibited superoxide anion and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Finally, we demonstrated that naringenin inhibited NF-κB activation in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, naringenin is a promising compound to treat LPS-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx., Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana C Zarpelon
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx., Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Mizokami
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx., Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Borghi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx., Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Carlos Chagas Institute/Fiocruz, Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, 81350-010, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, Hospital Universitário, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx., Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Dong W, Sun Y, Shang D. Interactions between chensinin-1, a natural antimicrobial peptide derived fromRana chensinensis, and lipopolysaccharide. Biopolymers 2015; 103:719-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Dong
- School of Life Science; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian 116081 China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian 116081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Life Science; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian 116081 China
| | - Dejing Shang
- School of Life Science; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian 116081 China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian 116081 China
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Abstract
The oxidant scavenging ability (OSA) of catalase-rich Candida albicans is markedly enhanced by chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), polymyxin B, the bile salt ursodeoxycholate and by lysophosphatidylcholine, which all act as detergents facilitating the penetration of oxidants and their intracellular decomposition. Quantifications of the OSA of Candida albicans were measured by a highly sensitive luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay and by the Thurman's assay, to quantify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The OSA enhancing activity by CHX depends to some extent on the media on which candida grew. The OSA of candida treated by CHX was modulated by whole human saliva, red blood cells, lysozyme, cationic peptides and by polyphenols. Concentrations of CHX, which killed over 95 % of Candida albicans cells, did not affect the cells' abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). The OSA of Candida cells treated by CHX is highly refractory to H2O2 (50 mM) but is strongly inhibited by hypochlorous acid, lecithin, trypan blue and by heparin. We speculate that similarly to catalase-rich red blood cells, Candida albicans and additional catalase-rich microbiota may also have the ability to scavenge oxidants and thus can protect catalase-negative anaerobes and facultative anaerobes cariogenic streptococci against peroxide and thus secure their survival in the oral cavity.
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Guijarro JA, Cascales D, García-Torrico AI, García-Domínguez M, Méndez J. Temperature-dependent expression of virulence genes in fish-pathogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26217329 PMCID: PMC4496569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence gene expression in pathogenic bacteria is modulated by environmental parameters. A key factor in this expression is temperature. Its effect on virulence gene expression in bacteria infecting warm-blooded hosts is well documented. Transcription of virulence genes in these bacteria is induced upon a shift from low environmental to a higher host temperature (37°C). Interestingly, host temperatures usually correspond to the optimum for growth of these pathogenic bacteria. On the contrary, in ectothermic hosts such as fish, molluscs, and amphibians, infection processes generally occur at a temperature lower than that for the optimal growth of the bacteria. Therefore, regulation of virulence gene expression in response to temperature shift has to be modulated in a different way to that which is found in bacteria infecting warm-blooded hosts. The current understanding of virulence gene expression and its regulation in response to temperature in fish-pathogenic bacteria is limited, but constant extension of our knowledge base is essential to enable a rational approach to the problem of the bacterial fish diseases affecting the aquaculture industry. This is an interesting issue and progress needs to be made in order to diminish the economic losses caused by these diseases. The intention of this review is, for the first time, to compile the scattered results existing in the field in order to lay the groundwork for future research. This article is an overview of those relevant virulence genes that are expressed at temperatures lower than that for optimal bacterial growth in different fish-pathogenic bacteria as well as the principal mechanisms that could be involved in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Guijarro
- *Correspondence: José A. Guijarro, Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julían Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain,
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Shinagawa M, Kobayashi D, Goto M, Tanaka M, Kuribayashi K, Yanagihara N, Watanabe N. Identification of a bacteriolysis-associated virulence factor against lung epithelial cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 cell lysate. Microb Pathog 2014; 75:35-40. [PMID: 25152458 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The precise identities of the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after bacteriolysis are still unknown. In the present study, we identified PA0423 protein, which was isolated from the Pseudomonas PAO-1 strain, as the factor responsible for cytotoxicity in lung epithelial cells. Whole bacterial cell lysate of P. aeruginosa PAO-1 caused cytotoxicity in A549 lung epithelial cells. This cytotoxic factor could be partially purified via gel-filtration and anion-exchange column chromatography, and its activity was attenuated by proteinase K treatment. The cytotoxic fraction increased caspase-3/7 activity in A549 cells, suggesting the induction of apoptosis. This fraction was then subjected to amino-acid sequence analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, resulting in the identification of 7 matches, 4 of which were with known proteins (PA0122, PA2687, PA3406, and PA0423). Deletion mutant analysis of these 7 candidates revealed that only the PA0423 mutation led to reduced cytotoxicity, indicating that this protein is the virulence factor. Furthermore, PA0423 recombinant protein was constructed, purified, and refolded. Transduction of recombinant PA0423, but not PA0122, into A549 cells engendered a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. These results show the first evidence that specific bacteriolysis-induced virulence factor PA0423 from Pseudomonas is toxic to lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Shinagawa
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maki Goto
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kageaki Kuribayashi
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yanagihara
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Ginsburg I, Koren E. Are cationic antimicrobial peptides also ‘double-edged swords’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:453-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Global transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus garvieae strains in response to temperature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79692. [PMID: 24223997 PMCID: PMC3817100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an important fish and an opportunistic human pathogen. The genomic sequences of several L. garvieae strains have been recently published, opening the possibility of global studies on the biology of this pathogen. In this study, a whole genome DNA microarray of two strains of L. garvieae was designed and validated. This DNA microarray was used to investigate the effects of growth temperature (18°C and 37°C) on the transcriptome of two clinical strains of L. garvieae that were isolated from fish (Lg8831) and from a human case of septicemia (Lg21881). The transcriptome profiles evidenced a strain-specific response to temperature, which was more evident at 18°C. Among the most significant findings, Lg8831 was found to up-regulate at 18°C several genes encoding different cold-shock and cold-induced proteins involved in an efficient adaptive response of this strain to low-temperature conditions. Another relevant result was the description, for the first time, of respiratory metabolism in L. garvieae, whose gene expression regulation was temperature-dependent in Lg21881. This study provides new insights about how environmental factors such as temperature can affect L. garvieae gene expression. These data could improve our understanding of the regulatory networks and adaptive biology of this important pathogen.
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Ahn YJ, Jeon YJ, Shin SY. Cell Selectivity and Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Novel Tritrpticin Analog Containing Homo-tryptophan Peptoid Residues. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Atosuo J, Lehtinen J, Vojtek L, Lilius EM. Escherichia coli K-12 (pEGFPluxABCDEamp): a tool for analysis of bacterial killing by antibacterial agents and human complement activities on a real-time basis. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:771-9. [PMID: 23129448 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE genes were integrated into E. coli K-12 using a high copy number plasmid containing modified luxABCDE genes under the control of the powerful Lac promoter. This strain emitted 10 times higher bioluminescence (BL) than P. luminescens. BL production under different growth conditions was studied. In both bacterial strains, the increase in BL signal correlated with the increase in optical density (OD) in a rich growth medium. However, at the logarithmic growth phase, the BL signal was roughly constant. By contrast, in minimal growth media, there was no substantial growth and the BL/cell was approximately five times higher than in the rich medium. The dynamic measurement range of BL was 10(2) -10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) in E. coli and 10(3) -10(7) CFU in P. luminescens. Because the decrease in the BL signal correlated with the decrease in CFU and OD, i.e. the number of bacterial cells killed, it proved to be very suitable for assessing the antibacterial effects of different antimicrobial agents. Unlike with plate counting, the kinetics of killing can be monitored on a real-time basis using BL measurements. Complement activities in different samples can be estimated using only one serum dilution. The transformed E. coli strain appeared to be superior to P. luminescens in these applications because E. coli was complement sensitive, the detection limit of E. coli was one order lower and the BL-producing system of P. luminescens appeared to be quite unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Atosuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, The University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Oleksiewicz MB, Nagy G, Nagy E. Anti-bacterial monoclonal antibodies: Back to the future? Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Marks LR, Clementi EA, Hakansson AP. The human milk protein-lipid complex HAMLET sensitizes bacterial pathogens to traditional antimicrobial agents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43514. [PMID: 22905269 PMCID: PMC3419703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against antibiotic resistance is one of the most significant challenges to public health of our time. The inevitable development of resistance following the introduction of novel antibiotics has led to an urgent need for the development of new antibacterial drugs with new mechanisms of action that are not susceptible to existing resistance mechanisms. One such compound is HAMLET, a natural complex from human milk that kills Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) using a mechanism different from common antibiotics and is immune to resistance-development. In this study we show that sublethal concentrations of HAMLET potentiate the effect of common antibiotics (penicillins, macrolides, and aminoglycosides) against pneumococci. Using MIC assays and short-time killing assays we dramatically reduced the concentrations of antibiotics needed to kill pneumococci, especially for antibiotic-resistant strains that in the presence of HAMLET fell into the clinically sensitive range. Using a biofilm model in vitro and nasopharyngeal colonization in vivo, a combination of HAMLET and antibiotics completely eradicated both biofilms and colonization in mice of both antibiotic-sensitive and resistant strains, something each agent alone was unable to do. HAMLET-potentiation of antibiotics was partially due to increased accessibility of antibiotics to the bacteria, but relied more on calcium import and kinase activation, the same activation pathway HAMLET uses when killing pneumococci by itself. Finally, the sensitizing effect was not confined to species sensitive to HAMLET. The HAMLET-resistant respiratory species Acinetobacter baumanii and Moraxella catarrhalis were all sensitized to various classes of antibiotics in the presence of HAMLET, activating the same mechanism as in pneumococci. Combined these results suggest the presence of a conserved HAMLET-activated pathway that circumvents antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The ability to activate this pathway may extend the lifetime of the current treatment arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Marks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Clementi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Anders P. Hakansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Okazaki T, Shimada M. New strategies of boar sperm cryopreservation: development of novel freezing and thawing methods with a focus on the roles of seminal plasma. Anim Sci J 2012; 83:623-9. [PMID: 22943528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of boar spermatozoa offers an effective means of long-term storage of important genetic material. Many researchers have investigated how to improve reproductive performance by artificial insemination (AI) using cryopreserved boar spermatozoa. Recently, we and other groups reported that high conception rates (70-80%) can be achieved by AI with frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa using a modified temperature program during freezing, or a novel cryopreservation extender to improve sperm quality (including sperm survivability, motility, membrane status and fertilization ability) after thawing, or a novel sperm infusion method, deep intra uterine insemination. However, these techniques have not yet been used for commercial pig production. The variation in sperm freezability among boars or among ejaculations in an identical boar is one of the main reasons for this problem. In our previous study, it was revealed that some components of seminal plasma have a negative effect on the freezability of boar sperm. One of these factors is bacteria-released endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide: LPS). LPS binds to Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expressed on the sperm surface, resulting in induction of apoptosis. On the other hand, seminal plasma suppresses cryo-capacitation induced by thawing stress. On the basis of these findings, we designed a novel protocol of AI using frozen-thawed boar sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Okazaki
- Smaller Livestock and Environment Section, Livestock Research Institute, Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Oita
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Meijvis SCA, van de Garde EMW, Rijkers GT, Bos WJW. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs in community-acquired pneumonia. J Intern Med 2012; 272:25-35. [PMID: 22583070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia exhibits a broad range of severity, from mildly symptomatic at one end to fulminant septic shock and death at the other. Although an adequate inflammatory response is necessary for the clearance of microorganisms, excessive inflammation can lead to ongoing local and systemic damage. Because of this extended inflammatory response despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, as well as increasing antibiotic resistance, adjuvant therapy for pneumonia that can favourably modify the immune response has become an increasingly relevant approach to improve prognosis. Different adjuvant treatment options for pneumonia have recently been proposed. Promising treatment options include corticosteroids, statins, macrolides and Toll-like receptor antagonists. The aim of this review is to summarize the inflammatory response during pneumonia and discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding the anti-inflammatory treatment options for patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C A Meijvis
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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Jang KS, Baik JE, Kang SS, Jeon JH, Choi S, Yang YH, Kim BG, Yun CH, Han SH. Identification of staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid-binding proteins in human serum by high-resolution LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Mol Immunol 2011; 50:177-83. [PMID: 22189407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major virulence factor of Gram-positive bacteria, is associated with bacterial adherence to host cells, biofilm formation, and inflammation. LTA-binding proteins (LTA-BPs) play an important role in the host immune response by initially recognizing and responding to LTA during infections. In this study, we screened for LTA-BPs in human serum using LTA-immobilized beads and high-throughput mass spectrometry. Highly pure and structurally intact LTA was prepared from Staphylococcus aureus and immobilized onto N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated Sepharose(®) 4 Fast Flow beads. The immobilization process does not seem to affect the biological activity of LTA since LTA-immobilized beads could stimulate macrophages and activate Toll-like receptor 2. Then, the LTA-immobilized beads were incubated with the human serum to capture LTA-BPs and their molecular identities were determined using high-resolution LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid Fourier transform mass spectrometry. LTA-BPs captured at high frequencies were neutrophil-activating peptide 2, prohibitin-2, alpha-1-anti-trypsin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, apolipoproteins, complements, and coagulation factor, most of which are known to be related with the host immune responses against infections. As high-throughput, efficient, accurate and sensitive, this screening method could be widely applicable to the identification of novel binding proteins to microbial virulence factors with glycolipid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Mutations of the Listeria monocytogenes peptidoglycan N-deacetylase and O-acetylase result in enhanced lysozyme sensitivity, bacteriolysis, and hyperinduction of innate immune pathways. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3596-606. [PMID: 21768286 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00077-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that is naturally resistant to lysozyme. Recently, it was shown that peptidoglycan modification by N-deacetylation or O-acetylation confers resistance to lysozyme in various Gram-positive bacteria, including L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes peptidoglycan is deacetylated by the action of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (Pgd) and acetylated by O-acetylmuramic acid transferase (Oat). We characterized Pgd(-), Oat(-), and double mutants to determine the specific role of L. monocytogenes peptidoglycan acetylation in conferring lysozyme sensitivity during infection of macrophages and mice. Pgd(-) and Pgd(-) Oat(-) double mutants were attenuated approximately 2 and 3.5 logs, respectively, in vivo. In bone-marrow derived macrophages, the mutants demonstrated intracellular growth defects and increased induction of cytokine transcriptional responses that emanated from a phagosome and the cytosol. Lysozyme-sensitive mutants underwent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol, resulting in AIM2-dependent pyroptosis. Each of the in vitro phenotypes was rescued upon infection of LysM(-) macrophages. The addition of extracellular lysozyme to LysM(-) macrophages restored cytokine induction, host cell death, and L. monocytogenes growth inhibition. This surprising observation suggests that extracellular lysozyme can access the macrophage cytosol and act on intracellular lysozyme-sensitive bacteria.
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Identification and characterization of a novel serine protease, VvpS, that contains two functional domains and is essential for autolysis of Vibrio vulnificus. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3722-32. [PMID: 21642466 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00314-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanism for autolysis of Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, we identified the vvpS gene encoding a serine protease, VvpS, from Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative food-borne pathogen. The amino acid sequence predicted that VvpS consists of two functional domains, an N-terminal protease catalytic domain (PCD) and a C-terminal carbohydrate binding domain (CBD). A null mutation of vvpS significantly enhanced viability during stationary phase, as measured by enumerating CFU and differentially staining viable cells. The vvpS mutant reduced the release of cytoplasmic β-galactosidase and high-molecular-weight extracellular chromosomal DNA into the culture supernatants, indicating that VvpS contributes to the autolysis of V. vulnificus during stationary phase. VvpS is secreted via a type II secretion system (T2SS), and it exerts its effects on autolysis through intracellular accumulation during stationary phase. Consistent with this, a disruption of the T2SS accelerated intracellular accumulation of VvpS and thereby the autolysis of V. vulnificus. VvpS also showed peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing activity, indicating that the autolysis of V. vulnificus is attributed to the self-digestion of the cell wall by VvpS. The functions of the VvpS domains were assessed by C-terminal deletion analysis and demonstrated that the PCD indeed possesses a proteolytic activity and that the CBD is required for hydrolyzing peptidoglycan effectively. Finally, the vvpS mutant exhibited reduced virulence in the infection of mice. In conclusion, VvpS is a serine protease with a modular structure and plays an essential role in the autolysis and pathogenesis of V. vulnificus.
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Jaiswal MK, Agrawal V, Jaiswal YK. Effect of polymyxin B on gram-negative bacterial infection during pregnancy. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2011; 12:64-70. [PMID: 24591964 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymyxin B (PB) is a naturally occurring cationic cyclic decapeptide which is highly bactericidal to Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PB on the viability of developing embryos during pregnancy and to validate its protective effect on the embryotoxic effect of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PB (5-100 μg/animal), (Minimum effective dose) MD of LPS and MD of LPS+PB (5-100 μg/animal) on day 0.5 of pregnancy. The percentage of normal gestational sacs and histopathologic analysis were assessed. RESULTS PB treatment of pregnant females disturbs the pregnancy in a dose dependent manner and increases the substantial risk of congenital abnormalities in the growing fetuses of the mother. However, PB does not show any adverse effect on implantation of embryos. The embryotoxic effect of LPS can be prevented completely by 25 μg PB/animal; however other lower and higher doses of PB were not able to protect against the effect of LPS on pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PB has the ability to protect the LPS-induced pregnancy loss but may not be recommended as a safe drug for the treatment of a mother suffering from Gram-negative bacterial infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Immunology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Varkha Agrawal
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Immunology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Immunology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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