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Qin S, Dong B, Yi M, Chu Q, Wu K. Prognostic Values of TIM-3 Expression in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Database Evaluation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1288. [PMID: 32850398 PMCID: PMC7417611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3), a novel emerging immune checkpoint molecule, was reported to express both on various kinds of immune cells and tumor cells. Many previous studies have investigated the prognostic significance of TIM-3 in cancer. However, the sample number from single study was limited and results remained controversial. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for publications concerning TIM-3 expression in solid cancers up to March 2020. The correlations between TIM-3 and survival as well as clinical-pathological features were analyzed. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by either fixed or random effects models. Results: A total of 3,072 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The result suggested that TIM-3 protein overexpression was relevant to poor overall survival (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.39–2.15, P < 0.001). Moreover, TIM-3 was shown to be connected with lymph node metastasis (N+ vs. N-, OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.10–2.29, P = 0.013), tumor grade (G2-3 vs. G1, OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.21–2.34, P = 0.002), as well as PD-1 expression (PD-1high vs. PD-1low, OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 2.20–4.82, P < 0.001). In database test, significant correlations between high TIM-3 mRNA expression and poor overall survival for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and gastric cancer were observed (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.23–1.72, P < 0.001; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12–1.77, P = 0.0038). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis highlights that TIM-3 has the potential to serve as a prognostic marker and a valuable therapeutic target in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Oh KY, Kim YH, Yang EM, Kim CJ. Frequency of Diabetes and Thyroid Autoantibodies in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Siblings. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:136-40. [PMID: 27231679 PMCID: PMC4880579 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand the frequency of autoimmune thyroid and diabetes antibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with their siblings. Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and thyroid autoantibodies were studied in all subjects. The rates of positive GADA and IAA were significantly higher in probands compared to in siblings (p<0.001) or controls (p<0.001). All pancreatic autoantibodies were not significantly different between the siblings and the healthy controls. Thyroid antiperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were significantly different between the probands and the control subjects (p=0.002 and p=0.018, respectively). The rates of TPOAb and TGAb positivity in siblings were higher than in those of the controls, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, thyroid autoimmunity (TA) was significantly different among the groups (p=0.004). Siblings of the TA-positive probands were shown to have a greater prevalence of thyroid antibodies than did the controls (p=0.022), but siblings of the TA-negative probands did not have such a prevalence compared with the control subjects. The prevalence of pancreatic and thyroid antibodies positivity in probands was statistically significant compared with the siblings and the controls. Siblings of TA-positive probands revealed a greater prevalence of thyroid antibodies than did the controls. Therefore, the screening for TA in siblings, particularly siblings of TA-positive probands, is as important as it is in probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chan Jong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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Graham KL, Sutherland RM, Mannering SI, Zhao Y, Chee J, Krishnamurthy B, Thomas HE, Lew AM, Kay TWH. Pathogenic mechanisms in type 1 diabetes: the islet is both target and driver of disease. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:148-68. [PMID: 23804258 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes have occurred in all steps of the disease. This review outlines the pathogenic mechanisms utilized by the immune system to mediate destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. The autoimmune response against beta-cells appears to begin in the pancreatic lymph node where T cells, which have escaped negative selection in the thymus, first meet beta-cell antigens presented by dendritic cells. Proinsulin is an important antigen in early diabetes. T cells migrate to the islets via the circulation and establish insulitis initially around the islets. T cells within insulitis are specific for islet antigens rather than bystanders. Pathogenic CD4⁺ T cells may recognize peptides from proinsulin which are produced locally within the islet. CD8⁺ T cells differentiate into effector T cells in islets and then kill beta-cells, primarily via the perforin-granzyme pathway. Cytokines do not appear to be important cytotoxic molecules in vivo. Maturation of the immune response within the islet is now understood to contribute to diabetes, and highlights the islet as both driver and target of the disease. The majority of our knowledge of these pathogenic processes is derived from the NOD mouse model, although some processes are mirrored in the human disease. However, more work is required to translate the data from the NOD mouse to our understanding of human diabetes pathogenesis. New technology, especially MHC tetramers and modern imaging, will enhance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent´s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Bettermann K, Benesch M, Weis S, Haybaeck J. SUMOylation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:113-25. [PMID: 22138131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification characterized by covalent and reversible binding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to a target protein. In mammals, four different isoforms, termed SUMO-1, -2, -3 and -4 have been identified so far. SUMO proteins are critically involved in the modulation of nuclear organization and cell viability. Their expression is significantly increased in processes associated with carcinogenesis such as cell growth, differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Little is known about the role of SUMOylation in cancer development. Therefore the present review focuses on possible implications of SUMOylation in carcinogenesis highlighting its impact as an important regulatory cell cycle protein. Moreover, novel opportunities for therapeutic approaches are discussed. The differential expression levels, the target protein preferences and the function of the SUMO pathway in different cancer subtypes raises unexpected issues questioning our understanding of the implication of SUMO in carcinogenesis.
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Mannering SI, Wong FS, Durinovic-Belló I, Brooks-Worrell B, Tree TI, Cilio CM, Schloot NC, Mallone R. Current approaches to measuring human islet-antigen specific T cell function in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:197-209. [PMID: 20846160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the T cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. Currently there are no widely accepted and standardized assays available to analyse the function of autoreactive T cells involved in T1D. The development of such an assay would greatly aid efforts to understand the pathogenesis of T1D and is also urgently required to guide the development of antigen-based therapies intended to prevent, or cure, T1D. Here we describe some of the assays used currently to detect autoreactive T cells in human blood and review critically their strengths and weaknesses. The challenges and future prospects for the T cell assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Mannering
- St Vincent's Institute, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.
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Planas R, Pujol-Borrell R, Vives-Pi M. Global gene expression changes in type 1 diabetes: insights into autoimmune response in the target organ and in the periphery. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:55-61. [PMID: 20708640 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the selective destruction of the insulin-producing β cells. Research into the pathogenesis of T1D has been hindered by the lack of detection of the autoimmune process during the asymptomatic period and by the inaccessibility to the target tissue. Therefore current understanding of the immunological phenomena that take place in the pancreas of the patients is very limited and much of the current knowledge on T1D has been obtained using animal models. Microarray technology and bioinformatics allow the comparison of the gene expression profile - transcriptome - in normal and pathological conditions, creating a global picture of altered processes. Microarray experiments have defined new transcriptional alterations associated with several autoimmune diseases, and are focused on the identification of specific biomarkers. In this review we summarize current data on gene expression profiles in T1D from an immunological point of view. Reported transcriptome studies have been performed in T1D patients and Non-Obese Diabetic mouse models analyzing peripheral blood, lymphoid organs and pancreas/islets. In the periphery, the distinctive profiles are inflammatory pathways inducible by IL-1β and IFNs that can help in the identification of new biomarkers. In the target organ, a remarkable finding is the overexpression of inflammatory and innate immune response genes and the active autoimmune response at longstanding stages, contrary to the pre-existing concept of acute autoimmune process in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Planas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Applications to Diagnosis (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Ferreira ACS, Gomes KB, Sampaio IBM, Oliveira VCD, Pardini VC, Godard ALB. Type 1 diabetes susceptibility determined by HLA alleles and CTLA-4 and insulin genes polymorphisms in Brazilians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 53:368-73. [PMID: 19578600 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1A diabetes mellitus (T1ADM) is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental aspects are important to its development. The association of genetic variations with disease has been demonstrated in several studies; however, the role of some gene loci has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To compare the frequency of HLA alleles and polymorphism in CTLA-4 and insulin genes in Brazilians with T1ADM and individuals without the disease, as well as to identify genetic markers that are able to discriminate between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. METHODS The presence of HLA DQB1, DQA1 and DRB1 alleles, as well as the -2221 MspI polymorphism in the insulin gene and 49 A/G in the CTLA-4 gene were identified by the 'Time-resolved fluorometer' technique after hybridization with probes labeled with Eu (III) / Sm (III) and Tb (III). RESULTS The DQB1 *0302 and DQA1 *03 alleles were identified as predisposed to T1ADM, and the DQB1 *0301 allele presented a protective effect against the disease.The DQA1 label proved to be able to differentiate between 71.13% of the diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.This value increased to 82.47% when the DQB1 label was added. No significant difference in the frequency of polymorphisms in the insulin and CTLA-4 genes was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The genetic markers that best characterized and discriminated diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were the HLA DQA1 and DQB1.alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Clayton Souza Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Oksanen AM, Haimila KE, Rautelin HIK, Partanen JA. Immunogenetic characteristics of patients with autoimmune gastritis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:354-8. [PMID: 20082482 PMCID: PMC2807957 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether predisposition to autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is found in human leukocyte antigen (HLA), cytokine or killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene variations.
METHODS: Twelve Finnish patients with autoimmune-type severe atrophy of the gastric corpus were included. The patients’ serum was analyzed for pepsinogen I and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies. DNA was separated and the patients were genotyped for HLA-A, B, Cw, DRB1 and DQB1 antigens, and studied for single nucleotide polymorphisms for the following cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1 gene cluster, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon γ, transforming growth factor β, and tumor necrosis factor α. Variation in KIR genes was also explored. The results were compared with prevalence of the polymorphisms in Finnish or European populations.
RESULTS: All patients had pepsinogen I levels below normal (mean: 11 μg/L, range: < 5 to 25 μg/L). Three patients had elevated H. pylori IgG antibodies, while H. pylori serology was negative in the rest of the patients. AIG patients carried significantly more often HLA-DRB1*04 (58%) and DQB1*03 (83%) than the general Finnish population did (28% and 51%, respectively; P = 0.045 and 0.034 by the Fisher’s exact test). No patient was positive for HLA-B8-DRB1*03, a well-established autoimmune marker. Neither cytokine polymorphisms nor KIR gene variation showed association with AIG.
CONCLUSION: As explored with modern DNA-based methods, HLA-DRB1*04 and DQB1*03 alleles, but not HLA-B8-DRB1*03, may predispose to AIG.
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Mojibian M, Chakir H, Lefebvre DE, Crookshank JA, Sonier B, Keely E, Scott FW. Diabetes-specific HLA-DR-restricted proinflammatory T-cell response to wheat polypeptides in tissue transglutaminase antibody-negative patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:1789-96. [PMID: 19401421 PMCID: PMC2712773 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence of gut barrier and immune system dysfunction in some patients with type 1 diabetes, possibly linked with exposure to dietary wheat polypeptides (WP). However, questions arise regarding the frequency of abnormal immune responses to wheat and their nature, and it remains unclear whether such responses are diabetes specific. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In type 1 diabetic patients and healthy control subjects, the immune response of peripheral CD3(+) T-cells to WPs, ovalbumin, gliadin, alpha-gliadin 33-mer peptide, tetanus toxoid, and phytohemagglutinin was measured using a carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) proliferation assay. T-helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cytokines were analyzed in WP-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) supernatants, and HLA was analyzed by PCR. RESULTS Of 42 patients, 20 displayed increased CD3(+) T-cell proliferation to WPs and were classified as responders; proliferative responses to other dietary antigens were less pronounced. WP-stimulated PBMNCs from patients showed a mixed proinflammatory cytokine response with large amounts of IFN-gamma, IL-17A, and increased TNF. HLA-DQ2, the major celiac disease risk gene, was not significantly different. Nearly all responders carried the diabetes risk gene HLA-DR4. Anti-DR antibodies blocked the WP response and inhibited secretion of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. High amounts of WP-stimulated IL-6 were not blocked. CONCLUSIONS T-cell reactivity to WPs was frequently present in type 1 diabetic patients and associated with HLA-DR4 but not HLA-DQ2. The presence of an HLA-DR-restricted Th1 and Th17 response to WPs in a subset of patients indicates a diabetes-related inflammatory state in the gut immune tissues associated with defective oral tolerance and possibly gut barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mojibian
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Habiba Chakir
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David E. Lefebvre
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Sonier
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erin Keely
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fraser W. Scott
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fraser W. Scott,
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Karagüzel G, Simşek S, Değer O, Okten A. Screening of diabetes, thyroid, and celiac diseases-related autoantibodies in a sample of Turkish children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 80:238-43. [PMID: 18241952 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of diabetes, thyroid, and celiac diseases (CD)-related autoantibodies in children with type 1 diabetes (DM1) and their siblings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included 57 children with DM1, aged 11.7+/-4.5 years and their 89 healthy siblings, aged 11.0+/-5.4 years. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), islet cell (ICAs), insulin (IAAs), antiendomisial antibody (EMA), thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and thyrotropin receptor antibodies were studied both in diabetic patients and their siblings. RESULTS The frequencies of GAD65, ICAs and IAAs positivity were found to be 63.2, 56.1 and 84.2% in patients with DM1 and 53.9, 24.4 and 3.4% in their siblings, respectively. The frequencies of autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) as determined by positive thyroid-related autoantibodies were 38.6 and 21.4% (p=0.024) among patients with DM1 and siblings, respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism was detected in 5.3% of patients with DM1 but in none of their siblings. EMA was positive in 3.5% of diabetic patients and 1.1% of their siblings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings supported the view that children with DM1 should be screened annually for ATD. Relatively lower frequency of CD in the present study indicated that screening for CD-related autoantibodies might be postponed to older ages in asymptomatic patients. The present findings also suggested that the screening for diabetes- (especially GAD65) and thyroid diseases-related autoantibodies in siblings may ensure some useful information about the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Karagüzel
- Karadeniz Technical University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trabzon, Turkey
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Fernando MMA, Stevens CR, Walsh EC, De Jager PL, Goyette P, Plenge RM, Vyse TJ, Rioux JD. Defining the role of the MHC in autoimmunity: a review and pooled analysis. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000024. [PMID: 18437207 PMCID: PMC2291482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most extensively studied regions in the human genome because of the association of variants at this locus with autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. However, identification of causal variants within the MHC for the majority of these diseases has remained difficult due to the great variability and extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) that exists among alleles throughout this locus, coupled with inadequate study design whereby only a limited subset of about 20 from a total of approximately 250 genes have been studied in small cohorts of predominantly European origin. We have performed a review and pooled analysis of the past 30 years of research on the role of the MHC in six genetically complex disease traits - multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - in order to consolidate and evaluate the current literature regarding MHC genetics in these common autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We corroborate established MHC disease associations and identify predisposing variants that previously have not been appreciated. Furthermore, we find a number of interesting commonalities and differences across diseases that implicate both general and disease-specific pathogenetic mechanisms in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. A. Fernando
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine R. Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Walsh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School/Partners Healthcare Center for Genetics and Genomics, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Goyette
- Université de Montréal, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert M. Plenge
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Rioux
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Université de Montréal, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Guilhou JJ, Molès JP. New Hypotheses in the Genetics of Psoriasis and Other ‘Complex’ Diseases. Dermatology 2008; 216:87-92. [DOI: 10.1159/000111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Locatelli M, Buzzetti R, Galgani A, Montemari AL, Khazrai M, Petrone A, Visalli N, Meschi F, Minicucci L, Lorini R, Cristaldi A, Valorani MG, Bottazzo GF, Pozzilli P. Length of gestation and gender are associated with HLA genotypes at risk for Type 1 diabetes (Italian DIABFIN 3). Diabet Med 2007; 24:916-9. [PMID: 17535292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study, which is part of the ongoing DIABFIN project, was to correlate HLA class II genotypes, classified for their effect on susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes (T1D), with various risk factors during pregnancy and the neonatal period. METHODS Cord blood was collected from 4349 neonates; 1.0% were at high HLA risk (HR), 9.0% at moderate HLA risk (MR), and 90.0% at low HLA risk (LR) for T1D. Information about the mother's pregnancy, type of delivery, the neonates' clinical features at birth, and family history for autoimmune diseases were collected. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between the different HLA risk categories and length of gestation, even when adjusted for sex, weight and length at birth of the neonate, birth order and mother's age (adjusted P = 0.007). The male : female ratio tended to increase from the LR to the HR category, from 1.00 and 1.21, respectively, in the LR and MR groups, to 1.62 in the HR group (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Length of gestation is inversely correlated with HLA risk categories for T1D. The higher the HLA risk for T1D, the shorter the gestational age, especially in male neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Locatelli
- Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Ostrov DA, Barnes CL, Smith LE, Binns S, Brusko TM, Brown AC, Quint PS, Litherland SA, Roopenian DC, Iczkowski KA. Characterization of HKE2: an ancient antigen encoded in the major histocompatibility complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:181-8. [PMID: 17257322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genes at the centromeric end of the human leukocyte antigen region influence adaptive autoimmune diseases and cancer. In this study, we characterized protein expression of HKE2, a gene located in the centromeric portion of the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex encoding subunit 6 of prefoldin. Immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-HKE2 antibody indicated that HKE2 protein expression is dramatically upregulated as a consequence of activation. In a tissue microarray and in several tumors, HKE2 was overexpressed in certain cancers compared with normal counterparts. The localization of the HKE2 gene to the class II region, its cytoplasmic expression and putative protein-binding domain suggest that HKE2 may function in adaptive immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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15
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Watanabe A, Shiina T, Shimizu S, Hosomichi K, Yanagiya K, Kita YF, Kimura T, Soeda E, Torii R, Ogasawara K, Kulski JK, Inoko H. A BAC-based contig map of the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) major histocompatibility complex genomic region. Genomics 2006; 89:402-12. [PMID: 17174065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis, Mafa) BAC library for genomic comparison between rhesus and cynomolgus macaques is necessary to promote the cynomolgus macaque as one of the important experimental animals for future medical and biological research. In this paper, we constructed a cynomolgus macaque BAC library and a map of the MHC (Mafa) genomic region for comparison of the genomic organization and nucleotide similarities between the human, the chimpanzee, and the rhesus macaque. The BAC library consists of 221,184 clones with an average insert size of 83 kb, providing a sixfold coverage of the haploid genome. A total of 114 BAC clones and 54 PCR primer sets were used to construct a 4.3-Mb contig of the MHC region. Diversity analysis of genomic sequence from selected subregions of the MHC revealed that the cynomolgus sequence varied compared to rhesus macaque, human, and chimpanzee sequences by 0.48, 4.15, and 4.10%, respectively. From these findings, we conclude that the BAC library and Mafa genomic map are useful tools for genome analysis and will have important applications for comparative genomics and identifying regions of consequence in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Insulin is a key autoantigen in the autoimmune process leading to the development of type 1 diabetes. Recent studies in both humans and mice have shown that variation in the expression of the insulin gene, in the thymus rather than the pancreas, contributes to disease susceptibility by affecting self-tolerance to insulin. These findings have brought about a paradigm-shift in our understanding of self-tolerance and autoimmunity to molecules with tissue-restricted expression, which are often the target of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Immunogenetics Program, Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medecine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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17
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Onengut-Gumuscu S, Concannon P. Recent advances in the immunogenetics of human type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:634-8. [PMID: 16884898 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a disorder of glucose homeostasis, is caused by autoimmune destruction of the essential insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of T1D and, for decades, this complexity has challenged investigators interested in identifying the genes that contribute to this risk. Nevertheless, in recent years, a number of well-supported T1D risk loci have been identified and replicated. Owing to development of more powerful study designs, the availability of dense marker maps, progress in high-throughput genotyping and a better basic understanding of the roles of genes in the immune system, this trend is likely to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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18
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Aly TA, Ide A, Jahromi MM, Barker JM, Fernando MS, Babu SR, Yu L, Miao D, Erlich HA, Fain PR, Barriga KJ, Norris JM, Rewers MJ, Eisenbarth GS. Extreme genetic risk for type 1A diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14074-9. [PMID: 16966600 PMCID: PMC1563993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606349103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1A diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder the risk of which is increased by specific HLA DR/DQ alleles [e.g., DRB1*03-DQB1*0201 (DR3) or DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 (DR4)]. The genotype associated with the highest risk for T1D is the DR3/4-DQ8 (DQ8 is DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302) heterozygous genotype. We determined HLA-DR and -DQ genotypes at birth and analyzed DR3/4-DQ8 siblings of patients with T1D for identical-by-descent HLA haplotype sharing (the number of haplotypes inherited in common between siblings). The children were clinically followed with prospective measurement of anti-islet autoimmunity and for progression to T1D. Risk for islet autoimmunity dramatically increased in DR3/4-DQ8 siblings who shared both HLA haplotypes with their diabetic proband sibling (63% by age 7, and 85% by age 15) compared with siblings who did not share both HLA haplotypes with their diabetic proband sibling (20% by age 15, P < 0.01). 55% sharing both HLA haplotypes developed diabetes by age 12 versus 5% sharing zero or one haplotype (P = 0.03). Despite sharing both HLA haplotypes with their proband, siblings without the HLA DR3/4-DQ8 genotype had only a 25% risk for T1D by age 12. The risk for T1D in the DR3/4-DQ8 siblings sharing both HLA haplotypes with their proband is remarkable for a complex genetic disorder and provides evidence that T1D is inherited with HLA-DR/DQ alleles and additional MHC-linked genes both determining major risk. A subset of siblings at extremely high risk for T1D can now be identified at birth for trials to prevent islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Aly
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Akane Ide
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
| | | | | | | | | | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
| | | | | | - Pamela R. Fain
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - George S. Eisenbarth
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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19
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Shiina T, Ota M, Shimizu S, Katsuyama Y, Hashimoto N, Takasu M, Anzai T, Kulski JK, Kikkawa E, Naruse T, Kimura N, Yanagiya K, Watanabe A, Hosomichi K, Kohara S, Iwamoto C, Umehara Y, Meyer A, Wanner V, Sano K, Macquin C, Ikeo K, Tokunaga K, Gojobori T, Inoko H, Bahram S. Rapid evolution of major histocompatibility complex class I genes in primates generates new disease alleles in humans via hitchhiking diversity. Genetics 2006; 173:1555-70. [PMID: 16702430 PMCID: PMC1526686 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.057034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A plausible explanation for many MHC-linked diseases is lacking. Sequencing of the MHC class I region (coding units or full contigs) in several human and nonhuman primate haplotypes allowed an analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNV) across this entire segment. This diversity was not evenly distributed. It was rather concentrated within two gene-rich clusters. These were each centered, but importantly not limited to, the antigen-presenting HLA-A and HLA-B/-C loci. Rapid evolution of MHC-I alleles, as evidenced by an unusually high number of haplotype-specific (hs) and hypervariable (hv) (which could not be traced to a single species or haplotype) SNVs within the classical MHC-I, seems to have not only hitchhiked alleles within nearby genes, but also hitchhiked deleterious mutations in these same unrelated loci. The overrepresentation of a fraction of these hvSNV (hv1SNV) along with hsSNV, as compared to those that appear to have been maintained throughout primate evolution (trans-species diversity; tsSNV; included within hv2SNV) tends to establish that the majority of the MHC polymorphism is de novo (species specific). This is most likely reminiscent of the fact that these hsSNV and hv1SNV have been selected in adaptation to the constantly evolving microbial antigenic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiina
- Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Ettinger RA, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Nepom GT, Kwok WW. Allelic variation in key peptide-binding pockets discriminates between closely related diabetes-protective and diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQB1*06 alleles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1988-98. [PMID: 16424231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 is associated with protection against type 1 diabetes (T1D). A similar allele, HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0604, contributes to T1D susceptibility in certain populations but differs only at seven amino acids from HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602. Five of these polymorphisms are found within the peptide-binding groove, suggesting that differences in peptide binding contribute to the mechanism of their association with T1D. In this study, we determine the peptide-binding motif for HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0604 allelic protein (DQ0604) in comparison to the established HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (DQ0602) motif using binding assays with model peptides from T1D autoantigens and homology modeling using the coordinates of the DQ0602-hypocretin 1-13 crystal structure. The peptide binding preferences were deduced with a peptide from insulin that bound both with a 2- to 3-fold difference in avidity using the same amino acids in the peptide as anchors. Peptide binding differences directly influenced by the polymorphisms in or nearby pockets 1, 6, and 9 were observed. In pocket 1, DQ0604 was better able to accommodate aromatic residues due to the beta86 and beta87 polymorphisms. A negatively charged amino acid was preferred by DQ0604 in pocket 6 due to the positively charged beta30His. In pocket 9, DQ0604 preferred aromatic amino acids due to the beta9 and beta30 polymorphisms and had low tolerance of acidic residues. beta57Val in DQ0604 functions differently than beta57Ala, in that it pushes alpha76Arg outside of the pocket, preventing the formation of a salt bridge with an acidic amino acid in the peptide. This study furthers our understanding of the structure-function relationships of MHC class II polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ettinger
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by a beta cell-specific autoimmune process. Beta cell autoantigens, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Beta cell autoantigens are thought to be released from beta cells by cellular turnover or damage and are processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen-presenting cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells are the first cell types to infiltrate the pancreatic islets. Naive CD4+ T cells that circulate in the blood and lymphoid organs, including the pancreatic lymph nodes, may recognize major histocompatibility complex and beta cell peptides presented by dendritic cells and macrophages in the islets. These CD4+ T cells can be activated by interleukin (IL)-12 released from macrophages and dendritic cells. While this process takes place, beta cell antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are activated by IL-2 produced by the activated TH1 CD4+ T cells, differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and are recruited into the pancreatic islets. These activated TH1 CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are involved in the destruction of beta cells. In addition, beta cells can also be damaged by granzymes and perforin released from CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and by soluble mediators such as cytokines and reactive oxygen molecules released from activated macrophages in the islets. Thus, activated macrophages, TH1 CD4+ T cells, and beta cell-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells act synergistically to destroy beta cells, resulting in autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Yoon
- Rosalind Franklin Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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22
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Smith WP, Vu Q, Li SS, Hansen JA, Zhao LP, Geraghty DE. Toward understanding MHC disease associations: partial resequencing of 46 distinct HLA haplotypes. Genomics 2006; 87:561-71. [PMID: 16434165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a resequencing project that examined 552 kb of sequence from each of 46 individual HLA haplotypes representing a diversity of HLA allele types, generating nearly 27 Mb of fully phased genomic sequence. Haplotype blocks were defined extending from telomeric of HLA-F to centromeric of HLA-DP including in total 5186 MHC SNPs. To investigate basic questions about the evolutionary origin of common HLA haplotypes, and to obtain an estimate of rare variation in the MHC, we similarly examined two additional sets of samples. In 19 independent HLA-A1, B8, DR3 chromosomes, the most common HLA haplotype in Northern European Caucasians, variation was found at 11 SNP positions in the 3600-kb region from HLA-A to DR. Partial resequencing of 282 individuals in the gene-dense class III region identified significant variability beyond what could have been detected by linkage to common SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade P Smith
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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23
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Onengut-Gumuscu S, Concannon P. The genetics of type 1 diabetes: lessons learned and future challenges. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl:34-9. [PMID: 16263245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the first evidence was published suggesting the involvement of a specific chromosomal region, HLA, in modulating the risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the intervening years, what have we learned regarding the identities of specific loci that modulate T1D risk, and what lessons have these studies provided that might be helpful in finding and characterizing additional susceptibility loci both for T1D and other autoimmune disorders? In the following review, we briefly address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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24
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Fernandes APM, Pace AE, Zanetti ML, Foss MC, Donadi EA. Fatores imunogenéticos associados ao diabetes mellitus do tipo 1. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2005; 13:743-9. [PMID: 16308633 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-11692005000500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 tem sido considerado uma doença auto-imune órgão-específica, decorrente da destruição seletiva das células betapancreáticas. Apresenta patogenia complexa, envolvendo a participação de vários fatores, dentre esses a susceptibilidade imunogenética com forte associação aos genes de histocompatibilidade (HLA), eventos ambientais e resposta auto-imune com presença de auto-anticorpos e/ou linfócitos auto-reativos, culminando em anormalidades metabólicas. Neste estudo, a revisão da literatura descreve os mecanismos pelos quais determinados fatores conferem susceptibilidade para o seu desencadeamento e, adicionalmente, as inovações na predição dessa desordem que, certamente, contribuirão para a assistência de enfermagem aos pacientes portadores do diabetes tipo 1.
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25
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Pirie FJ, Pegoraro R, Motala AA, Rauff S, Rom L, Govender T, Esterhuizen TM. Toll-like receptor 3 gene polymorphisms in South African Blacks with type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:125-30. [PMID: 16029432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is the consequence of exposure of genetically susceptible individuals to specific environmental precipitants. The innate immune system provides the initial response to exogenous antigen and links with the adaptive immune system. The aim of this study was to assess the role of polymorphisms occurring in the cytoplasmic region of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 gene and immediate 5' sequence, in subjects of Zulu descent with type 1 diabetes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Seventy-nine subjects with type 1 diabetes and 74 healthy normal glucose tolerant gender-matched control subjects were studied. Parts of exon 4 and exon 3/intron 3 of the TLR3 gene were studied by polymerase chain reaction, direct sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion with Bts 1. Of the nine polymorphisms studied, a significant association with type 1 diabetes was found for the major allele in the 2593 C/T polymorphism and for the minor alleles in the 2642 C/A and 2690 A/G polymorphisms, which were found to be in complete linkage disequilibrium. Correction of the P-values for the number of alleles studied, however, rendered the results no longer significant. These results suggest that polymorphisms in the TLR3 gene, which is part of the innate immune system, may be associated with type 1 diabetes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pirie
- Department of Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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26
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Martinez X, Kreuwel HTC, Redmond WL, Trenney R, Hunter K, Rosen H, Sarvetnick N, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. CD8+ T Cell Tolerance in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Restored by Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Resistance Alleles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1677-85. [PMID: 16034108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although candidate genes controlling autoimmune disease can now be identified, a major challenge that remains is defining the resulting cellular events mediated by each locus. In the current study we have used NOD-InsHA transgenic mice that express the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) as an islet Ag to compare the fate of HA-specific CD8+ T cells in diabetes susceptible NOD-InsHA mice with that observed in diabetes-resistant congenic mice having protective alleles at insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) 3, Idd5.1, and Idd5.2 (Idd3/5 strain) or at Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3 (Idd9 strain). We demonstrate that protection from diabetes in each case is correlated with functional tolerance of endogenous islet-specific CD8+ T cells. However, by following the fate of naive, CFSE-labeled, islet Ag-specific CD8+ (HA-specific clone-4) or CD4+ (BDC2.5) T cells, we observed that tolerance is achieved differently in each protected strain. In Idd3/5 mice, tolerance occurs during the initial activation of islet Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes where CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) effectively prevent their accumulation. In contrast, resistance alleles in Idd9 mice do not prevent the accumulation of islet Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes, indicating that tolerance occurs at a later checkpoint. These results underscore the variety of ways that autoimmunity can be prevented and identify the elimination of islet-specific CD8+ T cells as a common indicator of high-level protection.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martinez
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Li M, Guo D, Isales CM, Eizirik DL, Atkinson M, She JX, Wang CY. SUMO wrestling with type 1 diabetes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:504-13. [PMID: 15806321 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, or ubiquitylation represent central mechanisms through which various biological processes are regulated. Reversible covalent modification (i.e., sumoylation) of proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has also emerged as an important mechanism contributing to the dynamic regulation of protein function. Sumoylation has been linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Advances in our understanding of the role of sumoylation suggested a novel regulatory mechanism for the regulation of immune responsive gene expression. In this review, we first update recent advances in the field of sumoylation, then specifically evaluate its regulatory role in several key signaling pathways for immune response and discuss its possible implication in T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CA4098, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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28
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Abstract
Several functional genetic variants that can potentially modulate the activity of NFkappaB have been recently described. As reduced NFkappaB activity has been implicated in risk for autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse, these variants were tested for allelic association with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a family based study. Alleles at markers in the TAB2/SUMO4 locus on chromosome 6q had been previously reported to be associated with T1D in two separate studies, but these studies disagreed on the identity of the risk allele. The current study failed to confirm either of these results. No significant evidence of association with T1D was obtained for three SNP markers in the TAB2/SUMO4 region. An additional functional variant in the promoter of the NFKB1 gene that has been shown to directly affect the expression of NFkappaB was also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kosoy
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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29
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Guo D, Li M, Zhang Y, Yang P, Eckenrode S, Hopkins D, Zheng W, Purohit S, Podolsky RH, Muir A, Wang J, Dong Z, Brusko T, Atkinson M, Pozzilli P, Zeidler A, Raffel LJ, Jacob CO, Park Y, Serrano-Rios M, Larrad MTM, Zhang Z, Garchon HJ, Bach JF, Rotter JI, She JX, Wang CY. A functional variant of SUMO4, a new I kappa B alpha modifier, is associated with type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet 2004; 36:837-41. [PMID: 15247916 DOI: 10.1038/ng1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested more than 20 genetic intervals that are associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D), but identification of specific genes has been challenging and largely limited to known candidate genes. Here, we report evidence for an association between T1D and multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 197 kb of genomic DNA in the IDDM5 interval. We cloned a new gene (SUMO4), encoding small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 protein, in the interval. A substitution (M55V) at an evolutionarily conserved residue of the crucial CUE domain of SUMO4 was strongly associated with T1D (P = 1.9 x 10(-7)). SUMO4 conjugates to I kappa B alpha and negatively regulates NF kappa B transcriptional activity. The M55V substitution resulted in 5.5 times greater NF kappa B transcriptional activity and approximately 2 times greater expression of IL12B, an NF kappa B-dependent gene. These findings suggest a new pathway that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehuang Guo
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CA4098, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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30
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Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), such as Graves' hyperthyroidism, are common disorders involving multiple genes and the environment. Some pathogenetic genes are probably shared between these diseases and non-endocrine autoimmune diseases, whereas others are disease specific. Population studies show that major histocompatibility complex alleles and CTLA4 confer risk for AITDs. Genetic studies have identified over 20 potential loci; only one, mapping to 5q31, has been convincingly replicated. Despite its recent emergence as an autoimmunity gatekeeper gene, linkage of CLTA4 to AITDs was described in only one Caucasian population subset. Like in the case of many complex genetic disorders, identifying AITD pathogenetic genes is limited by the ability of data analysis methods to discern the influence of genes of minor effect in a relatively small database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammadi Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine, Faculté de Médecine, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vendrame
- Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box B-140, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Rasschaert J, Liu D, Kutlu B, Cardozo AK, Kruhøffer M, ØRntoft TF, Eizirik DL. Global profiling of double stranded RNA- and IFN-gamma-induced genes in rat pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1641-57. [PMID: 14600816 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Viral infections and local production of IFN-gamma might contribute to beta-cell dysfunction/death in Type 1 Diabetes. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) accumulates in the cytosol of viral-infected cells, and exposure of purified rat beta cells to dsRNA (tested in the form of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, PIC) in combination with IFN-gamma results in beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in PIC + IFN-gamma-effects, we determined the global profile of genes modified by these agents in primary rat beta cells. METHODS FACS-purified rat beta cells were cultured for 6 or 24 h in control condition or with IFN-gamma, PIC or a combination of both agents. The gene expression profile was analysed in duplicate by high-density oligonucleotide arrays representing 5000 full-length genes and 3000 EST's. Changes of greater than or equal to 2.5-fold were considered as relevant. RESULTS Following a 6- or 24-h treatment with IFN-gamma, PIC or IFN-gamma and PIC, we observed changes in the expression of 51 to 189 genes. IFN-gamma modified the expression of MHC-related genes, and also of genes involved in beta-cell metabolism, protein processing, cytokines and signal transduction. PIC affected preferentially the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, cytokines and dsRNA signal transduction, transcription factors and MHC. PIC and/or IFN-gamma up-regulated the expression of several chemokines and cytokines that could contribute to mononuclear cell homing and activation during viral infection, while IFN-gamma induced a positive feedback on its own signal transduction. PIC + IFN-gamma inhibited insulin and GLUT-2 expression without modifying pdx-1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the molecular responses of primary beta cells to dsRNA + IFN-gamma, two agents that are probably present in the beta cell milieu during the course of virally-induced insulitis and Type 1 Diabetes. Based on these findings, we propose an integrated model for the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA + IFN-gamma induced beta-cell dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rasschaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, CP 618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Levin L, Tomer Y. The etiology of autoimmune diabetes and thyroiditis: evidence for common genetic susceptibility. Autoimmun Rev 2003; 2:377-86. [PMID: 14550880 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-9972(03)00080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most common autoimmune endocrine diseases. Both are organ-specific T-cell mediated diseases. Abundant epidemiological data support a strong genetic basis for both T1D and AITD. Furthermore, both diseases commonly occur in the same individuals and in the same families. Indeed, studies suggest that the etiology of T1D and AITD may involve common genetic factors. Two immune regulatory genes, HLA and CTLA-4 contribute to the susceptibility to both diseases. Additionally, two tissue-specific genes, the insulin VNTR in T1D and Thyroglobulin in AITD play a major role in their pathogenesis. Therefore, it is likely that both immune regulatory and target tissue genes contribute to these and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Box 1055, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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