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Criss S, Kim M, De La Cruz MM, Thai N, Nguyen QC, Hswen Y, Gee GC, Nguyen TT. Vigilance and Protection: How Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women Cope with Racism. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:773-782. [PMID: 36917397 PMCID: PMC10013280 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is needed to fully investigate the differential mechanisms racial and ethnic groups use to deal with ongoing intersectional racism in women's lives. The aim of this paper was to understand how Asian American and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women experience racism-from personal perceptions and interactions to coping mechanisms and methods of protection. METHODS A purposive sample of 52 participants participated in 11 online racially/ethnically homogeneous focus groups conducted throughout the USA. A team consensus approach was utilized with codebook development and thematic analysis. RESULTS The findings relate to personal perceptions and interactions related to race and ethnicity, methods of protection against racism, vigilant behavior based on safety concerns, and unity across people of color. A few unique concerns by group included experiences of racism including physical violence among Asian American Pacific Islander groups, police brutality among Black groups, immigration discrimination in Latina groups, and religious discrimination in Middle Eastern groups. Changes in behavior for safety and protection include altering methods of transportation, teaching their children safety measures, and defending their immigration status. They shared strategies to help racial and ethnic minorities against racism including mental health resources and greater political representation. All racial and ethnic groups discussed the need for unity, solidarity, and allyship across various communities of color but for it to be authentic and long-lasting. CONCLUSION Greater understanding of the types of racism specific groups experience can inform policies and cultural change to reduce those factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniece Criss
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA.
| | - Melanie Kim
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Monica M De La Cruz
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nhung Thai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Quynh C Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yulin Hswen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Gilbert C Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thu T Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Gabarrell-Pascuet A, Lloret-Pineda A, Franch-Roca M, Mellor-Marsa B, Alos-Belenguer MDC, He Y, Hafi-Elmokhtari RE, Villalobos F, Bayes-Marin I, Aparicio Pareja L, Álvarez Bobo O, Espinal Cabezas M, Osorio Y, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narvaez P. Impact of perceived discrimination and coping strategies on well-being and mental health in newly-arrived migrants in Spain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294295. [PMID: 38134016 PMCID: PMC10745147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how perceived discrimination impacts the emotional well-being and mental health of newly-arrived migrants in Spain; and to identify the coping strategies and behavioral changes used to deal with perceived discrimination. DESIGN 102 individual audio-recorded in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS Negative emotions related to perceived discrimination included disgust, sadness, fear, loneliness, humiliation, sense of injustice, rage, feeling undervalued or vulnerable, and mixed emotions. Change in behaviors due to perceived discrimination comprised westernization or cultural assimilation, creating a good image, avoiding going out or leaving alone, hypervigilance, stop participating in politics, self-sufficiency, a positive adaptation, and paradoxically, becoming an oppressor. The identified coping strategies to deal with perceived discrimination were ignoring or not responding, isolation, self-medication, engagement in intellectual activities, leisure and sport, talking or insulting the oppressor, denouncement, physical fight or revenge, seeking comfort, increasing solidarity with others, crying, or using humor. Discrimination-related stress and related mental health problems were conveyed, as challenges related to substance abuse and addictive behaviors, mood, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Findings establish initial evidence of the great impact of perceived discrimination on the health, emotional well-being, and behavior of newly-arrived migrants in Spain, alerting to the need for targeted policies and services to address the effects of discrimination in this population. Further research is needed to explore more closely the causes and effects of perceived discrimination on mental health, to develop more targeted and effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Gabarrell-Pascuet
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Lloret-Pineda
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Franch-Roca
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Mellor-Marsa
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yuelu He
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachid El Hafi-Elmokhtari
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Villalobos
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivet Bayes-Marin
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lola Aparicio Pareja
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Álvarez Bobo
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espinal Cabezas
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Osorio
- Servicio de Atención a la Migración en Salud Mental (SATMI), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Equip Salut Mental Sense Sostre (ESMES), Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narvaez
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Lee M, Park IY, Park M, Tran PK, Cozier YC, Hahm HC. COVID-19-Related Racial Discrimination during Lockdown and Its Impact on Asian American Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6546. [PMID: 37623132 PMCID: PMC10454441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
During the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic, Asian American (AA) women have experienced a surge in anti-Asian hate crimes and racial discrimination, and a majority of studies have quantitatively shown the negative impact of these incidents on Asian Americans' well-being. Our research expands on the existing literature by qualitatively investigating types of COVID-19-related racial discrimination during lockdown and its impacts on changes in emotions, behaviors, well-being, and racial identity development among AA women. This study covered two timepoints (December 2019 to May 2020) and the data were collected using an open-ended survey with 40 AA women. Thematic analysis identified core themes related to types of racial discrimination, emotional and behavioral changes, and racial identity status that emerged due to COVID-19-related racial discrimination experiences. The findings shed light on the long-lasting impacts of racial discrimination on AA women's overall well-being and dynamic development of racial identity. Altogether, our findings underscore the need for systematic forms of advocacy to combat anti-Asian racism and call for solidarity for AA women's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- Department of Social Work, College of Community and Public Affairs, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - In Young Park
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Boston, MA 02467, USA;
| | - Michael Park
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Phuong Khanh Tran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Yvette C. Cozier
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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Schmidt C, Cho HS, Cheah CSL. To Be in Harmony: Chinese American Adolescents' and Parents' Bicultural Integration During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 54:475-489. [PMID: 38602966 PMCID: PMC10158806 DOI: 10.1177/00220221231171062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Experiences of racial discrimination have been found to be associated with internalizing problems among ethnic-racial minority youth. However, mediating and moderating processes that might explain this association is less well understood. Thus, the present study aimed to examine whether Chinese American adolescents' bicultural identity integration harmony (BII-Harmony) mediated the association between their experiences of racial discrimination and internalizing behaviors. Furthermore, we examined the moderating role of their parents' BII-Harmony in this mediation model. Chinese American adolescents (Mage = 13.9 years; SD = 2.3; 48% female) reported their experiences of racial discrimination and BII-Harmony, and their parents (Mage = 46.2 years; SD = 5.2; 81% mothers) reported their BII-Harmony and their children's internalizing difficulties. Chinese American adolescents' racial discrimination experiences were negatively associated with BII-Harmony, and in turn, more internalizing problems, but only when their parents also reported low and mean levels of BII-Harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Su Cho
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
USA
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5
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Mayo Bs D, Le PhD B. Perceived discrimination and mental health in college students: A serial indirect effects model of mentoring support and academic self-concept. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1184-1195. [PMID: 34242542 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1924725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the direct and indirect effects of perceived discrimination, mentoring support, and academic self-concept on college student mental health. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred fifteen undergraduates of minorized gender (72%), ethnic (57%), and sexual (37%) identities. METHODS An online survey assessed perceived discrimination, mentoring support, academic self-concept, and mental health. RESULTS Perceived discrimination was associated with mentoring support (B=-0.11, p=.019), academic self-concept (B=-0.13, p<.001), and mental health (B=-0.15, p<.001). Additionally, mentoring support (B = 0.29, p<.001) and academic self-concept (B = 0.53, p<.001) were associated with mental health, and each other (B = 0.25, p<.001). Significant indirect effects were observed such that mentoring support and academic self-concept, individually and collectively, contributed to the association between perceived discrimination and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Addressing discrimination, creating supportive relationships, and facilitating academic growth may reduce mental health concerns in undergraduate populations, thereby having implications for college transition and retention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mayo Bs
- Department of Psychology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Le PhD
- Department of Psychology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
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Williams J, Kumar P A. Mediating role of self-concept on character strengths and well-being among adolescents with specific learning disorder in India. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 132:104372. [PMID: 36423430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) are at higher risk of academic underachievement, stigmatization, and mental health issues. However, the complete elimination of disorder-related deficits and external challenges is an impracticable solution for enhancing their well-being. AIM The study adopts a strength-based approach to understand the role of an innate factor, i.e., self-concept, in the association between character strengths and well-being of adolescents with SLD. METHODS A correlational research design following a mediation analysis was adopted to examine the association between the study variables on a sample of 115 adolescents with SLD from India. RESULTS Self-concept functioned as a partial mediator between the life-satisfaction construct of well-being and six character strengths: Appreciation of beauty and excellence, Perseverance, Judgment, Leadership, Perspective, and Zest. Gender differences were identified with regard to the study variables. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Self-concept of adolescents with SLD could partly contribute to enhanced character strengths awareness to protect well-being. Further, the crucial role of internal factors like self-concept and character strengths in improving the well-being of this population was highlighted. Thereby encouraging future research on SLD to adopt approaches that focus on innate strengths rather than deficits and external sources of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessline Williams
- Department of Psychology, Christ (Deemed to be) University, Hosur Rd, Bhavani Nagar, S.G. Palya, Bengaluru, 560029 Karnataka, India.
| | - Aneesh Kumar P
- Department of Psychology, Christ (Deemed to be) University, Hosur Rd, Bhavani Nagar, S.G. Palya, Bengaluru, 560029 Karnataka, India.
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Wade RM, Pear MM. Online Dating and Mental Health among Young Sexual Minority Black Men: Is Ethnic Identity Protective in the Face of Sexual Racism? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114263. [PMID: 36361143 PMCID: PMC9656016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Racialized Sexual Discrimination (RSD), also known as 'sexual racism,' is pervasive within online dating venues. RSD is associated with poor mental health outcomes among young sexual minority Black men (YSMBM), and there is limited research on factors that may mitigate this association. Ethnic identity has been identified as a potential protective factor for racial/ethnic minorities who encounter racialized stressors, though some evidence suggests that ethnic identity may also intensify the negative effects of racial discrimination. Using data from a cross-sectional web-survey of YSMBM (n = 690), a series of linear regression models were estimated to examine the moderating effect of ethnic identity search and ethnic identity commitment on the relationship between RSD and depressive symptoms/feeling of self-worth. Results indicated that having moderate-to-high scores on commitment attenuated the association between being physically objectified by White men and higher depressive symptoms. However, having high scores on commitment intensified the association between being rejected by Black men and lower feelings of self-worth. Stronger identity commitment may be protective against objectification from White men, though it may also exacerbate negative outcomes related to in-group discrimination. These findings may have important implications for the development of individual and group-level interventions addressing ethnic identity among YSMBM.
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8
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Layug A, Krishnamurthy S, McKenzie R, Feng B. The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e38589. [PMID: 36121698 PMCID: PMC9488547 DOI: 10.2196/38589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased social media usage has led to worsened mental health outcomes for many people. Moreover, due to the sociopolitical climate during the pandemic, the prevalence of online racial discrimination has contributed to worsening psychological well-being. With increases in anti-Asian hate, Asian and Asian American social media users may experience the negative effects of online racial discrimination in addition to the reduced psychological well-being resulting from exposure to online COVID-19 content.
Objective
This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19–related social media use and exposure to online racial discrimination during the pandemic on the mental health outcomes (ie, anxiety, depression, and secondary traumatic stress [STS]) of Asian Americans compared with those of non-Asian Americans. In addition, this study explores the mediating role of negative affect and the moderating role of racial/ethnic identification.
Methods
An online survey was conducted through Amazon Mechanical Turk and a university-wide research portal from March 3 to March 15, 2021. A total of 1147 participants took the survey. Participants’ social media usage related to COVID-19 and exposure to 2 online forms of racial discrimination (individual and vicarious), mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS), racial/ethnic identification, negative affect, and demographics were assessed.
Results
Our results showed that COVID-19–related social media use, individual discrimination, and vicarious discrimination were predictors of negative mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS). Asian Americans reported higher vicarious discrimination than Latinx and White Americans, but Asian Americans’ mental health outcomes did not differ substantially from those of the other racial/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic identification moderated the relationship between both types of discrimination and STS, and negative affect served as a mediator between both types of discrimination and all 3 mental health outcomes.
Conclusions
These results suggest that social media exposure continues to have a dire effect on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study helps to contextualize the rise of anti-Asian American hate and its impact on mental health outcomes in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyan Layug
- Department of Asian American Studies, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Rachel McKenzie
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Le TP, Bradshaw BT, Pease M, Kuo L. An intersectional investigation of Asian American men's muscularity-oriented disordered eating: Associations with gendered racism and masculine norms. Eat Disord 2022; 30:492-514. [PMID: 33998395 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2021.1924925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Grounded in an intersectional framework, the present study investigated the extent to which racism, gendered racism, and conformity to masculine norms are associated with Asian American men's muscularity-oriented disordered eating. The study also examined if ethnic identity moderated the association between both forms of racism and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. 220 Asian American men completed an online cross-sectional survey that contained the study questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between our predictor variables and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Gendered racism, conformity to the masculine norms of playboy, heterosexual presentation and self-reliance were positively associated with muscularity-oriented disordered eating, whereas conformity to power over women was negatively associated. Racism and the remaining masculine norms were not associated with muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Ethnic identity did not moderate the association between either form of racism and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Given that gendered racism was positively associated with muscularity-oriented disordered eating whereas racism was not, researchers and practitioners may consider prioritizing intersectionality in their understanding of Asian American men's eating pathology. Results emphasize the importance of examining both race and gender in conceptualizing Asian American men's muscularity-oriented disordered eating.Data Availability Statement: Data for this study are available upon request from the first author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Le
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradshaw
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - M Pease
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda Kuo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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10
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Zong X, Cheah CSL, Ren H. Chinese American Adolescents' Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racial Discrimination and Anxiety: Person-Centered and Intersectional Approaches. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:451-469. [PMID: 34850993 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of COVID-19-related racial discrimination on Chinese American adolescents (N = 213; Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 2.35; 49% girls) at the intersection of race and gender. We explored (1) subgroups of adolescents based on ethnic identity, bicultural identity integration, and behavioral acculturation; (2) their demographic correlates; and (3) whether the association between racial discrimination and anxiety varied across subgroups and gender. Latent profile analysis identified three profiles: bicultural, marginalized, and separated. Bicultural and marginalized adolescents were vulnerable to direct and vicarious racial discrimination, respectively. Moreover, bicultural and marginalized boys and separated girls were more negatively affected by COVID-19-related racial discrimination. The findings highlight the utility of person-centered and intersectional approaches in understanding Chinese American adolescents' experiences of racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zong
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | | | - Huiguang Ren
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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11
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Verelst A, Spaas C, Pfeiffer E, Devlieger I, Kankaapää R, Peltonen K, Vänskä M, Soye E, Watters C, Osman F, Durbeej N, Sarkadi A, Andersen A, Primdahl NL, Derluyn I. Social Determinants of the Mental Health of Young Migrants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Young migrants face particular risks to develop mental health problems. Discrimination and social support impact mental health, yet little is known about the differential impact thereof on mental health in newcomers, non-newcomer migrants, and non-migrants. Aim: This study sheds light on mental health (posttraumatic stress, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, emotional distress, peer relationship problems, prosocial behavior) and the overall well-being of newcomers, non-newcomer migrants, and non-migrants. Furthermore, the impact of social support and discrimination on mental health is investigated. Method: Descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were applied to analyze responses of 2,320 adolescents through self-report questionnaires in Finland, Sweden, and the UK. Results: Newcomers, non-newcomer migrants, and non-migrants have different psychological profiles. While newcomers suffer more from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and peer problems, non-newcomers and non-migrants report more hyperactivity. Discrimination strongly threatens all mental health dimensions, while support from family serves as a protective factor. Support from friends has a positive impact on PTSD among newcomers. Limitations: As this study has a cross-sectional design, conclusions about causality cannot be drawn. In addition, history of traumatic life events or migration trajectory was lacking, while it may impact mental health. Conclusion: Different mental health profiles of newcomers, non-newcomer migrants, and non-migrants point to the need for a tailored and diversified approach. Discrimination remains a risk factor for mental health, while family support is a protective factor for adolescents. Interventions that foster social support from friends would be especially beneficial for newcomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Verelst
- Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Caroline Spaas
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Pfeiffer
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Ines Devlieger
- Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Reeta Kankaapää
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Vänskä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Emma Soye
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Charles Watters
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Fatumo Osman
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anna Sarkadi
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Arnfinn Andersen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, NKVTS, Norway
| | | | - Ilse Derluyn
- Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
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Goreis A, Nater UM, Mewes R. Effects of chronic ethnic discrimination in the daily life of Turkish immigrants living in Austria: study protocol of a 30-day ambulatory assessment study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046697. [PMID: 34620655 PMCID: PMC8499268 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic ethnic discrimination is associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes in ethnic minority groups. It is assumed that suffering from repeated discriminatory events leads, over time, to psychological consequences such as higher perceived stress, higher negative affect and lower positive affect. Higher stress reactivity to non-discriminatory stressors, such as daily hassles, as well as anticipation and avoidance behaviour regarding discriminatory events, may further contribute to the overall burden for affected individuals. Studies investigating chronic ethnic discrimination and its psychological consequences in the daily lives of affected persons are lacking. Here, we present a study protocol to investigate the impact of chronic ethnic discrimination and acute discriminatory events in the daily lives of Turkish immigrants living in Austria, using an ambulatory assessment design. The feasibility of our study design was tested and confirmed in a pilot study (n=10). METHODS AND ANALYSIS Ninety male Turkish immigrants will complete daily questionnaires for 30 days. Participants will indicate stress, perceived discrimination, negative and positive affect, daily hassles, anticipation and avoidance behaviour, as well as rumination with regard to discriminatory events on a daily basis. Furthermore, they will use preprogrammed iPods to assess acute discriminatory events in real time. Our hypotheses will be tested using multilevel analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the institutional review board of the University of Vienna (reference number 00358). Results will be presented at conferences and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Park H, Choi S, Noh K, Hong JY. Racial Discrimination as a Cumulative Risk Factor Affecting Parental Stress on the Psychological Distress of Korean Americans (Both US- and Foreign-Born) amid COVID-19: Structural Equation Modeling. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1670-1679. [PMID: 34282523 PMCID: PMC8288412 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships of parental stress and racial discrimination to the psychological distress of Korean Americans (both US- and foreign-born) during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also explored whether racial discrimination moderated the effect of parental stress on psychological distress. Using primary data collected between May 24, 2020, and June 14, 2020, via an online questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models were conducted on 339 Korean American parents. Results indicated that parental stress and racial discrimination were associated with parental psychological distress. However, when the sample was divided by parental sex, racial discrimination played as a moderator, the interaction of discrimination, and parenting stress was associated with more psychological distress only for mothers. Based on the study results, we recommended that policymakers should consider policies and programs that can reduce racism to make up for the public health crisis associated with COVID-19; clinical practitioners also need to provide appropriate virtual mental/physical health services and interventions that can decrease parental stress and psychological distress amid COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejoon Park
- School of Social Work, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Shinwoo Choi
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, Encino Hall Building Suite 150A, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Keeyoon Noh
- Department of History, Philosophy, and Social Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA.
| | - Joo Young Hong
- Department of Exceptional, Deaf, and Interpreter Education, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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15
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Yu M, Hyun SS. Development of Modern Racism Scale in Global Airlines: A Study of Asian Female Flight Attendants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052688. [PMID: 33800093 PMCID: PMC7967420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the globalization of the airline industry, global airlines are focusing human resource management on diversity strategies and employing flight attendants of various races. Multinational flight attendants have brought many positive results; conversely, discrimination has led to negative phenomena such as racism. Nevertheless, research focusing on global airline racism in tourism studies is unprecedented. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a modern racism scale rating the discrimination perceived by Asian female flight attendants on global airlines. It was developed following Churchill’s eight steps (1979). This study derived measurement items through a literature review, in-depth interviews, first and second expert surveys, and a preliminary survey. These items were developed on a scale through a validity and reliability assessment and were finally confirmed as six dimensions and 24 measurement items. Lastly, research implications were discussed.
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Habibi M, Etesami MS, Taghizadeh MA, Akrami FS, Garcia D. Psychometric properties of the Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) in a sample of Iranian young adults. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10752. [PMID: 33665009 PMCID: PMC7908888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the factor structure, reliability and test-retest validity of the 12-item Iranian version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). Additionally, the MEIM's concurrent validity was tested by investigating the association between ethnic identity and subjective well-being. METHOD The scale was translated into Persian language and was administered to 426 students (193 female) at a major public university in Tehran along with the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. RESULTS The confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor first-order commitment, and exploration (consisting of 12 items), and the second-order unidimensional factor structure of general ethnic identity. Moreover, we found evidence for good internal consistency, test re-test reliability, and concurrent validity. CONCLUSION The MEIM Persian version was found to be a valid and reliable measure to examine ethnic identity in this Iranian student population, for both males and females. These results support the utility of the Persian version of the MEIM for its use in Middle-Eastern contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Habibi
- Health promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maede Sadat Etesami
- Health promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Faezeh Sadat Akrami
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Humanities and Social sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, Network for Well-Being, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, Region Blekinge, Karlskrona, Sweden
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17
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Flores J, Caqueo-Urízar A, Quintana L, Urzúa A, Irarrázaval M. Perceived discrimination and contextual problems among children and adolescents in northern Chile. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246998. [PMID: 33606801 PMCID: PMC7894936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminatory behaviors among inter-ethnic relations in schools have long been noted and studied, but there are several correlations between discriminatory behaviors and other constructs that need further investigation. As an example, the relation between perceived discrimination and contextual problems-which include family, school and peer problems-among children and adolescents in Latin America has received little attention from previous studies. Further, the mediating role of ethnic identification and collective self-esteem in this relation also needs to be considered as they could be proven as protective factors for discriminatory behavior and its outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to, first, establish the relationship between perceived discrimination and contextual problems in inter-ethnic students aged 8-19 years living in Arica, Chile; and second, to identify the role that ethnic identification and collective self-esteem play within this relation. In order to investigate this matter, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 3700 students in 29 schools between the fourth year of primary education and the last year of secondary education, aged between 9-18 years, with 48.4% men and 51.6% women. The sample was divided into primary and secondary school groups. The scales utilized were the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Multi-Group Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised Scale, Collective Self-Esteem Scale and the dimensions of contextual family, school and peer problems, as well as the general index of contextual problems of the Child and Adolescent Assessment System. For data analysis, we tested a path analytic model at both the within and between levels to account for the relations between variables. In each group the models obtained an optimal fit. We found that perceived discrimination and ethnic identification were directly related to contextual problems (.23-.39), and collective self-esteem had only a mediating role. This study showed that strategized interventions focusing on ethnic identification and perceived discrimination should be utilized by schools to create a better developing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Flores
- Centro de Justicia Educacional y Escuela de Psicología y Filosofía, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lirna Quintana
- Centro de Justicia Educacional y Escuela de Psicología y Filosofía, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
| | - Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Matías Irarrázaval
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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18
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Mekawi Y, Hyatt CS, Maples-Keller J, Carter S, Michopoulos V, Powers A. Racial Discrimination Predicts Mental Health Outcomes Beyond the Role of Personality Traits in a Community Sample of African Americans. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:183-196. [PMID: 36968342 PMCID: PMC10038392 DOI: 10.1177/2167702620957318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite a consistent body of work documenting associations between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes, the utility and validity of these findings have recently been questioned because some authors have posited that personality traits may account for these associations. To test this hypothesis in a community sample of African Americans ( n = 419, age: M = 43.96 years), we used bivariate relations and hierarchical regression analyses to determine whether racial discrimination accounted for additional variance in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms beyond the role of personality. Bivariate relations between personality traits and racial discrimination were small and positive (i.e., rs ≈ .10). Regression results demonstrated that racial discrimination accounted for variance in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress independent of personality traits ( ps < .01). These results suggest that personality traits do not fully explain associations between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes, further supporting the detrimental impact of racial discrimination on the mental health of African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine
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19
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Piña-Watson B, Cox K, Neduvelil A. Mexican descent college student risky sexual behaviors and alcohol use: The role of general and cultural based coping with discrimination. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:82-89. [PMID: 31513462 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1656214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates cultural and general coping strategies as potential protective or risk factors to risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) and alcohol use in the face of discrimination for Mexican descent college students. Participants: Data collection was conducted from September 2016 to May 2017 and included 796 Mexican descent emerging adults. Methods: Linear regressions were conducted to test main and interaction effects of discrimination, and general and cultural coping strategies on RSBs and alcohol use issues. Results: Higher discrimination experiences were not associated with RSBs or alcohol use issues. Only ethnicity-based coping was found to be a significant moderator to the relationships between discrimination and the outcome variables of RSBs and alcohol use issues. Conclusions: This study has implications for the way mental health clinicians explore the intersection of ethnic identity and coping as a means of understanding the relationship among discrimination, RSBs, and alcohol use issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Piña-Watson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kassidy Cox
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley Neduvelil
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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20
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Montoro JP, Kilday JE, Rivas-Drake D, Ryan AM, Umaña-Taylor AJ. Coping with Discrimination from Peers and Adults: Implications for Adolescents' School Belonging. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 50:126-143. [PMID: 33263798 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
School belonging is a key indicator of students' academic well-being that is threatened by adults' and peers' transgressions of discrimination. Moreover, the hierarchical power structure at school enables adults and peers to enact ethnic-racial discrimination differently, which is also more or less salient among Black, Asian American, and Latinx youth. Therefore, this study aimed to disentangle the links between adult and peer-perpetrated racial discrimination at school, five distinct coping strategies, and school belonging across ethnic-racial groups. Participants were 1686 students in grades 9-12. These results indicated that adolescents who reported peer discrimination also reported greater proactive and aggressive coping. Black youth who reported more adult discrimination also reported more proactive coping, whereas Asian and Latinx youth who reported more peer discrimination reported more proactive coping. Peer discrimination was indirectly associated with greater school belonging via proactive coping, whereas adult discrimination was directly and negatively related to belonging. These findings suggest that adolescents may be selecting to proactively cope when faced with the discrimination source they most often navigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Montoro
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jessica E Kilday
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah Rivas-Drake
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison M Ryan
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Jaspal R, Lopes B, Wignall L. The Coping with Identity Threat Scale: Development and Validation in a University Student Sample. IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2020.1808469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rusi Jaspal
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barbara Lopes
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liam Wignall
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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22
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Passmore CJ, Mandryk RL. A Taxonomy of Coping Strategies and Discriminatory Stressors in Digital Gaming. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Choi S, Hong JY, Kim YJ, Park H. Predicting Psychological Distress Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic by Machine Learning: Discrimination and Coping Mechanisms of Korean Immigrants in the U.S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6057. [PMID: 32825349 PMCID: PMC7504344 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the predictive ability of discrimination-related variables, coping mechanisms, and sociodemographic factors on the psychological distress level of Korean immigrants in the U.S. amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Korean immigrants (both foreign-born and U.S.-born) in the U.S. above the age of 18 were invited to participate in an online survey through purposive sampling. In order to verify the variables predicting the level of psychological distress on the final sample from 42 states (n = 790), the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis, which is able to examine complex non-linear interactions among variables, was conducted. The most critical predicting variables in the neural network were a person's resilience, experiences of everyday discrimination, and perception that racial discrimination toward Asians has increased in the U.S. since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwoo Choi
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Joo Young Hong
- Department of Exceptional, Deaf, and Interpreter Education, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Yong Je Kim
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Hyejoon Park
- Department of History, Philosophy, and Social Sciences, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA;
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24
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Saasa SK. Discrimination, Coping, and Social Exclusion among African Immigrants in the United States: A Moderation Analysis. SOCIAL WORK 2019; 64:198-206. [PMID: 31190061 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between perceived discrimination and social exclusion among African immigrants in the United States (N = 409). Moderation models using path analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of three coping strategies (active coping, use of instrumental support, and religious coping) on the relationship between discrimination and four dimensions of social exclusion: (1) material deprivation, (2) limited access to basic social rights, (3) limited social participation, and (4) insufficient cultural integration. Increases in perceived discrimination were associated with increased social exclusion on all four dimensions. Increased use of active coping was found to weaken the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and material deprivation and between discrimination and limited social participation. Use of instrumental support also buffered the negative effects of discrimination on limited social participation. Recommendations for practice and future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherinah K Saasa
- School of Social Work, Brigham Young University, JFSB, Provo, UT
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25
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Oh H, Stickley A, Koyanagi A, Yau R, DeVylder JE. Discrimination and suicidality among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:517-523. [PMID: 30445379 PMCID: PMC6351183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, suicide rates have increased among certain racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. To better understand suicide vulnerability among people of color, studies have examined the relations between social risk factors-such as discrimination-and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, the literature has been inconsistent, calling for more population studies. METHODS This study analyzed data from two surveys: (1) The National Survey of American Life; and (2) The National Latino and Asian American Survey, which taken together are representative of Black, Latino, and Asians in the United States. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between levels of discrimination on the Everyday Discrimination Scale and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Additional models tested for effect modification by race and by psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS We found that individuals who reported the highest levels of discrimination had greater odds of reporting lifetime suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts, when compared with people who did not report discrimination, after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. Notably, discrimination increased odds of reporting an unplanned suicide attempt and a suicide attempt without the intent to die. Adjusting for psychiatric diagnoses attenuated these effects. We found no evidence of effect modification by race or by psychiatric diagnosis. LIMITATIONS Data were cross-sectional, which did not allow for causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS Future translational research can explore how screening for discrimination may help identify individuals and groups of racial/ethnic minorities at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, 1149 Hill St Suite 1422, Los Angeles, CA 90015,CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
| | - Andrew Stickley
- The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, 141 89, Sweden, ,Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878553, Japan
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5 Pabellón 11, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Rebecca Yau
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704-1365
| | - Jordan E. DeVylder
- Fordham University, Graduate School of Social Service, 113 W 60 Street, New York, NY 10023,
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26
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McDermott ER, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Martinez-Fuentes S. Measuring Latino Adolescents’ Coping With Ethnic-Racial Discrimination. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282918792384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined coping strategies specific to ethnic-racial discrimination among Latino youth. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Discrimination Coping Strategies Scale (DCSS) including its factor structure, validity, and longitudinal measurement invariance. Data came from four waves of a longitudinal study of 323 Latino adolescents (Wave 1 Mage = 15.31 years, SD = .76; 49.5% female). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis suggested a factor structure that included a three-item latent factor and two manifest variables. Analyses suggested that the factor structure for the latent construct was invariant across four waves of repeated measures. Support for construct validity emerged with tests of convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Taken together, findings provide support for the validity of the proactive coping subscale of the DCSS as a measure of Latino adolescents’ proactive coping with ethnic-racial discrimination.
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Assari S, Preiser B, Lankarani MM, Caldwell CH. Subjective Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Association between Discrimination and Depression in African American Youth. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E71. [PMID: 29677115 PMCID: PMC5924407 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most of the literature on the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is focused on the protective effects of SES. However, a growing literature suggests that high SES may also operate as a vulnerability factor. Aims: Using a national sample of African American youth, this study compared the effects of perceived discrimination on major depressive disorder (MDD) based on SES. Methods: The current cross-sectional study included 810 African American youth who participated in the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent supplement. The independent variable was perceived discrimination. Lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day MDD were the dependent variables. Age and gender were covariates. Three SES indicators (subjective SES, income, and poverty index) were moderators. We used logistic regressions for data analysis. Results: Perceived discrimination was associated with higher risk of lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day MDD. Interactions were found between subjective SES and perceived discrimination on lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day MDD, suggesting a stronger effect of perceived discrimination in youth with high subjective SES. Objective measures of SES (income and poverty index) did not interact with perceived discrimination on MDD. Conclusion: While perceived discrimination is a universally harmful risk factor for MDD, its effect may depend on the SES of the individual. Findings suggest that high subjective SES may operate as a vulnerability factor for African American youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Brianna Preiser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Newman A, Nielsen I, Smyth R, Hirst G, Kennedy S. The effects of diversity climate on the work attitudes of refugee employees: The mediating role of psychological capital and moderating role of ethnic identity. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Carter RT, Lau MY, Johnson V, Kirkinis K. Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta-Analytic Review. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Carter
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
| | - Michael Y. Lau
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology; Washington DC
| | - Veronica Johnson
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at the Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; City University of New York
| | - Katherine Kirkinis
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at Department of Counseling Psychology; University at Albany-State University of New York
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30
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Ferrari L, Rosnati R, Canzi E, Ballerini A, Ranieri S. How international transracial adoptees and immigrants cope with discrimination? The moderating role of ethnic identity in the relation between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrari
- Family Studies and Research University Centre; Catholic University of Milan; Largo Gemelli, 1 Milan - 20123 Italy
| | - Rosa Rosnati
- Family Studies and Research University Centre; Catholic University of Milan; Largo Gemelli, 1 Milan - 20123 Italy
| | - Elena Canzi
- Family Studies and Research University Centre; Catholic University of Milan; Largo Gemelli, 1 Milan - 20123 Italy
| | - Anna Ballerini
- Family Studies and Research University Centre; Catholic University of Milan; Largo Gemelli, 1 Milan - 20123 Italy
| | - Sonia Ranieri
- Family Studies and Research University Centre; Catholic University of Milan; Largo Gemelli, 1 Milan - 20123 Italy
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Itzick M, Kagan M, Tal-Katz P. Perceived social support as a moderator between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities in Israel. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 40:2208-2216. [PMID: 28549403 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1331380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perceived social support has gained importance as a significant preventive factor of depressive symptoms and as helpful for rebuilding feelings of self-worth and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities. The current study examined whether perceived social support moderates the association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities in Israel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected by means of structured questionnaires among a convenience sample of 433 people with physical disabilities in Israel and hierarchical multiple regression was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that perceived social support has a moderating role in the association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities, such that those with low and moderate levels of perceived social support showed a negative association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being, while those with high levels of perceived social support showed no association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being. Findings are discussed in light of the social model of disability, and practical implications are suggested. Implications for Rehabilitation A negative association was found between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities with low and moderate levels of perceived social support. Professionals working with people with physical disabilities must acknowledge the importance of social support for people with physical disabilities and for their families. Professionals working with people with physical disabilities should take a proactive approach to locating disabled people who do not receive or do not have adequate social support and offer them assistance. Professionals working with people with physical disabilities should engage in wide social activities aimed at providing resources and opportunities to service beneficiaries. Society bears the collective responsibility to act in order to reduce the social problem of discrimination against people with disabilities, as well as to raise public awareness of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Itzick
- a School of Social Work , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel
| | - Maya Kagan
- a School of Social Work , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel
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Shehadeh N, Rubens M, Attonito J, Jennings T. Social Support and Its Impact on Ethnic Identity and HIV Risk among Migrant Workers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2017; 5:96-103. [PMID: 28281177 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Migrant workers are disproportionately affected by HIV due to poverty, social isolation, lack of access to and availability of health care services, acculturation, language barriers, constant mobility, and lack of knowledge. This study examined the impact of changes in social support on ethnic identity and HIV risk behaviors among migrant workers in South Florida. For this study, baseline and 6-month follow-up data were collected from an HIV intervention study among migrant workers in South Florida (n = 270) who reported unprotected sex in the past 30 days. The Multigroup Identity Measure was used to assess ethnic identity and the Social Provisions Scale examined the degree to which respondents' social relationships provide various dimensions of social support. Social support was a significant predictor of ethnic identity and of ethnic identity subscales, ethnic identity belonging and ethnic identity explore. There were small but statistically significant short-term changes in ethnic identity and ethnic identity subscales among the migrant workers over the 6-month time period assessed after controlling for the intervention. Future studies should be conducted over a longer period of time to better assess this relationship and possible factors to reduce HIV risk behaviors. There is a need to focus on improving the quality of health and reduce HIV and other risks experienced by this marginalized community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Shehadeh
- Health Administration Department, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Muni Rubens
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Attonito
- Health Administration Department, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Terri Jennings
- Social Science and Research Consulting, McKinleyville, CA, USA
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Alamilla SG, Kim BSK, Walker T, Sisson FR. Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, and Psychological Symptoms Among Asian American College Students. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Discrimination and psychiatric disorder among Asian American immigrants: a national analysis by subgroups. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 16:1157-66. [PMID: 24077835 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable evidence suggests that discrimination negatively affects mental health for Asian American (AA) immigrants, few studies have disaggregated this heterogeneous community and/or differentiated effects of different forms of discrimination. Using the first nationally representative data on AA immigrants in US, this study examines whether perceived racial discrimination, perceived language discrimination, and vicarious racism experiences increase the risk of psychiatric disorder for different Asian immigrant groups in the past 12 months. Results from group specific logistic regressions show that both perceived racial and language discrimination have strong deleterious effects on mental health only for Filipinos, while Vietnamese and Chinese are more likely to be affected by vicarious racism experiences. No significant association was found between racial discrimination and the mental health outcome for Vietnamese and Chinese. Findings were discussed in the light of inter-racial contact pattern and acculturation status for each group.
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35
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Braje SE, Hall GCN. Coping as a Mediator Between Losing Face and Depressive and Social Anxiety Symptoms Among Asian Americans. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022116658244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Applying the proximal–distal framework, we were interested in whether the relationship between loss of face (LOF) concerns to depression and social anxiety were mediated by coping among 154 Asian Americans (AA). Utilizing a convenience sample from an online survey of AA, we ran ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions to examine whether direct and indirect coping explained the relationship between LOF concerns, depression, and social anxiety. LOF was positively associated with both direct and indirect coping. LOF also was positively associated with depression and social anxiety. The relationship between LOF and depression was significantly mediated by indirect coping but not direct coping. Higher levels of indirect coping explained the relationship between LOF and depression. In addition, the relationship between LOF and social anxiety was significantly mediated by indirect coping and direct coping. The relationship between LOF and social anxiety was partially explained by lower levels of direct coping and higher levels of indirect coping. LOF, however, continued to significantly predict social anxiety even after accounting for coping strategies. These results suggest that the LOF has a distal relationship to depression and social anxiety. Coping has a more proximal relationship to depression and social anxiety. By identifying proximal factors to depression and social anxiety, it is possible to reduce symptoms of depression and social anxiety among AA without mitigating the endorsement of traditional cultural values.
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36
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Bao Z, Chen C, Zhang W, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Lai X. Family economic hardship and Chinese adolescents' sleep quality: A moderated mediation model involving perceived economic discrimination and coping strategy. J Adolesc 2016; 50:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Liu T, Wong YJ, Tsai PC. Conditional Mediation Models of Intersecting Identities Among Female Asian International Students. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000016637200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how gender, racial, and nationality discrimination were related to the life satisfaction of female Asian international students directly and indirectly through loneliness, as well as how these pathways differed as a function of gender, racial, and nationality in-group solidarity. Participants were 216 female Asian international students from two public universities. Results demonstrated that all three types of discrimination predicted decreased life satisfaction. Loneliness mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and life satisfaction. In addition, these mediation pathways differed as a function of in-group solidarity (e.g., sense of attachment to one’s racial group), providing evidence for conditional mediation effects. Gender solidarity was a protective factor that mitigated feelings of loneliness when experiencing gender discrimination, whereas racial and nationality solidarity were risk factors for decreased life satisfaction when experiencing loneliness. We provide research implications for international student scholars and clinical implications for university staff and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Y. Joel Wong
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Pei-Chun Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
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38
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Liu W, Li Z, Ling Y, Cai T. Core self-evaluations and coping styles as mediators between social support and well-being. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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English AS, Zeng ZJ, Ma JH. The stress of studying in China: primary and secondary coping interaction effects. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:755. [PMID: 26693113 PMCID: PMC4666850 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Answering the call for research on coping outside of the Western world, the present study confirms previous research that indicated Asians cope with stress differently from other ethnic groups. In the present study, we explore the stress-coping-adjustment model and its role in acculturation for educational sojourners in the People’s Republic of China. Using a sample of 121 recent exchange students (Asian, n = 52; non-Asian, n = 69), we administered surveys in the Fall of 2013 and 90 days later to measure students’ socio-cultural adaptation. Results indicate several significant findings. Acculturative stress and perceived cultural distance had no role in predicting adaptation. Non-Asians reported greater adjustment even though cultural distance was greater. As hypothesized, non-Asians used more primary and secondary coping compared to Asians. Moderation analyses indicate three-way interactions among stress × coping × group, showing that non-Asians benefit from high usage primary coping, while primary coping exacerbates the negative effects of stress on adjustment for Asians. Secondary coping proves to be beneficial for both groups and improves adjustment across low and moderate stress levels. Results support recent developments in collective coping, suggesting that primary and secondary coping may not be beneficial for all ethnic groups in all circumstances. Research implications and practical contributions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S English
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China
| | - Zhi Jia Zeng
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China
| | - Jian Hong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China
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40
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Hou Y, Kim SY, Wang Y, Shen Y, Orozco-Lapray D. Longitudinal Reciprocal Relationships Between Discrimination and Ethnic Affect or Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese American Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:2110-21. [PMID: 25963446 PMCID: PMC4727533 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination plays an important role in the development of ethnic minority adolescents. However, previous studies have often adopted a unidirectional model examining the influence of discrimination on adolescent development, thus leaving the potential reciprocal relationship between them understudied. Moreover, there is a dearth of studies on Chinese Americans in the discrimination literature. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between discrimination and two measures of adolescent outcomes (i.e., ethnic affect and depressive symptoms) from early adolescence to emerging adulthood in Chinese Americans. Participants were 444 adolescents (54 % female), followed at four-year intervals, beginning at 7th or 8th grade (M age.wave1 = 13.03) in 2002, for a total of three waves. An examination of cross-lagged autoregressive models revealed two major findings. First, in contrast to the rejection-identification model, perceived discrimination at early adolescence negatively related to ethnic affect at middle adolescence. Conversely, ethnic affect at early adolescence also negatively related to discrimination at middle adolescence. These results held the same direction but became insignificant from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. Second, perceived discrimination positively related to depressive symptoms across the studied developmental periods, and depressive symptoms positively related to perceived discrimination from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. The strength of these longitudinal relationships did not change significantly across developmental periods or gender. These findings highlight the bidirectional relationship between perceived discrimination and adolescent outcomes; they also demonstrate the value of studying the discrimination experiences of Chinese Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hou
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Yishan Shen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Diana Orozco-Lapray
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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41
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Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, Elias A, Priest N, Pieterse A, Gupta A, Kelaher M, Gee G. Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138511. [PMID: 26398658 PMCID: PMC4580597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1250] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jehonathan Ben
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nida Denson
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanuel Elias
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi Priest
- Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alex Pieterse
- Division of Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kelaher
- Centre for Health Policy Programs and Economics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gilbert Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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42
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Tummala-Narra P, Sathasivam-Rueckert N. The Experience of Ethnic and Racial Group Membership Among Immigrant-Origin Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558415592178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immigrant-origin adolescents in the United States face a number of stressors across different social contexts (e.g., home, school), and yet, distress related to these stressors often goes unnoticed and access to resources is limited. This study examined how racial minority immigrant-origin adolescents in an urban setting construct and negotiate experiences of their ethnic and racial group membership, acculturative stress, and approaches to coping with acculturative stress. Guided by an integrative contextual framework of minority youth development, semistructured group interviews were conducted with 64 adolescents (35 girls and 29 boys) at an urban public high school located in the Northeastern part of the United States. Participants were either immigrants or children of immigrants from Afro-Caribbean (e.g., Haitian), Asian, Latino/a, and South Asian backgrounds. Analyses of the group interview data revealed four major domains related to experiences of ethnicity and race: (a) pride in and connection with heritage culture and language, (b) difficulties in cultural adjustment, (c) stereotypes and discrimination, and (d) coping and relational contexts, along with several themes within each of these domains. The implications of the findings are discussed with a consideration to adolescents’ desire to develop a bicultural identity, challenges to forming such an identity, and the importance of informal sources of support in coping with acculturative stress. Recommendations for future research and for clinical and community-based interventions with immigrant-origin adolescents are provided.
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43
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Yip T. The effects of ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep quality on depressive symptoms and self-esteem trajectories among diverse adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:419-30. [PMID: 24682960 PMCID: PMC4574503 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic/racial discrimination has persistent negative implications for both physical and mental health. The current study employs a risk and resilience framework to explore the joint effects of ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep disturbance on psychosocial outcomes among adolescents. In a sample of 146 minority and White adolescents (70% female), changes in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and self-esteem over 3 years are explored using growth curve models. Regardless of ethnic background, adolescents reporting high levels of ethnic/racial discrimination and poor sleep also reported a corresponding increase in depressive symptoms and lower levels of self-esteem over time. Adolescents reporting all other combinations of sleep quality and ethnic/racial discrimination reported more positive adjustment over time. The joint effects of sleep and ethnic/racial discrimination on adolescent psychosocial development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Bronx, NY, USA,
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44
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Huynh QL, Devos T, Goldberg R. The Role of Ethnic and National Identifications in Perceived Discrimination for Asian Americans: Toward a Better Understanding of the Buffering Effect of Group Identifications on Psychological Distress. ASIAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 5:161-171. [PMID: 25258674 PMCID: PMC4171723 DOI: 10.1037/a0031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A robust relationship between perceived racial discrimination and psychological distress has been established. Yet, mixed evidence exists regarding the extent to which ethnic identification moderates this relationship, and scarce attention has been paid to the moderating role of national identification. We propose that the role of group identifications in the perceived discrimination-psychological distress relationship is best understood by simultaneously and interactively considering ethnic and national identifications. A sample of 259 Asian American students completed measures of perceived discrimination, group identifications (specific ethnic identification stated by respondents and national or "mainstream American" identification), and psychological distress (anxiety and depression symptoms). Regression analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction of perceived discrimination, ethnic identification, and national identification on psychological distress. Simple-slope analyses indicated that dual identification (strong ethnic and national identifications) was linked to a weaker relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress compared with other group identification configurations. These findings underscore the need to consider the interconnections between ethnic and national identifications to better understand the circumstances under which group identifications are likely to buffer individuals against the adverse effects of racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
| | - Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
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45
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Schmidt CK, Piontkowski S, Raque-Bogdan TL, Ziemer KS. Relational Health, Ethnic Identity, and Well-Being of College Students of Color. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000014523796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of relational-cultural theory, the current study examined how relational health and ethnic identity contribute to overall well-being in a sample of college students of color. A total of 229 students completed measures of relational health, ethnic identity, indicators of subjective well-being (SWB), and perceptions of physical health. Canonical correlation analyses revealed two patterns of relationships between the variable sets: (a) students who reported lower scores in ethnic identity and in peer, mentor, and community relationships, also demonstrated lower SWB and fewer days in good health, and (b) students who reported high relational health in peer and mentor domains, but lower scores for ethnic identity, had higher reports of both positive and negative affect, as well as both good and poor health. These preliminary findings reflect the complexity of how ethnic identity and relational health differentially predict the well-being of college students of color. The implications of these findings for counseling psychologists are discussed.
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46
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Kuo BC. Coping, acculturation, and psychological adaptation among migrants: a theoretical and empirical review and synthesis of the literature. Health Psychol Behav Med 2014; 2:16-33. [PMID: 25750766 PMCID: PMC4346023 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2013.843459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the continuous, dynamic demographic changes internationally due to intensive worldwide migration and globalization, the need to more fully understand how migrants adapt and cope with acculturation experiences in their new host cultural environment is imperative and timely. However, a comprehensive review of what we currently know about the relationship between coping behavior and acculturation experience for individuals undergoing cultural changes has not yet been undertaken. Hence, the current article aims to compile, review, and examine cumulative cross-cultural psychological research that sheds light on the relationships among coping, acculturation, and psychological and mental health outcomes for migrants. To this end, this present article reviews prevailing literature pertaining to: (a) the stress and coping conceptual perspective of acculturation; (b) four theoretical models of coping, acculturation and cultural adaptation; (c) differential coping pattern among diverse acculturating migrant groups; and (d) the relationship between coping variabilities and acculturation levels among migrants. In terms of theoretical understanding, this review points to the relative strengths and limitations associated with each of the four theoretical models on coping-acculturation-adaptation. These theories and the empirical studies reviewed in this article further highlight the central role of coping behaviors/strategies in the acculturation process and outcome for migrants and ethnic populations, both conceptually and functionally. Moreover, the review shows that across studies culturally preferred coping patterns exist among acculturating migrants and migrant groups and vary with migrants' acculturation levels. Implications and limitations of the existing literature for coping, acculturation, and psychological adaptation research are discussed and recommendations for future research are put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C.H. Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Chrysler Hall South, Windsor, Ontario, CanadaN9B 3P4
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47
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French SE, Tran N, Chávez NR. Exploring the effect of in-group and out-group race-related stressors on anxiety among Asian Pacific Islander American students. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Brittian AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Weisskirch RS, Castillo LG, Whitbourne SK, Hurley EA, Huynh QL, Brown EJ, Caraway SJ. The moderating role of centrality on associations between ethnic identity affirmation and ethnic minority college students' mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2013; 61:133-140. [PMID: 25158010 PMCID: PMC7869585 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.773904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior literature has shown that ethnic affirmation, one aspect of ethnic identity, is positively associated with mental health. However, the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health may vary depending how much importance individuals place on their ethnic group membership (ie, centrality). METHODS Using path analysis, the current study examined the relations between ethnic affirmation and indices of mental health problems (ie, anxiety and depressive symptoms), and tested whether the process was moderated by ethnic centrality among 3,659 college students representing 3 ethnic groups (41% Latino/a, 35% Asian American, and 24% African American) who participated in a large, multisite university study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health were stronger for Latino/a and Asian American students who reported higher levels of ethnic centrality. For African Americans, higher levels of ethnic affirmation predicted better mental health, but this association did not vary as a function of ethnic centrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerika S Brittian
- a Department of Educational Psychology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois
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49
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Do Korean Immigrant Adolescents Experience Stress-Related Growth During Stressful Intergroup Contact and Acculturation? JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167812468614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Asian immigrant adolescents have a difficult time adapting to unfamiliar customs and cultural values as well as interacting with other ethnic groups. During intergroup contacts and acculturation, Asian immigrant adolescents have negative experiences such as discrimination experiences, intergroup anxiety, interracial tension, and limited social support. In spite of such stressful and negative life experiences, some research has shown that individuals may develop the ability to thrive or grow from stressful life events. Using grounded theory, we explored the characteristics of positive psychological changes that occurred as the result of stressful intergroup contacts and acculturation from the perspective of Korean immigrant adolescents. We captured three main themes related to stress-related growth: (a) psychological thriving, (b) cultural and ethnic understandings, and (c) culturally attuned relationships. This finding implies that stressful intergroup contacts and acculturation provide an opportunity in which Korean immigrant adolescents develop coping abilities and enhance a sense of personal growth.
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Lopez CR, Antoni MH, Fekete EM, Penedo FJ. Ethnic identity and perceived stress in HIV+ minority women: the role of coping self-efficacy and social support. Int J Behav Med 2012; 19:23-8. [PMID: 20890774 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-010-9121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minority women living with HIV (WLWH) face multiple stigmas that can contribute to overwhelming levels of stress, which could hamper their ability to manage their chronic disease. Little is known about whether having a greater sense of ethnic identity might insulate WLWH from stress. It is also possible that certain cognitive and interpersonal factors (i.e., coping self-efficacy and perceived social support) may act as mediators of this relationship. We hypothesized that WLWH with a greater sense of ethnic identity would report less stress because they access these cognitive and interpersonal resources to better manage stressors. PURPOSE The present study (1) related ethnic identity to perceived stress and (2) examined coping self-efficacy and social support as co-mediators of this relationship in a sample of low-income minority WLWH. METHOD Ninety-two minority women (89% African American) completed self-report psychosocial measures including the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Cognitive Coping Self-efficacy Scale (CCSE), and Social Provision Scale (SPS). RESULTS Greater ethnic identity was associated with less perceived stress, and this relationship was mediated by greater levels of both coping self-efficacy and social support. CONCLUSIONS WLWH who identify more with their ethnic group may experience less stress via their access to more cognitive and interpersonal resources.
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