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Nolin SA, Cowart H, Merritt S, McInerney K, Bharadwaj PK, Franchetti MK, Raichlen DA, Jessup CJ, Hishaw GA, Van Etten EJ, Trouard TP, Geldmacher DS, Wadley VG, Porges ES, Woods AJ, Cohen RA, Levin BE, Rundek T, Alexander GE, Visscher KM. Validity of the NIH toolbox cognitive battery in a healthy oldest-old 85+ sample. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:605-614. [PMID: 36239453 PMCID: PMC11172394 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the construct validity of the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIH TB-CB) in the healthy oldest-old (85+ years old). METHOD Our sample from the McKnight Brain Aging Registry consists of 179 individuals, 85 to 99 years of age, screened for memory, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Using previous research methods on a sample of 85 + y/o adults, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses on models of NIH TB-CB and same domain standard neuropsychological measures. We hypothesized the five-factor model (Reading, Vocabulary, Memory, Working Memory, and Executive/Speed) would have the best fit, consistent with younger populations. We assessed confirmatory and discriminant validity. We also evaluated demographic and computer use predictors of NIH TB-CB composite scores. RESULTS Findings suggest the six-factor model (Vocabulary, Reading, Memory, Working Memory, Executive, and Speed) had a better fit than alternative models. NIH TB-CB tests had good convergent and discriminant validity, though tests in the executive functioning domain had high inter-correlations with other cognitive domains. Computer use was strongly associated with higher NIH TB-CB overall and fluid cognition composite scores. CONCLUSION The NIH TB-CB is a valid assessment for the oldest-old samples, with relatively weak validity in the domain of executive functioning. Computer use's impact on composite scores could be due to the executive demands of learning to use a tablet. Strong relationships of executive function with other cognitive domains could be due to cognitive dedifferentiation. Overall, the NIH TB-CB could be useful for testing cognition in the oldest-old and the impact of aging on cognition in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Nolin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah Cowart
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacy Merritt
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katalina McInerney
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P K Bharadwaj
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Cortney J Jessup
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - G Alex Hishaw
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David S Geldmacher
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia G Wadley
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric S Porges
- University of Florida, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- University of Florida, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ron A Cohen
- University of Florida, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie E Levin
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- University of Arizona, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kristina M Visscher
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Emrani S, Lamar M, Price C, Baliga S, Wasserman V, Matusz EF, Saunders J, Gietka V, Strate J, Swenson R, Baliga G, Libon DJ. Neurocognitive Constructs Underlying Executive Control in Statistically-Determined Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:5-16. [PMID: 34219736 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The model of executive attention proposes that temporal organization, i.e., the time necessary to bring novel tasks to fruition is an important construct that modulates executive control. Subordinate to temporal organization are the constructs of working memory, preparatory set, and inhibitory control. OBJECTIVE The current research operationally-defined the constructs underlying the theory of executive attention using intra-component latencies (i.e., reaction times) from a 5-span backward digit test from patients with suspected mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS An iPad-version of the Backward Digit Span Test (BDT) was administered to memory clinic patients. Patients with (n = 22) and without (n = 36) MCI were classified. Outcome variables included intra-component latencies for all correct 5-span serial order responses. RESULTS Average total time did not differ. A significant 2-group by 5-serial order latency interaction revealed the existence of distinct time epochs. Non-MCI patients produced slower latencies on initial (position 2-working memory/preparatory set) and latter (position 4-inhibitory control) correct serial order responses. By contrast, patients with MCI produced a slower latency for middle serial order responses (i.e., position 3-preparatory set). No group differences were obtained for incorrect 5-span test trials. CONCLUSION The analysis of 5-span BDT serial order latencies found distinct epochs regarding how time was allocated in the context of successful test performance. Intra-component latencies obtained from tests assessing mental re-ordering may constitute useful neurocognitive biomarkers for emergent neurodegenerative illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheina Emrani
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Price
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Satya Baliga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Emily F Matusz
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Vaughn Gietka
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - James Strate
- Department of Computer Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Rod Swenson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at the University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Ganesh Baliga
- Department of Computer Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - David J Libon
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.,New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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3
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Zammit AR, Bennett DA, Hall CB, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Muniz-Terrera G. A Latent Transition Analysis Model to Assess Change in Cognitive States over Three Occasions: Results from the Rush Memory and Aging Project. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1063-1073. [PMID: 31884467 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conceptualizing cognitive aging as a step-sequential process is useful in identifying particular stages of cognitive function and impairment. OBJECTIVE We applied latent transition analysis (LTA) to determine 1) whether the underlying structure of cognitive profiles found at every measurement occasion are uniform across three waves of assessment, 2) whether class-instability is predictive of distal outcomes, and 3) whether class-reversions from impaired to non-impaired using latent modelling is lower than when using clinical criteria of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS A mover-stayer LTA model with dementia as a distal outcome was specified to model transitions of ten neuropsychological measures over three annual waves in the Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 1,661). The predictive validity of the mover-stayer status for incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) was then assessed. RESULTS We identified a five-class model across the three time-points: Mixed-Domain Impairment, Memory-Specific Impairment, Frontal Impairment, Average, and Superior Cognition. None of the individuals in the Impairment classes reverted to the Average or Superior classes. Conventional MCI classification identified 26.4% and 14.1% at Times 1 and 2 as false-positive cases. "Movers" had 87% increased risk of developing dementia compared to those classified as "Stayers". CONCLUSION Our findings support the use of latent variable modelling that incorporates comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to identify and classify cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Mindy J Katz
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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4
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Buczyłowska D, Petermann F, Daseking M. Executive functions and intelligence from the CHC theory perspective: Investigating the correspondence between the WAIS-IV and the NAB Executive Functions Module. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:240-250. [PMID: 31893471 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1705250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substantial overlap between executive functions (EFs) and intelligence has been reported. Yet further research is required with respect to how the specific components of the two constructs are interrelated. The present study was aimed at exploring the relationship between EFs and intelligence by examining the latent structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and the Executive Functions Module from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). The aim was also to test the correspondence of the two measures to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. 205 healthy participants, aged 18-89 years, were administered the NAB and WAIS-IV. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to explore the latent constructs underlying the two test batteries. Models based on the current WAIS-IV index structure showed worse model fit than models based on the CHC theory. In particular, factors representing broad CHC abilities comprehension knowledge (Gc), fluid reasoning (Gf), visual processing (Gv), processing speed (Gs), and working memory capacity (Gwm) proved model fit improvement. The best model fit, however, provided a five-factor model combining the Gf and Gwm abilities into one factor and additionally including a retrieval fluency (Gr) factor. The results demonstrate strong relationships between the WAIS-IV and the NAB Executive Functions Module and suggest substantial overlap between EFs and intelligence within the CHC framework. Nevertheless, according to the recent update of the CHC theory, the NAB fluency tasks may represent a distinct EF factor comprising Gr abilities independent from the WAIS-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Buczyłowska
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Franz Petermann
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Monika Daseking
- Department of Educational Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Buczylowska D, Daseking M, Petermann F. Age-related differences in the predictive ability of executive functions for intelligence. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Executive Functions Module of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) were used to investigate age-related differences in the predictability of intelligence with executive functions. The NAB subtests age and sex better predicted the WAIS-IV index scales and the Full Scale IQ in the older than in the younger age group, with total variance explained up to 75 % in 60- to 88-year-olds and up to 46 % in 18- to 59-year-olds. The NAB subtests Categories and Word Generation were most frequently included, whereas Letter Fluency was least frequently included in the best-fitting models of WAIS-IV prediction. Mazes predicted better in the younger age group, whereas Judgment predicted better in the older age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Buczylowska
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen, Germany
| | - Monika Daseking
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen, Germany
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen, Germany
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Culbertson WC, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Stern MB, Weintraub D. Assessing the Executive Function Deficits of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Assessment 2016; 11:27-39. [PMID: 14994951 DOI: 10.1177/1073191103258590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the utility of the Tower of London-Drexel (TOLDX ) in assessing the executive deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We sought to determine whether the TOLDX would differentiate between (a) patients with PD and healthy control participants (HCP), (b) demented and nondemented patients, and (c) depressed and nondepressed patients. A new TOLDX score, stimulus bound, was introduced to assess utilization behaviors. Furthermore, the convergent and divergent validity of the TOLDX was examined. The TOLDX total move, rule and time violation, and stimulus-bound scores of patients with PD significantly differed from the HCP. Demented and nondemented patients also differed significantly in their TODX performance, with the stimulus-bound score being the most significantly differentiating score. However, the depressed and nondepressed patients did not differ in their TOLDX performance. Support was found for the convergent and divergent validity of the TOLDX. The clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
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7
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Levy BR, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, Troncoso J, Resnick SM. A culture-brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Psychol Aging 2016; 31:82-8. [PMID: 26641877 PMCID: PMC4853823 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although negative age stereotypes have been found to predict adverse outcomes among older individuals, it was unknown whether the influence of stereotypes extends to brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. To consider this possibility, we drew on dementia-free participants, in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, whose age stereotypes were assessed decades before yearly magnetic resonance images and brain autopsies were performed. Those holding more-negative age stereotypes earlier in life had significantly steeper hippocampal-volume loss and significantly greater accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, adjusting for relevant covariates. These findings suggest a new pathway to identifying mechanisms and potential interventions related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca R Levy
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, School of Public Health, Yale University
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging
| | - Martin D Slade
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical School
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging
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Neurocognitive Recovery After Hospital-Treated Deliberate Self-Poisoning With Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:672-80. [PMID: 26485340 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) by central nervous system depressant drugs (CNS-D) has been associated with impairments in cognitive and psychomotor functions at the time of discharge. We aimed to replicate this finding and to compare recovery in the first month after discharge for CNS-D and CNS nondepressant drug ingestions. We also examined a series of multivariate explanatory models of recovery of neurocognitive outcomes over time. The CNS-D group was impaired at discharge compared with the CNS-nondepressant group in cognitive flexibility, cognitive efficiency, and working memory. There were no significant differences at discharge in visual attention, processing speed, visuomotor speed, or inhibition speed. Both groups improved in the latter measures over 1 month of follow-up. However, the CNS-D group's recovery was significantly slower for key neurocognitive domains underlying driving in complex traffic situations, namely, cognitive flexibility, cognitive efficiency, and working memory. Patients discharged after DSP with CNS-D drugs have impairments of some critical cognitive functions that may require up to 1 month to recover. Although more pre- than post-DSP variables were retained as explanatory models of neurocognitive performance overall, recovery over time could not be explained by any one of the measured covariates. Tests of cognitive flexibility could be used in clinical settings as a proxy measure for recovery of driving ability. Regulatory authorities should also consider the implications of these results for the period of nondriving advised after ingestion of CNS-D in overdose. Future research, with adequate sample size, should examine contributions of other variables to the pattern of recovery over time.
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9
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Learmonth G, Thut G, Benwell CSY, Harvey M. The implications of state-dependent tDCS effects in aging: Behavioural response is determined by baseline performance. Neuropsychologia 2015; 74:108-19. [PMID: 25637226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Young adults typically display a processing advantage towards the left side of space ("pseudoneglect"), possibly as a result of right parietal dominance for spatial attention. This bias is ameliorated with age, with older adults displaying either no strongly lateralised bias, or a slight bias towards the right. This may represent an age-related reduction of right hemispheric dominance and/or increased left hemispheric involvement. Here, we applied anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) to the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC; R-atDCS), the left PPC (L-atDCS) and a Sham protocol in young and older adults during a titrated lateralised visual detection task. We aimed to facilitate visual detection sensitivity in the contralateral visual field with both R-atDCS and L-atDCS relative to Sham. We found no differences in the effects of stimulation between young and older adults. Instead the effects of atDCS were state-dependent (i.e. related to task performance at baseline). Relative to Sham, poor task performers were impaired in both visual fields by anodal stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Conversely, good performers maintained sensitivity in both visual fields in response to R-atDCS, although this effect was small. We highlight the importance of considering baseline task ability when designing tDCS experiments, particularly in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Learmonth
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK; School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Christopher S Y Benwell
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK; School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Monika Harvey
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
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Szczesniak D, Wojtynska R, Rymaszewska J. Test Your Memory (TYM) as a screening instrument in clinical practice - the Polish validation study. Aging Ment Health 2014; 17:863-8. [PMID: 23557247 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2013.784957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Test Your Memory (TYM) test is a short, self-administered screening cognitive instrument designed for the detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study was aimed to examine the Polish version of TYM as a screening instrument in Polish clinical practice. METHOD In this study 199 patients were assessed whereas 131 patients with AD and mild cognitive impairments (MCI) and 94 healthy control subjects took part in the final analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of the TYM test were evaluated among the AD group and healthy control group. The TYM test was compared to other neuropsychological tests, such as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), DemTect and Verbal Fluency Test (FAS). RESULTS The average TYM score in healthy control group: 45.4, 40.9 in the MCI patients and 23.4 in AD patients. The Polish version of the TYM test showed good correlation with other neuropsychological instruments among AD patients. Participants aged ≥75 and those with primary education performed significantly worse in TYM. The TYM achieved the best differentiation between AD and the healthy control group for ≤39 cut-off with a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSION The Polish version of the TYM test is a useful instrument and may be seen as an alternative to the MMSE screening test in clinical practice in patients with dementia. However, the normative data suggested that the age and the level of education of the respondents should be considered as important factors affecting the interpretation of the final score.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Szczesniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Sylvain-Roy S, Lungu O, Belleville S. Normal Aging of the Attentional Control Functions That Underlie Working Memory. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 70:698-708. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zartman AL, Hilsabeck RC, Guarnaccia CA, Houtz A. The Pillbox Test: An Ecological Measure of Executive Functioning and Estimate of Medication Management Abilities. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:307-19. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Goh JO, An Y, Resnick SM. Differential trajectories of age-related changes in components of executive and memory processes. Psychol Aging 2012; 27:707-19. [PMID: 22201331 PMCID: PMC3439590 DOI: 10.1037/a0026715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated age-related declines in general executive function and memory. In this study, we examined cross-sectional and longitudinal age effects in more specific cognitive processes that constitute executive function and memory. We postulated that, whereas some components of executive and memory functions would show age differences and longitudinal declines, other specific abilities would be maintained or even improve with repeated testing. In a sample of individuals ≥55 years old from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we found longitudinal declines in inhibition, manipulation, semantic retrieval, phonological retrieval, switching, and long-term memory over a maximum of 14 years follow-up. In contrast, abstraction, capacity, chunking, discrimination, and short-term memory were maintained or even improved longitudinally, probably due in part to repeated testing. Moreover, whereas several different abilities were correlated across participants' cross-sectional performance, longitudinal changes in performance showed more heterogeneous trajectories. Finally, compared with cross-sectional performance, longitudinal trajectories showed better distinction between participants with and those without later cognitive impairment. These results show that longitudinal cognitive aging of executive and memory functions is not a uniform process but a heterogeneous one and suggest that certain executive and memory functions remain stable despite age-related declines in other component processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Goh
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Project, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, Ferrucci L. Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 67:432-6. [PMID: 22056832 PMCID: PMC3391075 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies showed that negative self-stereotypes detrimentally affect the cognitive performance of marginalized group members; however, these findings were confined to short-term experiments. In the present study, we considered whether stereotypes predicted memory over time, which had not been previously examined. We also considered whether self-relevance increased the influence of stereotypes on memory over time. METHOD Multiple waves of memory performance were analyzed using individual growth models. The sample consisted of 395 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. RESULTS Those with more negative age stereotypes demonstrated significantly worse memory performance over 38 years than those with less negative age stereotypes, after adjusting for relevant covariates. The decline in memory performance for those aged 60 and above was 30.2% greater for the more negative age stereotype group than for the less negative age stereotype group. Also, the impact of age stereotypes on memory was significantly greater among those for whom the age stereotypes were self-relevant. DISCUSSION This study shows that the adverse influence of negative self-stereotypes on cognitive performance is not limited to a short-term laboratory effect. Rather, the findings demonstrate, for the first time, that stereotypes also predict memory performance over an extended period in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca R Levy
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA.
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McDougall S, House B. Brain training in older adults: Evidence of transfer to memory span performance and pseudo-Matthew effects. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2012; 19:195-221. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.640656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Kitner-Triolo MH, Uda M, Schlessinger D, Zonderman AB. Personality traits prospectively predict verbal fluency in a lifespan sample. Psychol Aging 2011; 26:994-9. [PMID: 21707179 PMCID: PMC3222775 DOI: 10.1037/a0024276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a community-dwelling sample (N = 4,790; age range 14-94), we examined whether personality traits prospectively predicted performance on a verbal fluency task. Open, extraverted, and emotionally stable participants had better verbal fluency. At the facet level, dispositionally happy and self-disciplined participants retrieved more words; those prone to anxiety and depression and those who were deliberative retrieved fewer words. Education moderated the association between conscientiousness and fluency such that participants with lower education performed better on the fluency task if they were also conscientious. Age was not a moderator at the domain level, indicating that the personality-fluency associations were consistent across the life span. A disposition toward emotional vulnerability and being less open, less happy, and undisciplined may be detrimental to cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Davis AS, Pierson EE, Finch WH. A canonical correlation analysis of intelligence and executive functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:61-8. [PMID: 21390902 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2010.523392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning is one of the most researched and debated topics in neuropsychology. Although neuropsychologists routinely consider executive functioning and intelligence in their assessment process, more information is needed regarding the relationship between these constructs. This study reports the results of a canonical correlation study between the most widely used measure of adult intelligence, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS-III; Wechsler, 1997), and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS; Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001). The results suggest that, despite considerable shared variability, the measures of executive functioning maintain unique variance that is not encapsulated in the construct of global intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Davis
- Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA.
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Floyd RG, Bergeron R, Hamilton G, Parra GR. How do executive functions fit with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model? Some evidence from a joint factor analysis of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System and the Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Effects of age, gender, education and race on two tests of language ability in community-based older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21:1051-62. [PMID: 19586563 PMCID: PMC2783556 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610209990214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological tests, including tests of language ability, are frequently used to differentiate normal from pathological cognitive aging. However, language can be particularly difficult to assess in a standardized manner in cross-cultural studies and in patients from different educational and cultural backgrounds. This study examined the effects of age, gender, education and race on performance of two language tests: the animal fluency task (AFT) and the Indiana University Token Test (IUTT). We report population-based normative data on these tests from two combined ethnically divergent, cognitively normal, representative population samples of older adults. METHODS Participants aged > or =65 years from the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT) and from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging (ISHA) were selected based on (1) a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0; (2) non-missing baseline language test data; and (3) race self-reported as African-American or white. The combined sample (n = 1885) was 28.1% African-American. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to model the effects of demographic characteristics on test scores. RESULTS On both language tests, better performance was significantly associated with higher education, younger age, and white race. On the IUTT, better performance was also associated with female gender. We found no significant interactions between age and sex, and between race and education. CONCLUSIONS Age and education are more potent variables than are race and gender influencing performance on these language tests. Demographically stratified normative tables for these measures can be used to guide test interpretation and aid clinical diagnosis of impaired cognition.
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Caron JE, Krull KR, Hockenberry M, Jain N, Kaemingk K, Moore IM. Oxidative stress and executive function in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:551-6. [PMID: 19499584 PMCID: PMC3928629 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive sequelae following treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been reported in a significant proportion of survivors, including those treated only with chemotherapy. Early identification of children "at risk" for neurocognitive problems is not yet reliable. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (e.g., oxidated phosphatidylcholine) in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) have been correlated with intensity of methotrexate (MTX) treatment, suggesting an association with acute central nervous system toxicity. PROCEDURE This study examined the association between oxidized CSF phospholipids and executive functions throughout chemotherapy. Measures of oxidative stress and executive functions were examined in 88 children newly diagnosed with ALL. The children were followed over 3 years with neurocognitive testing and parent ratings of executive functions. RESULTS Results demonstrated an association between increased oxidative stress following induction and consolidation and decreased executive function 2 years later. Younger age at diagnosis was associated with both an increase in oxidative stress and in executive dysfunction; younger age was associated with poorer ability to organize materials in one's environment (r(48) = 0.28, P < 0.05) and with greater oxidated phosphatidylcholine in CSF at the end of chemotherapy (r(48) = -0.27, P < 0.05). As such, younger age appears to be the most prominent moderator of neurocognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS These results link functional changes to CSF biomarkers and underscore the importance of monitoring cognitive development in young children treated for ALL. Children with less advanced central nervous system development may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- Department of Epidemiology & Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Neelam Jain
- Department of Epidemiology & Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Ida M. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
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Brandt J, Aretouli E, Neijstrom E, Samek J, Manning K, Albert MS, Bandeen-Roche K. Selectivity of executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology 2009; 23:607-18. [PMID: 19702414 PMCID: PMC2769993 DOI: 10.1037/a0015851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in executive cognition (EC) is now recognized as relatively common among older persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and may be predictive of the development of dementia. However, both MCI and executive functioning are broad and heterogeneous constructs. The present study sought to determine whether impairments in specific domains of EC are associated with specific subtypes of MCI. MCI patients (n = 124) were divided into 4 subgroups (amnestic vs. nonamnestic, and single- vs. multiple-domain) on the basis of their performance of widely used neuropsychological screening tests. These patients and 68 normal older persons were administered 18 clinical and experimental tests of executive function. Principal components analysis suggested 2 highly reliable EC components, planning/problem solving and working memory, and a less reliable 3rd component, judgment. Planning/problem solving and working memory, but not judgment, were impaired among the MCI patients. This was true even among those with "pure amnestic" MCI, the least impaired group overall. Multiple-domain MCI patients had more severe impairments in planning/problem solving and working memory than single-domain patients, leading to the supposition that they, not pure amnestic MCIs, are at highest risk of imminent dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7218, USA.
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Vakil E, Blachstein H, Sheinman M, Greenstein Y. Developmental changes in attention tests norms: implications for the structure of attention. Child Neuropsychol 2009; 15:21-39. [PMID: 18608225 DOI: 10.1080/09297040801947069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of attention is a key issue in the study of neuropsychological development. In this study we collected Hebrew norms for four frequently used attention tests (Trail Making, Digit-Symbol, Digit Span, and Digit Cancellation), analyzed the developmental sensitivity of each test and traced changes in attention across ages. The tests were administered to 809 boys and girls ranging in age from 8 to 17, divided into 10 age cohorts. The results indicate that, although all tests showed age effects, Digit-Symbol and Digit Cancellation tests were most developmentally sensitive. Another interesting finding was that younger age groups (8-11) are more dissociable by attention tests than older age groups (12-17), indicating that changes in attention are more pronounced in the early years and stabilize in later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology, Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Machado TH, Fichman HC, Santos EL, Carvalho VA, Fialho PP, Koenig AM, Fernandes CS, Lourenço RA, Paradela EMDP, Caramelli P. Normative data for healthy elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency task - FAS. Dement Neuropsychol 2009; 3:55-60. [PMID: 29213611 PMCID: PMC5619033 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642009dn30100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonemic verbal fluency tests assess the production of words beginning with specific letters. Of these letters, the most frequently used are F, A and S. It is a sensitive test for assessing frontal lobe functions. Objective To provide normative data for the elderly Brazilian population on the FAS test and to investigate the effects of age and schooling on test performance. Methods The individuals were divided into three age groups (60-69, 70-79 and =80 years), and into four groups according to education (1-3, 4-7, 8-11 and 12 years). All subjects were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination and the FAS. Data were analyzed with Student's t test, ANOVA, simple linear regression and Spearman's correlation. Results We evaluated 345 cognitively healthy volunteers, 66.66% being female, aged 60 to 93 years, with an educational level ranging from one to 24 years. The average (number of items) ±SD for the whole sample was 28.28±11.53. No significant effect of gender was observed (p=0.5). Performance on the MMSE and education exerted a direct influence on FAS scores (p<0.001), with education being the most significant factor. A positive correlation was found between FAS and the MMSE (r=0.404; p<0.001). Conclusion The performance of Brazilian elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency tests-FAS is significantly influenced by education, where individuals with higher educational level present better performance than those with fewer years of schooling. Age and gender did not prove significant with the FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Helena Machado
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helenice Charchat Fichman
- Departamento de Psicologia, Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Etelvina Lucas Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Viviane Amaral Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Paes Fialho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anne Marise Koenig
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Conceição Santos Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Envelhecimento Humano - GeronLab, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Alves Lourenço
- Disciplina de Geriatria, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Aranda C, Sundet K. The frontal hypothesis of cognitive aging: factor structure and age effects on four frontal tests among healthy individuals. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2007; 167:269-87. [PMID: 17278416 DOI: 10.3200/gntp.167.3.269-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With 101 healthy aging adult participants, the authors investigated whether executive functions are a unitary concept. The authors established the factor structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; E. A. Berg, 1948), the Stroop color and word test (C. J. Golden, 1978), verbal fluency using the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT; Benton, 1967), and the Digits Backwards subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; D. Wechsler, 1981). The authors also evaluated the extent to which age and other demographic variables predicted common underlying properties of these frontal tests. Results revealed an age-related decline in executive abilities differentially reflected by the selected tasks. These data suggest caution using the COWAT to evaluate executive abilities in older people. The authors interpret findings to support the unitary view of executive abilities and the executive decline proposed by the frontal hypothesis.
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Kirsch P, Lis S, Esslinger C, Gruppe H, Danos P, Broll J, Wiltink J, Gallhofer B. Brain activation during mental maze solving. Neuropsychobiology 2007; 54:51-8. [PMID: 16966840 DOI: 10.1159/000095742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND So-called Porteus mazes are used to investigate prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning in normal subjects and patients with different neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we present data confirming the involvement of the PFC for the first time by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To minimize motor-related activation, mental mazes were used. METHODS Mazes as well as pseudo-mazes without any bifurcations were presented to 49 healthy participants during fMRI scans. RESULTS Both, mazes as well as pseudo-mazes, activated a large network from visual to parietal regions, reflecting the dorsal stream of visual information processing. Mazes but not pseudo-mazes also activated bilateral areas of the PFC indicating their special role in decision processes. In addition, although no motor response was required during maze performance, both tasks activated subcortical and cortical motor areas. CONCLUSIONS These tasks are suitable for investigating and specifying PFC functioning and its impairment in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition, mental mazes might be a suitable task for the investigation of patients with motor disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirsch
- Centre for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Lamar M, Price CC, Libon DJ, Penney DL, Kaplan E, Grossman M, Heilman KM. Alterations in working memory as a function of leukoaraiosis in dementia. Neuropsychologia 2006; 45:245-54. [PMID: 16950457 PMCID: PMC2911013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia research suggests executive dysfunction is best understood within the context of disease-specific neuropathology. Leukoaraiosis (LA) results in executive dysfunction yet little is known about its impact on specific aspects of working memory (WM). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between MRI LA severity and WM in dementia. A visual rating scale was used to assign patients with dementia into groups with minimal-mild LA (Low LA; n=34) and moderate-severe LA (High LA; n=32). A modified Digit Span Backward Task consisting of 3-, 4-, and 5-span trials measured specific components of WM. Short-term storage and rehearsal in WM were assessed by the total number of digits reported regardless of recall order (ANY-ORDER; e.g., 47981 recalled '18943', score=4). Mental manipulation in the form of disengagement and temporal re-ordering was assessed by the total number of digits recalled in correct position (SERIAL-ORDER; e.g., 47981 recalled '18943', score=3). There was no difference between LA groups on ANY-ORDER comparisons. The High LA group obtained lower SERIAL-ORDER scores than the Low LA group. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted that first entered MMSE scores then composite z-scores reflecting executive functioning, language and memory. ANY-ORDER performance variance was explained solely by dementia severity. SERIAL-ORDER performance variance was further explained by executive dysfunction. Results suggest that high degrees of LA do not interfere with immediate (digit) recall but do interfere with disengagement and temporal re-ordering. LA may disconnect the frontal lobes from subcortical and cortical structures that form the neuronal networks critical for these WM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Department of Psychology, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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de Frias CM, Dixon RA, Strauss E. Structure of four executive functioning tests in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology 2006; 20:206-14. [PMID: 16594781 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined the factor structure of 4 indicators of executive functioning derived from 2 new (i.e., Hayling and Brixton) and 2 traditional (i.e., Stroop and Color Trails) tests. Data were from a cross-sectional sample of 55- to 85-year-old healthy adults (N=427) from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL 8.52) tested both a 2-factor model of Inhibition (Hayling, Stroop) and Shifting (Brixton, Color Trails) and a single-factor model. The 2-factor model did not fit the data because the covariance matrix of the factors was not positive definite. The single-factor model fit the data well, chi(2)(2, N=427)=0.32, p=.85, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.00, comparative fit index (CFI)=1.00, goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=1.00. Moreover, the single-factor structure of executive functioning was invariant (configural and metric) across gender, and invariant (configural with limited metric) across age. Structural relations showed that poorer executive functioning performance was related to older age and lower fluid intelligence, chi(2)(11, N=418)=23.04, p=.02, RMSEA=.05, CFI=.97, GFI=.98.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M de Frias
- Stockholm University and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Whitney P, Hinson JM, Jameson TL. From executive control to self-control: predicting problem drinking among college students. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Elias PK, Elias MF, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA. Serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study. Psychosom Med 2005; 67:24-30. [PMID: 15673620 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000151745.67285.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between total cholesterol (TC) and cognitive performance within the context of the Framingham Heart Study, a large, community-based, prospective investigation of cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Participants were 789 men and 1105 women from the Framingham Heart Study original cohort who were free of dementia and stroke and who received biennial TC determinations over a 16- to 18-year surveillance period. Cognitive tests were administered 4 to 6 years subsequent to the surveillance period and consisted of measures of learning, memory, attention/concentration, abstract reasoning, concept formation, and organizational abilities. Statistical models were adjusted for multiple demographic and biological covariates. RESULTS There was a significant positive linear association between TC and measures of verbal fluency, attention/concentration, abstract reasoning, and a composite score measuring multiple cognitive domains. Performance levels for three clinically defined groups were examined. Participants with "desirable" TC levels (<200 mg/dL) performed less well than participants with borderline-high TC levels (200-239 mg/dL) and participants with high TC levels (there exists 240 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS Lower naturally occurring TC levels are associated with poorer performance on cognitive measures, which place high demands on abstract reasoning, attention/concentration, word fluency, and executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope K Elias
- Statistics and Consulting Unit, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Whitney P, Jameson T, Hinson JM. Impulsiveness and executive control of working memory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Elias MF, Robbins MA, Budge MM, Elias PK, Hermann BA, Dore GA. Studies of aging, hypertension and cognitive functioning: With contributions from the Maine-Syracuse study. RECENT ADVANCES IN PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(03)15004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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