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Nikolašević Ž, Krstić T, Rajšli A, Bugarski Ignjatović V. The Relationship Between Behavior Aspects of Executive Functions and Personality Traits in Healthy Young Adults. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1317-1335. [PMID: 36216556 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221132996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (ЕF) are complex cognitive processes that govern our behavior and thoughts. Associations between personality traits and executive functions clarify the mechanisms of a person's ability to function in everyday situations. The main goal of this study was to explore different personality dimensions relevant to the prediction of two different executive functions - Inhibition and Working Memory. The Big Five Inventory and the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI) were administered on a community sample comprising 549 young adults aged 18-35 years (mean age 22.10 years, SD 3.13). After controlling for age, gender and level of education, Conscientiousness and Extraversion were the most predictive personality traits, while Neuroticism and Agreeableness made specific contributions to the prediction of one of the two executive measures: Working Memory or Inhibition. Specifically, high Conscientiousness and Extraversion with low Neuroticism were significant predictors of Working Memory ability. On the other hand, high Conscientiousness and Agreeableness with low Extraversion predicted better Inhibition ability. These findings support the conclusion that these dimensions of individual differences seem to have numerous points of overlap at both psychological and neurobiological levels, but differences between these constructs are still significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Nikolašević
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Tatjana Krstić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Akoš Rajšli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Vojislava Bugarski Ignjatović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad; Republic of Serbia, Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
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2
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Individual differences in everyday multitasking behavior and its relation to cognition and personality. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:655-685. [PMID: 35788902 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to multitask-focus on multiple tasks simultaneously-is one of the most critical functions of our cognitive system. This capability has shown to have relations to cognition and personality in empirical studies, which have received much attention recently. This review article integrates the available findings to examine how individual differences in multitasking behavior are linked with different cognitive constructs and personality traits to conceptualize what multitasking behavior represents. In this review, we highlight the methodological differences and theoretical conceptions. Cognitive constructs including executive functions (i.e., shifting, updating, and inhibition), working memory, relational integration, divided attention, reasoning, and prospective memory were investigated. Concerning personality, the traits of polychronicity, impulsivity, and the five-factor model were considered. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria and entered the review. The research synthesis directs us to propose two new conceptual models to explain multitasking behavior as a psychometric construct. The first model demonstrates that individual differences in multitasking behavior can be explained by cognitive abilities. The second model proposes that personality traits constitute a moderating effect on the relation between multitasking behavior and cognition. Finally, we provide possible future directions for the line of research.
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Cronin-Golomb LM, Bauer PJ. Self-motivated and directed learning across the lifespan. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 232:103816. [PMID: 36549216 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-motivated and directed learning is integral to knowledge base expansion for learners of all ages. Both motivational and cognitive processes drive self-motivated and directed lifelong learning, yet how these different processes operate together from childhood through adulthood is largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the role of personal motivators, such as beliefs in self-efficacy and personality traits in self-motivated and directed learning across the lifespan. We then consider the role of cognitive processes that contribute to knowledge base expansion in learners of all ages, specifically executive functions. We focus on working memory, inhibitory control, and task switching as potential determinants of lifelong learning. Finally, we integrate the two literatures, to discuss ways in which personal motivators may influence deployment of executive functions under self-motivated and directed conditions as a learner advances along a developmental trajectory. We also suggest ways to move the study of self-motivated and directed learning beyond observation and self-report measures thus affording experimental control. We aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding and novel insight to the mechanisms and processes of self-motivated and directed learning across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, United States of America
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Uziel L, Schmidt-Barad T. Choice Matters More with Others: Choosing to be with Other People is More Consequential to Well-Being than Choosing to be Alone. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:2469-2489. [PMID: 35261559 PMCID: PMC8890469 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable social relationships are conducive to well-being. However, similar effects are not reported consistently for daily social interactions in affecting episodic (experiential) subjective well-being (ESWB). The present investigation suggests that the choice of being in a social context plays an important moderating role, such that social interactions increase ESWB only if taken place by one's choice. Moreover, it is argued that choice matters more in a social context than in an alone context because experiences with others are amplified. These ideas were tested and supported in two studies: An experiment that manipulated social context and choice status, and a 10-day experience-sampling study, which explored these variables in real-life settings. Results showed that being with others by one's choice had the strongest positive association with ESWB, sense of meaning, and control, whereas being with others not by one's choice-the strongest negative association with ESWB. Effects of being alone on ESWB also varied by choice status, but to a lesser extent. The findings offer theoretical and practical insights into the effects of the social environment on well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tomer Schmidt-Barad
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Peres Academic Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Hou X, Xiao X, Gong Y, Li Z, Chen A, Zhu C. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback Enhances Human Spatial Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:681193. [PMID: 34658812 PMCID: PMC8511425 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.681193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial memory is an important cognitive function for human daily life and may present dysfunction or decline due to aging or clinical diseases. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback (fNIRS-NFB) is a promising neuromodulation technique with several special advantages that can be used to improve human cognitive functions by manipulating the neural activity of targeted brain regions or networks. In this pilot study, we intended to test the feasibility of fNIRS-NFB to enhance human spatial memory ability. The lateral parietal cortex, an accessible cortical region in the posterior medial hippocampal-cortical network that plays a crucial role in human spatial memory processing, was selected as the potential feedback target. A placebo-controlled fNIRS-NFB experiment was conducted to instruct individuals to regulate the neural activity in this region or an irrelevant control region. Experimental results showed that individuals learned to up-regulate the neural activity in the region of interest successfully. A significant increase in spatial memory performance was found after 8-session neurofeedback training in the experimental group but not in the control group. Furthermore, neurofeedback-induced neural activation increase correlated with spatial memory improvement. In summary, this study preliminarily demonstrated the feasibility of fNIRS-NFB to improve human spatial memory and has important implications for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Mechanisms of the Effects of Parental Emotional Warmth on Extraversion in Children and Adolescents. Neuroscience 2021; 467:134-141. [PMID: 34038771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to probe into the influence mechanism of parental emotional warmth (PEW) on extraversion for children and adolescents, as well as the moderating and mediating role of brain functional activity. Thirty-two children and adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans and completed Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Small-worldness (SW) of brain networks, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and region-of-interest to region-of-interest (ROI-ROI) functional connectivity were calculated to study intrinsic neuronal activity. We found that PEW had a positive direct effect on extraversion, and all participants in the current study showed an efficient small-world structure. The positive association between PEW and extraversion was mediated by SW. Furthermore, the fALFF and extraversion were significantly and negatively correlated in the right precuneus and dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. The mediating effect of SW was moderated by the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. The indirect effect was significant with lower level of the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. These findings indicate that SW of brain networks may be a key factor that accounts for the positive association between PEW and extraversion in children and adolescents and the level of the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus could moderate the relationship.
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The Selective Dopamine D2 Blocker Sulpiride Modulates the Relationship Between Agentic Extraversion and Executive Functions. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:852-867. [PMID: 33811308 PMCID: PMC8354875 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Initial studies suggest that agentic extraversion and executive functions (EF) are associated, because they share influences of individual differences in the dopamine (DA) system. However, it is unclear whether previously reported associations are specific to certain EFs (e.g., to updating or shifting) or due to shared variance among EF tasks. We investigated the DA-related relationship between agentic extraversion and two EF tasks in a placebo-controlled between-group design with the DA D2 receptor blocker sulpiride (200 mg) in 92 female volunteers. Our goals were to investigate whether (1) there is an association between agentic extraversion and EFs measured with two different tasks (3-back and switching), (2) this association is sensitive to a pharmacological manipulation of DA, and (3) the effects can be ascribed to shared or specific task variance. We observed the expected interaction between drug condition and agentic extraversion for both tasks in a multivariate multiple linear regression model, which supports the DA theory of extraversion. Subsequent univariate analyses revealed a highly similar interaction effect between drug condition and agentic extraversion on two of three performance measures and this effect was somewhat attenuated when we controlled for shared task variance. This pattern matches the interpretation that the association between agentic extraversion and both tasks is partly due to DA-based processes shared among the tasks. Our results, although limited by the low reliability of the switching task, suggest that variance components and measurement difficulties of EF tasks should be considered when investigating personality-related individual differences in EFs.
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8
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Pearman A, Neupert SD, Ennis GE. Age and extraversion differences in heart rate reactivity during working memory tasks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245539. [PMID: 33481892 PMCID: PMC7822317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and theory have shown a link between heart rate reactivity during cognitive testing and extraversion in younger adults; however, similar work has not been conducted with older adults. This study was designed to explore age and extraversion-related differences in within-person heart rate (HR) reactivity during two working memory tasks of varying difficulty using a multi-level modeling approach. Across 570 total within-person assessments of continuous HR monitoring, 28 younger adults (M = 19.76, SD = 1.15) and 29 older adults (M = 71.19, SD = 6.63) were administered two working memory tasks (backward digit span and n-back). There were no age differences in reactivity during the backward digit span. However, similar to previous findings, on the more difficult n-back task, younger adults low in extraversion showed a trend toward higher HR reactivity than young adults high in extraversion. Interestingly, the older adults showed the opposite pattern in that lower extraversion older adults were less reactive than the higher extraversion older adults who showed the steepest increase in HR. The HR increase of the older adults high in extraversion may be an indication of higher engagement in this more difficult task. Individual differences in extraversion need to be taken into account when administering working memory tasks in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Pearman
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shevaun D. Neupert
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gilda E. Ennis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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9
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Abstract
Abstract. This article explores people’s perception of their experience while being alone or being with others. To that aim, data from nine studies (total N = 1,717) were meta-analyzed. In each study, participants performed a sentence-completion task referring to their experience alone/“with others”. The responses were analyzed using a text analysis software. Results showed that in a “with others” (vs. alone) mindset, people are more focused on the present, and less focused on the past or the future. When “with others,” more anxiety but less sadness is expressed. Social motives – affiliation and power – are more pronounced in the “with others” mindset, whereas leisure activities are salient in the alone mindset. Conclusions are derived regarding the nature of the experience in these basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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11
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12
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Giannou K, Taylor JR, Lander K. Exploring the relationship between mindfulness, compassion and unfamiliar face identification. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1739693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Lander
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Khan SK, Guoxin L. Adoption of Multi-screen Multitasking in Young Generation of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN INTERACTION 2020. [DOI: 10.4018/ijthi.2020010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Presently, people are increasingly becoming screen jugglers and frequently involving multitasking through multiple screens. The current study is focused on explaining multi-screen multitasking behavior of the younger generation in China. People like to self-regulate their routine behaviors to be productive and organized. Recent research in social psychology suggests that self-regulation occurs both deliberately and intuitively. This dual system approach of self-regulation promotes the idea that both reflective and impulsive forces are involved in determining human behavior. Owing to this conception, the present research opted for a dual system approach of self-regulation as the theoretical basis. Empirical data has been collected from university students in China and a total of 345 responses have been used for the analysis which has been performed through structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that the factors of both deliberative and automatic self-regulation are effective in determining multi-screen multitasking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Guoxin
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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14
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Boothby EJ, Cooney G, Sandstrom GM, Clark MS. The Liking Gap in Conversations: Do People Like Us More Than We Think? Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1742-1756. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797618783714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Having conversations with new people is an important and rewarding part of social life. Yet conversations can also be intimidating and anxiety provoking, and this makes people wonder and worry about what their conversation partners really think of them. Are people accurate in their estimates? We found that following interactions, people systematically underestimated how much their conversation partners liked them and enjoyed their company, an illusion we call the liking gap. We observed the liking gap as strangers got acquainted in the laboratory, as first-year college students got to know their dorm mates, and as formerly unacquainted members of the general public got to know each other during a personal development workshop. The liking gap persisted in conversations of varying lengths and even lasted for several months, as college dorm mates developed new relationships. Our studies suggest that after people have conversations, they are liked more than they know.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gus Cooney
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University
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15
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Waris O, Soveri A, Lukasik KM, Lehtonen M, Laine M. Working memory and the Big Five. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Blasiman RN, Was CA. Why Is Working Memory Performance Unstable? A Review of 21 Factors. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:188-231. [PMID: 29899806 PMCID: PMC5973525 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we systematically reviewed twenty-one factors that have been shown to either vary with or influence performance on working memory (WM) tasks. Specifically, we review previous work on the influence of intelligence, gender, age, personality, mental illnesses/medical conditions, dieting, craving, stress/anxiety, emotion/motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, practice, bilingualism, musical training, altitude/hypoxia, sleep, exercise, diet, psychoactive substances, and brain stimulation on WM performance. In addition to a review of the literature, we suggest several frameworks for classifying these factors, identify shared mechanisms between several variables, and suggest areas requiring further investigation. This review critically examines the breadth of research investigating WM while synthesizing the results across related subfields in psychology.
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Executive Functioning Correlates of DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits: Initial Evidence from an Italian Sample of Consecutively Admitted Adult Outpatients. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kononova A, Yuan S, Joo E. Reading About the Flu Online: How Health-Protective Behavioral Intentions Are Influenced by Media Multitasking, Polychronicity, and Strength of Health-Related Arguments. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:759-767. [PMID: 27419820 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1172289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As health organizations increasingly use the Internet to communicate medical information and advice (Shortliffe et al., 2000; World Health Organization, 2013), studying factors that affect health information processing and health-protective behaviors becomes extremely important. The present research applied the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion to explore the effects of media multitasking, polychronicity (preference for multitasking), and strength of health-related arguments on health-protective behavioral intentions. Participants read an online article about influenza that included strong and weak suggestions to engage in flu-preventive behaviors. In one condition, participants read the article and checked Facebook; in another condition, they were exposed only to the article. Participants expressed greater health-protective behavioral intentions in the media multitasking condition than in the control condition. Strong arguments were found to elicit more positive behavioral intentions than weak arguments. Moderate and high polychronics showed greater behavioral intentions than low polychronics when they read the article in the multitasking condition. The difference in intentions to follow strong and weak arguments decreased for moderate and high polychronics. The results of the present study suggest that health communication practitioners should account for not only media use situations in which individuals typically read about health online but also individual differences in information processing, which puts more emphasis on the strength of health-protective suggestions when targeting light multitaskers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kononova
- a Department of Advertising + Public Relations , Michigan State University
| | - Shupei Yuan
- a Department of Advertising + Public Relations , Michigan State University
| | - Eunsin Joo
- a Department of Advertising + Public Relations , Michigan State University
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Wacker J. Effects of positive emotion, extraversion, and dopamine on cognitive stability-flexibility and frontal EEG asymmetry. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wacker
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute for Psychology; Universität Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
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Fairbairn CE, Sayette MA, Wright AGC, Levine JM, Cohn JF, Creswell KG. Extraversion and the Rewarding Effects of Alcohol in a Social Context. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:660-73. [PMID: 25844684 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The personality trait of extraversion has been linked to problematic drinking patterns. Researchers have long hypothesized that such associations are attributable to increased alcohol-reward sensitivity among extraverted individuals, and surveys suggest that individuals high in extraversion gain greater mood enhancement from alcohol than those low in extraversion. Surprisingly, however, alcohol administration studies have not found individuals high in extraversion to experience enhanced mood following alcohol consumption. Of note, prior studies have examined extraverted participants-individuals who self-identify as being highly social-consuming alcohol in isolation. In the present research, we used a group drinking paradigm to examine whether individuals high in extraversion gained greater reward from alcohol than did those low in extraversion and, further, whether a particular social mechanism (partners’ Duchenne smiling) might underlie alcohol reward sensitivity among extraverted individuals. Social drinkers (n 720) consumed a moderate dose of alcohol, placebo, or control beverage in groups of 3 over the course of 36 min. This social interaction was video-recorded, and Duchenne smiling was coded using the Facial Action Coding System. Results indicated that participants high in extraversion reported significantly more mood enhancement from alcohol than did those low in extraversion. Further, mediated moderation analyses focusing on Duchenne smiling of group members indicated that social processes fully and uniquely accounted for alcohol reward-sensitivity among individuals high in extraversion. Results provide initial experimental evidence that individuals high in extraversion experience increased mood-enhancement from alcohol and further highlight the importance of considering social processes in the etiology of alcohol use disorder.
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If I choose when to switch: Heavy multitaskers remember online content better than light multitaskers when they have the freedom to multitask. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Suslow T, Kugel H, Lindner C, Dannlowski U, Egloff B. Brain response to masked and unmasked facial emotions as a function of implicit and explicit personality self-concept of extraversion. Neuroscience 2016; 340:464-476. [PMID: 27856343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extraversion-introversion is a personality dimension referring to individual differences in social behavior. In the past, neurobiological research on extraversion was almost entirely based upon questionnaires which inform about the explicit self-concept. Today, indirect measures are available that tap into the implicit self-concept of extraversion which is assumed to result from automatic processing functions. In our study, brain activation while viewing facial expression of affiliation relevant (i.e., happiness, and disgust) and irrelevant (i.e., fear) emotions was examined as a function of the implicit and explicit self-concept of extraversion and processing mode (automatic vs. controlled). 40 healthy volunteers watched blocks of masked and unmasked emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Implicit Association Test and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory were applied as implicit and explicit measures of extraversion which were uncorrelated in our sample. Implicit extraversion was found to be positively associated with neural response to masked happy faces in the thalamus and temporo-parietal regions and to masked disgust faces in cerebellar areas. Moreover, it was positively correlated with brain response to unmasked disgust faces in the amygdala and cortical areas. Explicit extraversion was not related to brain response to facial emotions when controlling trait anxiety. The implicit compared to the explicit self-concept of extraversion seems to be more strongly associated with brain activation not only during automatic but also during controlled processing of affiliation relevant facial emotions. Enhanced neural response to facial disgust could reflect high sensitivity to signals of interpersonal rejection in extraverts (i.e., individuals with affiliative tendencies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, Münster 48149 , Germany
| | - Christian Lindner
- Department of Multimodal and Interdisciplinary Pain Therapy, HELIOS Klinik Attendorn, Hohler Weg 9, 57439 Attendorn, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A9, Münster 48149, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, Mainz 55122, Germany
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Abstract
Previous research found null results examining predicted relationships between emotion recognition accuracy and Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Prior theory was "static," linking cultural profiles with absolute levels of emotion recognition accuracy. By contrast, a "distance" theory links cultural differences with the discrepancy in recognition accuracy achieved by members of the group posing versus the group recognizing the expressions, known as the in-group advantage. Reanalyzing data from four large-scale studies, and pooling results across studies for greater precision, we find no support for static hypotheses. Notably, no patterns differ across emotions, a central prediction by static theories focusing on decoding rules. However, analyses parsimoniously support the distance perspective. These findings add to expanding evidence for cultural differences in emotional communication.
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Neumann DL, Chan RCK, Wang Y, Boyle GJ. Cognitive and affective components of empathy and their relationship with personality dimensions in a Chinese sample. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
- Menzies Health Institute; Queensland Australia
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Gregory J. Boyle
- University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Bond University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
- Australian Institute of Psychology; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Lim S, Shim H. Who Multitasks on Smartphones? Smartphone Multitaskers' Motivations and Personality Traits. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2016; 19:223-7. [PMID: 26985783 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the psychological determinants of smartphone multitasking. Smartphone multitasking comprises the following three different subtypes: multitasking with nonmedia activities, cross-media multitasking with nonsmartphone media, and single-device multitasking within the smartphone. The primary motivations for smartphone multitasking were first identified--efficiency, utility, and positive affect--and the ways in which they are associated with the three subtypes were examined; among the primary motivations, efficiency and positive affect predicted the degree of total smartphone-multitasking behavior. The personality traits that are pertinent to all of the primary motivations--need for cognition (NFC) and sensation seeking (SS)--were also investigated. Further analyses revealed that the motivations for and the extent of smartphone multitasking can vary as functions of a user's NFC and SS. In this study, NFC was not only a meaningful predictor of the cognitive needs that drive smartphone multitasking but also increased the likelihood of multitasking through its interaction with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohye Lim
- 1 School of Communication and Media, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjin Shim
- 2 Broadcasting and Media Research Division, Korea Information Society Development Institute , Chungcheongbukdo, Republic of Korea
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Conscientiousness increases efficiency of multicomponent behavior. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15731. [PMID: 26503352 PMCID: PMC4621532 DOI: 10.1038/srep15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many everyday situations require the flexible interruption and changing of different actions to achieve a goal. Several strategies can be applied to do so, but those requiring high levels of cognitive control seem to confer an efficiency (speed) advantage in situations requiring multi-component behavior. However, it is elusive in how far personality traits affect performance in such situations. Given that top-down control is an important aspect of personality and furthermore correlates with conscientiousness, N = 163 participants completed the NEO-FFI and performed an experimental (stop-change) paradigm assessing multicomponent behavior. Applying mathematical constraints to the behavioral data, we estimated the processing strategy of each individual. The results show that multicomponent behavior is selectively affected by conscientiousness which explained approximately 19% of the measured inter-individual behavioral variance. Conscientiousness should hence be seen as a major personality dimension modulating multicomponent behavior. Highly conscientious people showed a more effective, step-by-step processing strategy of different actions necessary to achieve a goal. In situations with simultaneous requirements, this strategy equipped them with an efficiency (speed) advantage towards individuals with lower conscientiousness. In sum, the results show that strategies and the efficiency with which people cope with situations requiring multicomponent behavior are strongly influenced by their personality.
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28
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Athota VS, Roberts RD. How Extraversion + Leads to Problem-Solving Ability. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-015-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Carlson EN. Overcoming the Barriers to Self-Knowledge: Mindfulness as a Path to Seeing Yourself as You Really Are. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 8:173-86. [PMID: 26172498 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612462584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People's beliefs about their personality, or how they typically think, feel, and behave, correspond somewhat to objective accuracy criteria. Yet recent research has highlighted the fact that there are many blind spots in self-knowledge and that these blind spots can have fairly negative consequences. What can people do to improve self-knowledge? The current article suggests that the construct of mindfulness, defined as paying attention to one's current experience in a nonevaluative way, may serve as a path to self-knowledge. Specifically, mindfulness appears to directly address the two major barriers to self-knowledge: informational barriers (i.e., the quantity and quality of information people have about themselves) and motivational barriers (i.e., ego-protective motives that affect how people process information about themselves). This article reviews the available evidence supporting the hypothesis that mindfulness improves self-knowledge and outlines promising future directions that might firmly establish an empirical link between mindfulness and self-knowledge.
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Zagórska A, Fajkowska M. Individual differences in visual and auditory processing of emotional material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ppb-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPresented studies investigated the specificity of visual and auditory modalities in attentional processing of emotion, and its association with temperamental dimensions and trait-like attentional control (AC). During preliminary study 30 participants were presented with the paper-pencil visual search task (Emotional Faces Attentional Test) and emotional prosody detection tasks (Emotional Prosody Test). Results revealed visual happiness superiority and auditory sadness superiority. During the main study, in addition to attentional performance, 51 subjects were administrated two questionnaires: EPQ-R and Attentional Control Scale. Introducing individual differences into analysis limited the general pattern of modality distinctiveness in attentional processing of emotional stimuli obtained in the preliminary study. Findings for all personality traits studied separately showed that Extraversion and low Neuroticism were associated with the visual sadness superiority. Whereas interactional analysis indicated effective visual threat processing in extraverts with good AC and effective friendly prosody detection when Neuroticism and AC remain in inverse relationship. Hence, we have found that processing emotional targets in both modalities is associated with temperament dimensions and their interactions with attentional control. Additionally, findings from both studies suggest that general psychological laws might be challenged by individual differences.
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Fuentes-Claramonte P, Ávila C, Rodríguez-Pujadas A, Ventura-Campos N, Bustamante JC, Costumero V, Rosell-Negre P, Barrós-Loscertales A. Reward sensitivity modulates brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, ACC and striatum during task switching. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123073. [PMID: 25875640 PMCID: PMC4395363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current perspectives on cognitive control acknowledge that individual differences in motivational dispositions may modulate cognitive processes in the absence of reward contingencies. This work aimed to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and the neural underpinnings involved in processing a switching cue in a task-switching paradigm. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate brain activity in frontal regions, ACC and the striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task, which elicited activity in fronto-striatal regions during the processing of the switch cue. BAS sensitivity was negatively associated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum. Combined with previous results, our data indicate that BAS sensitivity modulates the neurocognitive processes involved in task switching in a complex manner depending on task demands. Therefore, individual differences in motivational dispositions may influence cognitive processing in the absence of reward contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - César Ávila
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aina Rodríguez-Pujadas
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Noelia Ventura-Campos
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Juan C. Bustamante
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Costumero
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Patricia Rosell-Negre
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- * E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Research evidences stronger reactions toward those whose behaviors seem consistent with appearance. To better understand the processes underlying appearance-behavior congruity effects, we assessed regions responding as a function of the congruity between visual (appearance) and abstract (behavior) cues. Using fMRI, trustworthy- and untrustworthy-looking faces were paired with positive, negative, or neutral behaviors. Approach judgments were stronger for congruent over incongruent targets, replicating prior work. Incongruent targets (e.g., untrustworthy face/positive behavior) elicited medial prefrontal (mPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) cortex activity more than congruent (e.g., untrustworthy face/negative behavior), suggesting processing incongruent targets requires additional mentalizing and controlled processing. Individual differences in enjoying interpersonal interactions negatively correlated with mPFC activity toward incongruent over congruent targets, suggesting more effortful processing of incongruent targets for individuals with lower levels of social motivation. These findings indicate mPFC contributions to processing incongruent appearance-behavior cues, but suggest that individual differences may temper the extent of this effect.
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Gurrera RJ, McCarley RW, Salisbury D. Cognitive task performance and symptoms contribute to personality abnormalities in first hospitalized schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 55:68-76. [PMID: 24750960 PMCID: PMC4091048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic schizophrenia patients have personality abnormalities and cognitive deficits that are associated with poor clinical, social, and vocational outcomes. Very few studies have examined relationships between personality and cognitive function, and chronic illness effects may have confounded those studies. In this study personality traits in clinically stable first episode schizophrenia patients (21M, 9F) and psychiatrically healthy controls (38M, 24F) were measured with the NEO-FFI, a self-report measure of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. All subjects completed the Information, Digit Span, Vocabulary, and Digit Symbol subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; and Trails A and B. Standard statistical techniques were used to quantify relationships between personality and symptom levels and/or task performance, and relative contributions of diagnosis and task performance to personality variance. Patients showed elevated mean neuroticism and openness, and reduced mean extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Task performance and negative symptoms contributed significantly and uniquely to most personality dimensions in patients. Task performance accounted for significant amounts of personality variance even after accounting for diagnosis, and it also contributed to personality variance in controls. These results suggest that cognitive deficits and negative symptoms contribute to consistently observed personality abnormalities in this disorder, and that the contribution of neuropsychological performance to personality variance may be independent of diagnostic classification. Personality abnormalities in schizophrenia may stem from the neurocognitive deficits associated with this disorder, and add to their adverse effects on social and vocational functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Gurrera
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert W McCarley
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean Salisbury
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Gearhart CC. Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Nonverbal Decoding: The Effect on Listening Ability and Accuracy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10904018.2014.880867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Wolfe CD, Zhang J, Kim-Spoon J, Ann Bell M. A Longitudinal Perspective on the Association between Cognition and Temperamental Shyness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 38:266-276. [PMID: 24737922 PMCID: PMC3984575 DOI: 10.1177/0165025413516257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Moderate, yet relatively consistent, associations between cognitive performance and shyness have been reported throughout the child and adult literatures. The current study assessed longitudinal associations between cognition (i.e., executive functioning) and parent-report temperamental shyness from infancy to early childhood and used temporal order to explore directionality of the relations. Two hundred eleven children contributed data at multiple ages (5-months, 10-months, 2-years, 3-years, and 4-years). The results indicated a complex pattern of association between cognition and shyness in early development and provided tentative support for both cognitive ability and temperament as causal agents at different developmental time points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Department of Psychiatry, Division Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
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36
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Lu F, Huo Y, Li M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang Y, Long Z, Duan X, Zhang J, Zeng L, Chen H. Relationship between personality and gray matter volume in healthy young adults: a voxel-based morphometric study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88763. [PMID: 24551159 PMCID: PMC3925163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the neurostructural foundations of the human personality in young adults. High-resolution structural T1-weighted MR images of 71 healthy young individuals were processed using voxel-based morphometric (VBM) approach. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify the associations between personality traits and gray matter volume (GMV). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Short Scale for Chinese was chosen to assess the personality traits. This scale includes four dimensions, namely, extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie. Particularly, we studied on two dimensions (extraversion and neuroticism) of Eysenck’s personality. Our results showed that extraversion was negatively correlated with GMV of the bilateral amygdala, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the left superior frontal gyrus, all of which are involved in emotional and social cognitive processes. These results might suggest an association between extraversion and affective processing. In addition, a positive correlation was detected between neuroticism and GMV of the right cerebellum, a key brain region for negative affect coordination. Meanwhile, a negative association was revealed between GMV of the left superior frontal gyrus and neuroticism. These results may prove that neuroticism is related to several brain regions involved in regulating negative emotions. Based on those findings, we concluded that brain regions involved in social cognition and affective process accounted for modulation and shaping of personality traits among young individuals. Results of this study may serve as a basis for elucidating the anatomical factors of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Lu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Long
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xujun Duan
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Jackson CJ, Loxton NJ, Harnett P, Ciarrochi J, Gullo MJ. Original and revised reinforcement sensitivity theory in the prediction of executive functioning: A test of relationships between dual systems. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fleischhauer M, Enge S, Miller R, Strobel A, Strobel A. Neuroticism explains unwanted variance in Implicit Association Tests of personality: possible evidence for an affective valence confound. Front Psychol 2013; 4:672. [PMID: 24137139 PMCID: PMC3786234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analytic data highlight the value of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as an indirect measure of personality. Based on evidence suggesting that confounding factors such as cognitive abilities contribute to the IAT effect, this study provides a first investigation of whether basic personality traits explain unwanted variance in the IAT. In a gender-balanced sample of 204 volunteers, the Big-Five dimensions were assessed via self-report, peer-report, and IAT. By means of structural equation modeling (SEM), latent Big-Five personality factors (based on self- and peer-report) were estimated and their predictive value for unwanted variance in the IAT was examined. In a first analysis, unwanted variance was defined in the sense of method-specific variance which may result from differences in task demands between the two IAT block conditions and which can be mirrored by the absolute size of the IAT effects. In a second analysis, unwanted variance was examined in a broader sense defined as those systematic variance components in the raw IAT scores that are not explained by the latent implicit personality factors. In contrast to the absolute IAT scores, this also considers biases associated with the direction of IAT effects (i.e., whether they are positive or negative in sign), biases that might result, for example, from the IAT's stimulus or category features. None of the explicit Big-Five factors was predictive for method-specific variance in the IATs (first analysis). However, when considering unwanted variance that goes beyond pure method-specific variance (second analysis), a substantial effect of neuroticism occurred that may have been driven by the affective valence of IAT attribute categories and the facilitated processing of negative stimuli, typically associated with neuroticism. The findings thus point to the necessity of using attribute category labels and stimuli of similar affective valence in personality IATs to avoid confounding due to recoding.
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Abstract
Research examining associations between executive functioning (EF) and personality traits has demonstrated promising results; however, examination of associations between Big Five personality traits and EF using an established EF framework has yet to be demonstrated. The present study examines associations between three aspects of EF (i.e., Cognitive Flexibility, Inhibition, and Updating/Monitoring), based upon a well-established EF framework, and Big Five personality traits. Participants (N = 182) completed neuropsychological measures of Cognitive Flexibility, Inhibition, and Updating/Monitoring as well as a self-report measure of personality. Better Updating/Monitoring was associated with lower Neuroticism and higher Openness. Openness was also positively associated with Cognitive Flexibility. These findings suggest that there may be a common underlying cognitive characteristic (i.e., Updating/Monitoring) linked with Neuroticism and Openness. Additional implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Kate B. Oddi
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - David J. Bridgett
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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41
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Chavanon ML, Wacker J, Stemmler G. Paradoxical dopaminergic drug effects in extraversion: dose- and time-dependent effects of sulpiride on EEG theta activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:117. [PMID: 23580360 PMCID: PMC3619250 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic drugs frequently produce paradoxical effects depending on baseline performance levels, genotype, or personality traits. The present study for the first time aimed to specify the mechanisms underlying such opposite effects using the following recently reported scenario as an example: depending on the personality trait agentic extraversion (agentic facet, aE; i.e., assertiveness, dominance, ambition, positive emotionality) the selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (200 mg) had opposite effects on resting posterior vs. anterior theta activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). In order to better describe these opposite pharmaco-EEG effects and to generate hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanisms, we measured the EEG intermittently over 5 h in 80 healthy male volunteers extremely high or low in aE who had received either placebo or one of three doses of sulpiride (50, 200, or 400 mg). The findings suggest a model postulating stronger pre- vs. postsynaptic subreceptor effects in high aE individuals compared to low aE individuals. Future studies may now systematically apply the model to other examples of paradoxical dopaminergic drug effects and examine the molecular basis of individual differences in pre- vs. postsynaptic dopamine D2 subreceptor sensitivities and densities.
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Guastello AD, Guastello SJ, Guastello DD. Personality trait theory and multitasking performance: implications for ergonomic design. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2012.762063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Semnani-Azad Z, Adair WL. Watch Your Tone … Relational Paralinguistic Messages in Negotiation. INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.2753/imo0020-8825430404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaleh Semnani-Azad
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Wendi L. Adair
- Industrial/Organizational Psychology division, University of Waterloo
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Morton BE. Left and right brain-oriented hemisity subjects show opposite behavioral preferences. Front Physiol 2012; 3:407. [PMID: 23130000 PMCID: PMC3487106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, three independent, intercorrelated biophysical measures have provided the first quantitative measures of a binary form of behavioral laterality called “Hemisity,” a term referring to inherent opposite right or left brain-oriented differences in thinking and behavioral styles. Crucially, the right or left brain-orientation of individuals assessed by these methods was later found to be essentially congruent with the thicker side of their ventral gyrus of the anterior cingulate cortex (vgACC) as revealed by a 3 min MRI procedure. Laterality of this putative executive structural element has thus become the primary standard defining individual hemisity. Methods: Here, the behavior of 150 subjects, whose hemisity had been calibrated by MRI, was assessed using five MRI-calibrated preference questionnaires, two of which were new. Results: Right and left brain-oriented subjects selected opposite answers (p > 0.05) for 47 of the 107 “either-or,” forced choice type preference questionnaire items. The resulting 30 hemisity subtype preference differences were present in several areas. These were: (1) in logical orientation, (2) in type of consciousness, (3) in fear level and sensitivity, (4) in social-professional orientation, and (5) in pair bonding-spousal dominance style. Conclusions: The right and left brain-oriented hemisity subtype subjects, sorted on the anatomical basis of upon which brain side their vgACC was thickest, showed 30 significant differences in their “either-or” type of behavioral preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM), University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
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45
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Behavioral performance and visual attention in communication multitasking: A comparison between instant messaging and online voice chat. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Knyazev GG, Bocharov AV, Pylkova LV. Extraversion and fronto-posterior EEG spectral power gradient: An independent component analysis. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:515-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moorhead J, Cooper C, Moorhead P. Personality type and patient education in hand therapy. J Hand Ther 2011; 24:147-53; quiz 154. [PMID: 21109394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of personality differences can improve the effectiveness of treatment and patient education in hand therapy. Therapists can create treatment plans and patient education efforts that match the communication and learning styles of each individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Moorhead
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30338, USA.
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Jung JH, Lee Y, Karsten R. The Moderating Effect of Extraversion–Introversion Differences on Group Idea Generation Performance. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1046496411422130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research provides evidence that individual differences in the personality characteristic of extraversion/introversion can play a significant role in group idea generation. Cognitive stimulation has also been shown to have a significant, though inconsistent, influence on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. We conducted two controlled experiments using a web-based group simulator to empirically test the impacts of these factors on group idea generation. In the first experiment, extraverts outperformed introverts in computer-mediated groups. In the second experiment, we exposed participants in computer-mediated groups to four levels of idea stimulation ranging from none to extremely high. Extraverts generated more unique and diverse ideas than did introverts in moderate- and high-stimuli conditions only. In sum, our study provides empirical evidence regarding the significant effect of individual differences, in this case the personality characteristic of extraversion/introversion on idea generation in a computer-mediated group. We have also demonstrated that a relationship exists between the level of cognitive stimulation and idea generation, with moderate levels of idea stimulation optimal for extraverts in computer-mediated groups. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Jung
- Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Younghwa Lee
- University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | - Rex Karsten
- University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
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Dickey CC, Panych LP, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Terry DP, Murphy C, Zacks R, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Facial emotion recognition and facial affect display in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2011; 131:242-9. [PMID: 21640557 PMCID: PMC3159849 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia have deficits in facial affect expression and detection that hinder social interactions. The goal of this study was to examine whether or not epidemiologically-related antipsychotic-naïve schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) subjects would have similar deficits as patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Matched SPD and healthy comparison (HC) subjects were asked to identify the eight classic emotions (SPD N=55, HC N=67) and to discriminate gender. Subjects (SPD N=22, HC N=17) were also photographed while displaying the same emotional expressions. Raters scored the subjects' facial expressions along several dimensions. RESULTS SPD subjects compared with HC were slower and less accurate in identifying facial expressions. This may have been driven by deficits in identifying gender. Although raters were able to identify correctly SPD and HC subjects' expressions equally well, raters found SPD subjects' facial expressions to be more odd, more ambiguous, and the subjects less attractive in general compared with HC subjects. Raters were less confident in their ability to correctly interpret SPD subjects' facial expressions and raters were less comfortable with the idea of spending time with the SPD subjects compared with HC subjects. CONCLUSIONS SPD subjects face two hurdles in terms of daily social interactions. They have problems both in correctly interpreting others' facial expressions and in generating socially attractive and unambiguous facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandlee C. Dickey
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215,Address for Reprints: Chandlee Dickey, M.D., VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA, 02301, , Phone: (774) 826-2457, Fax: (774) 826-1859
| | - Lawrence P. Panych
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02216
| | - Martina M. Voglmaier
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Margaret A. Niznikiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Douglas P. Terry
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cara Murphy
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Rayna Zacks
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Robert W. McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301, Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
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Chen CC, Huang YM, Huang TC, Liu IC. The Mediating Processes Linking Applicant Personality Traits and Interviewer Evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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