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Neurophysiological Verbal Working Memory Patterns in Children: Searching for a Benchmark of Modality Differences in Audio/Video Stimuli Processing. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:4158580. [PMID: 34966418 PMCID: PMC8712130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of specific brain areas involved in verbal working memory (VWM) is a powerful but not widely used tool for the study of different sensory modalities, especially in children. In this study, for the first time, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate neurophysiological similarities and differences in response to the same verbal stimuli, expressed in the auditory and visual modality during the n-back task with varying memory load in children. Since VWM plays an important role in learning ability, we wanted to investigate whether children elaborated the verbal input from auditory and visual stimuli through the same neural patterns and if performance varies depending on the sensory modality. Performance in terms of reaction times was better in visual than auditory modality (p = 0.008) and worse as memory load increased regardless of the modality (p < 0.001). EEG activation was proportionally influenced by task level and was evidenced in theta band over the prefrontal cortex (p = 0.021), along the midline (p = 0.003), and on the left hemisphere (p = 0.003). Differences in the effects of the two modalities were seen only in gamma band in the parietal cortices (p = 0.009). The values of a brainwave-based engagement index, innovatively used here to test children in a dual-modality VWM paradigm, varied depending on n-back task level (p = 0.001) and negatively correlated (p = 0.002) with performance, suggesting its computational effectiveness in detecting changes in mental state during memory tasks involving children. Overall, our findings suggest that auditory and visual VWM involved the same brain cortical areas (frontal, parietal, occipital, and midline) and that the significant differences in cortical activation in theta band were more related to memory load than sensory modality, suggesting that VWM function in the child's brain involves a cross-modal processing pattern.
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van der Fels IMJ, de Bruijn AGM, Renken RJ, Königs M, Meijer A, Oosterlaan J, Kostons DDNM, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Smith J, Hartman E. Relationships between gross motor skills, cardiovascular fitness, and visuospatial working memory-related brain activation in 8- to 10-year-old children. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:842-858. [PMID: 32700292 PMCID: PMC7395020 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness with visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in children are hypothesized to be mediated by underlying functional brain mechanisms. Because there is little experimental evidence to support this mechanism, the present study was designed to investigate the relationships of gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness with VSWM-related brain activation in 8- to 10-year-old children. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained during a VSWM-task were analyzed for 80 children from grades 3 (47.5%) and 4 of 21 primary schools in the Netherlands (51.3% girls). Gross motor skills (Korper Koordinationstest für Kinder and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - 2nd Edition) and cardiovascular fitness (20-meter Shuttle Run Test) were assessed. VSWM-related brain activation was found in a network involving the angular gyrus, the superior parietal cortex, and the thalamus; deactivation was found in the inferior and middle temporal gyri. Although behavioral results showed significant relations of gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness with VSWM performance, gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness were not related to VSWM-related brain activation. Therefore, we could not confirm the hypothesis that brain activation underlies the relationship of gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness with VSWM performance. Our results suggest that either the effects of physical activity on cognition do not necessarily go via changes in gross motor skills and/or cardiovascular fitness, or that brain activation patterns as measured with the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal may not be the mechanism underlying the relationships of gross motor skills and cardiovascular fitness with VSWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M J van der Fels
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A G M de Bruijn
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R J Renken
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Königs
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Meijer
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D D N M Kostons
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Visscher
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R J Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Smith
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Botdorf M, Riggins T. When less is more: Thinner fronto-parietal cortices are associated with better forward digit span performance during early childhood. Neuropsychologia 2018; 121:11-18. [PMID: 30393004 PMCID: PMC6289754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although research shows that working memory improves during early childhood, it remains unclear how the fronto-parietal network of cortical regions, known to support this ability in adults, relates to changes in young children. Measures of cortical thickness may be useful in investigating this association as they reflect age-related differences in gray matter and have been proposed to support age-related improvements in other cognitive abilities, but have only sparingly been tested empirically in early childhood. The present study sought to investigate relations between cortical thickness and performance on a digit span task in 200 4- to 8-year-old children using both a priori defined regions of interest related to working memory (superior frontal cortex, middle frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, superior parietal cortex) and whole brain analyses. Results indicated a significant association between cortical thickness in each a priori defined fronto-parietal region and performance on digit span, such that those with a thinner cortex recalled more items than those with a thicker cortex. Similar regions emerged from the whole brain analyses, as did several other regions not typically included in the fronto-parietal network. Results of a mediation analysis indicated that age-related differences in behavior were partially explained by variations in thickness of anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting a potentially important role for this structure during early childhood. Overall, these results suggest that in children as young as 4 years of age there are associations between working memory abilities and thickness in cortical areas known to support working memory in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Botdorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Reising MM, Bettis AH, Dunbar JP, Watson KH, Gruhn M, Hoskinson KR, Compas BE. Stress, coping, executive function, and brain activation in adolescent offspring of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:638-656. [PMID: 28349772 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1307950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations among chronic stress, activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), executive function, and coping with stress in at-risk and a comparison sample of adolescents. Adolescents (N = 16; age 12-15) of mothers with (n = 8) and without (n = 8) a history of depression completed questionnaires, neurocognitive testing, and functional neuroimaging in response to a working memory task (N-back). Children of depressed mothers demonstrated less activation in the anterior PFC (APFC) and both greater and less activation than controls in distinct areas within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to the N-back task. Across both groups, activation of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC; Brodmann area [BA9]) and APFC (BA10) was positively correlated with greater exposure to stress and negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Similarly, activation of the dACC (BA32) was negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Regression analyses revealed that DLPFC, dACC, and APFC activation were significant predictors of adolescents' reports of their use of secondary control coping and accounted for the effects of stress exposure on adolescents' coping. This study provides evidence that chronic stress may impact coping through its effects on the brain regions responsible for executive functions foundational to adaptive coping skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Reising
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alexandra H Bettis
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Jennifer P Dunbar
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Meredith Gruhn
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Kristen R Hoskinson
- b The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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O'Hanlon E, Howley S, Prasad S, McGrath J, Leemans A, McDonald C, Garavan H, Murphy KC. Multimodal MRI reveals structural connectivity differences in 22q11 deletion syndrome related to impaired spatial working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4689-4705. [PMID: 27511297 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired spatial working memory is a core cognitive deficit observed in people with 22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and has been suggested as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia. However, to date, the neuroanatomical mechanisms describing its structural and functional underpinnings in 22q11DS remain unclear. We quantitatively investigate the cognitive processes and associated neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in people with 22q11DS compared to matched controls. We examine whether there are significant between-group differences in spatial working memory using task related fMRI, Voxel based morphometry and white matter fiber tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging employing functional, diffusion and volumetric techniques were used to quantitatively assess the cognitive and neuroanatomical features of spatial working memory processes in 22q11DS. Twenty-six participants with genetically confirmed 22q11DS aged between 9 and 52 years and 26 controls aged between 8 and 46 years, matched for age, gender, and handedness were recruited. RESULTS People with 22q11DS have significant differences in spatial working memory functioning accompanied by a gray matter volume reduction in the right precuneus. Gray matter volume was significantly correlated with task performance scores in these areas. Tractography revealed extensive differences along fibers between task-related cortical activations with pronounced differences localized to interhemispheric commissural fibers within the parietal section of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal spatial working memory in 22q11DS is associated with aberrant functional activity in conjunction with gray and white matter structural abnormalities. These anomalies in discrete brain regions may increase susceptibility to the development of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4689-4705, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O'Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Howley
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sarah Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jane McGrath
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colm McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hugh Garavan
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Perlman SB, Huppert TJ, Luna B. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Evidence for Development of Prefrontal Engagement in Working Memory in Early Through Middle Childhood. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2790-9. [PMID: 26115660 PMCID: PMC4869813 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of working memory are hypothesized to develop incrementally across preschool and early school age, coinciding with the rapid maturation of executive function occurring during this period. This study investigates the development of prefrontal cortex function between the ages of 3 and 7. Children (n = 68) participated in a novel spatial working memory task while their middle and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) was monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We found increased activation of the LPFC when comparing working memory to rest. Greater LPFC increase was noted for longer compared with shorter delay periods. Increase in LPFC activation, accuracy, and response speed were positively correlated with child age, suggesting that developmental changes in prefrontal function might underlie effective development of executive function in this age range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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López-Vicente M, Forns J, Suades-González E, Esnaola M, García-Esteban R, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Júlvez J, Burgaleta M, Sebastián-Gallés N, Sunyer J. Developmental Trajectories in Primary Schoolchildren Using n-Back Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:716. [PMID: 27242625 PMCID: PMC4866535 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuropsychological instruments to assess cognitive trajectories during childhood in epidemiological studies are needed. This would improve neurodevelopment characterization in order to identify its potential determinants. We aimed to study whether repeated measures of n-back, a working memory task, detect developmental trajectories in schoolchildren during a 1-year follow-up. Methods: We administered the n-back task to 2897 healthy children aged 7–11 years old from 39 schools in Barcelona (Spain). The task consisted of 2 levels of complexity or loads (2- and 3-back) and 2 different stimuli (numbers and words). Participants performed the task four times from January 2012 to March 2013. To study the trajectories during the follow-up, we performed linear mixed-effects models including school, individual and age as random effects. Results: We observed improvements related to age in n-back outcomes d′, HRT and accuracy, as well as reduced cognitive growth at older ages in d′ and HRT. Greater improvements in performance were observed at younger ages, in 2-back, in verbal rather than numerical stimuli and in girls compared to boys. Boys responded faster at baseline, while girls showed increased growth in 2-back numbers. Children with ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms (15% of boys and 6% of girls) had a lower working memory at baseline, but they showed similar cognitive growth trajectories in numbers variants of the task, as compared to children without ADHD symptoms. However, the age-related improvement in response speed was not observed in children with ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: Changes in n-back outcomes reflected developmental trajectories in 1-year follow-up. The present results suggest that the repeated administration of this task can be used to study the factors that may alter the cognitive development during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Elisabet Suades-González
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Esteban
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Júlvez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain; Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBoston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Burgaleta
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Sebastián-Gallés
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
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Working memory filtering continues to develop into late adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 18:78-88. [PMID: 27026657 PMCID: PMC4859784 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scant research has examined neural correlates of development of working memory filtering. Working memory filtering was examined in adults and adolescents using fMRI. Age-independent neural recruitment for load and filtering was as expected. Adolescents differed from adults in neural recruitment to load in non-frontal regions. Filter-preparatory activity in the basal ganglia supported filtering in adults only.
While most measures of working memory (WM) performance have been shown to plateau by mid-adolescence and developmental changes in fronto-parietal regions supporting WM encoding and maintenance have been well characterized, little is known about developmental variation in WM filtering. We investigated the possibility that the neural underpinnings of filtering in WM reach maturity later in life than WM function without filtering. Using a cued WM filtering task (McNab and Klingberg, 2008), we investigated neural activity during WM filtering in a sample of 64 adults and adolescents. Regardless of age, increases in WM activity with load were concentrated in the expected fronto-parietal network. For adults, but not adolescents, recruitment of the basal ganglia during presentation of a filtering cue was associated with neural and behavioral indices of successful filtering, suggesting that WM filtering and related basal ganglia function may still be maturing throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
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Byrd DL, Reuther ET, McNamara JPH, DeLucca TL, Berg WK. Age differences in high frequency phasic heart rate variability and performance response to increased executive function load in three executive function tasks. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1470. [PMID: 25798113 PMCID: PMC4350398 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examines similarity or disparity of a frontally mediated physiological response of mental effort among multiple executive functioning tasks between children and adults. Task performance and phasic heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded in children (6 to 10 years old) and adults in an examination of age differences in executive functioning skills during periods of increased demand. Executive load levels were varied by increasing the difficulty levels of three executive functioning tasks: inhibition (IN), working memory (WM), and planning/problem solving (PL). Behavioral performance decreased in all tasks with increased executive demand in both children and adults. Adults' phasic high frequency HRV was suppressed during the management of increased IN and WM load. Children's phasic HRV was suppressed during the management of moderate WM load. HRV was not suppressed during either children's or adults' increasing load during the PL task. High frequency phasic HRV may be most sensitive to executive function tasks that have a time-response pressure, and simply requiring performance on a self-paced task requiring frontal lobe activation may not be enough to generate HRV responsitivity to increasing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Byrd
- Psychology and Sociology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Erin T Reuther
- Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
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Brett ZH, Sheridan M, Humphreys K, Smyke A, Gleason MM, Fox N, Zeanah C, Nelson C, Drury S. A neurogenetics approach to defining differential susceptibility to institutional care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 39:150-160. [PMID: 25663728 PMCID: PMC4317330 DOI: 10.1177/0165025414538557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An individual's neurodevelopmental and cognitive sequelae to negative early experiences may, in part, be explained by genetic susceptibility. We examined whether extreme differences in the early caregiving environment, defined as exposure to severe psychosocial deprivation associated with institutional care compared to normative rearing, interacted with a biologically informed genoset comprising BDNF (rs6265), COMT (rs4680), and SIRT1 (rs3758391) to predict distinct outcomes of neurodevelopment at age 8 (N = 193, 97 males and 96 females). Ethnicity was categorized as Romanian (71%), Roma (21%), unknown (7%), or other (1%). We identified a significant interaction between early caregiving environment (i.e., institutionalized versus never institutionalized children) and the a priori defined genoset for full-scale IQ, two spatial working memory tasks, and prefrontal cortex gray matter volume. Model validation was performed using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Although we hypothesized that the effect of this genoset would operate in a manner consistent with differential susceptibility, our results demonstrate a complex interaction where vantage susceptibility, diathesis stress, and differential susceptibility are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Smyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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Tao Q, Chan CCH, Luo YJ, Li JJ, Ting KH, Wang J, Lee TMC. How does experience modulate auditory spatial processing in individuals with blindness? Brain Topogr 2013; 28:506-19. [PMID: 24322827 PMCID: PMC4408360 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparing early- and late-onset blindness in individuals offers a unique model for studying the influence of visual experience on neural processing. This study investigated how prior visual experience would modulate auditory spatial processing among blind individuals. BOLD responses of early- and late-onset blind participants were captured while performing a sound localization task. The task required participants to listen to novel “Bat-ears” sounds, analyze the spatial information embedded in the sounds, and specify out of 15 locations where the sound would have been emitted. In addition to sound localization, participants were assessed on visuospatial working memory and general intellectual abilities. The results revealed common increases in BOLD responses in the middle occipital gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and precentral gyrus during sound localization for both groups. Between-group dissociations, however, were found in the right middle occipital gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus. The BOLD responses in the left superior frontal gyrus were significantly correlated with accuracy on sound localization and visuospatial working memory abilities among the late-onset blind participants. In contrast, the accuracy on sound localization only correlated with BOLD responses in the right middle occipital gyrus among the early-onset counterpart. The findings support the notion that early-onset blind individuals rely more on the occipital areas as a result of cross-modal plasticity for auditory spatial processing, while late-onset blind individuals rely more on the prefrontal areas which subserve visuospatial working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tao
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Treble A, Hasan KM, Iftikhar A, Stuebing KK, Kramer LA, Cox CS, Swank PR, Ewing-Cobbs L. Working memory and corpus callosum microstructural integrity after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1609-19. [PMID: 23627735 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in working memory (WM) are a common consequence of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are believed to contribute to difficulties in a range of cognitive and academic domains. Reduced integrity of the corpus callosum (CC) after TBI may disrupt the connectivity between bilateral frontoparietal neural networks underlying WM. In the present investigation, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography of eight callosal subregions (CC1-CC8) was examined in relation to measures of verbal and visuospatial WM in 74 children sustaining TBI and 49 typically developing comparison children. Relative to the comparison group, children with TBI demonstrated poorer visuospatial WM, but comparable verbal WM. Microstructure of the CC was significantly compromised in brain-injured children, with lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher axial and radial diffusivity metrics in all callosal subregions. In both groups of children, lower FA and/or higher radial diffusivity in callosal subregions connecting anterior and posterior parietal cortical regions predicted poorer verbal WM, whereas higher radial diffusivity in callosal subregions connecting anterior and posterior parietal, as well as temporal, cortical regions predicted poorer visuospatial WM. DTI metrics, especially radial diffusivity, in predictive callosal subregions accounted for significant variance in WM over and above remaining callosal subregions. Reduced microstructural integrity of the CC, particularly in subregions connecting parietal and temporal cortices, may act as a neuropathological mechanism contributing to long-term WM deficits. The future clinical use of neuroanatomical biomarkers may allow for the early identification of children at highest risk for WM deficits and earlier provision of interventions for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amery Treble
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
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Norman AL, O’Brien JW, Spadoni AD, Tapert SF, Jones KL, Riley EP, Mattson SN. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of spatial working memory in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: contribution of familial history of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:132-40. [PMID: 23072431 PMCID: PMC3694801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure leads to widespread cognitive deficits, including problems with spatial working memory (SWM). Neuroimaging studies report structural and functional abnormalities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), but interpretations may be complicated by the co-occurrence of a family history of alcoholism. Since this history is also linked to cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities, it is difficult to determine the extent to which deficits are unique to prenatal alcohol exposure. METHODS Age-matched subjects selected from 2 neuroimaging studies underwent functional imaging while engaging in a task assessing memory for spatial locations relative to a vigilance condition assessing attention. Pairwise comparisons were made for the following 3 groups: children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC, n = 18); those with no prenatal alcohol exposure, but a confirmed family history of alcoholism (FHP, n = 18); and nonexposed, family history negative controls (CON, n = 17). RESULTS Relative to CON and FHP, the ALC group showed increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in the left middle and superior frontal gyri for the SWM condition relative to the vigilance condition (SWM contrast). Additionally, the ALC group showed unique BOLD response increases in the left lingual gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus relative to CON, and left cuneus and precuneus relative to FHP. Both ALC and FHP showed greater activation compared to CON in the lentiform nucleus and insular region. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm previous studies suggesting SWM deficits in FASD. Differences between the ALC group and the CON and FHP groups suggest the left middle and superior frontal region may be specifically affected in alcohol-exposed children. Conversely, differences from the CON group in the lentiform nucleus and insular region for the ALC and FHP groups may indicate this region is associated with family history of alcoholism rather than specifically with prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria L. Norman
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Jessica W. O’Brien
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Andrea D. Spadoni
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Edward P. Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Sarah N. Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120
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14
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Malisza KL, Buss JL, Bolster RB, de Gervai PD, Woods-Frohlich L, Summers R, Clancy CA, Chudley AE, Longstaffe S. Comparison of spatial working memory in children with prenatal alcohol exposure and those diagnosed with ADHD; A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:12. [PMID: 22958510 PMCID: PMC3436669 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) falls under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), but individuals do not demonstrate the facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), making diagnosis difficult. While attentional problems in ARND are similar to those found in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the underlying impairment in attention pathways may be different. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of a working memory (1-back) task of 63 children, 10 to 14 years old, diagnosed with ARND and ADHD, as well as typically developing (TD) controls, was conducted at 3 T. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were also acquired. Results Activations were observed in posterior parietal and occipital regions in the TD group and in dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal regions in the ARND group, whereas the ADHD group activated only dorsolateral prefrontal regions, during the working memory component of the task (1-back minus 0-back contrast). The increases in frontal and parietal activity were significantly greater in the ARND group compared to the other groups. This increased activity was associated with reduced accuracy and increased response time variability, suggesting that ARND subjects exert greater effort to manage short-term memory load. Significantly greater intra-subject variability, demonstrated by fMRI region-of-interest analysis, in the ADHD and ARND groups compared to the TD group suggests that moment-to-moment lapses in attention contributed to their poorer task performance. Differences in functional activity in ARND subjects with and without a diagnosis of ADHD resulted primarily from reduced activation by the ARND/ADHD + group during the 0-back task. In contrast, children with ADHD alone clearly showed reduced activations during the 1-back task. DTI analysis revealed that the TD group had significantly higher total tract volume and number of fibers than the ARND group. These measures were negatively correlated with errors on the 1-back task, suggesting a link between white matter integrity and task performance. Conclusions fMRI activations suggest that the similar behavior of children with ARND and ADHD on a spatial working memory task is the result of different cognitive events. The nature of ADHD in children with ARND appears to differ from that of children with ADHD alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina L Malisza
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Bldg, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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15
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Sander MC, Werkle-Bergner M, Gerjets P, Shing YL, Lindenberger U. The two-component model of memory development, and its potential implications for educational settings. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2 Suppl 1:S67-77. [PMID: 22682913 PMCID: PMC6987700 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently introduced a two-component model of the mechanisms underlying age differences in memory functioning across the lifespan. According to this model, memory performance is based on associative and strategic components. The associative component is relatively mature by middle childhood, whereas the strategic component shows a maturational lag and continues to develop until young adulthood. Focusing on work from our own lab, we review studies from the domains of episodic and working memory informed by this model, and discuss their potential implications for educational settings. The episodic memory studies uncover the latent potential of the associative component in childhood by documenting children's ability to greatly improve their memory performance following mnemonic instruction and training. The studies on working memory also point to an immature strategic component in children whose operation is enhanced under supportive conditions. Educational settings may aim at fostering the interplay between associative and strategic components. We explore possible routes towards this goal by linking our findings to recent trends in research on instructional design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam C. Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yee Lee Shing
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Cuevas K, Bell MA. EEG and ECG from 5 to 10 months of age: developmental changes in baseline activation and cognitive processing during a working memory task. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 80:119-28. [PMID: 21338632 PMCID: PMC3096566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) from 20 infants monthly between 5 and 10 months of age during baseline and during performance on the looking A-not-B task of infant working memory. Analyses of baseline data showed age-related increases in EEG power (medial frontal, central, temporal, medial parietal, lateral parietal, and occipital electrode sites) and coherence (frontal pole-medial frontal, medial frontal-lateral frontal, medial frontal-medial parietal, and medial frontal-occipital electrode pairs), and decreases in heart rate (HR). Patterns of age-related change were similar for EEG power, EEG coherence, and HR. Analyses of task data relative to baseline revealed task-related increases in EEG power (all electrode sites), but no task-related changes in EEG coherence (medial frontal pairings) and HR. There was some evidence of localized task-related changes in EEG power by 10 months of age. These data highlight age-related changes in EEG and ECG, as well as the functional significance of these psychophysiological measures during baseline and during cognitive processing in the first year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cuevas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, VA 24061 United States.
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17
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Luna B, Velanova K, Geier CF. Methodological approaches in developmental neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31:863-71. [PMID: 20496377 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neuroimaging is increasingly providing insights into the neural basis of cognitive development. Indeed, we have now arrived at a stage where we can begin to identify optimal methodological and statistical approaches to the acquisition and analysis of developmental imaging data. In this article, we describe a number of these approaches and how their selection impacts the ability to examine and interpret developmental effects. We describe preferred approaches to task selection, definition of age groups, selection of fMRI designs, definition of regions of interest (ROI), optimal baseline measures, and treatment of timecourse data. Consideration of these aspects of developmental neuroimaging reveals that unlike single-group neuroimaging studies, developmental studies pose unique challenges that impact study planning, task design, data analysis, and the interpretation of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Luna
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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18
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Developmental differences in sustained and transient activity underlying working memory. Brain Res 2010; 1354:140-51. [PMID: 20659432 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The amount of information one can maintain in working memory (WM) increases between childhood and adulthood (Gathercole, 1994, 1999; Klingberg, 1998; Luciana, 1998; Luciana and Nelson, 1998). In addition to cognitive changes that occur early in life, childhood and adolescence are periods marked by significant neuroanatomical changes that are thought to underlie cognitive maturation. This study used a mixed state-item design and a parametric "n-back" task to explore the relationship between WM load and neural activity changes with age. Thirty-five participants from two age groups (9 to 13 and 18 to 23years) were recruited. Our behavioral results indicated that children performed significantly worse than adults at loads of 2-back, but not 0- and 1-back. Our imaging results indicated that during performance of the 2-back task, children showed evidence for increased transient, but decreased sustained activity, in comparison to adults. These results suggest that for the 2-back condition, children had more difficulty maintaining task relevant information across trials and seemed to engage in a more reactive strategy wherein they reactivated context information on a trial-by-trial basis rather than maintaining over a delay. These results have important implications for understanding the development of specific processes within the WM system.
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19
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Karunanayaka P, Schmithorst VJ, Vannest J, Szaflarski JP, Plante E, Holland SK. A group independent component analysis of covert verb generation in children: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2010; 51:472-87. [PMID: 20056150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic language skills are an integral part of early childhood language development. The semantic association between verbs and nouns constitutes an important building block for the construction of sentences. In this large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, involving 336 subjects between the ages of 5 and 18 years, we investigated the neural correlates of covert verb generation in children. Using group independent component analysis (ICA), seven task-related components were identified including the mid-superior temporal gyrus, the most posterior aspect of the superior temporal gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and medial aspect of the parietal lobule (precuneus/posterior cingulate). A highly left-lateralized component was found including the medial temporal gyrus, the frontal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the angular gyrus. The associated independent component (IC) time courses were analyzed to investigate developmental changes in the neural elements supporting covert verb generation. Observed age effects may either reflect specific local neuroplastic changes in the neural substrates supporting language or a more global transformation of neuroplasticity in the developing brain. The results are analyzed and presented in the framework of two theoretical models for neurocognitive brain development. In this context, group ICA of fMRI data from our large sample of children aged 5-18 years provides strong evidence in support of the regionally weighted model for cognitive neurodevelopment of language networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Imaging Research Center, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Neurology and Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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20
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Cowan N. Multiple concurrent thoughts: The meaning and developmental neuropsychology of working memory. Dev Neuropsychol 2010; 35:447-74. [PMID: 20721769 PMCID: PMC2925295 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2010.494985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Working memory can be described as the small amount of information held in a readily accessible state, available to help in the completion of cognitive tasks. There has been considerable confusion among researchers regarding the definition of working memory, which can be attributed to the difficulty of reconciling descriptions from working memory researchers with very different theoretical orientations. Here I review theories of working memory and some of the main issues in the field, discuss current behavioral and neuropsychological research that can address these issues, and consider the implications for cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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21
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Spadoni AD, Bazinet AD, Fryer SL, Tapert SF, Mattson SN, Riley EP. BOLD response during spatial working memory in youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:2067-76. [PMID: 19740135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure has been consistently linked to neurocognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities in affected individuals. Structural brain abnormalities observed in regions supporting spatial working memory (SWM) may contribute to observed deficits in visuospatial functioning in youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in alcohol-exposed individuals during a SWM task. There were 22 young subjects (aged 10-18 years) with documented histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC, n = 10), and age- and sex-matched controls (CON, n = 12). Subjects performed a SWM task during fMRI that alternated between 2-back location matching (SWM) and simple attention (vigilance) conditions. RESULTS Groups did not differ on task accuracy or reaction time to the SWM condition, although CON subjects had faster reaction times during the vigilance condition (617 millisecond vs. 684 millisecond, p = 0.03). Both groups showed similar overall patterns of activation to the SWM condition in expected regions encompassing bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobes and parietal areas. However, ALC subjects showed greater BOLD response to the demands of the SWM relative to the vigilance condition in frontal, insular, superior, and middle temporal, occipital, and subcortical regions. CON youth evidenced less increased brain activation to the SWM relative to the vigilance task in these areas (p < 0.05, clusters > 1,664 microl). These differences remained significant after including Full Scale IQ as a covariate. Similar qualitative results were obtained after subjects taking stimulant medication were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSIONS In the context of equivalent performance to a SWM task, the current results suggest that widespread increases in BOLD response in youth with FASDs could either indicate decreased efficiency of relevant brain networks, or serve as a compensatory mechanism for deficiency at neural and/or cognitive levels. In context of existing fMRI evidence of heightened prefrontal activation in response to verbal working memory and inhibition demands, the present findings may indicate that frontal structures are taxed to a greater degree during cognitive demands in individuals with FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Spadoni
- San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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22
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Kirschen MP, Davis-Ratner MS, Milner MW, Chen SHA, Schraedley-Desmond P, Fisher PG, Desmond JE. Verbal memory impairments in children after cerebellar tumor resection. Behav Neurol 2009; 20:39-53. [PMID: 19491473 PMCID: PMC2745108 DOI: 10.3233/ben-2008-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate cerebellar lobular contributions to specific cognitive deficits observed after cerebellar tumor resection. Verbal working memory (VWM) tasks were administered to children following surgical resection of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas and age-matched controls. Anatomical MRI scans were used to quantify the extent of cerebellar lobular damage from each patient's resection. Patients exhibited significantly reduced digit span for auditory but not visual stimuli, relative to controls, and damage to left hemispheral lobule VIII was significantly correlated with this deficit. Patients also showed reduced effects of articulatory suppression and this was correlated with damage to the vermis and hemispheral lobule IV/V bilaterally. Phonological similarity and recency effects did not differ overall between patients and controls, but outlier patients with abnormal phonological similarity effects to either auditory or visual stimuli were found to have damage to hemispheral lobule VIII/VIIB on the left and right, respectively. We postulate that damage to left hemispheral lobule VIII may interfere with encoding of auditory stimuli into the phonological store. These data corroborate neuroimaging studies showing focal cerebellar activation during VWM paradigms, and thereby allow us to predict with greater accuracy which specific neurocognitive processes will be affected by a cerebellar tumor resection.
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23
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Azuma R, Daly EM, Campbell LE, Stevens AF, Deeley Q, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Glaser B, Ambery FZ, Morris RG, Williams SCR, Owen MJ, Murphy DGM, Murphy KC. Visuospatial working memory in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; an fMRI study. J Neurodev Disord 2009; 1:46-60. [PMID: 21547621 PMCID: PMC3164011 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-009-9008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder associated with a microdeletion of chromosome 22q11. In addition to high rates of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children with 22q11DS have a specific neuropsychological profile with particular deficits in visuospatial and working memory. However, the neurobiological substrate underlying these deficits is poorly understood. We investigated brain function during a visuospatial working memory (SWM) task in eight children with 22q11DS and 13 healthy controls, using fMRI. Both groups showed task-related activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral parietal association cortices. Controls activated parietal and occipital regions significantly more than those with 22q11DS but there was no significant between-group difference in DLPFC. In addition, while controls had a significant age-related increase in the activation of posterior brain regions and an age-related decrease in anterior regions, the 22q11DS children showed the opposite pattern. Genetically determined differences in the development of specific brain systems may underpin the cognitive deficits in 22q11DS, and may contribute to the later development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Azuma
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Section of Brain Maturation (PO50), DeCrespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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24
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Libertus ME, Brannon EM, Pelphrey KA. Developmental changes in category-specific brain responses to numbers and letters in a working memory task. Neuroimage 2008; 44:1404-14. [PMID: 19027079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have identified a common network of brain regions involving the prefrontal and parietal cortices across a variety of working memory (WM) tasks. However, previous studies have also reported category-specific dissociations of activation within this network. In this study, we investigated the development of category-specific activation in a WM task with digits, letters, and faces. Eight-year-old children and adults performed a 2-back WM task while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Overall, children were significantly slower and less accurate than adults on all three WM conditions (digits, letters, and faces); however, within each age group, behavioral performance across the three conditions was very similar. FMRI results revealed category-specific activation in adults but not children in the intraparietal sulcus for the digit condition. Likewise, during the letter condition, category-specific activation was observed in adults but not children in the left occipital-temporal cortex. In contrast, children and adults showed highly similar brain-activity patterns in the lateral fusiform gyri when solving the 2-back WM task with face stimuli. Our results suggest that 8-year-old children do not yet engage the typical brain regions that have been associated with abstract or semantic processing of numerical symbols and letters when these processes are task-irrelevant and the primary task is demanding. Nevertheless, brain activity in letter-responsive areas predicted children's spelling performance underscoring the relationship between abstract processing of letters and linguistic abilities. Lastly, behavioral performance on the WM task was predictive of math and language abilities highlighting the connection between WM and other cognitive abilities in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Libertus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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25
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Spadoni AD, Norman AL, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. Effects of family history of alcohol use disorders on spatial working memory BOLD response in adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1135-45. [PMID: 18540914 PMCID: PMC2532854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A positive family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been linked to increased risk for the development of AUD, and neurocognitive factors have been postulated as important underlying mechanisms of familial alcoholism transmission. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a spatial working memory (SWM) and vigilance paradigm to investigate potential neurodevelopmental differences linked to familial density of AUD in 72 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years. RESULTS Youth with denser family histories of AUD showed less activation during a simple vigilance condition relative to SWM in cingulate and medial frontal gyri (beta = 0.28, p = 0.03), and a trend for more relative activity during rest (beta = -0.25, p = 0.07) in this cluster. CONCLUSIONS Youth with greater familial densities of AUD may be less successful at modulating activity of the default network, potentially indicating a greater propensity for task-independent thought or reduced inhibition of task-irrelevant processing. Failure to moderate activation of the default network may have implications for cognitive efficiency and goal directed behavior in youth with dense FH. Further, aberrant activation in cingulate regions may be linked to genetic variation in GABA receptor units, suggesting a useful endophenotype for risk associated with alcohol dependence.
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26
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Simmering VR, Schutte AR, Spencer JP. Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales. Brain Res 2008; 1202:68-86. [PMID: 17716632 PMCID: PMC2593104 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Within cognitive neuroscience, computational models are designed to provide insights into the organization of behavior while adhering to neural principles. These models should provide sufficient specificity to generate novel predictions while maintaining the generality needed to capture behavior across tasks and/or time scales. This paper presents one such model, the dynamic field theory (DFT) of spatial cognition, showing new simulations that provide a demonstration proof that the theory generalizes across developmental changes in performance in four tasks-the Piagetian A-not-B task, a sandbox version of the A-not-B task, a canonical spatial recall task, and a position discrimination task. Model simulations demonstrate that the DFT can accomplish both specificity-generating novel, testable predictions-and generality-spanning multiple tasks across development with a relatively simple developmental hypothesis. Critically, the DFT achieves generality across tasks and time scales with no modification to its basic structure and with a strong commitment to neural principles. The only change necessary to capture development in the model was an increase in the precision of the tuning of receptive fields as well as an increase in the precision of local excitatory interactions among neurons in the model. These small quantitative changes were sufficient to move the model through a set of quantitative and qualitative behavioral changes that span the age range from 8 months to 6 years and into adulthood. We conclude by considering how the DFT is positioned in the literature, the challenges on the horizon for our framework, and how a dynamic field approach can yield new insights into development from a computational cognitive neuroscience perspective.
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27
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Brahmbhatt SB, McAuley T, Barch DM. Functional developmental similarities and differences in the neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal working memory tasks. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1020-31. [PMID: 18177676 PMCID: PMC2271074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the functional development of verbal and nonverbal working memory during adolescence. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that WM capacity increases with age, yet relatively few studies have assessed the relationship between brain-activity and age-related changes in WM capacity, especially as it differs across multiple domains. The present study used an n-back task and functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess age-related differences in the neural correlates of word and face working memory tasks. Seventy-eight individuals between the ages of 14 and 27 underwent scans while performing word and face "n-back" working memory tasks. We found very little evidence for age-related differences in accuracy and reaction time. We did find similarities and differences between adolescents and adults in the neural correlates of word and face working memory tasks, even in the absence of performance differences. More specifically, we found similar age-related differences in left superior parietal cortex for both word and face stimuli. We also found that age-related differences in a number of other regions (including left inferior frontal lobe, left supramarginal gyrus, left rolandic sulcus, right cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus) differed according to stimulus type. Our results provide further evidence for continued functional development through adolescence and into adulthood.
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28
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Kates WR, Krauss BR, Abdulsabur N, Colgan D, Antshel KM, Higgins AM, Shprintzen RJ. The neural correlates of non-spatial working memory in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:2863-73. [PMID: 17618656 PMCID: PMC2034197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a neurogenetic disorder that is associated with both learning disabilities and a consistent neuropsychological phenotype, including deficits in executive function, visuospatial perception, and working memory. Anatomic imaging studies have identified significant volumetric reductions in the parietal lobe of individuals with VCFS, but several studies have reported that the frontal lobe is relatively preserved. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of non-spatial working memory in 17 youths with VCFS, 10 of their unaffected siblings, and 10 community controls (with the same proportion of learning disabilities as the VCFS youths). Task performance of siblings tended to be more accurate than children with VCFS, who did not differ from community controls. All three-study groups recruited parietal regions that were equivalent in location and magnitude. Whereas the sibling group also recruited the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), Broca's area, and anterior cingulate, DLPFC activation was absent in the whole brain analyses of children with VCFS and controls. Moreover, the magnitude of frontal activation in VCFS participants was restricted relative to both siblings and controls. These findings suggest that VCFS participants exhibit frontal hypoactivation that is not attributable to performance. In addition, VCFS children and controls (many with idiopathic learning disabilities) appear to rely on phonological rehearsal to hold information on line instead of the DLPFC. Despite previous anatomic MRI reports of preserved frontal lobe volumes in VCFS therefore, these fMRI findings suggest that the frontal component of the distributed network subserving executive function and working memory may be disrupted in youth with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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Bell MA, Wolfe CD. Changes in Brain Functioning From Infancy to Early Childhood: Evidence From EEG Power and Coherence Working Memory Tasks. Dev Neuropsychol 2007; 31:21-38. [PMID: 17305436 DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn3101_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Using measures of EEG power and coherence with a longitudinal sample, the goal of this study was to examine developmental changes in brain electrical activity during higher order cognitive processing at infancy and early childhood. Infants were recruited at 8 months of age and performed an infant working-memory task based on a looking version of the A-not-B task. At age 4.5 years, one half of the original sample returned for a follow-up visit and were assessed with age-appropriate working-memory tasks. At infancy, working memory was associated with changes in EEG power from baseline to task across the entire scalp, whereas in early childhood, working memory was associated with changes in EEG power from baseline to task at medial frontal only. Similar results were found for the EEG coherence data. At infancy, working memory was associated with changes in EEG coherence from baseline to task across all electrode pairs and by 4.5 years of age, EEG coherence changed from baseline to working-memory task at the medial frontal/posterior temporal pairs and the medial frontal/occipital pairs. These EEG power and coherence longitudinal data suggest that brain electrical activity is widespread during infant cognitive processing and that it becomes more localized during early childhood. These findings may yield insight into qualitative changes in cortical functioning from the infant to the early childhood time periods, adjustments that may be indicative of developmental changes in brain specialization for higher order processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ann Bell
- Department of Psychology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Vicari S, Carlesimo GA. Short-term memory deficits are not uniform in Down and Williams syndromes. Neuropsychol Rev 2006; 16:87-94. [PMID: 16967345 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-006-9008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological investigation of the development of the mnesic function in mental retardation has primarily focused on evaluating short-term memory (STM). Studies have often documented a reduced verbal short-term memory span in individuals with mental retardation and with Down syndrome in particular, compared to groups of mental age-matched controls. However, recent evidence suggests that verbal short-term memory is not equally impaired in all individuals with mental retardation. Findings in children with Williams syndrome are particularly relevant in this regard. Also, data concerning STM for visual information suggest that visual-object and visual-spatial working memory may be differently compromised in people with mental retardation. In particular, individuals with Williams syndrome exhibit specific difficulties in visual-spatial but not in visual-object working memory tasks compared to typically-developing children matched for mental age. Instead, people with Down syndrome show reduced performance in both visual-spatial and visual-object tests. Taken together, these results reinforce the view that intellectual disability is not a unitary condition characterized by homogeneous slowness of cognitive development but a variety of conditions in which some cognitive functions may be more disrupted than others. The finding that the working memory deficit in individuals with Williams and Down syndrome may be qualitatively differentiated also supports the hypothesis that it is not simply a manifestation of general cognitive impairment but, rather, the expression of a specific deficit of a discrete cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vicari
- Servizio di Neurologia e Riabilitazione, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, I R C C S, Lumsa University, Lungomare Guglielmo Marconi 36, 00058, Santa Marinella, Roma, Italy.
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Brown RD, Chiu CYP. Neural correlates of memory development and learning: combining neuroimaging and behavioral measures to understand cognitive and developmental processes. Dev Neuropsychol 2006; 29:279-91. [PMID: 16515407 DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn2902_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This special issue includes 4 articles addressing the general theme of neural correlates of memory development and learning. Taken together, the articles represent a broad range of development, including infants, children, adolescents, and adults as participants. Each line of research examines relations between brain activity and cognitive functions using both physiological measures, event-related potentials or functional magnetic resonance imaging, and behavioral measures of memory and learning. This introduction sets the stage by briefly reviewing historical trends in memory development research, discussing major issues associated with neuroimaging research, and providing an integrated perspective of some specific contributions of the investigations included in this special issue, arguing that combining neuroimaging and behavioral measures advances research on memory development and learning in terms of understanding cognitive and developmental processes. The article concludes with a brief discussion of potential future directions for this type of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Douglas Brown
- Division of Educational Studies and Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0002, USA.
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Carmody DP, Bendersky M, Dunn SM, DeMarco JK, Hegyi T, Hiatt M, Lewis M. Early risk, attention, and brain activation in adolescents born preterm. Child Dev 2006; 77:384-94. [PMID: 16611179 PMCID: PMC1522057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relations among early cumulative medical risk, cumulative environmental risk, attentional control, and brain activation were assessed in 15-16-year-old adolescents who were born preterm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging found frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex activation during an attention task with greater activation of the left superior-temporal and left supramarginal gyri associated with better performance. Individual differences in early cumulative risk are related to patterns of brain activation such that medical risk is related to left parietal cortex activation and environmental risk is related to temporal lobe activation. The findings suggest that early risk is related to less mature patterns of brain activation, including reduced efficiency of processing and responding to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Carmody
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA
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Nagel BJ, Barlett VC, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. Neuropsychological predictors of BOLD response during a spatial working memory task in adolescents: what can performance tell us about fMRI response patterns? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005; 27:823-39. [PMID: 16183616 PMCID: PMC2276404 DOI: 10.1080/13803390490919038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between standardized neuropsychological test performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response during cognitive tasks is largely unknown. This exploratory investigation examined the relationship between neuropsychological test performance and fMRI response to a spatial working memory (SWM) task among 49 typically developing adolescents. Participants were administered a variety of neuropsychological tests in the domains of working memory, visuospatial skills, executive functioning, attention, learning and memory, visuomotor skills and processing speed, and language functioning. Neuropsychological domain scores were used to predict fMRI response during a SWM task. Results suggest that in many brain regions, neuropsychological performance negatively predicts fMRI response, suggesting that those teens with better neuropsychological abilities required fewer neural resources to adequately perform the task. This study provides further understanding of how neuropsychological abilities relate to neural activity during fMRI tasks, and provides an important link between neuropsychological and fMRI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
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Booth JR, Burman DD, Meyer JR, Trommer BL, Davenport ND, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR, Mesulam MM. Brain-behavior correlation in children depends on the neurocognitive network. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 23:99-108. [PMID: 15340932 PMCID: PMC2638501 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined brain-behavior correlations in 12 children (age range 9.3 to 11.7 years) during a selective attention task that required the visual search of a conjunction of features and during a response inhibition task that required the inhibition of a pre-potent response during "no-go" blocks. We found that the association between performance in these tasks and brain activation as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) depended on the neurocognitive network. Specifically, better performance during the no-go task was associated with greater activation in the response inhibition network including the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. In contrast, better performance during the visual search task was associated with less activation in the selective attention network including superior parietal lobule and lateral premotor cortex. These results show that the relation of performance to the magnitude of neural activation is complex and may display differential relationships based on the cognitive domain, anatomical region, and perhaps also developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Stiles J, Moses P, Passarotti A, Dick F, Buxton R. Exploring Developmental Change in the Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions: The Promise of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Dev Neuropsychol 2003. [DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn242&3_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Passarotti AM, Paul BM, Bussiere JR, Buxton RB, Wong EC, Stiles J. The development of face and location processing: an fMRI study. Dev Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-7687.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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