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Picolo M, de Araújo Nobre MA, Salvado F, Barroso H. Association of Herpesvirus and Periodontitis: A Clinical and Laboratorial Case-Control Study. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1300-1308. [PMID: 37295456 PMCID: PMC10756839 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A significant influence of the Herpesviridae family in the progression of periodontal disease has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association of four Herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) with periodontal disease using a qualitative test for evaluating the presence or absence of viral DNA in crevicular fluid samples of both healthy periodontal patients and periodontal compromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted in 100 participants at a university clinic. A qualitative test was used for evaluating the presence/absence of viral DNA in crevicular fluid samples of both healthy periodontal patients and periodontal compromised patients, and considering the periodontitis staging (stage II, stage III, and stage IV) and grading (grade A, grade B, and grade C). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The distribution of the same exposure variables to the periodontitis staging and grading was compared using Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Gamma tests depending on the variable characteristics. The significance level was set at 5%. The association of the variables: age, sex, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, and oral hygiene was also considered. RESULTS The prevalence of Herpesviridae family virus DNA was 6% for the periodontal healthy group and 60% for the periodontitis group (roughly 60% on periodontitis stages II, III, and IV, p <0.001; and twofold increase in moderate and rapid progression grades compared with the slow progression grade, p <0.001). HSV1 DNA was prevalent in all periodontitis stages and grades. HSV 2, EBV, and CMV DNA had increasing prevalence rates in more severe stages (stages III and IV, p <0.001); while considering periodontitis grade, HSV2 (p = 0.001), CMV (p = 0.019) and EBV (p <0.001) DNA were prevalent only in grades B and C, with EBV DNA registering a marked prevalence in grade C. CONCLUSION A significant different distribution of Herpesviridae virus DNA per each stage of disease was registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Picolo
- Mestrado Integrado de Medicina Dentária, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. de Araújo Nobre
- Clínica Universitária de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Research and Development Department, Maló Clinic, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Salvado
- Clínica Universitária de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM) – Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica Portugal
| | - Helena Barroso
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM) – Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica Portugal
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Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Divya D, Ilango P, Devarajan N, Thanigaimalai A. Association of Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and lipocalin with periodontitis in type 2 diabetic subjects. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1163-1171. [PMID: 34850506 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aims to evaluate and compare the lipocalin, adiponectin and periodontal viruses in the generalized periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy subjects were grouped into 35 systemically healthy (GP) and 35 patients with diabetes mellitus (GP+DM). The periodontal parameters, demographic and diabetic variables were evaluated in both the groups. The subgingival tissue samples were procured from the diseased sites and were analysed for the detection of EBV, CMV, HSV and protein markers by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and lipocalin and adiponectin were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The demographic variables such as age and BMI did not differ between the groups. PI and CAL were found to be significantly higher in GP+DM (p < 0.05). EBV (82.9%), CMV (71.4%) and protein marker: lipocalin were also found to be statistically highly significant in GP+DM and adiponectin was found to be higher in GP group and reduced in GP+DM group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The increased prevalence of EBV and CMV and lipocalin with reduced levels of adiponectin in patients with diabetes and periodontitis which may show aggravation of the diabetic status of the periodontitis patients thereby reinforcing a strong Periodontitis-DM continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Maktoum bin Hamdan Dental University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dhana Divya
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Paavai Ilango
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Nalini Devarajan
- Central research laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Abirami Thanigaimalai
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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Fallah A, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Havaei SA, Kachuei R, Imani Fooladi AA. The role of serum circulating microbial toxins in severity and cytokine storm of COVID positive patients. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105888. [PMID: 36402345 PMCID: PMC9671676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global problem nowadays, causing health difficulty with increasing mortality rates, which doesn't have a verified treatment. SARS-CoV-2 infection has various pathological and epidemiological characteristics, one of them is increased amounts of cytokine production, which in order activate an abnormal unrestricted response called "cytokine storm". This event contributes to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results in respiratory failure and pneumonia and is the great cause of death associated with Covid-19. Endotoxemia and the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) from the lumen into the bloodstream enhance proinflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 can straightly interplay with endotoxins via its S protein, leading to the extremely elevating release of cytokines and consequently increase the harshness of Covid-19. In this review, we will discuss the possible role of viral-bacterial interaction that occurs through the transfer of bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the intestine into the bloodstream, exacerbating the severity of Covid-19 and cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Fallah
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author. 14359-44711, Tehran, Iran
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Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Le Gall-David S, Moussouni F, Sweidan A, Polard E, Bousarghin L, Jolivet-Gougeon A. SARS-CoV-2 and Prevotella spp.: friend or foe? A systematic literature review. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35511246 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During this global pandemic of the COVID-19 disease, a lot of information has arisen in the media and online without scientific validation, and among these is the possibility that this disease could be aggravated by a secondary bacterial infection such as Prevotella, as well as the interest or not in using azithromycin, a potentially active antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic literature review, to prove or disprove these allegations by scientific arguments. The search included Medline, PubMed, and Pubtator Central databases for English-language articles published 1999-2021. After removing duplicates, a total of final eligible studies (n=149) were selected. There were more articles showing an increase of Prevotella abundance in the presence of viral infection like that related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Papillomavirus (HPV), Herpesviridae and respiratory virus, highlighting differences according to methodologies and patient groups. The arguments for or against the use of azithromycin are stated in light of the results of the literature, showing the role of intercurrent factors, such as age, drug consumption, the presence of cancer or periodontal diseases. However, clinical trials are lacking to prove the direct link between the presence of Prevotella spp. and a worsening of COVID-19, mainly those using azithromycin alone in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tamanai-Shacoori
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Le Gall-David
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fouzia Moussouni
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Alaa Sweidan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elisabeth Polard
- Teaching Hospital Rennes, Service de Pharmacovigilance, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Latifa Bousarghin
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
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URSID γ-HERPESVIRUS TYPE 1–RELATED VIRUS IN CAPTIVE BORNEAN SUN BEARS (HELARCTOS MALAYANUS EURYSPILUS) IN SABAH, MALAYSIA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:92-99. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Teles F, Collman RG, Mominkhan D, Wang Y. Viruses, periodontitis, and comorbidities. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:190-206. [PMID: 35244970 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seminal studies published in the 1990s and 2000s explored connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, revealing potential contributions of periodontal diseases in the initiation or worsening of systemic conditions. The resulting field of periodontal medicine led to the publication of studies indicating that periodontal diseases can influence the risk of systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as Alzheimer disease and cancers. In general, these studies hypothesized that the periodontal bacterial insult and/or the associated proinflammatory cascade could contribute to the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases. While investigations of the biological basis of the connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions generally emphasized the bacteriome, it is also biologically plausible, under an analogous hypothesis, that other types of organisms may have a similar role. Human viruses would be logical "suspects" in this role, given their ubiquity in the oral cavity, association with periodontal diseases, and ability to elicit strong inflammatory response, compromise immune responses, and synergize with bacteria in favor of a more pathogenic microbial consortium. In this review, the current knowledge of the role of viruses in connecting periodontal diseases and systemic conditions is examined. We will also delve into the mechanistic basis for such connections and highlight the importance of those relationships in the management and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Teles
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine & School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana Mominkhan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ilango P, Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Cherian SM, Suresh V, Mahalingam A, Khanna VV, Abirami T. Evaluation of the periodontal viruses in cardiovascular patients associated with periodontitis. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1826-1835. [PMID: 35229412 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aims in evaluating the prevalence of Epstein-barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in periodontitis and/or Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients to compare with their healthy controls and insist their significance in the same. METHODOLOGY Two hundred and forty patients were divided into 4 groups. Non-periodontitis+non-cardiac (NP+NC) =60 patients, periodontitis+non-cardiac patients (P+NC)=60 patients, non-periodontitis+cardiac patients (NP+C)=60 patients and periodontitis+cardiac (P+C)=60 patients. Demographic variables, cardiac and periodontal parameters were recorded. EBV, CMV and HSV were evaluated in the sub- gingival plaque samples using RT-PCR (Real time polymerase chain reaction) and compared between the groups. The results were statistically analysed using Students t test, Pearson's chi square, Turkey post hoc analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The demographic variables did not differ significantly between the groups, except for age. Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Low density lipoprotein, Random blood sugar were significantly higher in NP+C and P+C (p≤0.05). The Plaque Index, Probing Pocket Depth and Clinical Attachment Loss (p≤0.05) were significantly higher in P+NC and P+C. EBV and CMV was significantly higher in the two periodontitis groups P+NC and P+C (p-value=0.000). HSV was significantly higher in the two cardiac groups (NP+C and P+C) (p≤0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between EBV and CAL (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION The study concluded that higher prevalence of EBV and CMV were found in groups with periodontitis patients. This indicates the significant role of the viruses in periodontitis as confirmed by association of EBV and CAL. The viruses were said to be highest in periodontitis patients with CAD. This could pave a new link in the risk of CAD in periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavai Ilango
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 095, India
| | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600 095, India
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Dean, Maktoum bin Hamdan Dental University, Dubai
| | - Sanjay M Cherian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frontier Lifeline Hospital, Chennai, 600 037, India
| | | | - Arulpari Mahalingam
- Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 107, India
| | - V Vinoth Khanna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary college, VeperyS, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - T Abirami
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 095, India.,Department of Physiology, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 095, India
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Aguiar A, Galinato M, Bradley Silva M, Toth B, McVoy MA, Hertel L. Human Cytomegalovirus Replication and Infection-Induced Syncytia Formation in Labial, Foreskin, and Fetal Lung Fibroblasts. Viruses 2021; 13:2355. [PMID: 34960624 PMCID: PMC8708767 DOI: 10.3390/v13122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a handful of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells, can support human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in vitro, in striking contrast to the situation in vivo. While the susceptibility of epithelial and endothelial cells to CMV infection is strongly modulated by their anatomical site of origin, multiple CMV strains have been successfully isolated and propagated on fibroblasts derived from different organs. As oral mucosal cells are likely involved in CMV acquisition, we sought to evaluate the ability of infant labial fibroblasts to support CMV replication, compared to that of commonly used foreskin and fetal lung fibroblasts. No differences were found in the proportion of cells initiating infection, or in the amounts of viral progeny produced after exposure to the fibroblast-adapted CMV strain AD169 or to the endothelial cell-adapted strain TB40/E. Syncytia formation was, however, significantly enhanced in infected labial and lung fibroblasts compared to foreskin-derived cells, and did not occur after infection with AD169. Together, these data indicate that fibroblast populations derived from different tissues are uniformly permissive to CMV infection but retain phenotypic differences of potential importance for infection-induced cell-cell fusion, and ensuing viral spread and pathogenesis in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Aguiar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (A.A.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Melissa Galinato
- Center for Immunobiology & Vaccine Development, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
| | - Maite’ Bradley Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (A.A.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Bryant Toth
- Craniofacial Center, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
| | - Michael A. McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Laura Hertel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (A.A.); (M.B.S.)
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Tett A, Pasolli E, Masetti G, Ercolini D, Segata N. Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:585-599. [PMID: 34050328 PMCID: PMC11290707 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Prevotella includes more than 50 characterized species that occur in varied natural habitats, although most Prevotella spp. are associated with humans. In the human microbiome, Prevotella spp. are highly abundant in various body sites, where they are key players in the balance between health and disease. Host factors related to diet, lifestyle and geography are fundamental in affecting the diversity and prevalence of Prevotella species and strains in the human microbiome. These factors, along with the ecological relationship of Prevotella with other members of the microbiome, likely determine the extent of the contribution of Prevotella to human metabolism and health. Here we review the diversity, prevalence and potential connection of Prevotella spp. in the human host, highlighting how genomic methods and analysis have improved and should further help in framing their ecological role. We also provide suggestions for future research to improve understanding of the possible functions of Prevotella spp. and the effects of the Western lifestyle and diet on the host-Prevotella symbiotic relationship in the context of maintaining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tett
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Markazi A, Meng W, Bracci PM, McGrath MS, Gao SJ. The Role of Bacteria in KSHV Infection and KSHV-Induced Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174269. [PMID: 34503079 PMCID: PMC8428360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this article is to review the complex interactions of bacteria with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and KSHV-induced cancers. KSHV is causally associated with multiple cancers including Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma. Among patients coinfected by HIV and KSHV, patients with KS have a distinct oral microbiome compared to patients without KS. Moreover, KSHV patients have increased levels of salivary bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns compared to KSHV-negative patients. KSHV-associated bacterial species can increase KSHV replication and dissemination, and enhance cell proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. The analysis of bacterial biomarkers associated with KSHV may help improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving KSHV-induced oncogenesis and identify novel targets for improving therapies of KSHV-related cancers. Abstract The objective of this article is to review the current status of the bacteria-virus interplay in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and KSHV-driven cancers. KSHV is the etiological agent of several cancers, including Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma. Due to immunosuppression, patients with KSHV are at an increased risk for bacterial infections. Moreover, among patients coinfected by HIV and KSHV, patients with KS have distinct oral microbiota compared to non-KS patients. Bacterial biomarkers associated with KSHV-driven cancers can provide insights in discerning the mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis. For example, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and bacterial products of certain bacterial species can regulate the expression of KSHV lytic and latent genes, thereby affecting viral replication and dissemination. In addition, infection with distinct opportunistic bacterial species have been associated with increased cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in KSHV-induced cancers through activation of pro-survival and -mitogenic cell signaling pathways. By elucidating the various mechanisms in which bacteria affect KSHV-associated pathogenesis, we will be able to pinpoint therapeutic targets for KSHV infection and KSHV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Markazi
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.M.); (W.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Wen Meng
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.M.); (W.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Paige M. Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Michael S. McGrath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (A.M.); (W.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Correspondence:
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Anand PS, Jadhav P, Kamath KP, Kumar SR, Vijayalaxmi S, Anil S. A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Periodontol 2021; 93:584-590. [PMID: 34347879 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and periodontitis share common characteristics, such as an exaggerated inflammatory response. As periodontal diseases were shown to be associated with respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, it is quite possible that a relationship may exist between periodontitis and COVID-19. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine whether periodontitis and poor oral hygiene are associated with COVID-19. METHODS A case-control study was conducted. Patients who had positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were included in the case group (n = 79), and patients with negative results were included in the control group (n = 71). The periodontal examination involved recording the plaque scores, calculus scores, tooth mobility, gingival bleeding, probing depth, recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of mean plaque scores ≥ 1 (odds ratio (OR), 7.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83 to 26.94), gingivitis (OR, 17.65; 95% CI, 5.95 to 52.37), mean CAL ≥ 2 mm (OR, 8.46; 95% CI, 3.47 to 20.63), and severe periodontitis (OR, 11.75; 95% CI, 3.89 to 35.49) with COVID-19; these findings were more prevalent in the case group. CONCLUSION Based on the above mentioned observations, it can be concluded that there is an association between periodontitis severity and COVID-19. Gingival bleeding and dental plaque accumulation are also more frequent among COVID-19 patients. Hence, it is essential to maintain periodontal health and good oral hygiene as an important measure for COVID-19 prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Anand
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pranavi Jadhav
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kavitha P Kamath
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sandapola Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Blostein F, Foote S, Salzman E, McNeil DW, Marazita ML, Martin ET, Foxman B. Associations Between Salivary Bacteriome Diversity and Salivary Human Herpesvirus Detection in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:856-863. [PMID: 34173666 PMCID: PMC8459089 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacteriome is associated with susceptibility to some eukaryotic viruses, but no study has examined associations between the salivary bacteriome and human herpesviruses (HHVs). We provide new prevalence and incidence estimates for salivary herpesviruses detection and estimate associations with bacteriome diversity in young children. METHODS Salivary samples collected at ages ~2, 8, 12, and 24 months from 153 children participating in the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia cohort 2 (COHRA2) were screened for HHVs using the Fast-Track Neuro9 multiplex PCR assay, and for the bacteriome using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We used Cox proportional hazard models to test for associations between the salivary bacteriome and hazards of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV6). RESULTS CMV, HHV6, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were detected at all visits. Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV7) was first detected at the 8-month visit and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) was only detected at the 12-month visit. Varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus 2, and human herpesvirus-8 were never detected. HHV6 (24-month cumulative incidence: 73.8%) and CMV (24-month cumulative incidence: 32.3%) were detected most frequently. Increasing salivary bacteriome diversity was associated with longer survival to first detection of CMV (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.24 [0.12, 0.49]) and HHV6 (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.24 [0.13, 0.44]). CONCLUSION CMV, HHV6, EBV, HHV7, and HSV1 were detected in the saliva during the first 2 years of life. Time to first detection of CMV and HHV6 was associated with salivary bacteriome diversity, suggesting a possible interaction between HHVs and the salivary bacteriome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freida Blostein
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sydney Foote
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Salzman
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel W McNeil
- Department of Clinical Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Corresponding Author: Betsy Foxman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, M5108 SPH II, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029. E-mail:
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13
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Luan X, Zhou X, Fallah P, Pandya M, Lyu H, Foyle D, Burch D, Diekwisch TGH. MicroRNAs: Harbingers and shapers of periodontal inflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:85-98. [PMID: 34120836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory reaction of the periodontal tissues to oral pathogens. In the present review we discuss the intricate effects of a regulatory network of gene expression modulators, microRNAs (miRNAs), as they affect periodontal morphology, function and gene expression during periodontal disease. These miRNAs are small RNAs involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation and affect all stages of periodontal disease, from the earliest signs of gingivitis to the regulation of periodontal homeostasis and immunity and to the involvement in periodontal tissue destruction. MiRNAs coordinate periodontal disease progression not only directly but also through long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been demonstrated to act as endogenous sponges or decoys that regulate the expression and function of miRNAs, and which in turn suppress the targeting of mRNAs involved in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. While the integrity of miRNA function is essential for periodontal health and immunity, miRNA sequence variations (genetic polymorphisms) contribute toward an enhanced risk for periodontal disease progression and severity. Several polymorphisms in miRNA genes have been linked to an increased risk of periodontitis, and among those, miR-146a, miR-196, and miR-499 polymorphisms have been identified as risk factors for periodontal disease. The role of miRNAs in periodontal disease progression is not limited to the host tissues but also extends to the viruses that reside in periodontal lesions, such as herpesviruses (human herpesvirus, HHV). In advanced periodontal lesions, HHV infections result in the release of cytokines from periodontal tissues and impair antibacterial immune mechanisms that promote bacterial overgrowth. In turn, controlling the exacerbation of periodontal disease by minimizing the effect of periodontal HHV in periodontal lesions may provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. In summary, this review highlights multiple levels of miRNA-mediated control of periodontal disease progression, (i) through their role in periodontal inflammation and the dysregulation of homeostasis, (ii) as a regulatory target of lncRNAs, (iii) by contributing toward periodontal disease susceptibility through miRNA polymorphism, and (iv) as periodontal microflora modulators via viral miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Luan
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pooria Fallah
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mirali Pandya
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Huling Lyu
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Deborah Foyle
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Dan Burch
- Department of Pedodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA.
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14
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Zou H, Zhou N, Huang Y, Luo A, Sun J. Phenotypes, roles, and modulation of regulatory lymphocytes in periodontitis and its associated systemic diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:451-467. [PMID: 33884656 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vmr0321-027rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease that can result in tooth loss and poses a risk to systemic health. Lymphocytes play important roles in periodontitis through multiple mechanisms. Regulatory lymphocytes including regulatory B cells (Bregs) and T cells (Tregs) are the main immunosuppressive cells that maintain immune homeostasis, and are critical to our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the development of effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes, roles, and modulating strategies of regulatory lymphocytes including Bregs and Tregs in periodontitis and frequently cooccurring inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer disease, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. The current evidence suggests that restoring immune balance through therapeutic targeting of regulatory lymphocytes is a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontitis and other systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Niu Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilian Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aoxiang Luo
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Deb B, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. Genome-wide analysis of codon usage pattern in herpesviruses and its relation to evolution. Virus Res 2020; 292:198248. [PMID: 33253719 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The preferential use of a specific codon, out of a group of synonymous codons encoding the same amino acid, in a gene transcript results from the bias in codon choice. Various evolutionary forces namely mutation pressure and natural selection influence the pattern of codon usage i.e. distinct for each gene/genome. We investigated the pattern of codon usage of eight human herpesvirus genomes and compared them with two other herpesvirus genomes namely murine herpesvirus 68 and bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 to elucidate its compositional features, pattern of codon usage across the genomes and report the differences of codon usage pattern of human herpesviruses from that of other two other viruses. We also identified the similarity of the codon usage of human herpesviruses with its host (human). The genes were found to be CG rich in HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV6, HHV7 and BH genomes while TA rich in HHV1, HHV5, HHV8 and MH genomes. The codon usage bias (CUB) of genes was low. A highly significant correlation was found among compositional contents depicting the role of mutational pressure along with natural selection in framing CUB. Several more frequently used codons as well as less frequently used codons were identified to be similar between each human virus and its host (human), while murine herpesvirus 68 and bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 genomes did not possess similar adaptation strategy as human herpesviruses to human (host), thus we could conclude that viral CUB might have been shaped as per their host's nature for better surveillance. Neutrality plot revealed mutational pressure mostly influenced the CUB of HHV1, HHV8 and MH viruses, while natural selection had a major impact in the CUB of HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5, HHV6, HHV7 and BH genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornali Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi, 788150, Assam, India
| | - Supriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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16
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Miyani B, McCall C, Xagoraraki I. High abundance of human herpesvirus 8 in wastewater from a large urban area. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1402-1411. [PMID: 33058412 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study assesses the diversity and abundance of Human Herpesviruses (HHVs) in the influent of an urban wastewater treatment plant using shotgun sequencing, metagenomic analysis and qPCR. METHODS AND RESULTS Influent wastewater samples were collected from the three interceptors that serve the City of Detroit and Wayne, Macomb and Oakland counties between November 2017 to February 2018. The samples were subjected to a series of processes to concentrate viruses which were further sequenced and amplified using qPCR. All nine types of HHV were detected in wastewater. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), known as Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, which is only prevalent in 5-10% of USA population, was found to be the most abundant followed by HHV-3 or Varicella-zoster virus. CONCLUSIONS The high abundance of HHV-8 in the Detroit metropolitan area may be attributed to the HIV-AIDS outbreak that was ongoing in Detroit during the sampling period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The approach described in this paper can be used to establish a baseline of viruses secreted by the community as a whole. Sudden changes in the baseline would identify changes in community health and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Kensara A, Hefni E, Williams MA, Saito H, Mongodin E, Masri R. Microbiological Profile and Human Immune Response Associated with Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:210-234. [PMID: 33016381 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and synthesize the existing evidence on the microbiological and human immune response associated with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched in October 2019 to identify clinical studies evaluating the microbiota and the immune response associated with peri-implantitis. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and used the full text to extract the data. A qualitative synthesis was performed on the extracted data and summary tables were prepared. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among included studies, no meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Forty studies were included in this review. Of these, 20 studies compared the microbiological profile of peri-implantitis with healthy implants. Nineteen studies focused on the immune response associated with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants. Three studies focus on gene polymorphism associated with peri-implantitis. The most commonly reported bacteria associated with peri-implantitis were obligate anaerobe Gram-negative bacteria (OAGNB), asaccharolytic anaerobic Gram-positive rods (AAGPRs), and other Gram-positive species. In regard to immune response, the most frequently reported pro-inflammatory mediators associated with peri-implantitis were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α. Osteolytic mediator, e.g., RANK, RANKL, Wnt5a and proteinase enzymes, MMP-2, MMP-9, and Cathepsin-K were also expressed at higher level in peri-implantitis sites compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Peri-implantitis is associated with complex and different microbiota than healthy implants including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and virus. This difference in the microbiota could provoke higher inflammatory response and osteolytic activity. All of this could contribute to the physiopathology of peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Kensara
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eman Hefni
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Ann Williams
- Health Sciences & Human Services Library, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hanae Saito
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emmanuel Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Radi Masri
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Ilango P, Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Cherian SM, Kathaperumal K, Suresh V, Mahalingam A, T A. Evidence linking the role of periodontal viruses in coronary artery disease with and without periodontitis. J Periodontol 2020; 92:113-122. [PMID: 32449954 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are considered to be a newer family associated with inflammatory diseases. Yet the role of periodontal viruses in coronary artery diseases (CAD) remains unclear. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal viruses and compare the same in cardiac samples of CAD patients with and without periodontitis. METHODS A total of 60 patients with CAD indicated for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were included. These were grouped into 36 patients with healthy periodontium (CAD only) and 24 patients with periodontitis (CAD + P). The demographic variables, cardiac parameters and periodontal parameters were recorded. Cardiac tissue samples were collected during the CABG surgery and were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for periodontal viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes simplex virus. All the parameters were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Among the demographic variables, age was statistically significant between the groups. Plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were significantly higher in CAD+P group (P ˂0.05). Periodontal viruses such as EBV and CMV were significantly higher (62.5% and 75% respectively, P ˂0.05) in the cardiac samples of the CAD+P than CAD only (25% and 47.2%, respectively). A significant association between EBV and CAL was revealed by multiple logistic regression analysis. (B = 0.374, P = 0.046) CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed a higher prevalence of periodontal viruses such as EBV and CMV in CAD patients with periodontitis suggesting it as one of the risk factors for CAD. This is supported by the fact that severity of periodontal disease (CAL) is associated with the presence of EBV in coronary artery plaque samples in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavai Ilango
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics, Maktoum bin Hamdan Dental University, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sanjay M Cherian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frontier Lifeline Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Kumanan Kathaperumal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Vasugi Suresh
- Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Arulpari Mahalingam
- Department of Physiology, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Abirami T
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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19
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Bertolini M, Pita A, Koo S, Cardenas A, Meethil A. Periodontal Disease in the COVID-19 Era: Potential Reservoir and Increased Risk for SARS-CoV-2. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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20
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Armitage GC. A brief history of periodontics in the United States of America: Pioneers and thought-leaders of the past, and current challenges. Periodontol 2000 2019; 82:12-25. [PMID: 31850629 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes historical events in periodontology in the United States over the past 200 years. The contributions of some of the key thought-leaders of the past are highlighted. Throughout the 20th century, the evolution of thought, leading to the views currently held regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal diseases, was significantly influenced by: (1) major changes in health-care education; (2) the emergence of periodontics as a specialty of dentistry; (3) the publication of peer-reviewed journals with an emphasis on periodontology; (4) formation of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); and (5) expansion of periodontal research programs by the NIDCR. The two major future challenges facing periodontal research are development of a better understanding of the ecological complexities of host-microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease, and identification of the relevant mechanisms involved in the predictable regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Armitage
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Bilichodmath S, Nair SK, Bilichodmath R, Mangalekar SB. mRNA expression of IFN-λs in the gingival tissue of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis: A polymerase chain reaction study. J Periodontol 2019; 89:867-874. [PMID: 29717481 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have proven the existence of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Recently discovered interferon lambda (IFN-λ) has antiviral properties and is induced by herpesviruses. The present study was a quantitative analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN-λs (IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3) in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. METHODS A total of 90 participants (50 men and 40 women; age range 19-50 years, mean age 31.50 ± 7.8) were categorized into three groups: healthy participants, patients with chronic periodontitis, and patients with aggressive periodontitis. mRNA expression of IFN-λs in gingival tissues was estimated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and was correlated with clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS mRNA of IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3 was expressed in gingival tissues of healthy participants and in patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. The highest level of IFN-λ1 was observed in patients with aggressive periodontitis (3.049 ± 9.793), whereas IFN-λ2 (4.322 ± 11.310) and IFN-λ3 (11.932 ± 27.479) were highest in patients with chronic periodontitis. The difference in mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 (P = 0.008) and IFN-λ3 (P = 0.043) among three groups was statistically significant CONCLUSION: Increased quantity of IFN-λs in patients with chronic and patients with aggressive periodontitis suggests a role in periodontitis. Variation in the expression of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 in patients with periodontitis needs to be further evaluated. The mRNA expression of antiviral IFN-λs in gingival tissues might enhance our understanding related to viral pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sruthi K Nair
- Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Rekha Bilichodmath
- Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin B Mangalekar
- Deparment of Periodontology, Bharti Vidyapeeth Dental College, Wanlesswadi, Sangali, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Kazi MMAG, Bharadwaj R. Role of herpesviruses in chronic periodontitis and their association with clinical parameters and in increasing severity of the disease. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:299-304. [PMID: 28932137 PMCID: PMC5594956 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_43_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to assess the role of herpesviruses in chronic periodontitis and their association with clinical parameters and in increasing severity. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case–control study. Ethical approval and prior consent were taken. A subgingival plaque sample was collected from a total of 300 patients and 300 controls and processed for DNA extraction and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpesviruses. Results: The most predominant age group affected was 41–50 followed by 31–40 years and male patients outnumbered the female patients. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (46.6%) was the most common Herpesvirus followed by HSV-2 (34.6%), Epstein–Barr viruses (EBV) (30.6%), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) (19.3%) in chronic periodontitis. Herpesviruses were significantly associated with increasing severity of the disease and had shown differences in their association with clinical parameters. Multiple herpesvirus infection was seen in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. The most common combination was HSV-1 + HSV-2 and HSV-1 + HSV-2 + EBV. Conclusions: HSV-1 was the most common herpesviruses implicated in the etiology of the chronic periodontitis followed by HSV-2, EBV and CMV. A herpesvirus differs in association with clinical parameters and plays an important role in increasing severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renu Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology, B. J. Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Domínguez-Díaz C, García-Orozco A, Riera-Leal A, Padilla-Arellano JR, Fafutis-Morris M. Microbiota and Its Role on Viral Evasion: Is It With Us or Against Us? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:256. [PMID: 31380299 PMCID: PMC6657001 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that require the protein synthesis machinery of the host cells to replicate. These microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to avoid detection from the host immune innate and adaptive response, which are known as viral evasion mechanisms. Viruses enter the host through skin and mucosal surfaces that happen to be colonized by communities of thousands of microorganisms collectively known as the commensal microbiota, where bacteria have a role in the modulation of the immune system and maintaining homeostasis. These bacteria are necessary for the development of the immune system and to prevent the adhesion and colonization of bacterial pathogens and parasites. However, the interactions between the commensal microbiota and viruses are not clear. The microbiota could confer protection against viral infection by priming the immune response to avoid infection, with some bacterial species being required to increase the antiviral response. On the other hand, it could also help to promote viral evasion of certain viruses by direct and indirect mechanisms, with the presence of the microbiota increasing infection and viruses using LPS and surface polysaccharides from bacteria to trigger immunosuppressive pathways. In this work, we reviewed the interaction between the microbiota and viruses to prevent their entry into host cells or to help them to evade the host antiviral immunity. This review is focused on the influence of the commensal microbiota in the viruses' success or failure of the host cells infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Domínguez-Díaz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandra García-Orozco
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Annie Riera-Leal
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ricardo Padilla-Arellano
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investgación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Zapopan, Mexico.,Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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24
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Barros SP, Hefni E, Nepomuceno R, Offenbacher S, North K. Targeting epigenetic mechanisms in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2019; 78:174-184. [PMID: 30198133 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic factors are heritable genome modifications that potentially impact gene transcription, contributing to disease states. Epigenetic marks play an important role in chronic inflammatory conditions, as observed in periodontal diseases, by allowing microbial persistence or by permitting microbial insult to play a role in the so-called 'hit-and-run' infectious mechanism, leading to lasting pathogen interference with the host genome. Epigenetics also affects the health sciences by providing a dynamic mechanistic framework to explain the way in which environmental and behavioral factors interact with the genome to alter disease risk. In this article we review current knowledge of epigenome regulation in light of the multifactorial nature of periodontal diseases. We discuss epigenetic tagging in identified genes, and consider the potential implications of epigenetic changes on host-microbiome dynamics in chronic inflammatory states and in response to environmental stressors. The most recent advances in genomic technologies have placed us in a position to analyze interaction effects (eg, between periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus), which can be investigated through epigenome-wide association analysis. Finally, because of the individualized traits of epigenetic biomarkers, pharmacoepigenomic perspectives are also considered as potentially novel therapeutic approaches for improving periodontal disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hil, NC, USA
| | - Eman Hefni
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hil, NC, USA
| | - Steven Offenbacher
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hil, NC, USA
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Akram Z, Al-Aali KA, Alrabiah M, Alonaizan FA, Abduljabbar T, AlAhmari F, Javed F, Vohra F. Current weight of evidence of viruses associated with peri-implantitis and peri-implant health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2042. [PMID: 30901504 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathological role of human herpesviruses (HHVs) (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], Human cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Herpes simplex virus [HSV]) in peri-implant health needs clarification quantitatively. To determine the weight of evidence for HHVs in patients with peri-implantitis (PI) and substantiate the significance of HHVs in peri-implant inflammation, electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1964 up to and including November 2018. Meta-analyses were conducted for prevalence of HHVs in PI and healthy controls. Forest plots were generated that recorded risk difference (RD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Five clinical studies were considered and included. Four clinical studies reported data on EBV while three clinical studies reported data on CMV. Considering the risk of these viruses in PI, significant heterogeneity for CMV (χ2 = 53.37, p < 0.0001, I2 = 96.25%) and EBV (χ2 = 14.14, p = 0.002, I2 = 78.79%) prevalence was noticed between PI and healthy control sites. The overall RD for only EBV (RD = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.01-0.40, p = 0.03) was statistically significant between both groups. Frequencies of the viruses were increased in patients with PI compared with healthy nondiseased sites. However, the findings of the present study should be interpreted with caution because of significant heterogeneity and small number of included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Akram
- Department of Oral Restorative and Rehabilitative Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia (M512), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Khulud Abdulrahman Al-Aali
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrabiah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Abdullah Alonaizan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College Of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatemah AlAhmari
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ivanovska-Stojanoska M, Popovska M, Anastasovska V, Kocova M, Zendeli-Bedzeti L, Dimova C, Taseva A. Detection of Virus Herpes Simplex Type 1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontal Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1737-1741. [PMID: 30338001 PMCID: PMC6182537 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is an inflammatory-destructive condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Microorganisms found in the dental plaque were considered to be the primary local etiologic factor responsible for the periodontal destruction. It is also evident that herpes simplex viruses may have an impact in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. AIM This study has been made with the aim to analyse the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the dental plaque (supra- and subgingival) of patients with the chronic periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study comprised a total of 89 patients with chronic periodontal disease divided into two groups (patients with moderate and severe periodontitis). Supragingival dental plaque samples were taken with sterile cotton (supragingival), and subgingival dental plaque samples were taken with paper absorbents. Samples were subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex PCR for the presence of herpes viral DNA. RESULTS HSV-1 virus was detected In 24.7% of all patients included in the study. HSV-1 was detected in 22.2% of patients with the moderate stage of the disease, of which in all (100%) in the supragingival plaque samples and only 16.7% in subgingival plaque samples. In two patients HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. In patients with advanced stage of the disease, the HSV-1 virus was detected in 28.6% patients. In two of the patients, HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. Statistically, a significant difference was found in HSV-1 positive patients with a moderate stage of disease, between the presence of the virus in subgingival (100%) and subgingival (16.7%) dental plaque samples, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Herpes simplex viruses type 1 are present in supragingival and subgingival dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanovska-Stojanoska
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Popovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Violeta Anastasovska
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Lidita Zendeli-Bedzeti
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Cena Dimova
- University "Goce Delchev", Faculty of Dentistry, Shtip, Republic of Macedonia
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Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E. The Periodontium as a Potential Cause of Orofacial Pain: A Comprehensive Review. Open Dent J 2018; 12:520-528. [PMID: 30197691 PMCID: PMC6110068 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Orofacial pain of periodontal origin has a wide range of causes, and its high prevalence and negative effect on patients' quality of life make intervention mandatory. This review provides a periodontological overview of the field of orofacial pain, focusing on the entities which involve the periodontal tissues and may be the cause of this pain or discomfort. Methods: The study comprised a literature search of these pathologies conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed Database. Acute infectious entities such as gingival and periodontal abscesses are emergencies that require a rapid response. Periodontitis associated with endodontic processes, necrotizing periodontal disorders, desquamative gingivitis, gingival recession, and mucogingival herpetic lesions, cause mild to severe pain due to tissue destruction and loss. Other lesions that lead to periodontal discomfort include gingival enlargement and periodontal ligament strains associated with occlusal trauma, parafunctional habit and the impaction of food or foreign bodies. Conclusion: A range of therapeutic, pharmacological and surgical alternatives are available for the management of these injuries. However, the wide variety of causes of orofacial pain or periodontal discomfort may confuse the clinician during diagnosis and may lead to the wrong choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Miranda-Rius
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Dentistry & Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brunet-Llobet
- Division of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Dentistry & Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Lahor-Soler
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Dentistry & Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Shipilova A, Dayakar MM, Gupta D. High risk human papillomavirus in the periodontium : A case control study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2017; 21:380-385. [PMID: 29491584 PMCID: PMC5827505 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_56_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that have been identified in periodontal pocket as well as gingival sulcus. High risk HPVs are also associated with a subset of head and neck carcinomas. It is thought that the periodontium could be a reservoir for HPV. AIMS 1. Detection of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) in periodontal pocket as well as gingival of patients having localized chronic periodontitis and gingival sulcus of periodontally healthy subjects. 2. Quantitative estimation of E6 and E7 mRNA in subjects showing presence of HPV3. To assess whether periodontal pocket is a reservoir for HPV. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This case-control study included 30 subjects with localized chronic Periodontitis (cases) and 30 periodontally healthy subjects (controls). Two samples were taken from cases, one from periodontal pocket and one from gingival sulcus and one sample was taken from controls. METHODS AND MATERIALS Samples were collected in the form of pocket scrapings and gingival sulcus scrapings from cases and controls respectively. These samples were sent in storage media for identification and estimation of E6/E7 mRNA of HPV using in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis was done by using, mean, percentage and Chi Square test. A statistical package SPSS version 13.0 was used to analyze the data. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS pocket samples as well as sulcus samples for both cases and controls were found to contain HPV E6/E7 mRNAInterpretation and. CONCLUSION Presence of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in periodontium supports the hypothesis that periodontal tissues serve as a reservoir for latent HPV and there may be a synergy between oral cancer, periodontitis and HPV. However prospective studies are required to further explore this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shipilova
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, K.V.G Dental College, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dinesh Gupta
- Curehealth Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
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29
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Hyaluronan-mediated mononuclear leukocyte binding to gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1063-1070. [PMID: 28801807 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Binding of mononuclear leukocytes to hyaluronan cable structures is a well-known pathomechanism in several chronic inflammatory diseases, but has not yet described for chronic oral inflammations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if and how binding of mononuclear leukocytes to pathologic hyaluronan cable structures can be induced in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experiments were performed with human gingival fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three healthy blood donors. Gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with (1) tunicamycin, (2) polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly:IC), and (3) lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to simulate (1) ER stress and (2) viral and (3) bacterial infections, respectively. Fibroblasts were then co-incubated with PBMCs, and the number of bound and fluorescently labeled PBMCs was assessed using a fluorescence reader and microscopy. For data analysis, a linear mixed model was used. RESULTS Hyaluronan-mediated binding of PBMCs to gingival fibroblasts was increased by tunicamycin and Poly(I:C) but not by LPS. Hyaluronidase treatment and co-incubation with hyaluronan transport inhibitors reduced this binding. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that hyaluronan-mediated binding of blood cells might play a role in oral inflammations. A potential superior role of viruses needs to be confirmed in further clinical studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The linkage between pathological hyaluronan matrices and oral infections opens up potential applications of hyaluronan transport inhibitors in the treatment of chronic oral inflammations.
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30
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Rotstein I. Interaction between endodontics and periodontics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 74:11-39. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030058. [PMID: 28335562 PMCID: PMC5371813 DOI: 10.3390/v9030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses often occupy the same niches, however, interest in their potential collaboration in promoting wellness or disease states has only recently gained traction. While the interaction of some bacteria and viruses is well characterized (e.g., influenza virus), researchers are typically more interested in the location of the infection than the manner of cooperation. There are two overarching types of bacterial-virus disease causing interactions: direct interactions that in some way aid the viruses, and indirect interactions aiding bacteria. The virus-promoting direct interactions occur when the virus exploits a bacterial component to facilitate penetration into the host cell. Conversely, indirect interactions result in increased bacterial pathogenesis as a consequence of viral infection. Enteric viruses mainly utilize the direct pathway, while respiratory viruses largely affect bacteria in an indirect fashion. This review focuses on some key examples of how virus-bacteria interactions impact the infection process across the two organ systems, and provides evidence supporting this as an emerging theme in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA..
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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32
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Alzahrani AA. Association between human herpes virus and aggressive periodontitis: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjdr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Shah R, Mehta DS. Prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:279-85. [PMID: 27563201 PMCID: PMC4976548 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.179896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-I therapy on the level of viral detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred patients consisting of 20 healthy subjects, 40 gingivitis, and 40 chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Clinical parameters recorded included plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. The gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients received phase-I periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions, full mouth scaling for gingivitis patients and scaling and root planing for chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected, and the presence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Recording of periodontal parameters as well as GCF collection was performed at baseline and 6 weeks postphase-I therapy. RESULTS At baseline, the levels of HSV-1 and EBV detection were lower in healthy controls as compared to gingivitis (P < 0.05) and chronic periodontitis cases (P < 0.001). Phase-I therapy led to reduction in the amount of HSV-1 and EBV in gingivitis patients (P < 0.05) and for HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus and EBV in chronic periodontitis patients (P < 0.05) in comparison to baseline. The prevalence of EBV in chronic periodontitis patients was positively associated with increased gingival index, probing depth and loss of clinical attachment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of HSV-1 and EBV viruses in GCF of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis suggests a strong association between these viruses and periodontal diseases and periodontal therapy can lead to a reduction in herpesviruses at infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Patel K, Schirru E, Niazi S, Mitchell P, Mannocci F. Multiple Apical Radiolucencies and External Cervical Resorption Associated with Varicella Zoster Virus: A Case Report. J Endod 2016; 42:978-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Thomasini RL, Pereira FSM. Impact of different types of herpesviral infections in the oral cavity. World J Stomatol 2016; 5:22-27. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v5.i2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpesviruses are ubiquitous, doubled-stranded DNA viruses that can reactivate under conditions such as immunosuppressive therapy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, malnutrition, and immunosenescence. There are eight types of herpesviruses: Human herpesvirus simplex (HSV) type I (HSV-1) and HSV type II (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 or Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus. Some of these viruses can infect the oral cavity, leading to different types of lesions. Specifically, labial herpes (HSV-1 and less frequently HSV-2), zoster (VZV), infectious mononucleosis and oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV), and Kaposi’s Sarcoma (HHV-8) are the most common viruses infecting the oral cavity. Some of these viruses can act in synergy with other herpesviruses or as distinct infectious agents. Other herpesviruses may have indirect effects in periodontal disease. The diagnosis is frequently based on signs and symptoms and depends on the experience of the examiner. Cytopathologic and/or histopathologic examination as well as immunological methods such as ELISA could help to elucidate cases. In addition, molecular techniques which can be sensitive and specific have been reported in the literature. These methods require low amounts of sample and could offer results faster than other traditional methods.
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36
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Dayakar MM, Shipilova A, Gupta D. Periodontal pocket as a potential reservoir of high risk human papilloma virus: A pilot study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:136-40. [PMID: 27143823 PMCID: PMC4847457 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.170815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that have been identified in periodontal pocket as well as gingival sulcus. High risk HPVs are also associated with a subset of head and neck carcinomas. HPV detection in periodontium has previously involved DNA detection. This study attempts to: (a) Detect the presence or absence of high risk HPV in marginal periodontiun by identifying E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA) in cells from samples obtained by periodontal pocket scraping. (b) Detect the percentage of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in cells of pocket scrapings, which is responsible for producing oncoproteins E6 and E7. Materials and Methods: Pocket scrapings from the periodontal pockets of eight subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis were taken the detection of presence or absence of E6, E7 mRNA was performed using in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Results: HPV E6/E7 mRNA was detected in four of the eight samples. Conclusion: Presence of high risk human papillomaviruses in periodontal pockets patients of diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, not suffering from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the present day could link periodontitis to HPV related squamous cell carcinoma. Prevalence studies are needed detecting the presence of HPV in marginal periodontium as well as prospective studies of HPV positive periodontitis patients are required to explore this possible link.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Shipilova
- Department of Periodontics, K.V.G Dental College, Sullia, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Director, Curehealth Diagnostics Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, India
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Otero RA, Nascimento FNN, Souza IPR, Silva RC, Lima RS, Robaina TF, Câmara FP, Santos N, Castro GF. LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HERPESVIRUS DETECTION IN SALIVA AND GINGIVITIS IN HIV‑INFECTED CHILDREN. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200962 PMCID: PMC4544246 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in
the saliva of HIV-infected and healthy control children, and to evaluate associations
between viral infection and gingivitis and immunodeficiency. Saliva samples were
collected from 48 HIV-infected and 48 healthy control children. Clinical and
laboratory data were collected during dental visits and from medical records. A
trained dentist determined gingival indices and extension of gingivitis. Saliva
samples were tested for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2),
varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by
nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Thirty-five HIV-infected and 16 control
children had gingivitis. Seventeen (35.4%) HIV-infected children and 13 (27%) control
children were positive for HHVs. CMV was the most commonly detected HHV in both
groups (HIV-infected, 25%; control, 12.5%), followed by HSV-1 (6.2% in both groups)
and HSV-2 (HIV-infected, 4.2%; control, 8.3%). The presence of HHVs in saliva was not
associated with the presence of gingivitis in HIV-1-infected children
(p = 0.104) or healthy control children (p =
0.251), or with immunosuppression in HIV-infected individuals (p =
0.447). Gingivitis was correlated with HIV infection (p = 0.0001).
These results suggest that asymptomatic salivary detection of HHVs is common in
HIV-infected and healthy children, and that it is not associated with gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Otero
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia N N Nascimento
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivete P R Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Silva
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F Robaina
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Câmara
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norma Santos
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gloria F Castro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Ting M, Whitaker EJ, Albandar JM. Systematic review of the in vitro effects of statins on oral and perioral microorganisms. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 124:4-10. [PMID: 26718458 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins are medications administered orally and are widely used for lowering the blood cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orally administered statins on microorganisms infecting oral and perioral tissues. We performed a systematic review of published studies of the in vitro antimicrobial effects of statins on bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google scholar. Studies show that most statins exhibit antimicrobial effects against various oral microorganisms. Simvastatin is most effective against the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and against most dental plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans. Statins also exhibit antiviral properties against human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, and have antifungal properties against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Zygomycetes spp. There were notable differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between different studies, which may be attributed to differences in study design. Further studies are warranted to ascertain if statins can be solubilized so that patients, who have been prescribed statins for cardiovascular diseases, can use the medication as a swish and swallow, giving patients the added benefit of the antimicrobial action topically in the mouth against infectious oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ting
- Predoctoral Program, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eugene J Whitaker
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jasim M Albandar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Herrera D, Alonso B, de Arriba L, Santa Cruz I, Serrano C, Sanz M. Acute periodontal lesions. Periodontol 2000 2015; 65:149-77. [PMID: 24738591 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review provides updates on acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, including abscesses in the periodontium, necrotizing periodontal diseases and other acute conditions that cause gingival lesions with acute presentation, such as infectious processes not associated with oral bacterial biofilms, mucocutaneous disorders and traumatic and allergic lesions. A periodontal abscess is clinically important because it is a relatively frequent dental emergency, it can compromise the periodontal prognosis of the affected tooth and bacteria within the abscess can spread and cause infections in other body sites. Different types of abscesses have been identified, mainly classified by their etiology, and there are clear differences between those affecting a pre-existing periodontal pocket and those affecting healthy sites. Therapy for this acute condition consists of drainage and tissue debridement, while an evaluation of the need for systemic antimicrobial therapy will be made for each case, based on local and systemic factors. The definitive treatment of the pre-existing condition should be accomplished after the acute phase is controlled. Necrotizing periodontal diseases present three typical clinical features: papilla necrosis, gingival bleeding and pain. Although the prevalence of these diseases is not high, their importance is clear because they represent the most severe conditions associated with the dental biofilm, with very rapid tissue destruction. In addition to bacteria, the etiology of necrotizing periodontal disease includes numerous factors that alter the host response and predispose to these diseases, namely HIV infection, malnutrition, stress or tobacco smoking. The treatment consists of superficial debridement, careful mechanical oral hygiene, rinsing with chlorhexidine and daily re-evaluation. Systemic antimicrobials may be used adjunctively in severe cases or in nonresponding conditions, being the first option metronidazole. Once the acute disease is under control, definitive treatment should be provided, including appropriate therapy for the pre-existing gingivitis or periodontitis. Among other acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, but not caused by the microorganisms present in oral biofilms, infectious diseases, mucocutaneous diseases and traumatic or allergic lesions can be listed. In most cases, the gingival involvement is not severe; however, these conditions are common and may prompt an emergency dental visit. These conditions may have the appearance of an erythematous lesion, which is sometimes erosive. Erosive lesions may be the direct result of trauma or a consequence of the breaking of vesicles and bullae. A proper differential diagnosis is important for adequate management of the case.
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Abstract
Human periodontitis is associated with a wide range of bacteria and viruses and with complex innate and adaptive immune responses. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses are major suspected pathogens of periodontitis, and a combined herpesvirus–bacterial periodontal infection can potentially explain major clinical features of the disease. Cytomegalovirus infects periodontal macrophages and T‐cells and elicits a release of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α. These proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the host defense against the virus, but they also have the potential to induce alveolar bone resorption and loss of periodontal ligament. Gingival fibroblasts infected with cytomegalovirus also exhibit diminished collagen production and release of an increased level of matrix metalloproteinases. This article reviews innate and adaptive immunity to cytomegalovirus and suggests that immune responses towards cytomegalovirus can play roles in controlling, as well as in exacerbating, destructive periodontal disease.
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41
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Gonzales JR. T- and B-cell subsets in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:181-200. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ozbek SM, Ozbek A, Demiray T. Prevalence of several herpesviruses and human papillomavirus in acute apical abscesses. Int Endod J 2015; 49:519-25. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ozbek
- Oral and Dental Health Center; Eskişehir Turkey
| | - A. Ozbek
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology; Medical Faculty; Sakarya University; Sakarya Turkey
| | - T. Demiray
- Sakarya Education and Research Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory; Sakarya Turkey
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Kazi MMAG, Bharadwaj R, Bhat K, Happy D. Association of Herpes Viruses with Mild, Moderate and Severe Chronic Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC05-8. [PMID: 26393126 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13781.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. It is a multi-factorial and multi-etiological infectious disease process. Recent evidences shows that human herpes viruses could be putative pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of Herpes viruses especially Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and 2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 patients with periodontitis were included in the study (25 each with mild, moderate and severe periodontitis) with ethical approval and informed consent. Sub gingival plaque sample was collected and subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex Polymerase chain reaction for the presence of herpes viral DNA. The collected data was entered in the excel sheet format. It was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. The Chi-Square statistical tests was applied and p-value<0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS The overall association of HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV and CMV was 28%, 32%, 30.66% and 37.33% respectively in the present study from the cases of chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION Epstein Barr viruses were detected from all types of cases of chronic periodontitis in the present study. Though, EBV was not significantly associated with periodontitis; they were significantly increased in severe periodontitis. Herpes viruses were significantly associated with periodontal disease, more so with severe periodontal disease. They could thus be playing a role in increasing the severity of the disease. Therapeutic and prophylactic intervention planned against these viruses could decrease the tooth loss associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mukhit Abdul Gaffar Kazi
- Medical Microbiology and Faculty student (PhD) Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital , Pune, India
| | - Renu Bharadwaj
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, B. J. Medical College and Hospital , Pune, India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal dental College , Belgaum, India
| | - Daisy Happy
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital , Pune, India
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Khosropanah H, Karandish M, Ziaeyan M, Jamalidoust M. Quantification of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus in Chronic Periodontal Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18691. [PMID: 26322203 PMCID: PMC4548403 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although studies focused mainly on the identification of periopathogenic bacteria, recent reports have suggested that various herpes viruses may also be involved in the occurrence and progression of different forms of periodontal diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the prevalence and load of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in subgingival tissue specimens between chronic periodontitis and healthy sites. Patients and Methods: A total of 60 samples from the systematically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis participated in this study (mean age, 35 ± 7). Clinical periodontal evaluation included the plaque index (PI) (Loe and Silness), bleeding on probing (BOP) (O’Leary), bleeding index, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level measurement. Tissue specimens harvested from > 6 mm periodontal pockets and from ≤ 3 mm sulcus depth in a quadrant of the same patient using periodontal curettes. Moreover, the unstimulated whole saliva was gathered as a shedding medium. A Taq-man Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was used to identify genomic copies of periodontal HCMV and EBV. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon-signed ranks and Friedman tests using the SPSS 16 software. Results: Out of 60 samples of subgingival tissues taken from the patients with chronic periodontitis, EBV count was the highest in saliva and the least in the tissue sample with PD < 3 mm (P < 0.05). The highest HCMV count was in saliva and tissue samples with PD > 6 mm (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, quantification of HCMV and EBV observed in this study is high in periodontal tissue samples of severe chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Khosropanah
- Periodontology Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Karandish
- Orthodontic Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Maryam Karandish, Orthodontic Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9173376586, E-mail:
| | - Mazyar Ziaeyan
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Prevalence and quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with Japanese chronic periodontitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1605-10. [PMID: 25515271 PMCID: PMC4539349 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective A number of studies have recently suggested Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) involvement in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the association between major periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and EBV in Japanese chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. Materials and methods A group of 25 patients with CP participated in the study along with 13 individuals without periodontitis. Subgingival samples were obtained with paper points. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect EBV DNA and P. gingivalis. Results In the CP patients, EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in both 80 % of sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥5 mm and in 40 and 36 % of sites with PPD ≤3 mm, respectively. EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in 50 and 27 % of the sites in periodontally healthy individuals. Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in the deeper PPD sites of CP patients (68 %) than in the PPD sites of the healthy controls (15 %) and shallow PPD sites of CP patients (12 %). PCR-positive deeper PPD sites of CP patients for EBV DNA and P. gingivalis range between 3.74 × 103∼2.83 × 109 and 2.73 × 105∼6.65 × 109 (copies/ml), respectively. Conclusion These results suggest an association between EBV DNA, P. gingivalis, and CP in Japanese individuals. Further studies are required to clarify this association; however, we believe that our enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases involving viral infections will lead to new treatments.
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Ozbek A, Ozbek SM. Detection of herpesviruses and human papillomavirus in acute apical abscesses by real-time PCR. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:343-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Polymicrobial infection and bacterium-mediated epigenetic modification of DNA tumor viruses contribute to pathogenesis. mBio 2014; 5:e01015-14. [PMID: 24781742 PMCID: PMC4010825 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body plays host to a wide variety of microbes, commensal and pathogenic. In addition to interacting with their host, different microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, interact with each other, sometimes in ways that exacerbate disease. In particular, gene expression of a number of viruses, including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is known to be regulated by epigenetic modifications induced by bacteria. These viruses establish latent infection in their host cells and can be reactivated by bacterial products. Viral reactivation has been suggested to contribute to periodontal disease and AIDS. In addition, bacterium-virus interactions may play a role in cancers, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, gastric cancer, and head and neck cancer. It is important to consider the effects of coexisting bacterial infections when studying viral diseases in vivo.
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Ozbek SM, Ozbek A, Yavuz MS. Detection of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus in symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions by real-time PCR. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e811-6. [PMID: 23722135 PMCID: PMC3790657 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have investigated the occurrence of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus in samples from apical periodontitis lesions and a role in the pathogenesis of this disease has been suggested. Because genotype distribution and seroprevalence of EBV and HCMV differ among populations, it is important to determine the presence of these viruses in endodontic periapical lesions of different populations. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of HCMV and EBV DNAs in samples from Turkish patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions using real-time polymerase chain reaction method and to evaluate their presence in both symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions. STUDY DESIGN Periapical samples were collected from 12 asymptomatic and 16 symptomatic periapical lesions in conjunction with apicectomy. HCMV and EBV DNAs were identified in the samples by real-time PCR. The chi-squared test with Yates's correction or the Fisher's exact test was used to analyse the significance of differences. RESULTS HCMV DNA was detected in 10 of the 16 (62.5%) symptomatic and in five of the 12 (41.7 %) asymptomatic periapical study lesions. The EBV DNA was identified in seven of the 16 (43.7 %) symptomatic and three of the 12 (25 %) asymptomatic periapical lesions. The difference in occurrence of HCMV and EBV DNA between symptomatic and asymptomatic periapical lesions was not statistically significant. (All comparisons have p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HCMV and EBV is a frequent inhabitant of both symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions of endodontic origin in Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk-M Ozbek
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Sakarya University, TR-54000 Sakarya, Türkiye,
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Kato A, Imai K, Ochiai K, Ogata Y. Higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in deeper periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71990. [PMID: 23991022 PMCID: PMC3753341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a complex chronic inflammatory disease caused by subgingival infection, is among the most prevalent microbial diseases in humans. Although traditional microbiological research on periodontitis has focused on putative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, the herpes virus is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis because bacterial etiology alone does not adequately explain various clinical aspects. In this study, we established for the first time, more Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA is found deeper in periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. Subgingival samples were collected from 85 patients with chronic periodontitis having two periodontal sites with probing depths (PD) of ≤3 mm (shallow) or ≥5 mm (deep) and were subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction. EBV DNA was more frequently detected in patients with deeper PD sites (66%) than in those with shallow PD sites (48%) or healthy controls (45%). Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in patients with deeper PD sites (40%) than in those with shallow PD sites (14%) or healthy controls (13%). Although no difference in clinical index for periodontitis, the odds ratio of EBV DNA in patients with deeper PD sites was 2.36, which was 2.07-fold higher than that in those with shallow PD sites. Interestingly, the odds of acquiring chronic periodontitis (PD ≥5 mm) were higher in the presence of both EBV DNA and P. gingivalis compared with either EBV DNA or P. gingivalis only. In addition, we also observed that EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in positive cells of human gingival tissues. These results would suggest that EBV DNA may serve as a pathogenic factor leading to chronic periodontitis among Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
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