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Yavuz M, Dayanc ED, Merve Antmen F, Keskinöz E, Altuntaş E, Dolu G, Koç B, Tunçcan E, Şakar D, Canözer U, Büyüker C, Polat E, Erkaya M, Azevedo R, Öz Arslan D, Almeida A, Süyen G. Relationships between trace elements and cognitive and depressive behaviors in sprague dawley and wistar albino rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1367469. [PMID: 38628647 PMCID: PMC11018905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1367469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study investigates the effects of social isolation on mental health and cognitive functions in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Wistar Albino (WIS) rat strains, prompted by the heightened awareness of such impacts amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to explore the impact of social isolation on memory, learning, and behavioral changes in middle-aged SD and WIS rat strains and to investigate cortical trace element levels, seeking potential correlations between these levels and the observed behavioral responses to social isolation. Methods: Four groups of 14-month-old male rats were established: control and isolated SDs and WIS rats (CONT-SD, ISO-SD, CONT-WIS, ISO-WIS). Morris Water Maze and Porsolt Forced Swimming tests were conducted for behavioral assessment. Following behavioral tests, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia, and cortices were isolated for analysis of macro and trace element levels (ICP/MS). Results: In behavioral tests, CONT-SD rats exhibited superior performance in the Morris Water Maze test compared to CONT-WIS rats, but displayed increased depressive behaviors following social isolation, as evident in the Porsolt Forced Swimming test (p < 0.05). ISO-SD rats showed elevated levels of Co and Cu, along with reduced levels of Cs and As, compared to ISO-WIS rats. Moreover, isolation resulted in decreased Cu and Mo levels but increased Rb levels in WIS rats. Comparison of trace element levels in naïve groups from different strains revealed lower Zn levels in the WIS group compared to SD rats. Discussion: The findings suggest that the SD strain learns faster, but is more susceptible to depression after isolation compared to the WIS strain. Increased Co and Cu levels in ISO-SD align with previous findings, indicating potential trace element involvement in stress responses. Understanding these mechanisms could pave the way for preventive treatment strategies or therapeutic targets against the consequences of stressors, contributing to research and measures promoting a balanced diet to mitigate neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with social isolation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ekin Dongel Dayanc
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Merve Antmen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Biobank Unit, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Keskinöz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Altuntaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gökçen Dolu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Berkcan Koç
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emre Tunçcan
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Damla Şakar
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ufuk Canözer
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ceyda Büyüker
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ece Polat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Metincan Erkaya
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Rui Azevedo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Devrim Öz Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Güldal Süyen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Leonardo M, Brunty S, Huffman J, Lester DB, Dickson PE. Effects of isolation housing stress and mouse strain on intravenous cocaine self-administration, sensory stimulus self-administration, and reward preference. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2810. [PMID: 36797314 PMCID: PMC9935522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory stimuli are natural rewards in mice and humans. Consequently, preference for a drug reward relative to a sensory reward may be an endophenotype of addiction vulnerability. In this study, we developed a novel behavioral assay to quantify the preference for intravenous drug self-administration relative to sensory stimulus self-administration. We used founder strains of the BXD recombinant inbred mouse panel (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J) and a model of stress (isolation vs enriched housing) to assess genetic and epigenetic effects. Following 10 weeks of differential housing, all mice were tested under three reward conditions: sensory rewards available, cocaine rewards available, both rewards available. When a single reward was available (sensory stimuli or cocaine; delivered using distinct levers), DBA/2J mice self-administered significantly more rewards than C57BL/6J mice. When both rewards were available, DBA/2J mice exhibited a significant preference for cocaine relative to sensory stimuli; in contrast, C57BL/6J mice exhibited no preference. Housing condition influenced sensory stimulus self-administration and strain-dependently influenced inactive lever pressing when both rewards were available. Collectively, these data reveal strain effects, housing effects, or both on reward self-administration and preference. Most importantly, this study reveals that genetic mechanisms underlying preference for a drug reward relative to a nondrug reward can be dissected using the full BXD panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leonardo
- grid.259676.90000 0001 2214 9920Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25703 USA
| | - Sarah Brunty
- grid.259676.90000 0001 2214 9920Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25703 USA
| | - Jessica Huffman
- grid.259676.90000 0001 2214 9920Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25703 USA
| | - Deranda B. Lester
- grid.56061.340000 0000 9560 654XDepartment of Psychology, University of Memphis, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Price E. Dickson
- grid.259676.90000 0001 2214 9920Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25703 USA
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Chronic mild stress paradigm as a rat model of depression: facts, artifacts, and future perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:663-693. [PMID: 35072761 PMCID: PMC8785013 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was first described almost 40 years ago and has become a widely used model in the search for antidepressant drugs for major depression disorder (MDD). It has resulted in the publication of almost 1700 studies in rats alone. Under the original CMS procedure, the expression of an anhedonic response, a key symptom of depression, was seen as an essential feature of both the model and a depressive state. The prolonged exposure of rodents to unpredictable/uncontrollable mild stressors leads to a reduction in the intake of palatable liquids, behavioral despair, locomotor inhibition, anxiety-like changes, and vegetative (somatic) abnormalities. Many of the CMS studies do not report these patterns of behaviors, and they often fail to include consistent molecular, neuroanatomical, and physiological phenotypes of CMS-exposed animals. OBJECTIVES To critically review the CMS studies in rats so that conceptual and methodological flaws can be avoided in future studies. RESULTS Analysis of the literature supports the validity of the CMS model and its impact on the field. However, further improvements could be achieved by (i) the stratification of animals into 'resilient' and 'susceptible' cohorts within the CMS animals, (ii) the use of more refined protocols in the sucrose test to mitigate physiological and physical artifacts, and (iii) the systematic evaluation of the non-specific effects of CMS and implementation of appropriate adjustments within the behavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS We propose methodological revisions and the use of more advanced behavioral tests to refine the rat CMS paradigm, which offers a valuable tool for developing new antidepressant medications.
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Wu Z, Bao X, Liu L, Li L. Looming Effects on Attentional Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition Paradigm. Front Psychol 2021; 12:740363. [PMID: 34867622 PMCID: PMC8634448 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a hazardous environment, it is fundamentally important to successfully evaluate the motion of sounds. Previous studies demonstrated "auditory looming bias" in both macaques and humans, as looming sounds that increased in intensity were processed preferentially by the brain. In this study on rats, we used a prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response paradigm to investigate whether auditory looming sound with intrinsic warning value could draw attention of the animals and dampen the startle reflex caused by the startling noise. We showed looming sound with a duration of 120 ms enhanced PPI compared with receding sound with the same duration; however, when both sound types were at shorter duration/higher change rate (i.e., 30 ms) or longer duration/lower rate (i.e., more than 160 ms), there was no PPI difference. This indicates that looming sound-induced PPI enhancement was duration dependent. We further showed that isolation rearing impaired the abilities of animals to differentiate looming and receding prepulse stimuli, although it did not abolish their discrimination between looming and stationary prepulse stimuli. This suggests that isolation rearing compromised their assessment of potential threats from approaching objects and receding objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemeng Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Liang Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Dickson PE, Mittleman G. Strain and sex dependent effects of isolation housing relative to environmental enrichment on operant sensation seeking in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17826. [PMID: 34497303 PMCID: PMC8426458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensation seeking is a multidimensional phenotype that predicts the development of drug addiction in humans and addiction-like drug seeking in rodents. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic stress increases sensation seeking and addiction-like drug seeking through common genetic mechanisms. Discovery and characterization of these mechanisms would reveal how chronic stress interacts with the genome to influence sensation seeking and how drugs of abuse hijack these fundamental reward mechanisms to drive addiction. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that chronic isolation housing stress (relative to environmental enrichment) influences operant sensation seeking as a function of strain, sex, or their interaction. To determine if the BXD recombinant inbred panel could be used to identify genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying any identified gene-by-environment interactions, we used mice from the two BXD founder strains. Following 10 weeks of differential housing, we assessed operant sensation seeking using several reinforcement schedules. The primary finding from this study was that DBA/2J but not C57BL/6J mice were significantly vulnerable to an isolation-induced increase (relative to environmental enrichment) in sensation seeking during extinction when the sensory reward was no longer available; this effect was significantly more robust in females. These data reveal a previously unknown isolation-induced effect on extinction of operant sensation seeking that is sex-dependent, addiction-relevant, and that can be dissected using the BXD recombinant inbred panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price E Dickson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV, 25703, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38111, USA.
| | - Guy Mittleman
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, North Quad (NQ), room 104, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38111, USA
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Dickson PE, Mittleman G. Environmental enrichment influences novelty reactivity, novelty preference, and anxiety via distinct genetic mechanisms in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3928. [PMID: 33594184 PMCID: PMC7887236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as stress drive the development of drug addiction in genetically vulnerable individuals; the genes underlying this vulnerability are unknown. One strategy for uncovering these genes is to study the impact of environmental manipulation on high-throughput phenotypes that predict drug use and addiction-like behaviors. In the present study, we assessed the viability of this approach by evaluating the relative effects of environmental enrichment and isolation housing on three high-throughput phenotypes known to predict variation on distinct aspects of intravenous drug self-administration. Prior to behavioral testing, male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice (BXD founders) were housed in enrichment or isolation for ten weeks beginning at weaning. Enrichment significantly reduced novelty reactivity; this effect was significantly more robust in C57BL/6J mice relative to DBA/2J mice. Enrichment significantly reduced novelty preference; this effect was significantly dependent on novel environment characteristics and was significantly more robust in DBA/2J mice relative to C57BL/6J mice. Enrichment significantly increased anxiety; this effect was not strain-dependent. Collectively, these data indicate that (1) environmental enrichment influences novelty reactivity, novelty preference, and anxiety via distinct genetic mechanisms in mice, and (2) the BXD panel can be used to discover the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price E Dickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38111, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV, 25703, USA.
| | - Guy Mittleman
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38111, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, North Quad (NQ), room 104, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
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Prolonged Social Isolation, Started Early in Life, Impairs Cognitive Abilities in Rats Depending on Sex. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110799. [PMID: 33143056 PMCID: PMC7692092 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The chronic stress of social isolation is a valid predictor of cognitive pathology. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term social isolation on female versus male Wistar rats’ learning and memory. We hypothesized that prolonged social isolation stress, which starts early in life, would affect learning in a sex-dependent manner. Methods: Social isolation started at the edge of early to mid-adolescence and lasted 9 months. The rat’s cognitive abilities were assessed by habituation and reactivity to novelty in the open field (OF) test, spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), and the conditioned passive avoidance (PA) reflex. Basal serum corticosterone levels were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Regardless of the housing conditions, females habituated to the OF under low illumination slower than males. Under bright light, the single-housed rats showed hyporeactivity to novelty. In the MWM, all the rats learned to locate the platform; however, on the first training day, the single-housed females’ speed was lower relative to other groups. Four months later, in the post-reminder probe trial, the single-housed rats reached the area around the platform site later, and only males, regardless of housing conditions, preferred the target quadrant. Single-housed rats, irrespective of sex, showed a PA deficit. There was a more pronounced conditioned fear in the single-housed males than in females. In both male and female rats, basal corticosterone levels in rat blood serum after 9 months of social isolation did not differ from that in the group-housed rats of the corresponding sex. Meanwhile, females’ basal corticosterone level was higher than in males, regardless of the housing conditions. The relative weight of the adrenal glands was increased only in single-housed females. Conclusions: Under long-term social isolation, started early in life, single-housed females compared with males showed more pronounced cognitive impairments in the MWM and PA paradigm, findings that specify their greater vulnerability to the stress of prolonged social isolation.
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Social isolation in rats: Effects on animal welfare and molecular markers for neuroplasticity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240439. [PMID: 33108362 PMCID: PMC7591026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress compromises brain development and can contribute to the development of mental illnesses. A common animal model used to study different facets of psychiatric disorders is social isolation from early life on. In rats, this isolation can induce long-lasting alterations in molecular expression and in behavior. Since social isolation models severe psychiatric symptoms, it is to be expected that it affects the overall wellbeing of the animals. As also promoted by the 3Rs principle, though, it is pivotal to decrease the burden of laboratory animals by limiting the number of subjects (reduce, replace) and by improving the animals’ wellbeing (refine). The aim of this study was therefore to test possible refinement strategies such as resocialization and mere adult social isolation. We examined whether the alternatives still triggered the necessary phenotype while minimizing the stress load on the animals. Interestingly, we did not find reduced wellbeing-associated burrowing performance in isolated rats. The hyperactive phenotype seen in socially isolated animals was observed for rats undergoing the adult-only isolation, but resocializing ameliorated the locomotor abnormality. Isolation strongly affected markers of neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex independent of timing: mRNA levels of Arc, Bdnf and the pool of Bdnf transcripts with the 3’ long UTR were reduced in all groups. Bdnf splice variant IV expression was reduced in lifelong-isolated animals. Some of these deficits normalized after resocialization; likewise, exon VI Bdnf mRNA levels were reduced only in animals persistently isolated. Conversely, social deprivation did not affect the expression of Gad67 and Pvb, two GABAergic markers, whereas changes occurred in the expression of dopamine d1 and d2 receptors. As adult isolation was sufficient to trigger the hyperactive phenotype and impaired neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex, it could be a candidate for a refinement strategy for certain research questions. To fully grade the severity of post-weaning social isolation and the alternatives, adult isolation and resocialization, a more profound and multimodal assessment approach is necessary.
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Williams KL, Nickel MM, Bielak JT. Oral Binge-Like Ethanol Pre-Exposure During Juvenile/Adolescent Period Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Aversion in Rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:518-525. [PMID: 29889219 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To determine if oral ethanol self-administration produces a conditioned place preference (CPP) and to determine if ethanol pre-exposure conditions during the juvenile/adolescent period alter the conditioned effects of ethanol and subsequent ethanol self-administration. Short summary Modified conditioned place preference paradigm allowed rats to orally self-administer ethanol followed by short duration exposure to conditioning chambers. Ethanol produced a conditioned place aversion even though rats self-administered ethanol following the final conditioning test. Juvenile/adolescent pre-exposure to ethanol decreased the place aversion but did not produce place preference. Methods Juvenile/adolescent rats consumed sweetened 5% ethanol in the home-cage either during continuous access or intermittent access with water restriction that promoted binge-like consumption. A control group had water access during the 4-week period. Adult rats were conditioned using a modified CPP paradigm wherein rats were water-restricted overnight before being placed in operant chambers to respond for 5% ethanol for 7 min. Following the operant session, rats were placed in the conditioning chamber for 8 min. After the conditioning post-test, rats self-administered ethanol during daily operant sessions. Results Ethanol produced a conditioned place aversion in water access rats and the continuous access rats. Binge-like ethanol consumption induced by intermittent access with water restriction abolished the place aversion, but did not allow place preference to develop. After conditioning, continuous access rats self-administered ethanol above ~0.6 g/kg which was similar to rats with binge-like experience via intermittent access. Conclusions Results suggest that oral ethanol self-administration elicits aversive properties in this model even though ethanol continues to maintain self-administration. Pre-exposure to ethanol during the juvenile/adolescent period may produce tolerance to ethanol's aversive properties only when consumed in a binge-like manner with water restriction. More exploration is needed to understand how behavioral history can influence sensitivity to ethanol's rewarding and aversive properties and subsequent ethanol consumption or self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Williams
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, 224 Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Melissa M Nickel
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 East Main Street, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Justin T Bielak
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 42 W Warren Ave, Detroit, MI, USA
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Reinwald JR, Becker R, Mallien AS, Falfan-Melgoza C, Sack M, Clemm von Hohenberg C, Braun U, Cosa Linan A, Gass N, Vasilescu AN, Tollens F, Lebhardt P, Pfeiffer N, Inta D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Gass P, Sartorius A, Weber-Fahr W. Neural Mechanisms of Early-Life Social Stress as a Developmental Risk Factor for Severe Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:116-128. [PMID: 29397900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the domain-general risk factor of early-life social stress in mental illness, rearing rodents in persistent postweaning social isolation has been established as a widely used animal model with translational relevance for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Although changes in resting-state brain connectivity are a transdiagnostic key finding in neurodevelopmental diseases, a characterization of imaging correlates elicited by early-life social stress is lacking. METHODS We performed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of postweaning social isolation rats (N = 23) 9 weeks after isolation. Addressing well-established transdiagnostic connectivity changes of psychiatric disorders, we focused on altered frontal and posterior connectivity using a seed-based approach. Then, we examined changes in regional network architecture and global topology using graph theoretical analysis. RESULTS Seed-based analyses demonstrated reduced functional connectivity in frontal brain regions and increased functional connectivity in posterior brain regions of postweaning social isolation rats. Graph analyses revealed a shift of the regional architecture, characterized by loss of dominance of frontal regions and emergence of nonfrontal regions, correlating to our behavioral results, and a reduced modularity in isolation-reared rats. CONCLUSIONS Our result of functional connectivity alterations in the frontal brain supports previous investigations postulating social neural circuits, including prefrontal brain regions, as key pathways for risk for mental disorders arising through social stressors. We extend this knowledge by demonstrating more widespread changes of brain network organization elicited by early-life social stress, namely a shift of hubness and dysmodularity. Our results highly resemble core alterations in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rochus Reinwald
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Robert Becker
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Stephanie Mallien
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Falfan-Melgoza
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Clemm von Hohenberg
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa Linan
- Research Group In Silico Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gass
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei-Nicolae Vasilescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Tollens
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Lebhardt
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Arakawa H. Ethological approach to social isolation effects in behavioral studies of laboratory rodents. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Characterization of Behavioral, Signaling and Cytokine Alterations in a Rat Neurodevelopmental Model for Schizophrenia, and Their Reversal by the 5-HT 6 Receptor Antagonist SB-399885. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7413-7430. [PMID: 29423817 PMCID: PMC6096968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning social isolation of rats produces neuroanatomical, neurochemical and behavioral alterations resembling some core features of schizophrenia. This study examined the ability of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB-399885 to reverse isolation-induced cognitive deficits, then investigated alterations in hippocampal cell proliferation and hippocampal and frontal cortical expression of selected intracellular signaling molecules and cytokines. Male Lister hooded rats (weaned on post-natal days 21-24 and housed individually or in groups of 3-4) received six i.p. injections of vehicle (1% Tween 80, 1 mL/kg) or SB-399885 (5 or 10 mg/kg) over a 2-week period starting 40 days post-weaning, on the days that locomotor activity, novel object discrimination (NOD), pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle and acquisition, retention and extinction of a conditioned freezing response (CFR) were assessed. Tissue was collected 24 h after the final injection for immunohistochemistry, reverse-phase protein microarray and western blotting. Isolation rearing impaired NOD and cue-mediated CFR, decreased cell proliferation within the dentate gyrus, and elevated hippocampal TNFα levels and Cdc42 expression. SB-399885 reversed the NOD deficit and partially normalized CFR and cell proliferation. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of several members of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK signaling pathways (including TAK1, MKK4 and STAT3). Although JNK and p38 themselves were unaltered at this time point hippocampal TAK1 expression and phosphorylation correlated with visual recognition memory in the NOD task. Continued use of this neurodevelopmental model could further elucidate the neurobiology of schizophrenia and aid assessment of novel therapies for drug-resistant cognitive symptoms.
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The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the prepulse inhibition paradigms for studying schizophrenia: pharmacology, neurodevelopment, and genetics. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:13-27. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Models of progressive neurological dysfunction originating early in life. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:2-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Socially induced plasticity in sensorimotor gating in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lins BR, Marks WN, Phillips AG, Howland JG. Dissociable effects of the d- and l- enantiomers of govadine on the disruption of prepulse inhibition by MK-801 and apomorphine in male Long-Evans rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1079-1091. [PMID: 28180960 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The search for novel antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia is driven by the poor treatment efficacy, serious side effects, and poor patient compliance of current medications. Recently, a class of compounds known as tetrahydroprotoberberines, which includes the compound d,l-govadine, have shown promise in preclinical rodent tests relevant to schizophrenia. To date, the effect of govadine on prepulse inhibition (PPI), a test for sensorimotor gating commonly used to assess the effects of putative treatments for schizophrenia, has not been determined. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of each enantiomer of govadine (d- and l-govadine) on PPI alone and its disruption by the distinct pharmacological compounds apomorphine and MK-801. METHODS Male Long-Evans rats were treated systemically with d- or l-govadine and apomorphine or MK-801 prior to PPI. The PPI paradigm employed here included parametric manipulations of the prepulse intensity and the interval between the prepulse and pulse. RESULTS Acute MK-801 (0.15 mg/kg) significantly increased the startle response to startle pulses alone, while both MK-801 and apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased reactivity to prepulse-alone trials. Both MK-801 and apomorphine disrupted PPI. In addition, d-govadine alone significantly disrupted PPI in the apomorphine experiment. Pretreatment with l-, but not d-, govadine (1.0 mg/kg) blocked the effect of apomorphine and MK-801 on PPI. Treatment of rats with l-govadine alone (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) also dose-dependently increased PPI. CONCLUSIONS Given the high affinity of l-govadine for dopamine D2 receptors, these results suggest that further testing of l-govadine as an antipsychotic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R Lins
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, GD30.7, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Wendie N Marks
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, GD30.7, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, GD30.7, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Liu W, Wang X, Hong W, Wang D, Chen X. Establishment of a schizophrenic animal model through chronic administration of MK-801 in infancy and social isolation in childhood. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 46:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abuhamdah R, Hussain M, Chazot P, Ennaceur A. Pre-training in a radial arm maze abolished anxiety and impaired habituation in C57BL6/J mice treated with dizocilpine. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:353-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Marriott AL, Tasker RA, Ryan CL, Doucette TA. Alterations to prepulse inhibition magnitude and latency in adult rats following neonatal treatment with domoic acid and social isolation rearing. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:310-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rahimi-Balaei M, Razmi A, Kordjazy N, Shirzadian A, Ejtemaei Mehr S, Sianati H, Dehpour AR. Co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors following adolescent social isolation in male mice; possible role of nitrergic system. Physiol Behav 2015; 145:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kong L, Wu R, Wang L, Feng W, Cao Y, Tai F. Postpartum repeated separation from pups affects the behavior and neuroendocrine parameters of mandarin vole fathers. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lei M, Luo L, Qu T, Jia H, Li L. Perceived location specificity in perceptual separation-induced but not fear conditioning-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fontani S, Vaglio S, Beghelli V, Mattioli M, Bacci S, Accorsi PA. Fecal Concentrations of Cortisol, Testosterone, and Progesterone in Cotton-Top Tamarins Housed in Different Zoological Parks: Relationships Among Physiological Data, Environmental Conditions, and Behavioral Patterns. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2014; 17:228-52. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2014.916173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McCullumsmith RE, Hammond JH, Shan D, Meador-Woodruff JH. Postmortem brain: an underutilized substrate for studying severe mental illness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:65-87. [PMID: 24091486 PMCID: PMC3857666 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose that postmortem tissue is an underutilized substrate that may be used to translate genetic and/or preclinical studies, particularly for neuropsychiatric illnesses with complex etiologies. Postmortem brain tissues from subjects with schizophrenia have been extensively studied, and thus serve as a useful vehicle for illustrating the challenges associated with this biological substrate. Schizophrenia is likely caused by a combination of genetic risk and environmental factors that combine to create a disease phenotype that is typically not apparent until late adolescence. The complexity of this illness creates challenges for hypothesis testing aimed at understanding the pathophysiology of the illness, as postmortem brain tissues collected from individuals with schizophrenia reflect neuroplastic changes from a lifetime of severe mental illness, as well as treatment with antipsychotic medications. While there are significant challenges with studying postmortem brain, such as the postmortem interval, it confers a translational element that is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. On the other hand, data derived from animal models typically provide specific mechanistic and behavioral measures that cannot be generated using human subjects. Convergence of these two approaches has led to important insights for understanding molecular deficits and their causes in this illness. In this review, we discuss the problem of schizophrenia, review the common challenges related to postmortem studies, discuss the application of biochemical approaches to this substrate, and present examples of postmortem schizophrenia studies that illustrate the role of the postmortem approach for generating important new leads for understanding the pathophysiology of severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Clemens LE, Jansson EKH, Portal E, Riess O, Nguyen HP. A behavioral comparison of the common laboratory rat strains Lister Hooded, Lewis, Fischer 344 and Wistar in an automated homecage system. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:305-21. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Clemens
- Centre for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - E. K. H. Jansson
- Centre for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - E. Portal
- Centre for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - O. Riess
- Centre for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - H. P. Nguyen
- Centre for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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Dashti S, Aboutaleb N, Shahbazi A. The effect of leptin on prepulse inhibition in a developmental model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:57-61. [PMID: 24055608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-weaning social isolation is a developmental animal model of schizophrenia. Impairment of prepulse inhibition (PPI), possibly due to increased activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, has frequently been reported in this model. There are some reports of increased level of leptin in schizophrenic patients. It has been shown that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin decreases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Here we investigated the effect of leptin on PPI impairment following social isolation. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were reared post weaning in social or isolated conditions for 14 weeks. PPI was measured before treatment in week 12, and after ICV injection of vehicle or different doses of leptin (1, 5, and 10μg/5μl) in week 14. Results showed reduced PPI in untreated isolated compared to socially-reared rats in week 12 (p=0.009), but not in week 14 (p=0.45). Results also showed that leptin dose-dependently increased the basal PPI in isolated rats compared to vehicle, that was significant at a dose of 10μg (p=0.002). A considerable but non-significant effect of treatment with leptin on startle response (p=0.13) was seen. In conclusion, our results reveal that leptin significantly increases PPI in socially-isolated rats. The findings of this study suggest possible antipsychotic properties for leptin. We suggest further studies on the possible disruption of leptin signaling in schizophrenia, and also the possible interaction of leptin with therapeutic effects of second generation antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Dashti
- Physiology Research Center, and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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McIntosh AL, Ballard TM, Steward LJ, Moran PM, Fone KCF. The atypical antipsychotic risperidone reverses the recognition memory deficits induced by post-weaning social isolation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:31-42. [PMID: 23397053 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rearing rats in isolation from weaning is an established preclinical neurodevelopmental model which induces behavioural deficits with apparent translational relevance to some core symptoms of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the ability of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone to reverse behavioural deficits induced by post-weaning social isolation of rat pups and to further characterise the predictive validity of this model. METHOD Forty-five male Lister hooded rats were housed in groups of 3-4 (n = 16) or singly (n = 29) for 4 weeks immediately after weaning on postnatal day (PND) 22-24. On PND 51, novel cage-induced locomotor activity (LMA) was assessed to subdivide rats into groups balanced for behavioural response. On PNDs 58, 59, 65 and 72, rats received either vehicle (1 ml/kg; i.p.) or risperidone (0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) 30 min prior to testing in LMA, novel object discrimination (NOD), prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle and conditioned emotional response (CER) learning paradigms, respectively. RESULTS Isolation rearing had no effect on PPI, but produced LMA hyperactivity and impaired NOD and CER compared to group-housed controls. Risperidone caused a dose-dependent reduction in LMA, irrespective of rearing condition, but selectively reversed the NOD deficit in isolation-reared rats. Risperidone did not reverse the isolation rearing-induced CER deficit. CONCLUSIONS Similar to its clinical profile, risperidone only partially reverses the schizophrenic symptomology; since it reversed some, but not all, of the learning and memory deficits induced by post-weaning isolation, the isolation rearing model may be useful to predict antipsychotic activity of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L McIntosh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Zamberletti E, Piscitelli F, Cadeddu F, Rubino T, Fratta W, Fadda P, Di Marzo V, Parolaro D. Chronic blockade of CB(1) receptors reverses startle gating deficits and associated neurochemical alterations in rats reared in isolation. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1652-64. [PMID: 22762735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring the endocannabinoid system functionality have been proposed as potential tools in the treatment of schizophrenia. Based on our previous results suggesting a potential antipsychotic-like profile of the CB(1) receptor inverse agonist/antagonist, AM251, here we further investigated the effect of chronic AM251 administration on the alteration of the sensorimotor gating functions and endocannabinoid levels induced by isolation rearing in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using the post-weaning social isolation rearing model, we studied its influence on sensorimotor gating functions through the PPI paradigm. The presence of alterations in the endocannabinoid levels as well as in dopamine and glutamate receptor densities was explored in specific brain regions following isolation rearing. The effect of chronic AM251 administration on PPI response and the associated biochemical alterations was assessed. KEY RESULTS The disrupted PPI response in isolation-reared rats was paralleled by significant alterations in 2-AG content and dopamine and glutamate receptor densities in specific brain regions. Chronic AM251 completely restored normal PPI response in isolated rats. This behavioural recovery was paralleled by the normalization of 2-AG levels in all the brain areas analysed. Furthermore, AM251 partially antagonized isolation-induced changes in dopamine and glutamate receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate the efficacy of chronic AM251 treatment in the recovery of isolation-induced disruption of PPI. Moreover, AM251 counteracted the imbalances in the endocannabinoid content, specifically 2-AG levels, and partially reversed the alterations in dopamine and glutamate systems associated with the disrupted behaviour. Together, these findings support the potential antipsychotic-like activity of CB(1) receptor blockade. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zamberletti
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Biomedical Division and Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
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Wei B, Tai F, Liu X, Ma L, Yang X, Jia R, Zhang X. Neonatal tactile stimulation alleviates the negative effects of neonatal isolation on novel object recognition, sociability and neuroendocrine levels in male adult mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus). Physiol Behav 2013; 112-113:14-22. [PMID: 23438372 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal isolation results in long-lasting negative alterations to the brain and behavior. Some of these changes include effects on non-spatial learning and memory, sociability and neuroendocrine levels. Theoretically, neonatal tactile stimulation should reverse the impacts of neonatal isolation; however, this remains unknown for changes relating to learning, memory, sociability and hormones in social animals. Using socially monogamous mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus), the long-lasting effects of these early manipulations on anxiety-like behavior, novel object recognition, sociability, and neuroendocrine levels were investigated. Compared with neonatal-isolated males, males subjected to the same manipulation but accompanied with tactile stimulation had heavier body weights across PND4-18 and displayed significantly less anxiety-like behavior in an open field test. In addition, tactile stimulation increased the preference index for novel object recognition reduced by neonatal isolation. Compared with control males, neonatal-isolated males engaged in less body contact with unfamiliar same-sex individuals and this effect was reversed by neonatal tactile stimulation. Tactile stimulation enhanced aggressive behavior in neonatal-isolated males and increased the levels of AVP and OT in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which were decreased by neonatal isolation. This early manipulation also reduced serum CORT levels that were significantly up-regulated by neonatal isolation in both neonatal and adult offspring. These results indicate that adequate tactile stimulation in early life plays an important role in the prevention of behavioral disturbances induced by neonatal isolation, possibly through the alteration of central OT, AVP and the serum corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
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Trabace L, Zotti M, Colaianna M, Morgese MG, Schiavone S, Tucci P, Harvey BH, Wegener G, Cuomo V. Neurochemical differences in two rat strains exposed to social isolation rearing. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:286-95. [PMID: 25286993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Isolation rearing of rats provides a non-pharmacological method of inducing behavioural changes in rodents that resemble schizophrenia or depression. Nevertheless, results are variable within different strains. We focused on neurochemical changes in several in vivo and post-mortem brain regions of Wistar (W) and Lister Hooded (LH) rats following post-weaning social separation.Methods: Experiments were conducted after 6–8 weeks of isolation. For post-mortem studies, prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), hippocampus (Hipp) and striatum (St) were collected by tissue dissection. In vivo experiments were conducted by microdialysis in the PFC. Analyses of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) levels and relative turnover were performed by using high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: We found significant strain-related differences in biogenic amine content. LH rats were characterised by markedly raised DA, along with its turnover reduction, in all the post-mortem brain regions examined as well as in microdialysis samples, while in W rats 5-HT tissue concentration was lower in PFC and St and higher in NAC and Hipp. Cortical extracellular 5-HT concentrations were increased in group housed and decreased in isolated W animals. Moreover, isolation increased DA concentrations in the PFC of LH rats, and decreased 5-HT in W rats in NAC and Hipp. Lately, 5-HT turnover was also affected by both strain and isolation conditions.Conclusions: This study suggests that W and LH rats have markedly different neurochemical profiles in response to isolation, resulting in altered monoamine levels that vary according to brain area and rat strain. These findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate rat strain when considering isolation rearing to model symptoms of schizophrenia and/or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Trabace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Unit for Drug Research and Development, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Lim AL, Taylor DA, Malone DT. A two-hit model: behavioural investigation of the effect of combined neonatal MK-801 administration and isolation rearing in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1252-64. [PMID: 22361477 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111430751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study combined two neurodevelopmental manipulations, neonatal MK-801 treatment and isolation rearing, to produce a 'two-hit' model and determine whether two hits induce a more robust behavioural phenotype of an animal model of aspects of schizophrenia compared with individual manipulations alone. The effect of clozapine was also assessed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 0.2 mg/kg MK-801 or saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily on postnatal days (PNDs) 7-10 and were assigned to group or isolation rearing at weaning (PND 21). From PND 77, they received a vehicle or 5 mg/kg clozapine (i.p.) treatment regimen and were subjected to three prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, a locomotor activity assessment and a novel object recognition task. MK-801-treated rats reared in isolation displayed robust PPI disruptions which were consistently manifested in all three tests. PPI deficits were also detected in saline-treated rats reared in isolation but not in all tests. Only the two-hit rats demonstrated hyperlocomotion and impaired object recognition memory. Clozapine restored PPI anomalies in the two-hit rats. The two-hit model showed greater psychotic-like effects than either neonatal MK-801 or isolation rearing alone. The preliminary predictive validity shown with clozapine suggests this model may be useful for predicting the efficacy of putative antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Li Lim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Wischhof L, Aho HE, Koch M. DOI-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition in Wistar rats are reversed by mGlu2/3 receptor stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kołomańska P, Wyszogrodzka E, Rok-Bujko P, Krząścik P, Kostowski W, Zaniewska M, Filip M, Roman S. Neonatal serotonin (5-HT) depletion does not disrupt prepulse inhibition of the startle response in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:1077-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fabricius K, Helboe L, Fink-Jensen A, Wörtwein G, Steiniger-Brach B. Pharmacological characterization of social isolation-induced hyperactivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:257-66. [PMID: 21193984 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social isolation (SI) of rats directly after weaning is a non-pharmacological, non-lesion animal model based on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. The model causes several neurobiological and behavioral alterations consistent with observations in schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we evaluated if isolated rats display both a pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) deficit and hyperactivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of SI hyperactivity to antipsychotic was evaluated. METHODS Rats were socially isolated or group-housed for 12 weeks starting on postnatal day 25. In one batch of animals, the PPI and hyperactivity response were repeatedly compared. Furthermore, we investigated the robustness of the SI-induced hyperactivity by testing close to 50 batches of socially isolated or group-housed rats and tested the sensitivity of the assay to first- and second-generation antipsychotics, haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone, as well as the group II selective metabotrobic glutamate receptor agonist (LY404039). RESULTS Socially isolated rats showed a minor PPI deficit and a robust increase in hyperactivity compared with controls. Furthermore, SI-induced hyperactivity was selectively reversed by all antipsychotics, as well as the potential new antipsychotic, LY404039. CONCLUSION SI-induced hyperactivity was more pronounced and robust, as compared with SI-induced PPI deficits. Furthermore, SI-induced hyperactivity might be predictive for antipsychotic efficacy, as current treatment was effective in the model. Finally, using LY404039, a compound in development against schizophrenia, we have shown that the hyperactivity assay is sensitive to potential novel mechanisms of action. Thus, SI-induced hyperactivity might be a robust and novel in vivo screening assay of antipsychotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Fabricius
- Department of Synaptic Transmission2, H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
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Influence of social isolation in the rat on serotonergic function and memory--relevance to models of schizophrenia and the role of 5-HT₆ receptors. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:400-7. [PMID: 21414329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the importance that early environmental factors have on brain development and their role in the neurobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia. The isolation reared rat attempts to model adverse effects that human social isolation (absence of social contact) can have on normal brain development. The isolation reared rat also models aspects of schizophrenia including the development of persistent learning and memory deficits. This short review concentrates on the effects of isolation rearing on cognition, including deficits in novel object discrimination, and the neural mechanisms that may underlie this impairment. There is evidence that a key effect of social isolation may be loss of neuronal plasticity combined with change in the functional state of various cortical and hippocampal neurotransmitters, including glutamate and serotonin. Reduced glutamate function may underlie the deficits in novel object discrimination, which can be reversed by administration of a 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist. This suggests that the 5-HT(6) antagonists may act by reducing 5-HT(6) receptor mediated activation of GABA, resulting in glutamate disinhibition. Thus drugs acting at 5-HT(6) receptors may offer a novel approach to treat neurodevelopmental cognitive symptoms, including those seen in schizophrenia.
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Lim AL, Taylor DA, Malone DT. Isolation rearing in rats: effect on expression of synaptic, myelin and GABA-related immunoreactivity and its utility for drug screening via the subchronic parenteral route. Brain Res 2011; 1381:52-65. [PMID: 21241674 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depriving weaned rats of social contact by rearing them in isolation brings about a spectrum of behavioural and neuropathological changes in adulthood which resemble some of the characteristics observed in schizophrenia. Hence, isolation rearing provides a non-pharmacological means to induce in an animal model certain aspects of schizophrenia with a neurodevelopmental origin. We compared the prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity behaviours in group-reared and isolation-reared rats in the context of determining the robustness of any behavioural changes following a subchronic parenteral drug administration protocol. The expression of synaptic, myelin and GABA-related proteins was also assessed in the brains of these rats using semi-quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Compared to their group-reared counterparts, isolation-reared rats displayed disruption in prepulse inhibition which was lost after repeated testing and subchronic vehicle administration. However, isolation-reared rats showed open-field hyperlocomotion post-subchronic vehicle treatment compared to group-reared rats. Isolation rearing resulted in reduced expression of synaptophysin, synapsin I, myelin basic protein and GABA(B1) receptor proteins, along with an increase in 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. Of the brain areas examined these observed changes were localised to the hippocampal regions and the substantia nigra. These results suggest an alteration in the synaptic, myelin and GABA-related functions in the brains of isolation-reared rats that displayed behavioural anomalies. Since dysfunction in these systems has also been implicated in schizophrenia, our findings provide additional evidence to support the use of isolation rearing for schizophrenia research; however, its use in the screening of putative antipsychotics following subchronic administration needs to be undertaken warily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Li Lim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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Differential Effect of the Dopamine D3 Agonist (±)-7-Hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino) Tetralin (7-OH-DPAT) on Motor Activity between Adult Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats after a Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus Lesion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 2011:648960. [PMID: 25954521 PMCID: PMC4412050 DOI: 10.1155/2011/648960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (nVHL) has been widely used as an animal model for schizophrenia. Rats with an nVHL show several delayed behavioral alterations that mimic some symptoms of schizophrenia. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with an nVHL have a decrease in D3 receptors in limbic areas, but the expression of D3 receptors in Wistar (W) rats with an nVHL is unknown. The 7-Hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino) tetralin (7-OH-DPAT) has been reported as a D3-preferring agonist. Thus, we investigated the effect of (±)-7-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg) on the motor activity in male adult W and SD rats after an nVHL. The 7-OH-DPAT caused a decrease in locomotion of W rats with an nVHL, but it did not change the locomotion of SD rats with this lesion. Our results suggest that the differential effect of 7-OH-DPAT between W and SD rats with an nVHL could be caused by a different expression of the D3 receptors. These results may have implications for modeling interactions of genetic and environmental factors involved in schizophrenia.
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Prolonged Social Isolation and Social Instability in Adolescence in Rats: Immediate and Long-Term Physiological and Behavioral Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-010-9352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wilson C, Terry AV. Neurodevelopmental animal models of schizophrenia: role in novel drug discovery and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:124-37. [PMID: 20643635 DOI: 10.3371/csrp.4.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness that is associated with a lifetime of disability. For patients to successfully function in society, the amelioration of disease symptoms is imperative. The recently published results of two large antipsychotic clinical trials (e.g., CATIE, CUtLASS) clearly exemplified the limitations of currently available treatment options for schizophrenia, and further highlighted the critical need for novel drug discovery and development in this field. One of the biggest challenges in schizophrenia-related drug discovery is to find an appropriate animal model of the illness so that novel hypotheses can be tested at the basic science level. A number of pharmacological, genetic, and neurodevelopmental models have been introduced; however, none of these models has been rigorously evaluated for translational relevance or to satisfy requirements of "face," "construct" and "predictive" validity. Given the apparent polygenic nature of schizophrenia and the limited translational significance of pharmacological models, neurodevelopmental models may offer the best chance of success. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the various neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia that have been introduced to date, and to summarize their behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes that may be useful from a drug discovery and development standpoint. While it may be that, in the final analysis, no single animal model will satisfy all the requirements necessary for drug discovery purposes, several of the models may be useful for modeling various phenomenological and pathophysiological components of schizophrenia that could be targeted independently with separate molecules or multi-target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
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Fabricius K, Helboe L, Fink-Jensen A, Wörtwein G, Steiniger-Brach B, Sotty F. Increased dopaminergic activity in socially isolated rats: An electrophysiological study. Neurosci Lett 2010; 482:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Post weaning social isolation influences spatial cognition, prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity and hippocampal potassium ion channels in Wistar rats. Neuroscience 2010; 169:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Stereological brain volume changes in post-weaned socially isolated rats. Brain Res 2010; 1345:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Involvement of α-MSH in the social isolation induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rat. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pešić V, Popić J, Milanović D, Lončarević-Vasiljković N, Rakić L, Kanazir S, Ruždijić S. The effect of MK-801 on motor activity and c-Fos protein expression in the brain of adolescent Wistar rats. Brain Res 2010; 1321:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Toua C, Brand L, Möller M, Emsley R, Harvey B. The effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on isolation rearing induced changes in frontal cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate and D1 receptor binding in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 165:492-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Ryu V, Yoo SB, Kang DW, Lee JH, Jahng JW. Post-weaning isolation promotes food intake and body weight gain in rats that experienced neonatal maternal separation. Brain Res 2009; 1295:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Moore TM, Brown T, Cade M, Eells JB. Alterations in amphetamine-stimulated dopamine overflow due to the Nurr1-null heterozygous genotype and postweaning isolation. Synapse 2008; 62:764-74. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease syndrome with major public health implications. The primary advance in pharmacotherapeutics was in 1952 with the introduction of antipsychotic medications (ie, chlorpromazine, dopamine D2 antagonism). Barriers to progress have been substantial, but many will be subject to rapid change based on current knowledge. There are attractive psychopathology indications for drug discovery (eg, impaired cognition and negative symptoms), and drugs with efficacy in these domains may have application across a number of disease classes. These pathologies are observed prior to psychosis raising the possibility of very early intervention and secondary prevention. Success in drug discovery for cognition and negative symptom pathologies may bring forth issues in ethics as the potential for enhancing normal function is explored.
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