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Wang Z, Tang Y, Ordway M, Cui N, Rong T, Deng Y, Li W, Liu J, Zhao M, Jiang F, Wang G. The time sensitive and dose-responsive association between parental corporal punishment and sleep disturbances in preschoolers: A prospective cohort study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 154:106866. [PMID: 38852431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine whether parental corporal punishment is associated with increased risk of concurrent and later sleep disturbances among preschoolers, and whether the association is time-sensitive or dose-responsive. METHODS This 3-year prospective cohort study used data from the Shanghai Children's Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation, Preschool(SCHEDULE-P). Participants were newly enrolled preschoolers in November 2016(wave 1) and followed up in April 2018(wave 2) and April 2019(wave 3). Parents reported the children's corporal punishment experiences and sleep disturbances at each wave survey. Children's risk of sleep disturbances in relation to corporal punishment was examined using logistic regression, adjusting for children's age, gender, emotional/behavioral problems, family annual income, and maternal educational level. RESULTS The participants of 19,668 children included 9436(47.98 %) females, with a mean age of 3.73(SD = 0.29) years at wave 1. Exposure to corporal punishment was associated with increased odds of concurrent sleep disturbances at wave 1, 2, and 3 (aOR,1.57; 95 % CI, 1.40-1.75; P < .001; aOR,1.60; 95 % CI, 1.43-1.80; P < .001; aOR,1.74; 95 % CI, 1.54-1.95; P < .001), respectively. Exposure to corporal punishment at any wave of preschool was associated with increased odds of sleep disturbances at wave 3, and the risks were greater for proximal and accumulative corporal punishment exposure. CONCLUSION There is a time-sensitive and dose-responsive association between corporal punishment and sleep disturbance among preschoolers, with greater risk of sleep disturbances for proximal and accumulative exposure of corporal punishment. Promoting positive parenting strategies and avoiding corporal punishment can be a promising strategy to prevent and intervene sleep disturbances in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijia Tang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Monica Ordway
- Yale School of Nursing, West Haven, CT., United States
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingyu Rong
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieqiong Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guanghai Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Cuartas J. Corporal Punishment and Child Development in Low- and- Middle-Income Countries: Progress, Challenges, and Directions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1607-1623. [PMID: 35482219 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most studies and reviews of studies on the developmental consequences of corporal punishment have focused on samples from the U.S. and other high-income countries. This study conducted a rapid review of the literature on the associations between corporal punishment and children's cognitive and social-emotional development in low- and- middle-income countries (LMICs). Information from more than 42 studies of children younger than 18 years living in 64 LMICs was reviewed. Overall, the reviewed studies show associations between corporal punishment and negative cognitive and social-emotional outcomes, and there is no evidence that corporal punishment may relate to any positive developmental outcome in LMICs. Yet, issues of internal and external validity are common in the literature. The current evidence indicates that corporal punishment might increase the risk of detrimental child outcomes in LMICs, but further research with stronger methodological designs including samples from multiple settings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Kang J, Rodriguez CM. Spanking and executive functioning in US children: A longitudinal analysis on a matched sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106474. [PMID: 37742555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spanking has been linked to multiple maladaptive child outcomes. However, previous research linking spanking with children's executive function skills (EFs; inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory) is limited by research designs that do not adequately address selection bias concerns, wherein the participant characteristics potentially differ between those who are spanked versus not spanked. OBJECTIVE Using a representative sample of US children aged 5 to 6, this study strengthened the evidence for causal estimates on the link between spanking and subsequent EFs with a matched-group design. Low-frequency spanking and potential moderators (child gender, parent race/ethnicity, parental warmth) were tested to determine if they moderated the link between spanking and EFs. PARTICIPANTS Data were drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (Ns = 12,750-12,830). To mitigate selection bias, entropy-balanced matching was utilized to match spanked versus not-spanked groups, and lagged dependent variable regression analyses were conducted on the matched sample to predict EFs by spanking group status. RESULTS After matching, spanking at age 5 was associated with lower inhibitory control and lower cognitive flexibility at age 6, but was not significantly predictive of later working memory. The association with inhibitory control was observed even for low frequency spanking. However, no evidence of moderation by child gender, parent race/ethnicity, and parental warmth was identified. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that spanking is associated with lower executive functioning in children, although the associations varied by different EF domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kang
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, United States of America.
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Bendel-Stenzel LC, An D, Kochanska G. Revisiting the debate on effects of parental power-assertive control in two longitudinal studies: early attachment security as a moderator. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:461-486. [PMID: 37791805 PMCID: PMC10841061 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2262979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a consensus that harsh, hostile, abusive discipline has uniformly adverse effects on children, scholars continue to debate implications of varying degrees of power assertion commonly used by most parents in daily interactions with young children. Attachment theory can inform this debate, as early attachment organization can serve as a catalyst, or moderator, of future socialization trajectories. Specifically, insecure attachment can amplify, whereas secure attachment can attenuate, detrimental effects of parental power-assertive control. In two community studies of mothers, fathers, and infants, Family Study (FS, N = 102), and Children and Parents Study (CAPS, N = 200), we assessed attachment security in infancy, parental power-assertive control at 4.5 years in FS and at 16 months in CAPS, and child positive orientation to the parent at 10 years in FS and at 3 years in CAPS. In both studies, fathers' power-assertive control undermined children's positive orientation toward the fathers, but only for children with less secure attachment histories in infancy (Attachment Q-Set in FS and Strange Situation Paradigm in CAPS), and not for those with more secure histories. The findings highlight indirect yet powerful, long-term effects of the early parent-child security, and suggest distinct processes in mother- and father-child dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly C Bendel-Stenzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Danming An
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, US
| | - Grazyna Kochanska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
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Ferguson CJ. The American psychological Association's practice guidelines for men and boys: Are they hurting rather than helping male mental wellness? NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cuartas J, Gershoff ET, Bailey D, McCoy DC. Physical punishment and child, adolescent, and adult outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2022; 11:276. [PMID: 36539801 PMCID: PMC9769004 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-02154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical punishment at home and in schools is widespread around the world. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have synthesized evidence, mostly from high-income countries (HICs), showing that physical punishment relates to multiple detrimental individual outcomes. Yet, less work has been done to synthesize the evidence on the association between physical punishment at home and schools and child, adolescent, and adult outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where more than 90% of children live and physical punishment is most socially normative and prevalent. In this manuscript, we present a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the characteristics of the research, associations, and variation in associations, between physical punishment at home and in schools and child, adolescent, and adult outcomes in LMICs. METHODS We will conduct a review of studies published in peer-reviewed journals using quantitative methods to assess the association between physical punishment in childhood and/or adolescence and individual outcomes in LMICs. We will search for studies in 10 different databases using keywords in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, and Chinese related to physical punishment. We will extract qualitative data from the studies and the statistics needed to transform all study-level effect sizes into standardized mean difference effect sizes. For the analyses, we will employ multi-level meta-analyses to use multiple effect sizes per study and leverage within-study variation as well as between study variation using moderation analysis. Besides the meta-analyses, we will also conduct a narrative synthesis of the findings. DISCUSSION The proposed systematic review and meta-analysis will provide timely evidence to inform global research, policy, and practice on the links between physical punishment and lifelong individual outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022347346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, USA. .,Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas (CESED), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18A - 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Drew Bailey
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Dana C McCoy
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, USA
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Kang J. Spanking and children's social competence: Evidence from a US kindergarten cohort study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 132:105817. [PMID: 35926250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spanking is a risk factor for children's social competency. However, establishing causality is a challenge, given selection bias in samples and the possibility of confounding the harms of excessive spanking with the effects of infrequent spanking. OBJECTIVE This study addressed these causality issues to strengthen the causal estimates of the links between spanking and children's social competency. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study used longitudinal US kindergarten cohort data from children aged 5 to 7. METHODS The study used matching and lagged dependent variables to mitigate selection bias associated with lifetime (Ns = 17,171-17,537) and recent (Ns = 10,393-10,724) incidence of spanking. Cases in which spanking frequency exceeded two times a week were excluded. Sample sizes are provided in ranges due to the variations across multiple imputed samples. RESULTS Lifetime experience of spanking by age 5 was associated with higher externalizing behaviors at ages 6 and 7, and with lower self-control and interpersonal skills at age 6. A recent incidence of spanking at age 5 was associated with higher externalizing behaviors, lower self-control, and lower interpersonal skills at ages 6 and 7. These results remain significant after cases of frequent spanking were excluded. CONCLUSION The results support the argument that spanking harms children's social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kang
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, United States of America.
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8
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Anderson KL, Goodnight JA. Maternal use of corporal punishment and behavior problems in early childhood: A sibling comparison analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105679. [PMID: 35617752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrates that there are environmental and genetic factors associated with the use of corporal punishment (CP) and children's behavior problems. Thus, it is difficult to disentangle whether CP has a causal effect on children's developmental outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study explored the relationship between maternal use of CP at ages 3-4 years and symptoms of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems between the ages of 6 and 9 years using a sibling comparison design. In doing so, we were able to control for shared environmental factors and partially control for genetic factors that could explain the relationship between CP and behavior problems. METHODS This study analyzed data from 11,506 children from the United States. We used generalized linear models to assess the relationship between the use of CP and behavior problems among biological siblings raised in the same home. RESULTS At the population level, CP was significantly associated with the development of internalizing behavior problems (β = 0.134, SE = 0.03, p < .001). When comparing siblings, this relationship was no longer significant. In contrast, CP was significantly associated with externalizing behavior problems at both the population (β = 0.233, SE = 0.02, p < .001) and sibling comparison level (β = 0.107, SE = 0.03, p < .001). CONCLUSION We did not find evidence to suggest that the association between CP and externalizing behavior problems is due to environmental and genetic factors exclusively. Corroborating previous research, these results suggest that CP may increase the likelihood of externalizing behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Anderson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States of America.
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9
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Quail KR, Ward CL. Nonviolent Discipline Options for Caregivers and Teachers: A Systematic Overview of the Evidence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:620-638. [PMID: 33111651 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020967340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children is a widespread problem with devastating consequences, and corporal punishment is a risk factor for more serious forms of physical abuse. One reason for the persistence of corporal punishment may be the lack of awareness of positive disciplinary alternatives. Nonviolent options offered to caregivers and teachers must be effective in addressing challenging behavior, or they may be rejected in favor of a return to physical punishment. There is an urgent need to determine which discipline options are evidence-supported and what that evidence says so that robust alternatives to corporal punishment can be made available. The primary objective of this research was to find, and explore the state of the science on, individual nonviolent interventions for challenging behavior, in so doing forming a "tool kit" for use by caregivers and teachers. A systematic overview of systematic reviews was conducted. Included systematic reviews were peer-reviewed and published in English between 1999 and 2018. Screening, quality assessment using AMSTAR, and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. A total of 223 reviews were included, covering data from 3,921 primary studies. A wide range of evidence-supported interventions exist, many of which have been found effective with severely challenging behavior. Important positive outcomes shown suggest that the use of these tools should be promoted not only for the prevention of violence but also for optimum child development. More research is needed on the use of these methods in home situations and on de-escalation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Quail
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Logan MW, Pare PP, Dulisse B. Parental Discipline and Child Psychosocial Outcomes in Iraq and Kurdistan: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Sample. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1223-1247. [PMID: 32456509 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few empirical studies have been conducted on populations in the Middle-East, particularly in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan, regarding the relationships between the type of discipline used by caregivers and its subsequent effect on children. Our analyses, which are based on data from the Iraq Multi-Cluster Survey 2018, replicate the prior work of scholars using Western samples, and suggest that variation in parental practices pertaining to the discipline of children is a robust predictor of several negative psychosocial outcomes among Iraqi and Kurdish youth. Specifically, we found that children who were subjected to various forms of violent physical discipline, psychological aggression, and neglectful parenting were more likely to exhibit an array of symptoms of psychosocial disorder, relative to measures of adequate parenting. Our analyses also provide strong support for the presence of comorbid psychosocial outcomes among Iraqi and Kurdish youth that stem from differences in the practice of parental discipline. The results of the current study are discussed regarding both theoretical and practical applications. The study's limitations are also addressed and suggestions for future research on the discipline-outcome nexus are given.
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Pritsker J. Spanking and externalizing problems: Examining within-subject associations. Child Dev 2021; 92:2595-2602. [PMID: 34668581 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of spanking on externalizing on a within-subject level, while excluding causally irrelevant between-subject variance. Results from two longitudinal studies which used participants from the Child Development Project (n = 585) were reanalyzed with a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model using yearly measurements over ages 6-8. After removing between-subject variance, there were no significant effects of general spanking on externalizing (β = .06, .07). However, when done without objects and at a rate of about once per month or less, spanking showed beneficial effects (β = -.17, -.21). Results suggest that previous findings may be due to a failure to separate between-subject and within-subject variance. Additionally, results illustrate the need to examine limited spanking separately from more general forms of physical punishment.
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12
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Lansford JE, Rothenberg WA. Commentary: Spanking and Externalizing Problems: Examining Within‐Subject Associations. Child Dev 2021; 92:2603-2609. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Garcia OF, Fuentes MC, Gracia E, Serra E, Garcia F. Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207487. [PMID: 33076230 PMCID: PMC7602436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children’s psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood. Parenting practices characterized by warmth (affection, reasoning, indifference, and detachment) and strictness (revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment) were examined. Psychosocial adjustment was captured with multidimensional self-concept and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness). Participants were 871 individuals who were members of three generations of Spanish families: College students (G3), their parents (G2), and their grandparents (G1). Results showed two different cross-generational patterns in parenting practices, with an increased tendency toward parental warmth (parents use more affection and reasoning but less indifference across generations) and a decreased tendency toward parental strictness (parents use revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment less across generations). Interestingly, despite cross-generational differences in parenting practices, a common pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment was found: indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better self-concept and well-being than authoritative parenting, whereas parenting characterized by non-warmth (authoritarian and neglectful) was related to poor scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria C. Fuentes
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Enrique Gracia
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Lee Y, Watson MW. Corporal Punishment and Child Aggression: Ethnic-Level Family Cohesion as a Moderator. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:2687-2710. [PMID: 29294739 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517704227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethnicity has been examined as a putative moderator between parents' use of corporal punishment and children's externalizing behaviors. Yet, the reasons for this potential ethnic-level moderator have not been fully examined. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of corporal punishment on aggression is ethnic-specific using major racial groups inside and outside the U.S. samples and how the mean levels of cohesion in family relationships as found in different ethnic groups moderate the association between mothers' use of corporal punishment and children's aggression. A total of 729 mothers who had children aged 7 to 13 years were sampled from five ethnic groups (i.e., European American, African American, Hispanic American, Korean, and Chinese). Several hypotheses were tested to examine the moderating effect of ethnic-level, family cohesion on the relation of corporal punishment to children's aggression. As expected, the mean level of family cohesion was significantly different across ethnicities. Consistent results across parallel multilevel and fixed effect models showed that high corporal punishment was associated with more aggression in all ethnicities, but there was a significant variation in the association across ethnicities, and the variation was explained by ethnic-level family cohesion. There were weaker associations between corporal punishment and child aggression among ethnic groups with high family cohesion and stronger associations among ethnic groups with low family cohesion. Ethnic/cultural variation in this study emphasizes the importance of understanding family environment of diverse ethnic groups when evaluating the influence of corporal punishment on child behavior in different ethnic/cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Lee
- Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Parents' Personality, Marriage Satisfaction, Stress, and Punishment of Children in the Family. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9120153. [PMID: 31842462 PMCID: PMC6960974 DOI: 10.3390/bs9120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research is to ascertain whether emotional and volitional characteristics of the individual affect the frequency of punishment in the family (for example, prohibition to watch TY for some time, pocket money reduction, request for an apology). These types of punishments are legal in Russia. The research method is Perrez's, Schoebi's questionnaire on punishing behavior in education, and Chumakov's questionnaire on volitional and emotional characteristics of a person (VEC). The data were divided into two groups (high or low level of development of volitional powers). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare groups. The dependent variables were marriage satisfaction, emotional stress, and frequency of punishment of children in the family. Results and conclusions found that the gaps between the groups were significant for marriage satisfaction F (1,105) = 17.77, p < 0.001 and emotional stress F (1,105) = 23.53, p < 0.001 but were not significant for the frequency of punishment. Marriage satisfaction in a group with high VEC parameters is higher than in the group with low parameters. The stress in the group with high VEC parameters is lower than in the group with low parameters. There is a correlation between marriage satisfaction and frequency of punishment as well as between stress and frequency of punishment. Thus, the emotional and volitional qualities of the parents' personality indirectly influence the frequency of punishment of children in the family.
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Laible D, Davis A, Karahuta E, Van Norden C. Does corporal punishment erode the quality of the mother–child interaction in early childhood? SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Laible
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem PA USA
| | - Alexandra Davis
- Child and Family Studies University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Erin Karahuta
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem PA USA
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Choi JK, Becher EH. Supportive Coparenting, Parenting Stress, Harsh Parenting, and Child Behavior Problems in Nonmarital Families. FAMILY PROCESS 2019; 58:404-417. [PMID: 29924390 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Supportive coparenting is an identified protective factor for child development and behavioral outcomes. What is less known is how supportive coparenting dynamically links with other aspects of parenting and parent well-being, particularly in multi-stressed nonmarital families. This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, analyzed within a structural equation model, to explore how mothers' experience of maternal depression, maternal age, father education, and SES interacted with their parenting stress and supportive coparenting to impact child behavioral problems and harsh parenting practices. Among the findings, more supportive coparenting was found to be significantly associated with fewer child behavioral problems and less harsh parenting. Transmitted through supportive coparenting and parenting stress acting as mediator, maternal depressive symptoms were indirectly and positively related to harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems. These findings are discussed within the context of the broader literature and next steps for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Kyun Choi
- Department of Child, Youth & Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Emily H Becher
- Extension Center for Family Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN
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18
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Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J, Lee SJ, Castillo B, Ward KP, Klein S. Using Bayesian analysis to examine associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior across race and ethnic groups. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 86:257-266. [PMID: 30388709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While corporal punishment is widely understood to have undesirable associations with children's behavior problems, there remains controversy as to whether such effects are consistent across different racial or ethnic groups. We employed a Bayesian regression analysis, which allows for the estimation of both similarities and differences across groups, to study whether there are differences in the relationship of corporal punishment and children's behavior problems using a diverse, urban sample of U.S. families (n = 2653). There is some moderation of the relationship between corporal punishment and child behavior by race or ethnicity. However, corporal punishment is associated with increases in behavior problems for all children. Thus, our findings add evidence from a new analytical lens that corporal punishment is consistently linked to increased externalizing behavior across African American, White, or Hispanic children, even after earlier externalizing behavior is controlled for. Our findings suggest that corporal punishment has detrimental consequences for all children and that all parents, regardless of their racial or ethnic background, should be advised to use alternatives to corporal punishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Ma
- University of Michigan-Flint, Department of Social Work, United States
| | - Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, School of Social Work, United States
| | - Berenice Castillo
- University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, School of Social Work, United States; University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Kaitlin P Ward
- University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, School of Social Work, United States; University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Sacha Klein
- Michigan State University, School of Social Work, United States
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19
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Sege RD, Siegel BS, Flaherty EG, Gavril AR, Idzerda SM, Laskey A“T, Legano LA, Leventhal JM, Lukefahr JL, Yogman MW, Baum R, Gambon TB, Lavin A, Mattson G, Montiel-Esparza R, Wissow LS. Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-3112. [PMID: 30397164 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatricians are a source of advice for parents and guardians concerning the management of child behavior, including discipline strategies that are used to teach appropriate behavior and protect their children and others from the adverse effects of challenging behavior. Aversive disciplinary strategies, including all forms of corporal punishment and yelling at or shaming children, are minimally effective in the short-term and not effective in the long-term. With new evidence, researchers link corporal punishment to an increased risk of negative behavioral, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional outcomes for children. In this Policy Statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics provides guidance for pediatricians and other child health care providers on educating parents about positive and effective parenting strategies of discipline for children at each stage of development as well as references to educational materials. This statement supports the need for adults to avoid physical punishment and verbal abuse of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Sege
- Center for Community Engaged Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Benjamin S. Siegel
- Departments of Pediatrics and
- Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center and School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Malloy LC, Mugno AP, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE, Talwar V. Parents’ Attitudes about and Socialization of Honesty and Dishonesty in Typically-Developing Children and Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:299-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Ma J, Grogan-Kaylor A, Klein S. Neighborhood collective efficacy, parental spanking, and subsequent risk of household child protective services involvement. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 80:90-98. [PMID: 29579549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Children exposed to negative neighborhood conditions and parental spanking are at higher risk of experiencing maltreatment. We conducted prospective analyses of secondary data to determine the effects of neighborhood collective efficacy and parental spanking on household Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement, and whether spanking mediates the relationship between neighborhood collective efficacy and CPS involvement. The sample (N = 2,267) was drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a stratified random sample of 4,789 births between 1998-2000 in 20 large U.S. cities. Logistic regression models were employed to test the effects of neighborhood collective efficacy and spanking at child age 3 on mother's report of CPS contact during the subsequent two years. The product-of-coefficient approach was used to test the mediation hypothesis. One aspect of neighborhood collective efficacy (i.e., Social Cohesion/Trust) is associated with lower odds of CPS involvement (OR = .80, 95% CI 0.670-0.951) after controlling for Informal Social Control, parental spanking, and the covariates. Parental spanking predicts increased odds of CPS involvement during the next two years (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.001-1.898), net of neighborhood collective efficacy and the covariates. The mediation hypothesis is not supported. Promoting both cohesive and trusting relationships between neighbors and non-physical discipline practices is likely to reduce the incidence of household CPS involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ma
- University of Michigan-Flint, Department of Social Work, 303 East Kearsley Street, Flint, MI, United States.
| | | | - Sacha Klein
- Michigan State University, School of Social Work, United States
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22
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Ma J, Grogan-Kaylor A, Lee SJ. Associations of neighborhood disorganization and maternal spanking with children's aggression: A fixed-effects regression analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:106-116. [PMID: 29100038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study employed fixed effects regression that controls for selection bias, omitted variables bias, and all time-invariant aspects of parent and child characteristics to examine the simultaneous associations between neighborhood disorganization, maternal spanking, and aggressive behavior in early childhood using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). Analysis was based on 2,472 children and their mothers who participated in Wave 3 (2001-2003; child age 3) and Wave 4 (2003-2006; child age 5) of the FFCWS. Results indicated that higher rates of neighborhood crime and violence predicted higher levels of child aggression. Maternal spanking in the past year, whether frequent or infrequent, was also associated with increases in aggressive behavior. This study contributes statistically rigorous evidence that exposure to violence in the neighborhood as well as the family context are predictors of child aggression. We conclude with a discussion for the need for multilevel prevention and intervention approaches that target both community and parenting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ma
- University of Michigan-Flint, Department of Social Work, United States.
| | | | - Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, United States
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23
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Font SA, Cage J. Dimensions of physical punishment and their associations with children's cognitive performance and school adjustment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 75:29-40. [PMID: 28743493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how a range of physical punishment measures, ranging from mild corporal punishment to physical abuse, are associated with cognitive performance, school engagement, and peer isolation over a 3- year span among 658 children initially observed between the ages of 8 and 14. Physical punishment was captured in three groups: mild corporal punishment, harsh corporal punishment, and physical abuse, and both caregiver- and child-reported punishment measures were considered. After accounting for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, only Ninitial exposure to physical abuse was significantly associated with declines in cognitive performance. However, all forms of physical punishment were associated with declines in school engagement, and harsh corporal punishment was associated with increased peer isolation. Our findings were relatively consistent regardless of whether physical punishment was reported by the child or caregiver. Overall, our findings suggest that the prevention of physical abuse may enhance children's cognitive performance, but that alone may not be sufficient to ensure children are engaged and well-adjusted in school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Font
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology and the Child Maltreatment Solutions Network, 505 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16801, United States.
| | - Jamie Cage
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work, United States.
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24
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Gershoff ET, Sattler KMP, Ansari A. Strengthening Causal Estimates for Links Between Spanking and Children's Externalizing Behavior Problems. Psychol Sci 2017; 29:110-120. [PMID: 29106806 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617729816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing causal links when experiments are not feasible is an important challenge for psychology researchers. The question of whether parents' spanking causes children's externalizing behavior problems poses such a challenge because randomized experiments of spanking are unethical, and correlational studies cannot rule out potential selection factors. This study used propensity score matching based on the lifetime prevalence and recent incidence of spanking in a large and nationally representative sample ( N = 12,112) as well as lagged dependent variables to get as close to causal estimates outside an experiment as possible. Whether children were spanked at the age of 5 years predicted increases in externalizing behavior problems by ages 6 and 8, even after the groups based on spanking prevalence or incidence were matched on a range of sociodemographic, family, and cultural characteristics and children's initial behavior problems. These statistically rigorous methods yield the conclusion that spanking predicts a deterioration of children's externalizing behavior over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kierra M P Sattler
- 1 Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas
| | - Arya Ansari
- 2 Curry School of Education, University of Virginia
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25
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Gabriel L, Tizro Z, James H, Cronin-Davis J, Beetham T, Corbally A, Lopez-Moreno E, Hill S. "Give me some space": exploring youth to parent aggression and violence. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2017; 33:161-169. [PMID: 29367805 PMCID: PMC5760607 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-017-9928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A small scale qualitative project, undertaken by an interdisciplinary domestic violence research group involving academic researchers and research assistants, with colleagues from Independent Domestic Abuse Services (IDAS), investigated youth aggression and violence against parents. Following the literature review, data was generated through several research conversations with young people (n = 2), through semi-structured interviews with mothers (n = 3) and practitioners (n = 5), and through a practitioner focus group (n = 8). Thematic analysis and triangulation of the data from parents, practitioners and young people, elicited interconnected and complex overarching themes. Young people could be both victim and perpetrator. The witnessing or experiencing of domestic aggression and violence raised the concept of 'bystander children'. The impact of young people experiencing familial violence was underestimated by parents. For practitioners, the effects of working with domestic violence was shown to be significant - both positively and negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Tizro
- York St John University, York, England YO31 7EX UK
| | - Hazel James
- UK Higher Education Academy, Science Park, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Jane Cronin-Davis
- St George’s University of London / Kingston University, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Hill
- Independent Domestic Abuse Services (IDAS), 39 Blossom Street, York, UK
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26
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Okuzono S, Fujiwara T, Kato T, Kawachi I. Spanking and subsequent behavioral problems in toddlers: A propensity score-matched, prospective study in Japan. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:62-71. [PMID: 28448815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Harsh or frequent spanking in early childhood is an established risk factor for later childhood behavioral problems as well as mental disorder in adulthood in Western societies. However, few studies have been conducted in Asian populations, where corporal punishment is relatively accepted. Moreover, the impacts of occasional spanking on subsequent behavioral problems remain uncertain. This study sought to investigate prospectively the association between the frequency of spanking of toddlers and later behavioral problems in Japanese children using national birth cohort data. We used data from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century, a population-based birth cohort data set collected by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (N=29,182). Frequency of spanking ("never", "sometimes" and "always") and child behavioral problems were assessed via a caregiver questionnaire when the child was 3.5 years old and again at 5.5 years. Propensity score matching was used to examine the association between frequency of spanking and child behavioral problems, adjusting for parental socioeconomic status, child temperament and parenting behaviors. Compared to children who were never spanked, occasional spanking ("sometimes") showed a higher number of behavioral problems (on a 6-point scale) (coefficient: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.07-0.15), and frequent spanking ("always") showed an even larger number of behavioral problems compared with "sometimes" (coefficient: 0.08, 95% CI:0.01-0.16). Spanking of any self-reported frequency was associated with an increased risk for later behavioral problems in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Okuzono
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tsuguhiko Kato
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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McCarthy RJ. Experiencing Instigations and Trait Aggression Contribute to Harsh Parenting Behaviors. Psychol Rep 2017; 120:1078-1095. [PMID: 28558546 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117711934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three studies (total N = 1777 parents) examined whether harsh parenting behaviors would increase when parents experienced an instigation and whether this increase would be especially pronounced for parents who were high in trait aggression. These predictions were tested both when parents' experience of an instigation was manipulated (Studies 1 and 2) and when parents' perceptions of their child's instigating behavior was reported (Study 3). Further, these predictions were tested across a variety of measures of parents' harsh behaviors: (1) asking parents to report their likelihood of behaving harshly (Study 1), (2) using proxy tasks for parents' inclinations to behave harshly (Study 2), and (3) having parents report their past child-directed behaviors, some of which were harsh (Study 3). Both child instigations and parents' trait aggression were consistently associated with parents' child-directed harsh behaviors. However, parents' trait aggression only moderated the extent to which the instigation was associated with their harsh parenting for self-reported physical harsh behaviors (Study 1). The results of the current studies demonstrate that both situational factors, such as experiencing an instigation, and individual difference variables, such as trait aggression, affect parents' likelihood to exhibit harsh behaviors, but found little evidence these factors interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J McCarthy
- Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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28
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Holden GW, Grogan-Kaylor A, Durrant JE, Gershoff ET. Researchers Deserve a Better Critique: Response to. MARRIAGE & FAMILY REVIEW 2017; 53:465-490. [PMID: 38288142 PMCID: PMC10824463 DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2017.1308899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
This commentary addresses the critique by Larzelere, Gunnoe, Roberts, and Ferguson (2017: Marriage & Family Review, 53, 24-35) ostensibly concerning the quality of research on "positive parenting" but actually critiquing physical punishment research. The critique revealed that the authors have a poor understanding of positive parenting. After explicating the different meanings of that term and describing what positive parenting is, we then address each of their four critiques of the physical punishment research. Each critique was flawed in multiple ways. After identifying their errors and correcting misinformation, we then raise broader issues about children's right not to be hit and how professional organizations are increasingly recognizing the need and calling for an end to all physical punishment of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Holden
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joan E. Durrant
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Elizabeth T. Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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29
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Ferguson CJ. Pay No Attention to That Data Behind the Curtain: On Angry Birds, Happy Children, Scholarly Squabbles, Publication Bias, and Why Betas Rule Metas. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 10:683-91. [PMID: 26386008 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615593353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article responds to five comments on my "Angry Birds" meta-analysis of video game influences on children (Ferguson, 2015, this issue). Given ongoing debates on video game influences, comments varied from the supportive to the self-proclaimed "angry," yet hopefully they and this response will contribute to constructive discussion as the field moves forward. In this reply, I address some misconceptions in the comments and present data that challenge the assumption that standardized regression coefficients are invariably unsuitable for meta-analysis or that bivariate correlations are invariably suitable for meta-analysis. The suitability of any data should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and data indicates that the coefficients included in the "Angry Birds" meta-analysis did not distort results. Study selection, effect size extraction, and interpretation improved upon problematic issues in other recent meta-analyses. Further evidence is also provided to support the contention that publication bias remains problematic in video game literature. Sources of acrimony among scholars are explored as are areas of agreement. Ultimately, debates will only be resolved through a commitment to newer, more rigorous methods and open science.
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30
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LeCuyer EA, Swanson DP. A Within-Group Analysis of African American Mothers' Authoritarian Attitudes, Limit-Setting and Children's Self-Regulation. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:833-842. [PMID: 28408794 PMCID: PMC5386503 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that higher levels of authoritarian parenting exist in African American (AA) families than in European American (EA) families, and that authoritarian attitudes may be associated with more positive outcomes in AA families than EA families. However, less is known about authoritarian attitudes and children's development within AA families. This within-group study of 50 African American mothers and their 3-year-old children examined associations between maternal authoritarian attitudes, observed maternal limit-setting strategies, and children's self-regulation during a limit-setting interaction. The findings indicate that while AA families may hold more authoritarian attitudes than EA families, the direction of effect of authoritarian attitudes on children's outcomes appears to be the same in both ethnic groups. In this sample, when examining AA authoritarian attitudes relative to those of other AA mothers, less or lower authoritarian attitudes were associated with authoritative limit-setting behavior (firm limits within the context of overall warmth and responsiveness) and better children's self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. LeCuyer
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, 3455 US Veterans SN-6S, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dena Phillips Swanson
- Counseling and Human Development, University of Rochester Warner School, Rochester, NY 14627-0425, USA
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31
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Mendez M, Durtschi J, Neppl TK, Stith SM. Corporal punishment and externalizing behaviors in toddlers: The moderating role of positive and harsh parenting. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2016; 30:887-895. [PMID: 26866839 PMCID: PMC4981569 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether corporal punishment when the child was 2 years old predicted child externalizing behaviors a year later, and whether or not this association was moderated by parents' observed behavior toward their child. Data came from 218 couples and their firstborn child. The frequency of fathers' corporal punishment when the child was 2 years old predicted child externalizing behaviors a year later, while controlling for initial levels of child externalizing behaviors. Also, observed positive and harsh parenting moderated the relationship between corporal punishment and child externalizing behaviors. These results highlight the importance of continuing to examine the effects of a commonly used form of discipline (i.e., corporal punishment) and the parental climate in which it is used. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mendez
- Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University
| | - Jared Durtschi
- Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University
| | - Tricia K Neppl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University
| | - Sandra M Stith
- Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University
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32
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Taylor CA, Al-Hiyari R, Lee SJ, Priebe A, Guerrero LW, Bales A. Beliefs and ideologies linked with approval of corporal punishment: a content analysis of online comments. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:563-75. [PMID: 27312115 PMCID: PMC4945859 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study employs a novel strategy for identifying points of resistance to education efforts aimed at reducing rates of child physical abuse and use of corporal punishment (CP). We analyzed online comments (n = 581) generated in response to media coverage of a study linking CP with increased child aggression. Most comments (71%) reflected approval of hitting children for disciplinary purposes. Reasons for this approval were rooted in beliefs linking the use of CP with positive or neutral outcomes such as: 'I was spanked and I am okay', spanking improves child behavior, spanking is more effective than other forms of discipline and spanking is not abuse. However, also linked with approval were more macro-ideological beliefs about society such as: today's generation is worse off than previous ones, outside interference with parenting is wrong, one cause leads to an outcome, justifications for hitting children rooted in religious doctrine, bad parents cannot control their children and children have too much power. Our results suggest a need to better translate and disseminate empirical findings regarding the negative effects of CP to the public in a way that is highly sensitive to parents' needs to feel in control and effective when parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Taylor
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - R Al-Hiyari
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - S J Lee
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A Priebe
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - L W Guerrero
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - A Bales
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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33
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Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Race as a Moderator of Associations Between Spanking and Child Outcomes. FAMILY RELATIONS 2016; 65:490-501. [PMID: 34334858 PMCID: PMC8323829 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cultural normativeness perspective argues that parenting practices such as spanking are more beneficial for children when they occur in cultural groups within which they are normative. Research on this issue in the United States has focused on race as a marker of culture, and findings have been mixed. The present study presents meta-analyses of five studies that reported effect sizes separately for White (n = 11,814) and Black (n = 3,065) American children (5 to 14 years of age). Mean weighted effect sizes for both groups indicated statistically significant associations with detrimental outcomes; they were not statistically significantly different from one another. Contrary to the cultural normativeness perspective, these results demonstrate that spanking is similarly associated with detrimental outcomes for White and Black children in the United States.
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34
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Abstract
Whether or not to spank children as a discipline practice is controversial among lay and professional audiences alike. This article highlights different views of spanking, key conclusions about its effects, and methodological limitations of the research and the resulting ambiguities that fuel the current debate and plague interpretation. We propose an expanded research agenda to address questions about the goals of parental discipline; the role, if any, that punishment plays in achieving these goals; the effects and side effects of alternative discipline practices; and the impact of punishment on underlying developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Kazdin
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.E.K.), and National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico (C.B.)
| | - Corina Benjet
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (A.E.K.), and National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico (C.B.)
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Altschul I, Lee SJ, Gershoff ET. Hugs, Not Hits: Warmth and Spanking as Predictors of Child Social Competence. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2016; 78:695-714. [PMID: 34584295 PMCID: PMC8475779 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many parents believe that spanking is an effective way to promote children's positive behavior, yet few studies have examined spanking and the development of social competence. Using information from 3,279 families with young children who participated in a longitudinal study of urban families, this study tested competing hypotheses regarding whether maternal spanking or maternal warmth predicted increased social competence and decreased child aggression over time and which parent behavior was a stronger predictor of these changes. The frequency of maternal spanking was unrelated to maternal warmth. Findings from cross-lagged path models indicated that spanking was not associated with children's social competence, but spanking predicted increases in child aggression. Conversely, maternal warmth predicted children's greater social competence but was not associated with aggression. Warmth was a significantly stronger predictor of children's social competence than spanking, suggesting that warmth may be a more effective way to promote children's social competence than spanking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Altschul
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St., Denver, CO 80208
| | - Shawna J Lee
- School of Social Work and Research Center for Group Dynamics and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX 78712
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Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2016; 30:453-69. [PMID: 27055181 PMCID: PMC7992110 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether spanking is helpful or harmful to children continues to be the source of considerable debate among both researchers and the public. This article addresses 2 persistent issues, namely whether effect sizes for spanking are distinct from those for physical abuse, and whether effect sizes for spanking are robust to study design differences. Meta-analyses focused specifically on spanking were conducted on a total of 111 unique effect sizes representing 160,927 children. Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes. Effect sizes did not substantially differ between spanking and physical abuse or by study design characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
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37
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Dawson-McClure S, Calzada E, Huang KY, Kamboukos D, Rhule D, Kolawole B, Petkova E, Brotman LM. A population-level approach to promoting healthy child development and school success in low-income, urban neighborhoods: impact on parenting and child conduct problems. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 16:279-90. [PMID: 24590412 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-014-0473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Minority children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are at high risk for school dropout, delinquency, and poor health, largely due to the negative impact of poverty and stress on parenting and child development. This study evaluated a population-level, family-centered, school-based intervention designed to promote learning, behavior, and health by strengthening parenting, classroom quality, and child self-regulation during early childhood. Ten schools in urban districts serving primarily low-income Black students were randomly assigned to intervention or a "pre-kindergarten education as usual" control condition. Intervention included a family program (a 13-week behavioral parenting intervention and concurrent group for children) and professional development for early childhood teachers. The majority (88 %) of the pre-kindergarten population (N = 1,050; age 4) enrolled in the trial, and nearly 60 % of parents in intervention schools participated in the family program. This study evaluated intervention impact on parenting (knowledge, positive behavior support, behavior management, involvement in early learning) and child conduct problems over a 2-year period (end of kindergarten). Intent-to-treat analyses found intervention effects on parenting knowledge, positive behavior support, and teacher-rated parent involvement. For the highest-risk families, intervention also resulted in increased parent-rated involvement in early learning and decreased harsh and inconsistent behavior management. Among boys at high risk for problems based on baseline behavioral dysregulation (age 4, 23 % of sample), intervention led to lower rates of conduct problems at age 6. Family-centered intervention at the transition to school has potential to improve population health and break the cycle of disadvantage for low-income, minority families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Dawson-McClure
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Análisis comparativo de predictores potenciales de prácticas disciplinarias severas con preescolares, antes y después de un entrenamiento para padres. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2015.18.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo de este estudio consistió en determinar si un entrenamiento en pautas de crianza dirigido a padres con niños de tres a cinco años de edad modificaría las prácticas disciplinarias severas, así como algunos predictores potenciales de esas prácticas, como son el coraje-agresión y el estrés de los padres, al igual que el estrés en la interacción entre padres e hijos, y los problemas de conducta y el estrés de los niños. Sesenta padres (41 mamás y 19 papás) contestaron los cuestionarios correspondientes. La muestra se dividió al azar en grupo experimental (GE: expuesto a un entrenamiento en crianza) y grupo control (GC: sin entrenamiento). Los padres contestaron los mismos cuestionarios diez semanas después. Un análisis de regresión jerárquica (ARJ) con la muestra total mostró que el estrés en la interacción y las conductas problema fueron las principales variables predictoras de las prácticas disciplinarias (p < .01). En la segunda evaluación, los resultados indicaron la modificación significativa de las prácticas disciplinarias y de todas las variables del estudio en el GE, pero no en el GC; además, nuevos ARJ con el GC y con el GE indicaron la importancia del coraje-agresión parental como variable predictora de las prácticas disciplinarias. Los resultados se discuten en términos de la importancia de la modificación de las prácticas disciplinarias severas y sus efectos negativos en los niños, así como del uso adecuado de técnicas cognitivo-conductuales para modificar positivamente las relaciones negativas entre los padres y el niño.
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Ferguson CJ. Do Angry Birds Make for Angry Children? A Meta-Analysis of Video Game Influences on Children’s and Adolescents’ Aggression, Mental Health, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:646-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691615592234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The issue of whether video games—violent or nonviolent—“harm” children and adolescents continues to be hotly contested in the scientific community, among politicians, and in the general public. To date, researchers have focused on college student samples in most studies on video games, often with poorly standardized outcome measures. To answer questions about harm to minors, these studies are arguably not very illuminating. In the current analysis, I sought to address this gap by focusing on studies of video game influences on child and adolescent samples. The effects of overall video game use and exposure to violent video games specifically were considered, although this was not an analysis of pathological game use. Overall, results from 101 studies suggest that video game influences on increased aggression ( r = .06), reduced prosocial behavior ( r = .04), reduced academic performance ( r = −.01), depressive symptoms ( r = .04), and attention deficit symptoms ( r = .03) are minimal. Issues related to researchers’ degrees of freedom and citation bias also continue to be common problems for the field. Publication bias remains a problem for studies of aggression. Recommendations are given on how research may be improved and how the psychological community should address video games from a public health perspective.
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40
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Ferguson CJ, Barr H, Figueroa G, Foley K, Gallimore A, LaQuea R, Merritt A, Miller S, Nguyen-Pham H, Spanogle C, Stevens J, Trigani B, Garza A. Digital poison? Three studies examining the influence of violent video games on youth. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee JH. Prevalence and predictors of self-reported student maltreatment by teachers in South Korea. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 46:113-120. [PMID: 25828860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study first investigated the prevalence of emotional and physical maltreatment by teachers in South Korea and then identified factors that predict student maltreatment by teachers. Specific areas of interest were the associations between student demographic characteristics (gender and grade level), family (economic status), and school experience (academic performance and student-teacher relationships) and how these characteristics were related to student maltreatment. Data were obtained by questionnaire from a random sample of 1,777 students in middle schools in Seoul, the largest metropolitan area, and its surrounding province, Gyeonggi-Do. Questionnaires were completed during school time. All information was collected anonymously. Of those surveyed, 18.2% reported emotional maltreatment by teachers and 24.3% physical maltreatment. Overall, 30.7% reported being either emotionally or physically mistreated by teachers at least once in the previous year. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender, family economic status, academic performance, and student-teacher relationships were predictors of student maltreatment by teachers. The results have practical and policy implications for the design of programs that will results in altering abusive teacher classroom behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Lee
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, 134, Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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42
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Sturge-Apple ML, Rogge RD, Peltz JS, Suor JH, Skibo MA. Delving Beyond Conscious Attitudes: Validation of an Innovative Tool for Assessing Parental Implicit Attitudes toward Physical Punishment. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2015; 24:240-255. [PMID: 26195917 PMCID: PMC4505379 DOI: 10.1002/icd.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parenting scholars have long been interested in understanding the prevalence, determinants, and child outcomes associated with the use of physical discipline. To date, much of the empirical research in this area has utilized self-report measures to assess this construct. However, the subjective nature of participants' explicit reports presents an important confound to studying this issue. Thus, the overarching aim of this study was to provide the first test of an implicit assessment of physical discipline through using a Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT). A GNAT-Physical Discipline was developed and examined in two separate studies of mothers and their 2-3 year old child. One study was conducted in an online format and the second within a laboratory design. Across both studies, findings suggested that the GNAT-Physical Discipline distinguished between positive and negative implicit attitudes towards the use of physical discipline. In addition, negative implicit attitudes were uniquely linked to maternal reports of physical discipline when compared to other discipline practices. Results suggest the potential for the GNAT paradigm in research on parental attitudes around the use of physical discipline in parenting contexts. In addition, our use of an online format (with implicit assessments of key constructs) demonstrates that child and family researchers may be able to explore their hypotheses in larger, geographically diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Sturge-Apple
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York
| | - Ronald D Rogge
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York
| | - Jack S Peltz
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York
| | - Jennifer H Suor
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A Skibo
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York
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43
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Talwar V, Arruda C, Yachison S. The effects of punishment and appeals for honesty on children’s truth-telling behavior. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 130:209-17. [PMID: 25447716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Taillieu TL, Afifi TO, Mota N, Keyes KM, Sareen J. Age, sex, and racial differences in harsh physical punishment: results from a nationally representative United States sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1885-1894. [PMID: 25466426 PMCID: PMC4402223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine age, sex, and racial differences in the prevalence of harsh physical punishment in childhood in a nationally representative sample of the United States. Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) collected in 2004 and 2005 (n=34,653). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine age, sex, and racial differences in the prevalence of harsh physical punishment. Results suggest that the prevalence of harsh physical punishment has been decreasing among more recently born age groups; however, there appear to be sex and racial differences in this trend over time. The magnitude of the decrease appears to be stronger for males than for females. By race, the decrease in harsh physical punishment over time is only apparent among Whites; Black participants demonstrate little change over time, and harsh physical punishment seems to be increasing over time among Hispanics. Prevention and intervention efforts that educate about the links of physical punishment to negative outcomes and alternative non-physical discipline strategies may be particularly useful in reducing the prevalence of harsh physical punishment over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Psychiatry, and Family Social Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Natalie Mota
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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45
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Abstract
Corporal punishment is used for discipline in most homes in the United States. It is also associated with a long list of adverse developmental, behavioral, and health-related consequences. Primary care providers, as trusted sources for parenting information, have an opportunity to engage parents in discussions about discipline as early as infancy. These discussions should focus on building parents' skills in the use of other behavioral techniques, limiting (or eliminating) the use of corporal punishment and identifying additional resources as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Zolotor
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7595, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7595, USA.
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46
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Lansford JE, Sharma C, Malone PS, Woodlief D, Dodge KA, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Zelli A, Al-Hassan SM, Alampay LP, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L. Corporal punishment, maternal warmth, and child adjustment: a longitudinal study in eight countries. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 43:670-85. [PMID: 24885184 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2014.893518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two key tasks facing parents across cultures are managing children's behaviors (and misbehaviors) and conveying love and affection. Previous research has found that corporal punishment generally is related to worse child adjustment, whereas parental warmth is related to better child adjustment. This study examined whether the association between corporal punishment and child adjustment problems (anxiety and aggression) is moderated by maternal warmth in a diverse set of countries that vary in a number of sociodemographic and psychological ways. Interviews were conducted with 7- to 10-year-old children (N = 1,196; 51% girls) and their mothers in 8 countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States. Follow-up interviews were conducted 1 and 2 years later. Corporal punishment was related to increases, and maternal warmth was related to decreases, in children's anxiety and aggression over time; however, these associations varied somewhat across groups. Maternal warmth moderated the effect of corporal punishment in some countries, with increases in anxiety over time for children whose mothers were high in both warmth and corporal punishment. The findings illustrate the overall association between corporal punishment and child anxiety and aggression as well as patterns specific to particular countries. Results suggest that clinicians across countries should advise parents against using corporal punishment, even in the context of parent-child relationships that are otherwise warm, and should assist parents in finding other ways to manage children's behaviors.
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47
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Kennedy TM, Ceballo R. Who, What, When, and Where? Toward a Dimensional Conceptualization of Community Violence Exposure. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of research on the psychological consequences of community violence exposure among youth has conceptualized and measured community violence as a single, homogenous construct that indiscriminately gives rise to a wide range of outcomes. However, it is increasingly recognized that community violence exposure is comprised of many disparate characteristics. Thus, a more dimensional theoretical approach to the study of community violence exposure is proposed; such an approach will more precisely clarify how community violence exposure is differentially associated with specific outcomes. In particular, the dimensions of type, severity, physical proximity, relational proximity (familiarity with the persons involved), and chronicity of community violence exposure are suggested as potential moderating factors that may each, individually and in interaction, differentially impact youths’ well-being. In order to account for greater contextual complexity in children's experiences of community violence, several recommendations for new methodological approaches and research directions are proposed and discussed. Such a theoretical shift is critical to advance our understanding of the processes underlying the links between community violence exposure and youth outcomes, as well as to inform more targeted and effective interventions for youth exposed to community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci M. Kennedy
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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48
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Gunnoe ML. Associations between parenting style, physical discipline, and adjustment in adolescents' reports. Psychol Rep 2014; 112:933-75. [PMID: 24245082 DOI: 10.2466/15.10.49.pr0.112.3.933-975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recollections of physical discipline as absent, age-delimited (ages 2-11), or present into adolescence were associated with youths' evaluations of their mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and their own adjustment. Data were from the Portraits of American Life Study-Youth (PALS-Y) a diverse, national sample of 13- to 18-year-olds (N = 158). The modal experience of youth with authoritative parents was age-delimited spanking; the modal experience of youth with permissive parents was no spanking; the modal experience of youth with authoritarian or disengaged parents was physical discipline into adolescence. The age-delimited group reported the best adjustment (less maladjustment than the adolescent group; greater competence than both other groups). The positive association between fathers' age-delimited spanking and youths' academic rank persisted even after accounting for parenting styles. The eschewing of spanking should not be listed as a distinguishing characteristic of authoritative parenting, which was more often associated with age-delimited spanking than with zero-usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Lindner Gunnoe
- Psychology Department, Calvin College, 1734 Knollcrest Cir. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
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49
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Haupt H, Lösel F, Stemmler M. Quantile Regression Analysis and Other Alternatives to Ordinary Least Squares Regression. METHODOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Data analyses by classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression techniques often employ unrealistic assumptions, fail to recognize the source and nature of heterogeneity, and are vulnerable to extreme observations. Therefore, this article compares robust and non-robust M-estimator regressions in a statistical demonstration study. Data from the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Project are used to model risk factors for physical punishment by fathers of 485 elementary school children. The Corporal Punishment Scale of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire was the dependent variable. Fathers’ aggressiveness, dysfunctional parent-child relations, various other parenting characteristics, and socio-demographic variables served as predictors. Robustness diagnostics suggested the use of trimming procedures and outlier diagnostics suggested the use of robust estimators as an alternative to OLS. However, a quantile regression analysis provided more detailed insights beyond the measures of central tendency and detected sources of considerable heterogeneity in the risk structure of father’s corporal punishment. Advantages of this method are discussed with regard to methodological and content issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Haupt
- Department of Statistics, University of Passau, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lösel
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, UK and University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Mark Stemmler
- Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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50
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Lee SJ, Altschul I, Gershoff ET. Does warmth moderate longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child aggression in early childhood? Dev Psychol 2013; 49:2017-28. [PMID: 23339588 PMCID: PMC7988800 DOI: 10.1037/a0031630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether maternal warmth moderates the association between maternal use of spanking and increased child aggression between ages 1 and 5. Participants were 3,279 pairs of mothers and their children from a cohort study of urban families from 20 U.S. cities. Maternal spanking was assessed when the child was 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years of age. Maternal warmth and child aggressive behavior were measured at 3 years and 5 years of age. Models controlled for demographic characteristics (measured at the child's birth), child emotionality (measured at age 1), and maternal psychosocial risk factors (measured when children were 3 years old). Cross-lagged path models examined the within-time and longitudinal associations between spanking and child aggression. Results indicated that maternal spanking at age 1 was associated with higher levels of child aggression at age 3; similarly, maternal spanking at age 3 predicted increases in child aggression by age 5. Maternal warmth when children were 3 years old did not predict changes in child aggression between 3 and 5 years old. Furthermore, maternal warmth did not moderate the association between spanking and increased child aggression over time. Beginning as early as age 1, maternal spanking is predictive of child behavior problems, and maternal warmth does not counteract the negative consequences of the use of spanking.
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