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Carnide N, Landsman V, Lee H, Frone MR, Furlan AD, Smith PM. Workplace and non-workplace cannabis use and the risk of workplace injury: Findings from a longitudinal study of Canadian workers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2023; 114:947-955. [PMID: 37523062 PMCID: PMC10661545 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Findings of previous studies examining the relationship between cannabis use and workplace injury have been conflicting, likely due to methodological shortcomings, including cross-sectional designs and exposure measures that lack consideration for timing of use. The objective was to estimate the association between workplace cannabis use (before and/or at work) and non-workplace use and the risk of workplace injury. METHODS Canadian workers participating in a yearly longitudinal study (from 2018 to 2020) with at least two adjacent years of survey data comprised the analytic sample (n = 2745). The exposure was past-year workplace cannabis use (no past-year use, non-workplace use, workplace use). The outcome was past-year workplace injury (yes/no). Absolute risks and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated between workplace and non-workplace cannabis use at one time point and workplace injury at the following time point. Models were adjusted for personal and work variables and were also stratified by whether respondents' jobs were safety-sensitive. RESULTS Compared to no past-year cannabis use, there was no difference in workplace injury risk for non-workplace cannabis use (RR 1.09, 95%CI 0.83-1.44). However, workplace use was associated with an almost two-fold increased risk of experiencing a workplace injury (RR 1.97, 95%CI 1.32-2.93). Findings were similar for workers in safety-sensitive and non-safety-sensitive work. CONCLUSION It is important to distinguish between non-workplace and workplace use when considering workplace safety impacts of cannabis use. Findings have implications for workplace cannabis use policies and substantiate the need for worker education on the risks of workplace cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Carnide
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Victoria Landsman
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyunmi Lee
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R Frone
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrea D Furlan
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Smith
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Oesterle S, Bailey JA, Catalano RF, Epstein M, Evans-Whipp TJ, Toumbourou JW. Alcohol-Tolerant Workplace Environments Are a Risk Factor for Young Adult Alcohol Misuse on and off the Job in Australia and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6725. [PMID: 37754585 PMCID: PMC10530761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The workplace has been understudied as a setting for the prevention of young adult alcohol misuse. This study examined if alcohol-tolerant workplace environments are associated with greater risk for alcohol use and misuse on and off the job among young adults. Data were collected in 2014 from state-representative, sex-balanced samples (51% female) of 25-year-olds in Washington, U.S. (n = 751) and Victoria, Australia (n = 777). Logistic regressions indicated that availability of alcohol at work, absence of a written alcohol policy, and alcohol-tolerant workplace norms and attitudes were independently associated with a 1.5 to 3 times greater odds of on-the-job alcohol use or impairment. Alcohol-tolerant workplace norms were associated also with greater odds of high-risk drinking generally, independent of on-the-job alcohol use or impairment. Associations were mostly similar in Washington and Victoria, although young adults in Victoria perceived their workplaces to be more alcohol-tolerant and were more likely to use alcohol or be impaired at work and to misuse alcohol generally than young adults in Washington. Cross-nationally, workplace interventions that restrict the availability of alcohol, ban alcohol at work, and reduce alcohol-tolerant norms have the potential to prevent and reduce young adults' alcohol use and misuse on and off the job.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Oesterle
- Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 400 E. Van Buren St., Suite 801, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 Third Ave NE, Suite #401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; (J.A.B.)
| | - Richard F. Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 Third Ave NE, Suite #401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; (J.A.B.)
| | - Marina Epstein
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 Third Ave NE, Suite #401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; (J.A.B.)
| | - Tracy J. Evans-Whipp
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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3
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Sreya B, Lakshmana Rao A, Ramakrishnan G, Kulshretha N. Emerging work environments in the pandemic era: a gendered approach to work-life balance programs. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1120288. [PMID: 37143959 PMCID: PMC10151703 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the coronavirus pandemic affects virtually every sector of the economy, this ongoing review examines the effects of remote working on women's job performance-including hypotheses about serious activities and how they may balance work and family. In recent years, psychometric testing has become increasingly popular with organizations worldwide, and they are looking at this method to better understand how women achieve balance in their lives. The aim of this work is to investigate how different aspects of psychometrics and factors relating to work-life balance influence women's satisfaction levels. An exploratory factor assessment (EFA) and a confirmatory factor assessment (CFA) using a seven-point Likert scale were performed on data collected from 385 selected female IT workers whose satisfaction levels toward psychometric assessments in their organization were examined. The current study uses EFAs and CFAs to develop and identify the key factors in women's work-life balance. The results also showed that three significant variables accounted for 74% of the variance: 26% from work and family, 24% from personal factors, and 24% from loving their job.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Sreya
- SRM University, Amaravathi, India
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Morse AK, Askovic M, Sercombe J, Dean K, Fisher A, Marel C, Chatterton ML, Kay-Lambkin F, Barrett E, Sunderland M, Harvey L, Peach N, Teesson M, Mills KL. A systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of workplace-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of problematic substance use. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1051119. [PMID: 36419993 PMCID: PMC9676969 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Employee alcohol and other drug use can negatively impact the workplace, resulting in absenteeism, reduced productivity, high turnover, and worksite safety issues. As the workplace can influence employee substance use through environmental and cultural factors, it also presents a key opportunity to deliver interventions, particularly to employees who may not otherwise seek help. This is a systematic review of workplace-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of problematic substance use. Five databases were searched for efficacy, effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness studies and reviews published since 2010 that measured use of psychoactive substances (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, and stimulants) as a primary or secondary outcome, in employees aged over 18. Thirty-nine articles were identified, 28 describing primary research and 11 reviews, most of which focused solely on alcohol use. Heterogeneity between studies with respect to intervention and evaluation design limited the degree to which findings could be synthesized, however, there is some promising evidence for workplace-based universal health promotion interventions, targeted brief interventions, and universal substance use screening. The few studies that examined implementation in the workplace revealed specific barriers including lack of engagement with e-health interventions, heavy use and reluctance to seek help amongst male employees, and confidentiality concerns. Tailoring interventions to each workplace, and ease of implementation and employee engagement emerged as facilitators. Further high-quality research is needed to examine the effectiveness of workplace substance use testing, Employee Assistance Programs, and strategies targeting the use of substances other than alcohol in the workplace. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=227598, PROSPERO [CRD42021227598].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh K. Morse
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mina Askovic
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayden Sercombe
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Dean
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alana Fisher
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- eCentre Clinic, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Marel
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Logan Harvey
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Peach
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Mills
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Thørrisen MM, Skogen JC, Bonsaksen T, Skarpaas LS, Aas RW. Are workplace factors associated with employee alcohol use? The WIRUS cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064352. [PMID: 36229146 PMCID: PMC9562323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sociodemographic predictors of employee alcohol use are well established in the literature, but knowledge about associations between workplace factors and alcohol use is less explored. The aim of this study was to explore whether workplace factors were associated with employee alcohol use (consumption and alcohol-related problems). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Linear and binary logistic regression analyses. SETTING Heterogeneous sample of employees (workers and supervisors) from 22 companies across geographical locations and work divisions in Norway. PARTICIPANTS Employees (N=5388) responded on survey items measuring workplace factors and alcohol use. OUTCOMES Data on alcohol use were collected with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Consumption was measured with the AUDIT-C (the first three items), and alcohol-related problems were operationalised as a sum score of 8 or higher on the full 10-item AUDIT. RESULTS Higher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with more liberal workplace drinking social norms (b=1.37, p<0.001), working full-time (b=0.18, p<0.001), working from holiday home (b=0.40, p<0.01), being a supervisor (b=0.25, p<0.001), having supervisors with less desired leadership qualities (b=-0.10, p<0.01), shorter working hours (b=-0.03, p<0.05), higher workplace social support (b=0.13, p<0.05) and higher income (b=0.02, p<0.001). Alcohol-related problems were associated with more liberal workplace drinking social norms (OR=3.52, p<0.001) and shorter working hours (OR=0.94, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Workplace drinking social norms were the supremely most dominant predictor of both consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest that some workplace factors may play a role in explaining employee alcohol consumption, although the predictive ability of these factors was limited. This study points to the importance of drinking social norms, workplace drinking culture and leadership for understanding employee alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Magnus Thørrisen
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Alcohol & Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lisebet Skeie Skarpaas
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Wågø Aas
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Bell D, Hadjiefthyvoulou F. Alcohol and drug use among bartenders: An at risk population? J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 139:108762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Zheng XJ, Luo J, Zhao S. Are proactive employees proactive performers? the moderating role of supervisor-subordinate marital status similarity. The Journal of Social Psychology 2022:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.2025027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University
| | | | - Jin Luo
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Institute of Health Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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8
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Carnide N, Lee H, Frone MR, Furlan AD, Smith PM. Patterns and correlates of workplace and non-workplace cannabis use among Canadian workers before the legalization of non-medical cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108386. [PMID: 33213975 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information exists about cannabis use and its correlates among workers, particularly use before or at work, which may impact occupational safety. This study explores overall and workplace cannabis use patterns before legalization among Canadian workers and estimates the associations of personal and work-related characteristics with workplace and non-workplace cannabis use. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 1651 Canadian workers in June 2018. The primary outcome was past-year cannabis use pattern: use, including before/at work (past-year workplace use); use, but not before/at work (past-year non-workplace use); no past-year use (non-past-year use). The associations of personal (sociodemographic, health) and work-related factors with workplace and non-workplace cannabis use were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS A quarter of respondents reporting past-year cannabis use used cannabis before and/or at work. Respondents reporting workplace use were more likely to report more frequent cannabis use, use for medical or mixed purposes, and high THC cannabis use than workers reporting non-workplace use. Several personal factors were positively associated with workplace and non-workplace use (e.g., younger age, lower education). A safety-sensitive job, drug testing, supervisor role, less job visibility, lower perceived ability of supervisors to identify use/impairment, and less restrictive workplace smoking policies were positively associated with workplace use only. CONCLUSIONS A non-trivial proportion of workers reported workplace use, but the nature of this use is complex. Work-related factors addressing the likelihood of detection and being in a safety-sensitive job were associated with workplace use. Worker education on lower risk use appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Carnide
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S5, Canada.
| | - Hyunmi Lee
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S5, Canada
| | - Michael R Frone
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 204 Park Hall, North Campus, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, United States
| | - Andrea D Furlan
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S5, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, C. David Naylor Building, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, 3rd Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Peter M Smith
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S5, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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9
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Dubey C, Bakhshi P. Substance Abuse: Trends, Primary Care and Sustainable Transformation. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0972063419884398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increased consumption of drugs in India is alarming and literature reveals that there are many studies on substance abuse and on the current trends and factors responsible for its consumption across the globe but very few in the Indian context. Through this article, we intend to highlight the statistics of substance use in India in context of problem, causes, consequences, impact, intensity, solutions, measures taken and way forward. The study is useful to policy makers, common man and drug addicts. The study is based on compilation and analysis of secondary data collected from authentic sources. Through this study, we have made an attempt to cover A to Z of Substance abuse in India. Through this study, we found that the increased trend of Substance abuse is alarming and there is a severe need of interventions. The Narcotics department is seizing the drugs as and when they are getting the information but somehow the situation cannot be controlled only with the efforts of Narcotics department and the contribution of policy makers, parents, teachers, doctors, that is, of each and every one of us, is equally important to eradicate this evil from society and nation as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Dubey
- Associate Professor, Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences, Indore, India
| | - Priti Bakhshi
- Associate Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, Indore, India
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A study on the characteristics of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) of workers in one electronics company. Ann Occup Environ Med 2019; 31:e29. [PMID: 31737284 PMCID: PMC6850794 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated characteristics according to demographic, occupational factors of Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and related scales to MBI-GS. Methods The subjects of the study were 3,331 workers in 3 different workplaces of one electronics company. They filled in demographic factors surveys, occupational factors surveys, MBI-GS, Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). The correlations between sub-scales of MBI-GS and KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, WHOQOL-BREF were analyzed respectively. And KOSS-SF, PHQ-9, and WHOQOL-BREF were categorized; mean scores of sub-scales of MBI-GS were compared; and the quartiles of sub-scales of MBI-GS were presented. Results A comparison of mean scores of MBI-GS according to demographic and occupational factors showed a significant difference according to age, problem drinking behavior, working time, and working duration in exhaustion regardless of sex. In professional efficacy, a significant difference was observed in age, marital status, working type, and working duration. And as a result of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between exhaustion and PHQ-9 was the highest regardless of sex. In addition, regardless of sex, exhaustion and cynicism scores tended to increase and professional efficacy score tended to decrease as the work stress level rose. Same tendency is shown in case of the more severe the symptom of depression and the lower quality of life. When the quartile for sub-scales' score of MBI-GS were investigated, the burnout was more pronounced in female than in male. Conclusions Many demographic and occupational factors affect burnout were identified in one electronics company, and we investigated which sub-scales of MBI-GS were affected. Through this study, burnout characteristics were identified in a few population group of Korea, and the results are expected to be useful for burnout risk group identification, counseling, etc.
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Frone MR. Employee Psychoactive Substance Involvement: Historical Context, Key Findings, and Future Directions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humans have consumed psychoactive substances for millennia, and these substances have played an important role in human culture and human labor. This article investigates our current understanding of the general association between the workplace and employee involvement with psychoactive substances. I begin by briefly exploring the broad evolutionary and historical intersection of psychoactive substances, human culture, and human labor. I then outline the multidimensional nature of employee psychoactive substance involvement and look at its prevalence. Next, I summarize recent research on workplace antecedents, such as work stressors, substance availability, norms, and social control. I then summarize research on the adverse workplace outcomes experienced by employees who use psychoactive substances as well as the collateral effects of such use on coworkers. Throughout the article, I identify directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Frone
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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12
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Thørrisen MM, Skogen JC, Aas RW. The associations between employees' risky drinking and sociodemographics, and implications for intervention needs. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:735. [PMID: 29898703 PMCID: PMC6000943 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Harmful alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for ill-health on an individual level, a global public health challenge, and associated with workplace productivity loss. This study aimed to explore the proportion of risky drinkers in a sample of employees, investigate sociodemographic associations with risky drinking, and examine implications for intervention needs, according to recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods In a cross-sectional design, sociodemographic data were collected from Norwegian employees in 14 companies (n = 3571) across sectors and branches. Risky drinking was measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The threshold for risky drinking was set at ≥8 scores on the AUDIT. Based on WHO guidelines, risky drinkers were divided into three risk categories (moderate risk: scores 8–15, high risk: scores 16–19, and dependence likely risk: scores 20–40). The association between sociodemographic variables and risky drinking were explored with chi square tests for independence and adjusted logistic regression. The risk groups were then examined according to the WHO intervention recommendations. Results 11.0% of the total sample reported risky drinking. Risky drinking was associated with male gender (OR = 2.97, p < .001), younger age (OR = 1.03, p < .001), low education (OR = 1.17, p < .05), being unmarried (OR = 1.38, p < .05) and not having children (OR = 1.62, p < .05). Risky drinking was most common among males without children (33.5%), males living alone (31.4%) and males aged ≤39 (26.5%). 94.6% of risky drinkers scored within the lowest risk category. Based on WHO guidelines, approximately one out of ten employees need simple advice, targeting risky drinking. In high-risk groups, one out of three employees need interventions. Conclusions A considerable amount of employees (one to three out of ten), particularly young, unmarried males without children and higher education, may be characterised as risky drinkers. This group may benefit from low-cost interventions, based on recommendations from the WHO guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Magnus Thørrisen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Alcohol & Drug Research Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Randi Wågø Aas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs plass, NO-0130, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Presenter - Making Sense of Science, Stavanger, Norway
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanlaya Sawang
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Business School; QUT; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Business; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
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14
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Nauman S, Fatima T, Haq IU. Does Despotic Leadership Harm Employee Family Life: Exploring the Effects of Emotional Exhaustion and Anxiety. Front Psychol 2018; 9:601. [PMID: 29774000 PMCID: PMC5944266 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has not focused on the negative effects of despotic leadership on subordinates' life satisfaction and the interface between work and family. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources theory, this research investigates the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion through which despotic leadership transcends from the workplace to subordinates' personal lives, resulting in work-family conflict and decreased life satisfaction. The research also examines the moderating effect of subordinates' anxiety on the relationship of their perceptions of despotic leadership with work-family conflict and life satisfaction. Three waves of time-lagged data was collected from 224 book sellers who work in publishing houses. We used Hayes' PROCESS to test moderation and SEM to test mediation. The results of the study suggest that despotic leadership is related to work-family conflict via emotional exhaustion, but offer no support for its relationship with life satisfaction. As expected, when subordinates' anxiety increases, the positive relationship between a supervisor's despotism and his or her subordinates' work-family conflict and the negative relationship between despotic leadership and life satisfaction both strengthen. The results suggest that despotic leaders harm their subordinates' non-work lives, and these effects intensify when subordinates have high levels of anxiety. These findings have important implications for service organizations in mitigating the negative effects of despotic leadership by minimizing subordinates' anxiety through coping mechanisms and giving reward and incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Nauman
- Riphah School of Business & Management, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Fatima
- Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Inam Ul Haq
- Lahore Business School, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Davis NJ. Prefrontal electrical stimulation in non-depressed reduces levels of reported negative affects from daily stressors. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:63. [PMID: 28261075 PMCID: PMC5306201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in neuroscience and pharmacology have led to improvements in the cognitive performance of people with neurological disease and other forms of cognitive decline. These same methods may also afford cognitive enhancement in people of otherwise normal cognitive abilities. “Cosmetic”, or supranormal, cognitive enhancement offers opportunities to enrich our social or financial status, our interactions with others, and the common wealth of our community. It is common to focus on the potential benefits of cognitive enhancement, while being less than clear about the possible drawbacks. Here I examine the harms or side-effects associated with a range of cognitive enhancement interventions. I propose a taxonomy of harms in cognitive enhancement, with harms classified as (neuro)biological, ethical, or societal. Biological harms are those that directly affect the person’s biological functioning, such as when a drug affects a person’s mood or autonomic function. Ethical harms are those that touch on issues such as fairness and cheating, or on erosion of autonomy and coercion. Societal harms are harms that affect whole populations, and which are normally the province of governments, such as the use of enhancement in military contexts. This taxonomy of harms will help to focus the debate around the use and regulation of cognitive enhancement. In particular it will help to clarify the appropriate network of stakeholders who should take an interest in each potential harm, and in minimizing the impact of these harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Davis
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK
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Frone MR. Work Stress and Alcohol Use: Developing and Testing a Biphasic Self-Medication Model. WORK AND STRESS 2016; 30:374-394. [PMID: 28090129 DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2016.1252971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study developed and tested a moderated-mediation model of work stress and alcohol use, based on the biphasic (stimulant and sedative) effects of alcohol and the self-medication and stress-vulnerability models of alcohol use. The model proposes that exposure to work stressors can increase both negative affect and work fatigue, and that these two sources of strain can subsequently motivate the use of alcohol. However, the relations of negative affect and work fatigue to alcohol use are conditional on the joint moderating effects of alcohol outcome expectancies and gender. Data were collected from a national probability sample of 2,808 U.S. workers. Supporting the model, the results indicated that work stressor exposure was conditionally related via negative affect to heavy alcohol use among both men and women holding strong tension reduction alcohol expectancies and to after work alcohol use among men holding strong tension reduction alcohol expectancies. Also, work stressor exposure was conditionally related via work fatigue to both heavy alcohol use and workday alcohol use among men holding strong fatigue reduction alcohol expectancies. The results have application in the identification of individuals at higher risk of problematic alcohol use and are relevant to workplace safety and to the design of appropriate interventions.
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Abstract
Voluntary job separation, or quitting, occurs for a variety of reasons. Although it is often a positive move, it may also lead to periods of unemployment. Studies suggest that one factor that may be implicated in the likelihood of quitting is illicit drug use: Adult drug users may not only quit more frequently but also have a heightened probability of unemployment following a quit. Yet, prior research has not taken a sufficient longitudinal perspective, considered contemporary research on job mobility, nor examined gender differences. We assessed the association using longitudinal data on 8,512 individuals followed from 1984 to 1995. The results indicated that marijuana and cocaine use were associated with a higher probability of quitting. Moreover, marijuana use among males, but not females, was associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing periods of unemployment following a quit. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding gender-distinct patterns of drug use and occupational trajectories.
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Bennett JB, Patterson CR, Wiitala WL, Woo A. Social Risks for At-Risk Drinking in Young Workers: Application of Work-Life Border Theory. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260603600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated work-life risks uniquely associated with at-risk drinking for younger (aged 18 to 30) versus two samples of older workers (31 to 40, and 41 or older). Measures were selected according to theories of alcohol culture (e.g., drinking norms at work) and work-life conflict. Following “work-life border” theory (Clark, 2000), an exploratory model examined relationships of these measures with at-risk drinking (ARD) and job-related hangovers (JRH) across the three age groups within a large municipality (n=587) and a sample of small businesses (n=736). Survey results showed life-to-work conflict uniquely predicted ARD for younger workers. In small businesses, younger workers reporting JRH perceived the most permissive drinking norms. Findings suggest risks differ between the small business and municipal samples, and the importance of distinguishing ARD and JRH when assessing outcomes. Results are interpreted with border theory, and discussion focuses on suggestions for prevention programming for young workers.
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Núñez C, Ochoa S, Huerta-Ramos E, Baños I, Barajas A, Dolz M, Sánchez B, Del Cacho N, Usall J. Cannabis use and cognitive function in first episode psychosis: differential effect of heavy use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:809-21. [PMID: 26621349 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE First episode patients and patients with schizophrenia exhibit increased rates of cannabis use compared to the general population. Contrary to what has been reported in studies with healthy people, most of the published studies so far have reported no impairments or even beneficial effects on neurocognition associated with cannabis consumption in psychotic patients. However, these studies did not address the effects of very high cannabis consumption. OBJECTIVES Our aim in this study was to assess the effects on neurocognition of medium and heavy cannabis consumption in first psychotic episode patients. METHODS A total of 74 patients were included in the study and assigned to three different groups according to their mean cannabis consumption during the last year (non-users, medium users, and heavy users). Participants were administered verbal memory and other neurocognitive tasks. RESULTS Heavy cannabis users were significantly impaired in all the verbal memory measures with respect to non-users, including immediate (p = .026), short-term (p = .005), and long-term (p = .002) memory. There were no significant differences between medium and non-users. Moreover, non-users performed better than all cannabis users in the arithmetic task (p = .020). Heavy cannabis consumption was associated with more commission errors in the continuous performance task (CPT) (p = .008) and more time to complete trail making test A (TMT-A) (p = .008), compared to the group of medium users. CONCLUSIONS Heavy cannabis consumption seems to impair verbal memory in first psychotic episode patients. Heavy users also perform worse than medium users in other neurocognitive tasks. Based on the results and the available evidence, a dose-related effect of cannabis consumption is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Núñez
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Ochoa
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Huerta-Ramos
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Baños
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- Research Unit, Centre d'Higiene Mental Les Corts, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Bernardo Sánchez
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Núria Del Cacho
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Judith Usall
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
This study examines the role of workplace risk factors associated with stress, social availability, and policy enforcement in explaining the severity of alcohol misuse among truck and bus drivers. Using a sample of 227 commercial (i.e., bus and truck) drivers drawn randomly from the employees of eight Israeli transportation enterprises, findings indicate that less than 6% of drivers engage in hazardous drinking, with a far smaller proportion engaging in more risky forms of misuse (i.e., harmful or dependent drinking). Key work-related factors associated with the severity of drivers’ alcohol misuse include the perception of permissive coworker drinking norms, role conflict, and supervisory abuse. Consistent with tension relief models of alcohol misuse, felt strain mediated the association between driver stressors and the severity of alcohol misuse. Perceptions of coworker drinking norms moderated the associations between stressors and supervisory monitoring (on one hand) and alcohol misuse (on the other). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bamberger
- Tel Aviv University, Israel and Smithers Institute, ILR School, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ayala Cohen
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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21
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Arvig T, Kurtz J, Zignego T. Evaluation of Alcohol Use Disorders in Workplace Disability Claims. Workplace Health Saf 2014; 62:375-81. [DOI: 10.3928/21650799-20140804-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article examines alcohol use disorders in the context of work and disability. The authors investigated the problem from a disability perspective and how to determine if alcohol use is functionally impairing the worker and requires workplace disability. Key identifiers for impairment are addressed, including evaluation of treatment intensity, comorbidities, and functional declines. Return to work issues include how an occupational health nurse/nurse case manager can assist employees in planning and managing a successful return to work, because return to work is a key component of reintegration after treatment for an alcohol use disorder.
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22
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Probst C, Roerecke M, Behrendt S, Rehm J. Gender differences in socioeconomic inequality of alcohol-attributable mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; 34:267-77. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Probst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Canada
| | - Silke Behrendt
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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23
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Byrne A, Dionisi AM, Barling J, Akers A, Robertson J, Lys R, Wylie J, Dupré K. The depleted leader: The influence of leaders' diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ames GM, Moore RS, Cunradi CB, Duke MR, Galvin D. Perceived Unfair Treatment and Problem Drinking among U.S. Navy Careerists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:33-41. [PMID: 24729946 DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2013.831716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This mixed method paper assessed interrelationships of unfair treatment at work, stress, and problem drinking amongst a sample of U.S. Navy careerists. Survey data from current drinkers (n=2380) were analyzed, along with qualitative interviews from a quota sample of 81. More women than men (51.4% vs. 16.2%) reported gender unfair treatment; approximately 20% of respondents reported ethnic/racial unfair treatment. Unfair treatment was associated with likelihood of problem drinking, but associations were attenuated after adjusting for frequency of work problems and expecting alcohol to alleviate stress. Qualitative results revealed contexts of unfair treatment within bureaucratic structures, tradition, norms, and role modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Ames
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, California, 94704, USA,
| | - Roland S Moore
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, California, 94704, USA,
| | - Carol B Cunradi
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, California, 94704, USA,
| | - Michael R Duke
- Dept. of Anthropology, University of Memphis, Memphis TN, USA,
| | - Deborah Galvin
- Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, One Choke Cherry Rd., Rockville, MD 20857, USA
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25
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Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Richman JA, Liu L, Milner LA. Work-family conflict and alcohol use: examination of a moderated mediation model. J Addict Dis 2013; 32:85-98. [PMID: 23480251 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2012.759856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Research consistently documents the negative effects of work-family conflict; however, little research focuses on alcohol use. This study embraces a tension reduction theory of drinking, wherein alcohol use is thought to reduce the negative effects of stress. The purpose of the study was to test a moderated mediation model of the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use in a Chicagoland community sample of 998 caregivers. Structural equation models showed that distress mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use. Furthermore, tension reduction expectancies of alcohol exacerbated the relationship between distress and alcohol use. The results advance the study of work-family conflict and alcohol use, helping explain this complicated relationship using sophisticated statistical techniques. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Duke MR, Ames GM, Moore RS, Cunradi CB. Divergent Drinking Patterns of Restaurant Workers: The Influence of Social Networks and Job Position. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2013; 28:30-45. [PMID: 23687470 DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2013.755447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Restaurant workers have higher rates of problem drinking than most occupational groups. However, little is known about the environmental risks and work characteristics that may lead to these behaviors. An exploration of restaurant workers' drinking networks may provide important insights into their alcohol consumption patterns, thus guiding workplace prevention efforts. Drawing from social capital theory, this paper examines the unique characteristics of drinking networks within and between various job categories. Our research suggests that these multiple, complex networks have unique risk characteristics, and that self-selection is based on factors such as job position and college attendance, among other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duke
- Assistant Professor, University of Memphis, Department of Anthropology, Memphis, TN.
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Frone MR. Workplace Substance Use Climate: Prevalence and Distribution in the U.S. Workforce. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2012; 71:72-83. [PMID: 23258960 PMCID: PMC3524577 DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2010.531630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence and distribution of employee exposure to three dimensions of workplace substance use climate-availability, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms. Data were collected from a national probability sample of 2148 U.S. wage and salary workers (957 men; 1191 women) using a random digit dialed telephone survey. Aproximately 63.09% of the workforce reported that they could easily bring alcohol into work, use alcohol while working, use alcohol during lunch and other breaks, or obtain alcohol at work. Similarly, 59.05% of the workforce reported that they could easily engage in the same behaviors regarding illicit drugs. During the preceding 12 months, 23.00% of the workforce reported exposure to a coworker who used or was impaired by alcohol during the workday and 12.65% of the workforce reported exposure to a coworker who used or was impaired by an illicit drug during the workday. Approximately, 7.03% of the workforce reported exposure to a coworker who approved of alcohol use or impairment during the workday and 3.55% of the workforce reported exposure to a coworker who approved of using or being impaired by illicit drugs during the workday. The distribution of exposure to a permissive workplace substance use climate differed by gender, age, occupation, and work shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Frone
- Research Institute on Addiction, State University of New York at Buffalo 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203
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Moore RS, Ames GM, Duke MR, Cunradi CB. Food Service Employee Alcohol Use, Hangovers and Norms During and After Work Hours. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2011; 17:269-276. [PMID: 22844225 DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2011.580414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS: This paper presents analyses of norms and behavior concerning drinking before, during, and after work hours among U.S. bar-restaurant chain employees, with a focus on hangovers at work and their correlates. METHODS: A mixed method approach combined qualitative analysis of 64 face-to-face interviews held with randomly chosen service, managerial and kitchen staff and quantitative analyses (including multivariable linear regression and bivariate analyses) of data drawn from 1,286 completed telephone surveys (response rate 68%) with 18-29 year old employees. RESULTS: Relatively few survey respondents reported past-year drinking in the hour prior to work (5%) or during work hours (2.7%), but extensive drinking in non- work hours (85.5%), and 36.5% of respondents reported coming to work with a hangover at least once. Correlates of hangover at work were past year intoxication and holding positive norms for hangovers. These findings were elaborated by interview data describing heavy drinking after work at nearby bars, restaurants and employee homes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrated that employee drinking during work hours was not normative. However, study results portrayed widely-shared norms for heavy drinking outside of work, with hangovers and related harms appearing as the primary work time repercussions of after-work alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, 94704 USA
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Frone MR, Brown AL. Workplace substance-use norms as predictors of employee substance use and impairment: a survey of U.S. workers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011; 71:526-34. [PMID: 20553660 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2010.71.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although much research has explored the relation of substance-use norms to substance use among college students, much less research has focused on employed adults and the workplace as a social context for social norms regarding substance use. This study explored the relation of descriptive and injunctive workplace substance-use norms regarding alcohol and illicit drug use to employee substance use. Both alcohol use and illicit drug use were explored, as well as overall and context-specific use and impairment. METHOD Data were collected from a national probability sample of 2,430 employed adults (55% female) using a random-digit-dial telephone survey. Overall employee alcohol and illicit drug use were assessed, as well as use before work, use and impairment during the workday, and use after work. RESULTS After controlling for a number of potential covariates, injunctive norms regarding workplace alcohol and illicit drug use predicted substance use and impairment overall and across all contexts of use. Descriptive norms predicted alcohol and illicit drug use before and during work, as well as workplace impairment. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that both workplace injunctive and descriptive norms are important predictors of substance use in the U.S. workforce. There were two general patterns, however, that were consistent across both alcohol and illicit drug use. Social norms marketing campaigns, therefore, may be a useful way for employers to target employee substance use. The present results also helped to integrate the results of several prior studies that employed narrower samples and measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Frone
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
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Moen P, Kelly E, Huang R. "Fit" inside the Work-Family Black Box: An Ecology of the Life Course, Cycles of Control Reframing. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 81:411-433. [PMID: 19809532 DOI: 10.1348/096317908x315495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scholars have not fully theorized the multifaceted, interdependent dimensions within the work-family "black box." Taking an ecology of the life course approach, we theorize common work-family and adequacy constructs as capturing different components of employees' cognitive appraisals of fit between their demands and resources at the interface between home and work. Employees' appraisals of their work-family linkages and of their relative resource adequacy are not made independently but, rather, co-occur as identifiable constellations of fit. The life course approach hypothesizes that shifts in objective demands/ resources at work and at home over the life course result in employees experiencing cycles of control, that is, corresponding shifts in their cognitive assessments of fit. We further theorize patterned appraisals of fit are key mediators between objective work-family conditions and employees' health, well-being and strategic adaptations. As a case example, we examine whether employees' assessments on ten dimensions cluster together as patterned fit constellations, using data from a middle-class sample of 753 employees working at Best Buy's corporate headquarters. We find no single linear construct of fit that captures the complexity within the work-family black box. Instead, respondents experience six distinctive constellations of fit: one optimal, two poor, and three moderate fit constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Moen
- Flexible Work and Well-Being Center, University of Minnesota
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Moore RS, Cunradi CB, Duke MR, Ames GM. Dimensions of problem drinking among young adult restaurant workers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2010; 35:329-33. [PMID: 20180660 DOI: 10.1080/00952990903075042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nationwide surveys identify food service workers as heavy alcohol users. OBJECTIVES This article analyzes dimensions and correlates of problem drinking among young adult food service workers. METHODS A telephone survey of national restaurant chain employees yielded 1,294 completed surveys. RESULTS Hazardous alcohol consumption patterns were seen in 80% of men and 64% of women. Multivariate analysis showed that different dimensions of problem drinking measured by the AUDIT were associated with workers' demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour, and job category. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These findings offer evidence of extremely high rates of alcohol misuse among young adult restaurant workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Moore
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California 94704, USA.
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Berger LK. Employee Drinking Practices and Their Relationships to Workplace Alcohol Social Control and Social Availability. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240903176120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Legleye S, Beck F, Peretti-Watel P, Chau N. Le rôle du statut scolaire et professionnel dans les usages de drogues des hommes et des femmes de 18 à 25ans. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2008; 56:345-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2008.06.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Marchand A. Alcohol use and misuse: what are the contributions of occupation and work organization conditions? BMC Public Health 2008; 8:333. [PMID: 18816388 PMCID: PMC2564939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research examines the specific contribution of occupation and work organization conditions to alcohol use and misuse. It is based on a social-action model that takes into account agent personality, structures of daily life, and macro social structures. Methods Data come from a representative sample of 10,155 workers in Quebec, Canada. Multinomial regression models corrected for sample design effect have been used to predict low-risk and high-risk drinking compared to non-drinkers. The contribution of occupation and work organization conditions (skill used, decision authority, physical and psychological demands, hours worked, irregular work schedule, harassment, unionization, job insecurity, performance pay, prestige) have been adjusted for family situation, social network outside the workplace, and individual characteristics. Results Compared to non-qualified blue-collars, both low-risk and high-risk drinking are associated with qualified blue-collars, semi-qualified white-collars, and middle managers; high-risk drinking is associated with upper managers. For constraints-resources related to work organization conditions, only workplace harassment is an important determinant of both low-risk and high-risk drinking, but it is modestly moderated by occupation. Family situation, social support outside work, and personal characteristics of individuals are also associated with alcohol use and misuse. Non-work factors mediated/suppressed the role of occupation and work organization conditions. Conclusion Occupation and workplace harassment are important factors associated with alcohol use and misuse. The results support the theoretical model conceptualizing alcohol use and misuse as being the product of stress caused by constraints and resources brought to bear simultaneously by agent personality, structures of daily life, and macro social structures. Occupational alcohol researchers must expand their theoretical perspectives to avoid erroneous conclusions about the specific role of the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Marchand
- School of Industrial Relations, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Gimeno D, Amick BC, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Mangione TW. Work organization and drinking: an epidemiological comparison of two psychosocial work exposure models. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:305-17. [PMID: 18506471 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between two alternative psychosocial work exposure measurement frameworks (i.e., job alienation and job stress) and three drinking behaviours (frequent, heavy and drinking and work). METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,099 US drinking workers. Job stress conditions were assessed according to the Karasek's job strain model. Alienating job conditions were assessed with measures based on Kohn and Schooler's occupational self-direction concept. Multivariate logistic regression controlling for a wide range of known covariates was used. RESULTS High strain work showed no associations, while workers in passive jobs had an increased likelihood of heavy (OR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02-1.64) and lower likelihood of frequent drinking (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.52-0.97). Unexpectedly, low complexity combined with low constraint related to more frequent drinking (OR = 1.60; 95%CI: 1.22-2.10). No associations with drinking at work were observed. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest an association between different work environment features and drinking behaviours. Our findings highlight the value of exploring the hypothesized passive pathway of the job strain model together with other theoretical perspectives, such as alienating job conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gimeno
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, International Institute for Society and Health, UCL Medical School, London, UK.
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Moore S, Sikora P, Grunberg L, Greenberg E. Work stress and alcohol use: Examining the tension-reduction model as a function of worker's parent's alcohol use. Addict Behav 2007; 32:3114-21. [PMID: 17658697 PMCID: PMC2077235 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify groups who may be more vulnerable to tension-reduction drinking [Frone, M. (2003). Predictors of overall and on-the-job substance use among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 39-54.], we examine whether drinking alcohol in response to work stress varies as a function of whether workers were raised in homes where (a) both parents abstained from alcohol, (b) at least one parent drank nonproblematically, (c) at least one parent drank problematically, or (d) both parents drank problematically. Employees participating in a large, longitudinal study who reported using alcohol in the previous year (N=895) completed various measures of work stressors, alcohol use, and alcohol problems. We found few mean group differences for either the work stressor or alcohol measures, but we did find a greater number of significant and moderate correlations between work stressors and alcohol for those reporting that both parents drank alcohol problematically. Interestingly, a number of significant correlations were found for those reporting that both parents abstained from alcohol; few were found for the two groups reporting that at least one parent drank with or without alcohol problems. Results are interpreted in light of where and how alcohol expectancies and other coping methods are learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; Tel: 1-253/879-3749 FAX 1-253/879-3500
| | - Patricia Sikora
- Sikora Associates, LLC, 2247 Grayden Ct., Superior, CO 80027, USA;
| | - Leon Grunberg
- Department of Comparative Sociology, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA;
| | - Edward Greenberg
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder , CO 80309, USA;
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Abstract
Many HIV prevention programs seek to reduce the risk of infection through increases in condom use. Condom use is often expressed as a proportion: the number of sexual contacts in which a condom is used divided by the total number of sexual contacts. The distribution of this proportion has several undesirable characteristics-the principal one is bimodality. Bimodality results from excessive numbers of 0% and 100% responses, creating distributions that are censored-in-the-middle. The purpose of this paper is to show how censored condom use data can be usefully modeled using Tobit regression. Tobit regression first transforms observed variable scores into latent variable scores, scores on an unobserved, hypothetical condom use variable, and then the latent variable scores are modeled using one or more explanatory variables. Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Cooperative Agreement for HIV/AIDS Community-Based Outreach/Intervention Research program for frequency of condom use and number of drug injecting sex partners were used to illustrate the method. We found that for every additional drug injecting sex partner, the probability of using condoms decreased by approximately 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hershberger
- Psychology Department, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840, USA.
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Slaymaker VJ, Owen PL. Employed men and women substance abusers: Job troubles and treatment outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 31:347-54. [PMID: 17084788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of U.S. adults with substance abuse or dependence are gainfully employed. However, little is known about outcomes among stably employed people in treatment for substance dependence. Participants (N = 212) entering a residential treatment program completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) at intake and 6 and 12 months follow-up. Significant improvements were seen in absenteeism, number of employment problem days, and whether their job was in jeopardy 12 months later. Overall, 65% were retained by their original employer. ASI composite alcohol, drug, legal, family, and psychiatric scores also improved significantly. Continuous abstinence was achieved by 65% and 51% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Although less likely to be referred to treatment by their employer, women responded to treatment as well as men, reporting similar abstinence rates and overall quality of life during the year following discharge from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Slaymaker
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Foundation, Center City, MN 55012, USA.
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40
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Frone MR. Prevalence and distribution of illicit drug use in the workforce and in the workplace: findings and implications from a U.S. national survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 91:856-69. [PMID: 16834510 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This U.S. national study explored the overall prevalence, frequency, and distribution of illicit drug use in the workforce and in the workplace during the preceding 12 months. Illicit drug use in the workforce involved an estimated 14.1% of employed adults (17.7 million workers). Illicit drug use in the workplace involved an estimated 3.1% of employed adults (3.9 million workers). Illicit drug use in the workforce and in the workplace is not distributed uniformly in the employed population. At-risk, though circumscribed, segments of the U.S. workforce were identified with prevalence rates up to 55.8% for any use of illicit drugs and up to 28.0% for illicit drug use in the workplace. The implications of these data for future theoretical research and for management policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Frone
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Westaby JD, Lowe JK. Risk-Taking Orientation and Injury Among Youth Workers: Examining the Social Influence of Supervisors, Coworkers, and Parents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2005; 90:1027-35. [PMID: 16162075 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite youths' susceptibility to social influence, little research has examined the extent to which social factors impact youths' risk-taking orientation and injury at work. Drawing on social influence and behavioral intention theories, this study hypothesized that perceived supervisory influence, coworker risk taking, and parental risk taking serve as key exogenous variables of risk-taking orientation at work. Risk-taking orientation was further hypothesized to serve as a direct predictor and full mediator of work injury. The effect of parental risk taking was also hypothesized to be mediated through global risk taking, which in turn was posited to predict risk-taking orientation at work. Longitudinal results from 2,542 adolescents working across a wide spectrum of jobs supported hypothesized linkages, although there was some evidence of partially mediated mechanisms. Coworker risk taking was a relatively strong predictor of youths' risk-taking orientation at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Westaby
- Program in Social-Organizational Psychology, Department of Organization and Leadership, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Zhang Z, Snizek WE. OCCUPATION, JOB CHARACTERISTICS, AND THE USE OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2003. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study uses detailed information from the Department of Labor (O'NET 98) concerning the characteristics and content of 1,122 occupations, and combines these data with information on alcohol and drug use collected by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
in their 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Using a merged data set, based on 7,477 full-time workers, weighted logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between eight occupational and job dimensions and workers' current and prior use of alcohol
and drugs. Results show that steady employment or job security has the most pronounced negative effect on alcohol and drug use, while characteristics such as the pace of activity, job independence, and skills utilization to include feelings of accomplishment have little or no effect on employees'
alcohol and drug use. Furthermore, the etiology of cocaine use appears quite different from that of alcohol and other types of drug use: all else being equal, employees' odds of using cocaine, when working in an occupation with greater job variety, decrease by 64 percent. However, employees
in occupations with greater job autonomy are about 4 times more likely to use cocaine than are employees in jobs with less autonomy. These findings suggest that occupational conditions have a discernible influence on alcohol and drug use among employees, albeit in more complex ways than those
suggested by much of the organizational stress and occupational subcultural literature.
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