1
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Wolf D, Hartig R, Zhuo Y, Scheller MF, Articus M, Moor M, Grinevich V, Linster C, Russo E, Weber-Fahr W, Reinwald JR, Kelsch W. Oxytocin induces the formation of distinctive cortical representations and cognitions biased toward familiar mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6274. [PMID: 39054324 PMCID: PMC11272796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Social recognition is essential for the formation of social structures. Many times, recognition comes with lesser exploration of familiar animals. This lesser exploration has led to the assumption that recognition may be a habituation memory. The underlying memory mechanisms and the thereby acquired cortical representations of familiar mice have remained largely unknown, however. Here, we introduce an approach directly examining the recognition process from volatile body odors among male mice. We show that volatile body odors emitted by mice are sufficient to identify individuals and that more salience is assigned to familiar mice. Familiarity is encoded by reinforced population responses in two olfactory cortex hubs and communicated to other brain regions. The underlying oxytocin-induced plasticity promotes the separation of the cortical representations of familiar from other mice. In summary, neuronal encoding of familiar animals is distinct and utilizes the cortical representational space more broadly, promoting storage of complex social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Renée Hartig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yi Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max F Scheller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirko Articus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcel Moor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Linster
- Computational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- The BioRobotics Institute, Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Translational Imaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan R Reinwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Neuroimaging, Translational Imaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Poplawsky AJ, Cover C, Reddy S, Chishti HB, Vazquez A, Fukuda M. Odor-evoked layer-specific fMRI activities in the awake mouse olfactory bulb. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120121. [PMID: 37080347 PMCID: PMC10240534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Awake rodent fMRI is increasingly common over the use of anesthesia since it permits behavioral paradigms and does not confound normal brain function or neurovascular coupling. It is well established that adequate acclimation to the loud fMRI environment and head fixation reduces stress in the rodents and allows for whole brain imaging with little contamination from motion. However, it is unknown whether high-resolution fMRI with increased susceptibility to motion and lower sensitivity can measure small, but spatially discrete, activations in awake mice. To examine this, we used contrast-enhanced cerebral blood volume-weighted (CBVw) fMRI in the mouse olfactory bulb for its enhanced sensitivity and neural specificity. We determined that activation patterns in the glomerular layer to four different odors were spatially distinct and were consistent with previously established histological patterns. In addition, odor-evoked laminar activations were greatest in superficial layers that decreased with laminar depth, similar to previous observations. Interestingly, the fMRI response strengths in the granule cell layer were greater in awake mice than our previous anesthetized rat studies, suggesting that feedback neural activities were intact with wakefulness. We finally determined that fMRI signal changes to repeated odor exposure (i.e., olfactory adaptation) attenuated relatively more in the feedback granule cell layer compared to the input glomerular layer, which is consistent with prior observations. We, therefore, conclude that high-resolution CBVw fMRI can measure odor-specific activation patterns and distinguish changes in laminar activity of head and body restrained awake mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander John Poplawsky
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States.
| | - Christopher Cover
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sujatha Reddy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Harris B Chishti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alberto Vazquez
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mitsuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
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3
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Brunert D, Quintela RM, Rothermel M. The anterior olfactory nucleus revisited - an emerging role for neuropathological conditions? Prog Neurobiol 2023:102486. [PMID: 37343762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sensory modality for many species and greatly influences animal and human behavior. Still, much about olfactory perception remains unknown. The anterior olfactory nucleus is one of the brain's central early olfactory processing areas. Located directly posterior to the olfactory bulb in the olfactory peduncle with extensive in- and output connections and unique cellular composition, it connects olfactory processing centers of the left and right hemispheres. Almost 20 years have passed since the last comprehensive review on the anterior olfactory nucleus has been published and significant advances regarding its anatomy, function, and pathophysiology have been made in the meantime. Here we briefly summarize previous knowledge on the anterior olfactory nucleus, give detailed insights into the progress that has been made in recent years, and map out its emerging importance in translational research of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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4
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Wright KN, Johnson NL, Dossat AM, Wilson JT, Wesson DW. Reducing local synthesis of estrogen in the tubular striatum promotes attraction to same-sex odors in female mice. Horm Behav 2022; 140:105122. [PMID: 35101702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived 17β-estradiol (E2) confers rapid effects on neural activity. The tubular striatum (TuS, also called the olfactory tubercle) is both capable of local E2 synthesis due to its abundant expression of aromatase and is a critical locus for odor-guided motivated behavior and odor hedonics. TuS neurons also contain mRNA for estrogen receptors α, β, and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. We demonstrate here that mRNA for estrogen receptors appears to be expressed upon TuS dopamine 1 receptor-expressing neurons, suggesting that E2 may play a neuromodulatory role in circuits which are important for motivated behavior. Therefore, we reasoned that E2 in the TuS may influence attraction to urinary odors which are highly attractive. Using whole-body plethysmography, we examined odor-evoked high-frequency sniffing as a measure of odor attaction. Bilateral infusion of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole into the TuS of gonadectomized female adult mice induced a resistance to habituation over successive trials in their investigatory sniffing for female mouse urinary odors, indicative of an enhanced attraction. All males displayed resistance to habituation for female urinary odors, indicative of enhanced attraction that is independent from E2 manipulation. Letrozole's effects were not due to group differences in basal respiration, nor changes in the ability to detect or discriminate between odors (both monomolecular odorants and urinary odors). Therefore, de novo E2 synthesis in the TuS impacts females' but not males' attraction to female urinary odors, suggesting a sex-specific influence of E2 in odor hedonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Wright
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, 1200 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Natalie L Johnson
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, 1200 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Amanda M Dossat
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, 1200 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jamie T Wilson
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, 1200 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- University of Florida, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, 1200 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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5
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Amores J, Dotan M, Maes P. Development and Study of Ezzence: A Modular Scent Wearable to Improve Wellbeing in Home Sleep Environments. Front Psychol 2022; 13:791768. [PMID: 35369196 PMCID: PMC8970317 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.791768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezzence is the first smartphone-controlled olfactometer designed for both day and night conditions. We discuss the design and technical implementation of Ezzence and report on a study to evaluate the feasibility of using the device in home-based sleep environments. The study results (N = 40) show that participants were satisfied with the device and found it easy to use. Furthermore, participants reported a significant improvement in sleep quality when using the device with scent in comparison to the control condition (p = 0.003), as well as better mood the following morning (p = 0.038) and shorter time to sleep onset (p = 0.008). The device is integrated with a wearable EEG and real-time sleep staging algorithm to release scent during specific sleep stages (N1, N2, N3, and REM), which is important for certain use cases (e.g., to study the effect of scent on REM dreams, or to improve memory consolidation with a re-exposure of scent during N2 and N3). Ezzence can be used for several applications, including those that require scent triggered day and night. They include targeted memory reactivation, longitudinal health treatments, therapy, and mental or physical exercises. Finally, this article proposes an interaction framework to understand relationships between scents and environments based on proxemic dimensions and passive or active interactions during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Amores
- MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith Amores
| | - Mae Dotan
- MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA, United States
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6
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Rebeca H, Karen PA, Elva A, Carmen C, Fernando P. Main Olfactory Bulb Reconfiguration by Prolonged Passive Olfactory Experience Correlates with Increased Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Improved Innate Olfaction. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1141-1161. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hernández‐Soto Rebeca
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Pimentel‐Farfan Ana Karen
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Adan‐Castro Elva
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Clapp Carmen
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Peña‐Ortega Fernando
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
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7
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Loreto F, D'Auria S. How do plants sense volatiles sent by other plants? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:29-38. [PMID: 34544607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants communicate via the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with many animals as well as other plants. We still know little about how VOCs are perceived by receiving (eavesdropping) plants. Here we propose a multiple system of VOC perception, where stress-induced VOCs dock on odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) like in animals and are transported to as-yet-unknown receptors mediating downstream metabolic and/or behavioral changes. Constitutive VOCs that are broadly and lifelong emitted by plants do not bind OBPs but may directly change the metabolism of eavesdropping plants. Deciphering how plants listen to their talking neighbors could empower VOCs as a tool for bioinspired strategies of plant defense when challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-DISBA), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy; Institute for Food Science, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy.
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8
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Miao X, Paez AG, Rajan S, Cao D, Liu D, Pantelyat AY, Rosenthal LI, van Zijl PCM, Bassett SS, Yousem DM, Kamath V, Hua J. Functional Activities Detected in the Olfactory Bulb and Associated Olfactory Regions in the Human Brain Using T2-Prepared BOLD Functional MRI at 7T. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:723441. [PMID: 34588949 PMCID: PMC8476065 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.723441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a fundamental sense that plays a vital role in daily life in humans, and can be altered in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using conventional echo-planar-imaging (EPI) based sequences can be challenging in brain regions important for olfactory processing, such as the olfactory bulb (OB) and orbitofrontal cortex, mainly due to the signal dropout and distortion artifacts caused by large susceptibility effects from the sinonasal cavity and temporal bone. To date, few studies have demonstrated successful fMRI in the OB in humans. T2-prepared (T2prep) BOLD fMRI is an alternative approach developed especially for performing fMRI in regions affected by large susceptibility artifacts. The purpose of this technical study is to evaluate T2prep BOLD fMRI for olfactory functional experiments in humans. Olfactory fMRI scans were performed on 7T in 14 healthy participants. T2prep BOLD showed greater sensitivity than GRE EPI BOLD in the OB, orbitofrontal cortex and the temporal pole. Functional activation was detected using T2prep BOLD in the OB and associated olfactory regions. Habituation effects and a bi-phasic pattern of fMRI signal changes during olfactory stimulation were observed in all regions. Both positively and negatively activated regions were observed during olfactory stimulation. These signal characteristics are generally consistent with literature and showed a good intra-subject reproducibility comparable to previous human BOLD fMRI studies. In conclusion, the methodology demonstrated in this study holds promise for future olfactory fMRI studies in the OB and other brain regions that suffer from large susceptibility artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Miao
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adrian G Paez
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suraj Rajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Di Cao
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex Y Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liana I Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David M Yousem
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Hua
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Martelli C, Storace DA. Stimulus Driven Functional Transformations in the Early Olfactory System. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:684742. [PMID: 34413724 PMCID: PMC8369031 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.684742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory stimuli are encountered across a wide range of odor concentrations in natural environments. Defining the neural computations that support concentration invariant odor perception, odor discrimination, and odor-background segmentation across a wide range of stimulus intensities remains an open question in the field. In principle, adaptation could allow the olfactory system to adjust sensory representations to the current stimulus conditions, a well-known process in other sensory systems. However, surprisingly little is known about how adaptation changes olfactory representations and affects perception. Here we review the current understanding of how adaptation impacts processing in the first two stages of the vertebrate olfactory system, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), and mitral/tufted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Martelli
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas Anthony Storace
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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10
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Gronowitz ME, Liu A, Qiu Q, Yu CR, Cleland TA. A physicochemical model of odor sampling. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009054. [PMID: 34115747 PMCID: PMC8221795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a general physicochemical sampling model for olfaction, based on established pharmacological laws, in which arbitrary combinations of odorant ligands and receptors can be generated and their individual and collective effects on odor representations and olfactory performance measured. Individual odor ligands exhibit receptor-specific affinities and efficacies; that is, they may bind strongly or weakly to a given receptor, and can act as strong agonists, weak agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists. Ligands interacting with common receptors compete with one another for dwell time; these competitive interactions appropriately simulate the degeneracy that fundamentally defines the capacities and limitations of odorant sampling. The outcome of these competing ligand-receptor interactions yields a pattern of receptor activation levels, thereafter mapped to glomerular presynaptic activation levels based on the convergence of sensory neuron axons. The metric of greatest interest is the mean discrimination sensitivity, a measure of how effectively the olfactory system at this level is able to recognize a small change in the physicochemical quality of a stimulus. This model presents several significant outcomes, both expected and surprising. First, adding additional receptors reliably improves the system’s discrimination sensitivity. Second, in contrast, adding additional ligands to an odorscene initially can improve discrimination sensitivity, but eventually will reduce it as the number of ligands increases. Third, the presence of antagonistic ligand-receptor interactions produced clear benefits for sensory system performance, generating higher absolute discrimination sensitivities and increasing the numbers of competing ligands that could be present before discrimination sensitivity began to be impaired. Finally, the model correctly reflects and explains the modest reduction in odor discrimination sensitivity exhibited by transgenic mice in which the specificity of glomerular targeting by primary olfactory neurons is partially disrupted. We understand most sensory systems by comparing the responses of the system against objective external physical measurements. For example, we know that our ability to distinguish small changes in color is greater for some colors than for others, and that we can distinguish sounds more acutely when they are within the range of pitches used for speech. Similar principles presumably apply to the sense of smell, but odorous chemicals are harder to physically quantify than light or sound because they cannot be organized in terms of a straightforward physical variable like wavelength or frequency. That said, the physical properties of interactions between chemicals and cellular receptors (such as those in the olfactory system) are well understood. What we lack is a systematic framework within which these pharmacological principles can be organized to study odor sampling in the way that we have long studied visual and auditory sampling. We here propose and describe such a framework for odor sampling, and show that it successfully replicates some established but unexplained experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E. Gronowitz
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam Liu
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - C. Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Cleland
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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12
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de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Valeriani M. Pearl and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part II. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3503-3515. [PMID: 32683566 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on new and/or less standardized event-related potentials methods, in order to improve their knowledge for future clinical applications. The olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) assess the olfactory functions in time domain, with potential utility in anosmia and degenerative diseases. The transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) could support the investigation of the intracerebral connections with very high temporal discrimination. Its application in the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness has achieved recent confirmation. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and event-related fields (ERF) could improve spatial accuracy of scalp signals, with potential large application in pre-surgical study of epileptic patients. Although these techniques have methodological limits, such as high inter- and intraindividual variability and high costs, their diffusion among researchers and clinicians is hopeful, pending their standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Dept. of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation LAb (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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13
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Abstract
Habituation is a form of simple memory that suppresses neural activity in response to repeated, neutral stimuli. This process is critical in helping organisms guide attention toward the most salient and novel features in the environment. Here, we follow known circuit mechanisms in the fruit fly olfactory system to derive a simple algorithm for habituation. We show, both empirically and analytically, that this algorithm is able to filter out redundant information, enhance discrimination between odors that share a similar background, and improve detection of novel components in odor mixtures. Overall, we propose an algorithmic perspective on the biological mechanism of habituation and use this perspective to understand how sensory physiology can affect odor perception. Our framework may also help toward understanding the effects of habituation in other more sophisticated neural systems.
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14
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Mitf Links Neuronal Activity and Long-Term Homeostatic Intrinsic Plasticity. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0412-19.2020. [PMID: 32193365 PMCID: PMC7174873 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0412-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity forms the basis for neuronal circuit complexity and differences between otherwise similar circuits. We show that the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) plays a central role in intrinsic plasticity of olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons. Mitral and tufted (M/T) neurons from Mitf mutant mice are hyperexcitable, have a reduced A-type potassium current (IA) and exhibit reduced expression of Kcnd3, which encodes a potassium voltage-gated channel subunit (Kv4.3) important for generating the IA Furthermore, expression of the Mitf and Kcnd3 genes is activity dependent in OB projection neurons and the MITF protein activates expression from Kcnd3 regulatory elements. Moreover, Mitf mutant mice have changes in olfactory habituation and have increased habituation for an odorant following long-term exposure, indicating that regulation of Kcnd3 is pivotal for long-term olfactory adaptation. Our findings show that Mitf acts as a direct regulator of intrinsic homeostatic feedback and links neuronal activity, transcriptional changes and neuronal function.
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15
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Jae Y, Lee N, Moon DW, Koo J. Interhemispheric asymmetry of c-Fos expression in glomeruli and the olfactory tubercle following repeated odor stimulation. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:912-926. [PMID: 32237058 PMCID: PMC7193154 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor adaptation allows the olfactory system to regulate sensitivity to different stimulus intensities, which is essential for preventing saturation of the cell‐transducing machinery and maintaining high sensitivity to persistent and repetitive odor stimuli. Although many studies have investigated the structure and mechanisms of the mammalian olfactory system that responds to chemical sensation, few studies have considered differences in neuronal activation that depend on the manner in which the olfactory system is exposed to odorants, or examined activity patterns of olfactory‐related regions in the brain under different odor exposure conditions. To address these questions, we designed three different odor exposure conditions that mimicked diverse odor environments and analyzed c‐Fos‐expressing cells (c‐Fos+ cells) in the odor columns of the olfactory bulb (OB). We then measured differences in the proportions of c‐Fos‐expressing cell types depending on the odor exposure condition. Surprisingly, under the specific odor condition in which the olfactory system was repeatedly exposed to the odorant for 1 min at 5‐min intervals, one of the lateral odor columns and the ipsilateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle had more c‐Fos+ cells than the other three odor columns and the contralateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle. However, this interhemispheric asymmetry of c‐Fos expression was not observed in the anterior piriform cortex. To confirm whether the anterior olfactory nucleus pars externa (AONpE), which connects the left and right OB, contributes to this asymmetry, AONpE‐lesioned mice were analyzed under the specific odor exposure condition. Asymmetric c‐Fos expression was not observed in the OB or the olfactory tubercle. These data indicate that the c‐Fos expression patterns of the olfactory‐related regions in the brain are influenced by the odor exposure condition and that asymmetric c‐Fos expression in these regions was observed under a specific odor exposure condition due to synaptic linkage via the AONpE.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoonGyu Jae
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - NaHye Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.,Center for Bio-Convergence Spin System, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
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16
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Dalal T, Gupta N, Haddad R. Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception. Commun Biol 2020; 3:150. [PMID: 32238904 PMCID: PMC7113286 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Imagine smelling a novel perfume with only one nostril and then smelling it again with the other nostril. Clearly, you can tell that it is the same perfume both times. This simple experiment demonstrates that odor information is shared across both hemispheres to enable perceptual unity. In many sensory systems, perceptual unity is believed to be mediated by inter-hemispheric connections between iso-functional cortical regions. However, in the olfactory system, the underlying neural mechanisms that enable this coordination are unclear because the two olfactory cortices are not topographically organized and do not seem to have homotypic inter-hemispheric mapping. This review presents recent advances in determining which aspects of odor information are processed unilaterally or bilaterally, and how odor information is shared across the two hemispheres. We argue that understanding the mechanisms of inter-hemispheric coordination can provide valuable insights that are hard to achieve when focusing on one hemisphere alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Dalal
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Rafi Haddad
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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17
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Zhao F, Meng X, Lu S, Hyde LA, Kennedy ME, Houghton AK, Evelhoch JL, Hines CDG. fMRI study of olfactory processing in mice under three anesthesia protocols: Insight into the effect of ketamine on olfactory processing. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116725. [PMID: 32173412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool for studying neural activations in the central nervous system of animals due to its wide spatial coverage and non-invasive nature. However, the advantages of fMRI have not been fully realized in functional studies in mice, especially in the olfactory system, possibly due to the lack of suitable anesthesia protocols with spontaneous breathing. Since mice are widely used in biomedical research, it is desirable to evaluate different anesthesia protocols for olfactory fMRI studies in mice. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) as a sedative/anesthetic has been introduced to fMRI studies in mice, but it has a limited anesthesia duration. To extend the anesthesia duration, DEX has been combined with a low dose of isoflurane (ISO) or ketamine (KET) in previous functional studies in mice. In this report, olfactory fMRI studies were performed under three anesthesia protocols (DEX alone, DEX/ISO, and DEX/KET) in three different groups of mice. Isoamyl-acetate was used as an odorant, and the odorant-induced neural activations were measured by blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) fMRI. BOLD fMRI responses were observed in the olfactory bulb (OB), anterior olfactory nuclei (AON), and piriform cortex (Pir). Interestingly, BOLD fMRI activations were also observed in the prefrontal cortical region (PFC), which are most likely caused by the draining vein effect. The response in the OB showed no adaptation to either repeated odor stimulations or continuous odor exposure, but the response in the Pir showed adaptation during the continuous odor exposure. The data also shows that ISO suppresses the olfactory response in the OB and AON, while KET enhances the olfactory response in the Pir. Thus, DEX/KET should be an attractive anesthesia for olfactory fMRI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherry Lu
- Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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18
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Aqrabawi AJ, Kim JC. Olfactory memory representations are stored in the anterior olfactory nucleus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1246. [PMID: 32144256 PMCID: PMC7060254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is the initial recipient of odour information from the olfactory bulb, and the target of dense innervation conveying spatiotemporal cues from the hippocampus. We hypothesized that the AON detects the coincidence of these inputs, generating patterns of activity reflective of episodic odour engrams. Using activity-dependent tagging combined with neural manipulation techniques, we reveal that contextually-relevant odour engrams are stored within the AON and that their activity is necessary and sufficient for the behavioural expression of odour memory. Our findings offer a new model for studying the mechanisms underlying memory representations. Odours are powerful stimuli used by most organisms to guide behaviour. Here, the authors identify populations of neurons within the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) which are necessary and sufficient for the behavioural expression of odour memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif J Aqrabawi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
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19
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Aminah S, Yusuf S, Natzir R, Mukhtar M. Identification candidate for odour assessment and evaluate validity and reliability among wound care nurses. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Toet A, Eijsman S, Liu Y, Donker S, Kaneko D, Brouwer AM, van Erp JB. The Relation Between Valence and Arousal in Subjective Odor Experience. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”.
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22
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A Computational Model of Oxytocin Modulation of Olfactory Recognition Memory. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0201-19.2019. [PMID: 31399493 PMCID: PMC6727149 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0201-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Social recognition in mammals depends on complex interactions between sensory and other brain areas as well as modulatory inputs by specific neuropeptides such as oxytocin (OXT). Social recognition memory specifically has been shown to depend among others on olfactory processing, and can be probed using methods similar to those used when probing non-social odor memory. We here use a computational model of two interconnected olfactory networks in the mouse, the olfactory bulb (OB) and anterior olfactory nucleus, to propose a mechanism for olfactory short-term recognition memory and its modulation in social situations. Based on previous experiments, we propose one early locus for memory to be the OB. During social encounters in mice, pyramidal cells in the anterior olfactory nucleus, themselves driven by olfactory input, are rendered more excitable by OXT release, resulting in stronger feedback to OB local interneurons. This additional input to the OB creates stronger dynamics and improves signal-to-noise ratio of odor responses in the OB proper. As a consequence, mouse social olfactory memories are more strongly encoded and their duration is modulated.
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23
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Semelidou O, Acevedo SF, Skoulakis EM. Temporally specific engagement of distinct neuronal circuits regulating olfactory habituation in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:39569. [PMID: 30576281 PMCID: PMC6303106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is the process that enables salience filtering, precipitating perceptual changes that alter the value of environmental stimuli. To discern the neuronal circuits underlying habituation to brief inconsequential stimuli, we developed a novel olfactory habituation paradigm, identifying two distinct phases of the response that engage distinct neuronal circuits. Responsiveness to the continuous odor stimulus is maintained initially, a phase we term habituation latency and requires Rutabaga Adenylyl-Cyclase-depended neurotransmission from GABAergic Antennal Lobe Interneurons and activation of excitatory Projection Neurons (PNs) and the Mushroom Bodies. In contrast, habituation depends on the inhibitory PNs of the middle Antenno-Cerebral Track, requires inner Antenno-Cerebral Track PN activation and defines a temporally distinct phase. Collectively, our data support the involvement of Lateral Horn excitatory and inhibitory stimulation in habituation. These results provide essential cellular substrates for future analyses of the molecular mechanisms that govern the duration and transition between these distinct temporal habituation phases. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Semelidou
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Summer F Acevedo
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Efthimios Mc Skoulakis
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
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24
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Vinograd A, Fuchs-Shlomai Y, Stern M, Mukherjee D, Gao Y, Citri A, Davison I, Mizrahi A. Functional Plasticity of Odor Representations during Motherhood. Cell Rep 2018; 21:351-365. [PMID: 29020623 PMCID: PMC5643523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Motherhood is accompanied by new behaviors aimed at ensuring the wellbeing of the offspring. Olfaction plays a key role in guiding maternal behaviors during this transition. We studied functional changes in the main olfactory bulb (OB) of mothers in mice. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we studied the sensory representation of odors by mitral cells (MCs). We show that MC responses to monomolecular odors become sparser and weaker in mothers. In contrast, responses to biologically relevant odors are spared from sparsening or strengthen. MC responses to mixtures and to a range of concentrations suggest that these differences between odor responses cannot be accounted for by mixture suppressive effects or gain control mechanisms. In vitro whole-cell recordings show an increase in inhibitory synaptic drive onto MCs. The increase of inhibitory tone may contribute to the general decrease in responsiveness and concomitant enhanced representation of specific odors. MCs of mothers show sparser responses for pure odors MCs of mothers have stronger inhibitory drive onto MCs MCs of mothers show stronger responses to natural odors MC ensemble coding is improved for natural but not pure odors
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vinograd
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yael Fuchs-Shlomai
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Merav Stern
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diptendu Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ami Citri
- Department of Chemical Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ian Davison
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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25
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Zhao F, Holahan MA, Wang X, Uslaner JM, Houghton AK, Evelhoch JL, Winkelmann CT, Hines CDG. fMRI study of the role of glutamate NMDA receptor in the olfactory processing in monkeys. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198395. [PMID: 29870538 PMCID: PMC5988321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in rodents show that olfactory processing in the principal neurons of olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PC) is controlled by local inhibitory interneurons, and glutamate NMDA receptor plays a role in this inhibitory control. It is not clear if findings from studies in rodents translate to olfactory processing in nonhuman primates (NHPs). In this study, the effect of the glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 on odorant-induced olfactory responses in the OB and PC of anesthetized NHPs (rhesus monkeys) was investigated by cerebral blood volume (CBV) fMRI. Isoamyl-acetate was used as the odor stimulant. For each NHP, sixty fMRI measurements were made during a 4-h period, with each 4-min measurement consisting of a 1-min baseline period, a 1-min odor stimulation period, and a 2-min recovery period. MK801 (0.3 mg/kg) was intravenously delivered 1 hour after starting fMRI. Before MK801 injection, olfactory fMRI activations were observed only in the OB, not in the PC. After MK801 injection, olfactory fMRI activations in the OB increased, and robust olfactory fMRI activations were observed in the PC. The data indicate that MK801 enhances the olfactory responses in both the OB and PC. The enhancement effects of MK801 are most likely from its blockage of NMDA receptors on local inhibitory interneurons and the attenuation of the inhibition onto principal neurons. This study suggests that the mechanism of local inhibitory control of principal neurons in the OB and PC derived from studies in rodents translates to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Zhao
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie A. Holahan
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaohai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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26
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Osinski BL, Kim A, Xiao W, Mehta NM, Kay LM. Pharmacological manipulation of the olfactory bulb modulates beta oscillations: testing model predictions. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1090-1106. [PMID: 29847235 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00090.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) generates gamma (40-100 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) local field potential (LFP) oscillations. Gamma oscillations arise at the peak of inhalation supported by dendrodendritic interactions between glutamatergic mitral cells (MCs) and GABAergic granule cells (GCs). Beta oscillations are induced by odorants in learning or odor sensitization paradigms, but their mechanism and function are still poorly understood. When centrifugal OB inputs are blocked, beta oscillations disappear, but gamma oscillations persist. Centrifugal inputs target primarily GABAergic interneurons in the GC layer (GCL) and regulate GC excitability, suggesting a causal link between beta oscillations and GC excitability. Our previous modeling work predicted that convergence of excitatory/inhibitory inputs onto MCs and centrifugal inputs onto GCs increase GC excitability sufficiently to produce beta oscillations primarily through voltage dependent calcium channel-mediated GABA release, independently of NMDA channels. We test some of the predictions of this model by examining the influence of NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, which affect GC excitability in different ways, on beta oscillations. A few minutes after intrabulbar infusion, scopolamine (muscarinic antagonist) suppressed odor-evoked beta in response to a strong stimulus but increased beta power in response to a weak stimulus, as predicted by our model. Pyriform cortex (PC) beta power was unchanged. Oxotremorine (muscarinic agonist) suppressed all oscillations, likely from overinhibition. APV, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppressed gamma oscillations selectively (in OB and PC), lending support to the model's prediction that beta oscillations can be supported independently of NMDA receptors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Olfactory bulb local field potential beta oscillations appear to be gated by GABAergic granule cell excitability. Reducing excitability with scopolamine reduces beta induced by strong odors but increases beta induced by weak odors. Beta oscillations rely on the same synapse as gamma oscillations but, unlike gamma, can persist in the absence of NMDA receptor activation. Pyriform cortex beta oscillations maintain power when olfactory bulb beta power is low, and the system maintains beta band coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolesław L Osinski
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alex Kim
- The College, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wenxi Xiao
- Masters Program in Computational Social Sciences, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nisarg M Mehta
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leslie M Kay
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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27
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Olfactory bulb acetylcholine release dishabituates odor responses and reinstates odor investigation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1868. [PMID: 29760390 PMCID: PMC5951802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation and dishabituation modulate the neural resources and behavioral significance allocated to incoming stimuli across the sensory systems. We characterize these processes in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and uncover a role for OB acetylcholine (ACh) in physiological and behavioral olfactory dishabituation. We use calcium imaging in both awake and anesthetized mice to determine the time course and magnitude of OB glomerular habituation during a prolonged odor presentation. In addition, we develop a novel behavioral investigation paradigm to determine how prolonged odor input affects odor salience. We find that manipulating OB ACh release during prolonged odor presentations using electrical or optogenetic stimulation rapidly modulates habituated glomerular odor responses and odor salience, causing mice to suddenly investigate a previously ignored odor. To demonstrate the ethological validity of this effect, we show that changing the visual context can lead to dishabituation of odor investigation behavior, which is blocked by cholinergic antagonists in the OB.
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28
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Kunkhyen T, Perez E, Bass M, Coyne A, Baum MJ, Cherry JA. Gonadal hormones, but not sex, affect the acquisition and maintenance of a Go/No-Go odor discrimination task in mice. Horm Behav 2018; 100:12-19. [PMID: 29481807 PMCID: PMC5962265 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In mice, olfaction is crucial for identifying social odors (pheromones) that signal the presence of suitable mates. We used a custom-built olfactometer and a thirst-motivated olfactory discrimination Go/No-Go (GNG) task to ask whether discrimination of volatile odors is sexually dimorphic and modulated in mice by adult sex hormones. Males and females gonadectomized prior to training failed to learn even the initial phase of the task, which involved nose poking at a port in one location obtaining water at an adjacent port. Gonadally intact males and females readily learned to seek water when male urine (S+) was present but not when female urine (S-) was present; they also learned the task when non-social odorants (amyl acetate, S+; peppermint, S-) were used. When mice were gonadectomized after training the ability of both sexes to discriminate urinary as well as non-social odors was reduced; however, after receiving testosterone propionate (castrated males) or estradiol benzoate (ovariectomized females), task performance was restored to pre-gonadectomy levels. There were no overall sex differences in performance across gonadal conditions in tests with either set of odors; however, ovariectomized females performed more poorly than castrated males in tests with non-social odors. Our results show that circulating sex hormones enable mice of both sexes to learn a GNG task and that gonadectomy reduces, while hormone replacement restores, their ability to discriminate between odors irrespective of the saliency of the odors used. Thus, gonadal hormones were essential for both learning and maintenance of task performance across sex and odor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kunkhyen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - E Perez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - M Bass
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - A Coyne
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - M J Baum
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - J A Cherry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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29
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Vann KT, Xiong ZG. Acid-sensing ion channel 1 contributes to normal olfactory function. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:246-251. [PMID: 28912013 PMCID: PMC5645255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are cation channels activated by protons. ASIC1a, a primary ASIC subunit in the brain, was recently characterized in the olfactory bulb. The present study tested the hypothesis that ASIC1a is essential for normal olfactory function. Olfactory behavior of wild-type (WT) and ASIC1-/- mice was evaluated by using three standard olfactory tests: (1) the buried food test, (2) the olfactory habituation test, and (3) the olfactory preference test. In buried food test, ASIC1-/- mice had significantly longer latency to uncover buried food than WT mice. In olfactory habituation test, ASIC1-/- mice had increased sniffing time with acidic odorants. In olfactory preference test, ASIC1-/- mice did not exhibit normal avoidance behavior for 2, 5- dihydro-2, 4, 5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT). Consistent with ASIC1 knockout, ASIC1 inhibition by nasal administration of PcTX1 increased the latency for WT mice to uncover the buried food. Together, these findings suggest a key role for ASIC1a in normal olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara T Vann
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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30
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Abstract
Olfaction is a fundamental sense in most animal species. In mammals, the olfactory system comprises several subpopulations of sensory neurons located throughout the nasal cavity, which detect a variety of chemostimuli, including odorants, intraspecies and interspecies chemical communication cues. Some of these compounds are important for regulating innate and learned behaviors, and endocrine changes in response to other animals in the environment. With a particular focus on laboratory rodent species, this chapter provides a comprehensive description of the most important behavioral assays used for studying the olfactory system, and is meant to be a practical guide for those who study olfaction-mediated behaviors or who have an interest in deciphering the molecular, cellular, or neural mechanisms through which the sense of smell controls the generation of adaptive behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago S Nakahara
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio P Camargo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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31
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Prenatal and Early Postnatal Odorant Exposure Heightens Odor-Evoked Mitral Cell Responses in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. eNeuro 2017. [PMID: 28955723 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0129‐17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early sensory experience shapes the anatomy and function of sensory circuits. In the mouse olfactory bulb (OB), prenatal and early postnatal odorant exposure through odorized food (food/odorant pairing) not only increases the volume of activated glomeruli but also increases the number of mitral and tufted cells (M/TCs) connected to activated glomeruli. Given the importance of M/TCs in OB output and in mediating lateral inhibitory networks, increasing the number of M/TCs connected to a single glomerulus may significantly change odorant representation by increasing the total output of that glomerulus and/or by increasing the strength of lateral inhibition mediated by cells connected to the affected glomerulus. Here, we seek to understand the functional impact of this long-term odorant exposure paradigm on the population activity of mitral cells (MCs). We use viral expression of GCaMP6s to examine odor-evoked responses of MCs following prenatal and early postnatal odorant exposure to two dissimilar odorants, methyl salicylate (MS) and hexanal, which are both strong activators of glomeruli on the dorsal OB surface. Previous work suggests that odor familiarity may decrease odor-evoked MC response in rodents. However, we find that early food-based odorant exposure significantly changes MC responses in an unexpected way, resulting in broad increases in the amplitude, number, and reliability of excitatory MC responses across the dorsal OB.
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Prenatal and Early Postnatal Odorant Exposure Heightens Odor-Evoked Mitral Cell Responses in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0129-17. [PMID: 28955723 PMCID: PMC5613225 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0129-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sensory experience shapes the anatomy and function of sensory circuits. In the mouse olfactory bulb (OB), prenatal and early postnatal odorant exposure through odorized food (food/odorant pairing) not only increases the volume of activated glomeruli but also increases the number of mitral and tufted cells (M/TCs) connected to activated glomeruli. Given the importance of M/TCs in OB output and in mediating lateral inhibitory networks, increasing the number of M/TCs connected to a single glomerulus may significantly change odorant representation by increasing the total output of that glomerulus and/or by increasing the strength of lateral inhibition mediated by cells connected to the affected glomerulus. Here, we seek to understand the functional impact of this long-term odorant exposure paradigm on the population activity of mitral cells (MCs). We use viral expression of GCaMP6s to examine odor-evoked responses of MCs following prenatal and early postnatal odorant exposure to two dissimilar odorants, methyl salicylate (MS) and hexanal, which are both strong activators of glomeruli on the dorsal OB surface. Previous work suggests that odor familiarity may decrease odor-evoked MC response in rodents. However, we find that early food-based odorant exposure significantly changes MC responses in an unexpected way, resulting in broad increases in the amplitude, number, and reliability of excitatory MC responses across the dorsal OB.
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33
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Zhao F, Wang X, Zariwala HA, Uslaner JM, Houghton AK, Evelhoch JL, Hostetler E, Winkelmann CT, Hines CD. fMRI study of the role of glutamate NMDA receptor in the olfactory adaptation in rats: Insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of olfactory adaptation. Neuroimage 2017; 149:348-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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35
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Zhao F, Wang X, Zariwala HA, Uslaner JM, Houghton AK, Evelhoch JL, Williams DS, Winkelmann CT. fMRI study of olfaction in the olfactory bulb and high olfactory structures of rats: Insight into their roles in habituation. Neuroimage 2015; 127:445-455. [PMID: 26522425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood volume (CBV) fMRI with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO) as a contrast agent was used to investigate olfactory processing in rats. fMRI data were acquired in sixteen 0.75-mm coronal slices covering the olfactory bulb (OB) and higher olfactory regions (HOR), including the anterior olfactory nucleus and piriform cortex. For each animal, multiple consecutive fMRI measurements were made during a 3-h experiment session, with each measurement consisting of a baseline period, an odorant stimulation period, and a recovery period. Two different stimulation paradigms with a stimulation period of 40s or 80s, respectively, were used to study olfactory processing. Odorant-induced CBV increases were robustly observed in the OB and HOR of each individual animal. Olfactory adaptation, which is characterized by an attenuation of responses to continuous exposure or repeated stimulations, has different characteristics in the OB and HOR. For adaptation to repeated stimuli, while it was observed in both the OB and HOR, CBV responses in the HOR were attenuated more significantly than responses in the OB. In contrast, within each continuous 40-s or 80-s odor exposure, CBV responses in the OB were stable and did not show adaptation, but the CBV responses in the HOR were state dependent, with no adaptation during initial exposures, but significant adaptation during following exposures. These results support previous reports that HOR plays a more significant role than OB in olfactory habituation. The technical approach presented in this study should enable more extensive fMRI studies of olfactory processing in rats.
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Ogg MC, Bendahamane M, Fletcher ML. Habituation of glomerular responses in the olfactory bulb following prolonged odor stimulation reflects reduced peripheral input. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:53. [PMID: 26441516 PMCID: PMC4585128 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following prolonged odor stimulation, output from olfactory bulb (OB) mitral/tufted (M/T) cells is decreased in response to subsequent olfactory stimulation. Currently, it is unclear if this decrease is a function of adaptation of peripheral olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) responses or reflects depression of bulb circuits. We used wide-field calcium imaging in anesthetized transgenic GCaMP2 mice to compare excitatory glomerular layer odor responses before and after a 30-s odor stimulation. Significant habituation of subsequent glomerular odor responses to both the same and structurally similar odorants was detected with our protocol. To test whether depression of OSN terminals contributed to this habituation, olfactory nerve layer (ON) stimulation was used to drive glomerular layer responses in the absence of peripheral odor activation of the OSNs. Following odor habituation, in contrast to odor-evoked glomerular responses, ON stimulation-evoked glomerular responses were not habituated. The difference in response between odor and electrical stimulation following odor habituation provides evidence that odor response reductions measured in the glomerular layer of the OB are most likely the result of OSN adaptation processes taking place in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cameron Ogg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mounir Bendahamane
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Max L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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37
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Lee JH, Wei L, Deveau TC, Gu X, Yu SP. Expression of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A (NR3A) in the olfactory system and its regulatory role on olfaction in the adult mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3259-73. [PMID: 26334321 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the olfactory system and its N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA) receptor subunits [GluN1 (NR1), GluN2A (NR2A), and GluN2B (NR2B)] are expressed at synapses in the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium. Thus, glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors play key roles in olfaction. GluN3A (NR3A) is a unique inhibitory subunit in the NMDA receptor complex; however, the expression and functional role of GluN3A in the olfactory bulb and epithelium remain unclear. The present study examined the expression patterns of GluN3A in the olfactory bulb and epithelium and explored its functional role in the olfactory system. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that GluN3A is abundantly expressed in different cellular layers of the olfactory bulb and epithelium of the adult wild type (WT) mice. In littermate GluN3A knockout (GluN3A(-/-); KO) mice, the expression of olfactory marker protein normally found in mature olfactory sensory neurons was significantly reduced in the olfactory bulb and epithelium. A butyl alcohol stimulus increased immediate-early gene c-Fos expression in the olfactory system of WT mice, while this response was absent in GluN3A KO mice. The level of phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II was significantly lower in GluN3A KO mice compared to WT mice. In buried food finding test, GluN3A mice took significantly longer time to find food compared to WT mice. Consistently, impaired odor distinguishing ability was seen in GluN3A KO mice. These findings suggest that GluN3A, expressed in the adult olfactory system, plays a significant regulatory role in olfactory development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Todd C Deveau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
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38
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Xia CZ, Adjei S, Wesson DW. Coding of odor stimulus features among secondary olfactory structures. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:736-45. [PMID: 26041832 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00902.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems must represent stimuli in manners dependent upon a wealth of factors, including stimulus intensity and duration. One way the brain might handle these complex functions is to assign the tasks throughout distributed nodes, each contributing to information processing. We sought to explore this important aspect of sensory network function in the mammalian olfactory system, wherein the intensity and duration of odor exposure are critical contributors to odor perception. This is a quintessential model for exploring processing schemes given the distribution of odor information by olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells into several anatomically distinct secondary processing stages, including the piriform cortex (PCX) and olfactory tubercle (OT), whose unique contributions to odor coding are unresolved. We explored the coding of PCX and OT neuron responses to odor intensity and duration. We found that both structures similarly partake in representing descending intensities of odors by reduced recruitment and modulation of neurons. Additionally, while neurons in the OT adapt to odor exposure, they display reduced capacity to adapt to either repeated presentations of odor or a single prolonged odor presentation compared with neurons in the PCX. These results provide insights into manners whereby secondary olfactory structures may, at least in some cases, uniquely represent stimulus features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Z Xia
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Stacey Adjei
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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39
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Meier L, Friedrich H, Federspiel A, Jann K, Morishima Y, Landis BN, Wiest R, Strik W, Dierks T. Rivalry of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions: Dehydration attenuates olfactory disgust and its neural correlates. Neuroimage 2015; 114:120-7. [PMID: 25818686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural correlates have been described for emotions evoked by states of homeostatic imbalance (e.g. thirst, hunger, and breathlessness) and for emotions induced by external sensory stimulation (such as fear and disgust). However, the neurobiological mechanisms of their interaction, when they are experienced simultaneously, are still unknown. We investigated the interaction on the neurobiological and the perceptional level using subjective ratings, serum parameters, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a situation of emotional rivalry, when both a homeostatic and a sensory-evoked emotion were experienced at the same time. Twenty highly dehydrated male subjects rated a disgusting odor as significantly less repulsive when they were thirsty. On the neurobiological level, we found that this reduction in subjective disgust during thirst was accompanied by a significantly reduced neural activity in the insular cortex, a brain area known to be considerably involved in processing of disgust. Furthermore, during the experience of disgust in the satiated condition, we observed a significant functional connectivity between brain areas responding to the disgusting odor, which was absent during the stimulation in the thirsty condition. These results suggest interference of conflicting emotions: an acute homeostatic imbalance can attenuate the experience of another emotion evoked by the sensory perception of a potentially harmful external agent. This finding offers novel insights with regard to the behavioral relevance of biologically different types of emotions, indicating that some types of emotions are more imperative for behavior than others. As a general principle, this modulatory effect during the conflict of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions may function to safeguard survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Meier
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Hergen Friedrich
- Rhinology, Smell and Taste Outpatient Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Unit, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Kay Jann
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Unit, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosuke Morishima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Basile Nicolas Landis
- Rhinology, Smell and Taste Outpatient Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Geneva Neuroscience Center (CMU), University of Geneva Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Strik
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
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40
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Slotnick B, Coppola DM. Odor-Cued Taste Avoidance: A Simple and Robust Test of Mouse Olfaction. Chem Senses 2015; 40:269-78. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Ono S, Kagawa H, Takahasi M, Seki Y, Okanoya K. Limitations of a habituation task to demonstrate discrimination of natural signals in songbirds. Behav Processes 2015; 115:100-8. [PMID: 25795097 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The habituation-dishabituation (HDH) paradigm is a common method used to examine animal cognition. Recent studies reported that spontaneous vocalizations could be used as an index of song familiarity and novelty in songbirds. However, these studies assigned only a few stimulus sets for all subjects, which might cause pseudoreplication. Therefore, we examined universality and general applicability of this method in Bengalese finches using a variety of stimulus sets. Seven unfamiliar conspecific songs were collected as a stimulus pool and a habituation song was randomly chosen for each subject. The subject was exposed to the habituation song repeatedly over 2h. During the test phase, the habituation song and a novel song randomly chosen from the stimulus pool were presented. We compared the degree of increase in call production during playback of those two songs. Although the degree was greater for the novel song compared with the habituation song in some birds, the trend was not consistent across all stimulus sets tested in these birds. Our results show that the HDH paradigm is not suitable to test song discrimination in songbirds unless precautions are taken to increase external validity by utilizing a variety of stimulus sets for each subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kagawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Miki Takahasi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Seki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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42
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Zhao F, Holahan MA, Houghton AK, Hargreaves R, Evelhoch JL, Winkelmann CT, Williams DS. Functional imaging of olfaction by CBV fMRI in monkeys: Insight into the role of olfactory bulb in habituation. Neuroimage 2015; 106:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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43
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Dillon TS, Fox LC, Han C, Linster C. 17β-estradiol enhances memory duration in the main olfactory bulb in CD-1 mice. Behav Neurosci 2014; 127:923-31. [PMID: 24341716 DOI: 10.1037/a0034839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rodents rely heavily on odor detection, discrimination, and memory to locate food, find mates, care for pups, and avoid predators. Estrogens have been shown to increase memory retention in rodents performing spatial memory and object placement tasks. Here we evaluate the extent to which 17β-estradiol modulates memory formation and duration in the olfactory system. Adult CD-1 mice were gonadectomized and given either systemic 17β-estradiol replacement, local 17β-estradiol in the main olfactory bulb, or no replacement. Before performing the behavioral task the mice were given saline or PHTPP (an estrogen receptor β [ER-β] antagonist) via bilateral infusion into the main olfactory bulb. As the beta-type estrogen receptor (ER-β) is more abundant than the alpha-type estrogen receptor in the murine main olfactory bulb, the current study focuses on 17β-estradiol and its interactions with ERβ. Habituation, a simple, nonassociative learning task in which an animal is exposed to the same odor over successive presentations, was used to evaluate the animals' ability to detect odors and form an olfactory memory. To evaluate memory duration, we added a final trial of intertrial interval time (30 or 60 min) in which we presented the habituated odor. Neither surgical nor drug manipulation affected the ability of mice to detect or habituate to an odor. After habituation, gonadectomized 17β-estradiol-treated mice retained memory of an odor for 30 min, whereas non-estradiol-treated, 17β-estradiol+ERβ antagonist (PHTPP), and untreated male mice did not remember an odor 30 min after habituation. The results show that both systemic and local bulbar infusions of 17β-estradiol enhance odor memory duration in mice.
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Tong MT, Peace ST, Cleland TA. Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25071492 PMCID: PMC4083347 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Memories are dynamic physical phenomena with psychometric forms as well as characteristic timescales. Most of our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the neurophysiology of memory, however, derives from one-trial learning paradigms that, while powerful, do not fully embody the gradual, representational, and statistical aspects of cumulative learning. The early olfactory system—particularly olfactory bulb—comprises a reasonably well-understood and experimentally accessible neuronal network with intrinsic plasticity that underlies both one-trial (adult aversive, neonatal) and cumulative (adult appetitive) odor learning. These olfactory circuits employ many of the same molecular and structural mechanisms of memory as, for example, hippocampal circuits following inhibitory avoidance conditioning, but the temporal sequences of post-conditioning molecular events are likely to differ owing to the need to incorporate new information from ongoing learning events into the evolving memory trace. Moreover, the shapes of acquired odor representations, and their gradual transformation over the course of cumulative learning, also can be directly measured, adding an additional representational dimension to the traditional metrics of memory strength and persistence. In this review, we describe some established molecular and structural mechanisms of memory with a focus on the timecourses of post-conditioning molecular processes. We describe the properties of odor learning intrinsic to the olfactory bulb and review the utility of the olfactory system of adult rodents as a memory system in which to study the cellular mechanisms of cumulative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Tong
- Computational Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shane T Peace
- Computational Physiology Lab, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Cleland
- Computational Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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45
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Zeng HL, Rao X, Zhang LK, Zhao X, Zhang WP, Wang J, Xu F, Guo L. Quantitative proteomics reveals olfactory input-dependent alterations in the mouse olfactory bulb proteome. J Proteomics 2014; 109:125-42. [PMID: 24998433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Olfactory sensory information is processed and integrated by circuits within the olfactory bulb (OB) before being sent to the olfactory cortex. In the mammalian OB, neural activity driven by external stimuli can lead to experience-dependent changes in structures and functions. In this study, quantitative proteomics techniques were employed to study proteome-wide changes in the OB under four levels of neural activity (from low to high): devoid of peripheral input (using a transgenic model), wild-type control, and short-term and long-term odor exposures. Our results revealed that proteins related to various processes were altered in the OBs of odor-deprived and odor-stimulated mice compared to the wild-type controls. These changes induced by odor stimulation were quite different from those induced by a deficit in peripheral olfactory inputs. Detailed analysis demonstrated that metabolic process and synaptic transmission were the most commonly altered pathways and that the effects of peripheral deprivation were more profound. Our comparative proteomics analysis indicated that olfactory deprivation and odor exposure lead to different alterations in the OB proteome, which provides new clues about the mechanisms underlying the olfactory deprivation- or odor stimulation-induced plasticity of OB function and organization. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE By combining quantitative proteomics, bioinformatics and WB/IHC analysis, this study reports the results of the first comparative study on proteome-wide changes in the olfactory bulb under different levels of olfactory input. Odor deprivation and stimulation induced proteomic changes clearly demonstrate significant metabolic shifts and alterations on synaptic transmission. This quantitative system biology study leads to a new level of understanding in the development of olfactory bulb plasticity induced by odor deprivation or stimulation, and provides many new clues for the olfactory bulb related functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Li B, Gong L, Wu R, Li A, Xu F. Complex relationship between BOLD-fMRI and electrophysiological signals in different olfactory bulb layers. Neuroimage 2014; 95:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Mandairon N, Kermen F, Charpentier C, Sacquet J, Linster C, Didier A. Context-driven activation of odor representations in the absence of olfactory stimuli in the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:138. [PMID: 24808838 PMCID: PMC4010734 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neural activity is highly context dependent and shaped by experience and expectation. In the olfactory bulb (OB), the first cerebral relay of olfactory processing, responses to odorants are shaped by previous experiences including contextual information thanks to strong feedback connections. In the present experiment, mice were conditioned to associate an odorant with a visual context and were then exposed to the visual context alone. We found that the visual context alone elicited exploration of the odor port similar to that elicited by the stimulus when it was initially presented. In the OB, the visual context alone elicited a neural activation pattern, assessed by mapping the expression of the immediate early gene zif268 (egr-1) that was highly similar to that evoked by the conditioned odorant, but not other odorants. This OB activation was processed by olfactory network as it was transmitted to the piriform cortex. Interestingly, a novel context abolished neural and behavioral responses. In addition, the neural representation in response to the context was dependent on top-down inputs, suggesting that context-dependent representation is initiated in cortex. Modeling of the experimental data suggests that odor representations are stored in cortical networks, reactivated by the context and activate bulbar representations. Activation of the OB and the associated behavioral response in the absence of physical stimulus showed that mice are capable of internal representations of sensory stimuli. The similarity of activation patterns induced by imaged and the corresponding physical stimulus, triggered only by the relevant context provides evidence for an odor-specific internal representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mandairon
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5292 INSERM 1028, Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Florence Kermen
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5292 INSERM 1028, Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Charpentier
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5292 INSERM 1028, Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Joelle Sacquet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5292 INSERM 1028, Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Linster
- Computational Physiology Lab, Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anne Didier
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5292 INSERM 1028, Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
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48
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Twick I, Lee JA, Ramaswami M. Olfactory habituation in Drosophila-odor encoding and its plasticity in the antennal lobe. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 208:3-38. [PMID: 24767477 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63350-7.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of an animal's response to an odorant is that it declines when the odorant is frequently or continuously encountered. This decline in olfactory response, termed olfactory habituation, can have temporally or mechanistically different forms. The neural circuitry of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster's olfactory system is well defined in terms of component cells, which are readily accessible to functional studies and genetic manipulation. This makes it a particularly useful preparation for the investigation of olfactory habituation. In addition, the insect olfactory system shares many architectural and functional similarities with mammalian olfactory systems, suggesting that olfactory mechanisms in insects may be broadly relevant. In this chapter, we discuss the likely mechanisms of olfactory habituation in context of the participating cell types, their connectivity, and their roles in sensory processing. We overview the structure and function of key cell types, the mechanisms that stimulate them, and how they transduce and process odor signals. We then consider how each stage of olfactory processing could potentially contribute to behavioral habituation. After this, we overview a variety of recent mechanistic studies that point to an important role for potentiation of inhibitory synapses in the primary olfactory processing center, the antennal lobe, in driving the reduced response to familiar odorants. Following the discussion of mechanisms for short- and long-term olfactory habituation, we end by considering how these mechanisms may be regulated by neuromodulators, which likely play key roles in the induction, gating, or suppression of habituated behavior, and speculate on the relevance of these processes for other forms of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Twick
- School of Genetics and Microbiology and School of Natural Sciences, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John Anthony Lee
- School of Genetics and Microbiology and School of Natural Sciences, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mani Ramaswami
- School of Genetics and Microbiology and School of Natural Sciences, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; National Centre for Biological Science, Bangalore, India
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Manella LC, Alperin S, Linster C. Stressors impair odor recognition memory via an olfactory bulb-dependent noradrenergic mechanism. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:97. [PMID: 24391558 PMCID: PMC3870319 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-associative habituation and odor recognition tasks have been widely used to probe questions of social recognition, odor memory duration, and odor memory specificity. Among others, these paradigms have provided valuable insight into how neuromodulation, and specifically norepinephrine/noradrenaline (NE) influences odor memory. In general, NE levels are modulated by arousal, stress, and behavioral state, but there is sparse evidence of a direct relationship between NE and odor memory in adult rodents. The present study uses simple mild psychological stressors (bright light and sound) to modulate NE levels physiologically in order to probe stressors NE-dependent effect on odor recognition memory. In rats with bilateral bulbar cannulations, we show that these stressors modulate olfactory memory and that this effect is at least partially mediated by the olfactory bulb. Specifically, we show that the presence of stressors during the acquisition of odor memory suppresses memory for an odor when tested 30 min after familiarization to that odor. This suppression is blocked by infusing NE antagonists into the olfactory bulb prior to odor acquisition. Additionally, we find that infusion of bulbar NE is sufficient to suppress odor memory in a manner mimicking that of our stressors. These effects are unlikely to be solely mediated by locomotor/exploratory changes produced by stressors, although these stressors influence certain behaviors not directly related to odor investigation. This study provides important information about how behaviorally relevant changes in NE can influence top-down sensory processing and odor memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Manella
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Alperin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christiane Linster
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Dynamic sensory representations in the olfactory bulb: modulation by wakefulness and experience. Neuron 2013; 76:962-75. [PMID: 23217744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How are sensory representations in the brain influenced by the state of an animal? Here we use chronic two-photon calcium imaging to explore how wakefulness and experience shape odor representations in the mouse olfactory bulb. Comparing the awake and anesthetized state, we show that wakefulness greatly enhances the activity of inhibitory granule cells and makes principal mitral cell odor responses more sparse and temporally dynamic. In awake mice, brief repeated odor experience leads to a gradual and long-lasting (months) weakening of mitral cell odor representations. This mitral cell plasticity is odor specific, recovers gradually over months, and can be repeated with different odors. Furthermore, the expression of this experience-dependent plasticity is prevented by anesthesia. Together, our results demonstrate the dynamic nature of mitral cell odor representations in awake animals, which is constantly shaped by recent odor experience.
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