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Jonas KG, Cannon TD, Docherty AR, Dwyer D, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nelson B, Reininghaus U, Kotov R. Psychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1005-1019. [PMID: 38200290 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review describes the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model of psychosis-related psychopathology, the psychosis superspectrum. The HiTOP psychosis superspectrum was developed to address shortcomings of traditional diagnoses for psychotic disorders and related conditions including low reliability, arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, high symptom co-occurrence, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories. The psychosis superspectrum is a transdiagnostic dimensional model comprising two spectra-psychoticism and detachment-which are in turn broken down into fourteen narrow components, and two auxiliary domains-cognition and functional impairment. The structure of the spectra and their components are shown to parallel the genetic structure of psychosis and related traits. Psychoticism and detachment have distinct patterns of association with urbanicity, migrant and ethnic minority status, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. The superspectrum also provides a useful model for describing the emergence and course of psychosis, as components of the superspectrum are relatively stable over time. Changes in psychoticism predict the onset of psychosis-related psychopathology, whereas changes in detachment and cognition define later course. Implications of the superspectrum for genetic, socio-environmental, and longitudinal research are discussed. A companion review focuses on neurobiology, treatment response, and clinical utility of the superspectrum, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Hopwood CJ, Morey LC, Markon KE. What is a psychopathology dimension? Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 106:102356. [PMID: 37926058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Coherence in the science and practice of mental health assessment depends upon a tight connection between psychopathology concepts that are used and the way those concepts are operationalized and defined. In contrast, the use of the same word to mean more than one thing contributes to incoherence, inefficiency, and confusion. In this paper, we review three possible meanings of the word "dimension" as it relates to the assessment of psychopathology and describe how the indiscriminate use of this word has caused confusion in the general context of the transition to a more evidence-based approach to mental health diagnosis. We attempt to disambiguate the term "dimension" by demarcating three concepts that can be distinguished based on different empirical standards: continuous variables, unidimensional dimensions, and distinct dimensions.
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3
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Markon KE. Reliability as Lindley Information. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2022:1-28. [PMID: 36539390 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2022.2136613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a definition of reliability based on Lindley information, which is the mutual information between an observed measure and latent attribute. This definition reduces to the traditional definition of reliability in the case of normal variables, but can be applied to any joint distribution of observed and latent variables. Importantly, unlike traditional definitions of reliability, this formulation of reliability applies to vector- or matrix-valued estimates and summaries of responses, and therefore generalizes reliability to sets of scores and estimates in addition to individual scores and estimates. This formulation also leads to new bounds for reliability, as well as newly reported relationships between reliability and the traditional Fisher information function familiar in item response theory literature. This form of reliability can be estimated using formulae, or methods used in Bayesian inference such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) depending on the case. Examples based on well-studied datasets are provided, as well as applications to drift-diffusion modeling and randomly-varying intraindividual covariance structures.
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4
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Specific cognitive aptitudes and gifted samples. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
When it originated in the late 19th century, psychometrics was a field with both a scientific and a social mission: Psychometrics provided new methods for research into individual differences and at the same time considered these methods a means of creating a new social order. In contrast, contemporary psychometrics-because of its highly technical nature and its limited involvement in substantive psychological research-has created the impression of being a value-free discipline. In this article, we develop a contrasting characterization of contemporary psychometrics as a value-laden discipline. We expose four such values: that individual differences are quantitative (rather than qualitative), that measurement should be objective in a specific sense, that test items should be fair, and that the utility of a model is more important than its truth. Our goal is not to criticize psychometrics for supporting these values but rather to bring them into the open and to show that they are not inevitable and are in need of systematic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Alexandrova
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, King’s College, University of Cambridge
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6
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Measurement Issues in Tests of the Socioecological Complexity Hypothesis. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-021-00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aristodemou ME, Fried EI. Common Factors and Interpretation of the p Factor of Psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:465-466. [PMID: 32220400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most discussed recent topics in psychopathology research is the p factor of mental illness. This single dimension is understood to measure "a person's liability to mental disorder, comorbidity among disorders, persistence of disorders over time, and severity of symptoms."1 A recent paper by Constantinou et al.2 published in the Journal investigated the external validity of the p factor. We commend the authors for the contribution to the literature and want to highlight two points: (1) the interpretation of p as a causal entity, and (2) selection of bifactor models over alternative models for reasons of superior fit.
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Lange J, Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Kleef GA, Fischer AH. Toward an Integrative Psychometric Model of Emotions. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:444-468. [PMID: 32040935 PMCID: PMC7059206 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619895057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are part and parcel of the human condition, but their nature is debated. Three broad classes of theories about the nature of emotions can be distinguished: affect-program theories, constructionist theories, and appraisal theories. Integrating these broad classes of theories into a unifying theory is challenging. An integrative psychometric model of emotions can inform such a theory because psychometric models are intertwined with theoretical perspectives about constructs. To identify an integrative psychometric model, we delineate properties of emotions stated by emotion theories and investigate whether psychometric models account for these properties. Specifically, an integrative psychometric model of emotions should allow (a) identifying distinct emotions (central in affect-program theories), (b) between- and within-person variations of emotions (central in constructionist theories), and (c) causal relationships between emotion components (central in appraisal theories). Evidence suggests that the popular reflective and formative latent variable models-in which emotions are conceptualized as unobservable causes or consequences of emotion components-cannot account for all properties. Conversely, a psychometric network model-in which emotions are conceptualized as systems of causally interacting emotion components-accounts for all properties. The psychometric network model thus constitutes an integrative psychometric model of emotions, facilitating progress toward a unifying theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lange
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
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9
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Conway CC, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Fried EI, Hallquist MN, Kotov R, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Shackman AJ, Skodol AE, South SC, Sunderland M, Waszczuk MA, Zald DH, Afzali MH, Bornovalova MA, Carragher N, Docherty AR, Jonas KG, Krueger RF, Patalay P, Pincus AL, Tackett JL, Reininghaus U, Waldman ID, Wright AG, Zimmermann J, Bach B, Bagby RM, Chmielewski M, Cicero DC, Clark LA, Dalgleish T, DeYoung CG, Hopwood CJ, Ivanova MY, Latzman RD, Patrick CJ, Ruggero CJ, Samuel DB, Watson D, Eaton NR. A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Can Transform Mental Health Research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:419-436. [PMID: 30844330 PMCID: PMC6497550 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618810696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, research on psychopathology has focused on categorical diagnoses. Although this work has produced major discoveries, growing evidence points to the superiority of a dimensional approach to the science of mental illness. Here we outline one such dimensional system-the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)-that is based on empirical patterns of co-occurrence among psychological symptoms. We highlight key ways in which this framework can advance mental-health research, and we provide some heuristics for using HiTOP to test theories of psychopathology. We then review emerging evidence that supports the value of a hierarchical, dimensional model of mental illness across diverse research areas in psychological science. These new data suggest that the HiTOP system has the potential to accelerate and improve research on mental-health problems as well as efforts to more effectively assess, prevent, and treat mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Conway
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Miriam K. Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Eiko I. Fried
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael N. Hallquist
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E. Skodol
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Susan C. South
- Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monika A. Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David H. Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Natacha Carragher
- Medical Education and Student Office, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna R. Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katherine G. Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aaron L. Pincus
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Aidan G.C. Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - R. Michael Bagby
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David C. Cicero
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin G. DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Masha Y. Ivanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert D. Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Camilo J. Ruggero
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas B. Samuel
- Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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10
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Hopwood CJ. Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and basic personality psychologists interact less than they should, given their similar interests. In clinical personality psychology, available evidence supports a transition from the current categorical system to a hierarchical trait scheme for diagnosing the stable features of personality disorder. However, trait models do not capture the dynamic aspects of personality disorders as they have been described in the clinical literature, and thus miss a clinically critical feature of personality pathology. In contrast, basic personality psychologists have coalesced around a consensual structure of individual differences and become increasingly interested in the dynamic processes that underlie and contextualize traits. But trait psychology models are not sufficiently specific to characterize dynamic personality processes. In this paper, I filter clinical descriptions of personality disorders through the lens of interpersonal theory to specify a recursive within–situation interpersonal pattern of motives, affects, behaviours, and perceptions that could contribute to the stable between–situation patterns of maladaptive behaviour of historical interest to both basic and clinical personality psychologists. I suggest that this interpersonal model adds specificity to recent proposals regarding processes in the basic personality literature and has significant potential to advance research on personality dynamics. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Richardson GB, La Guardia AC, Klay PM. Determining the roles of father absence and age at menarche in female psychosocial acceleration. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Van Der Maas HLJ, Kan KJ, Marsman M, Stevenson CE. Network Models for Cognitive Development and Intelligence. J Intell 2017; 5:E16. [PMID: 31162407 PMCID: PMC6526461 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronbach's (1957) famous division of scientific psychology into two disciplines is still apparent for the fields of cognition (general mechanisms) and intelligence (dimensionality of individual differences). The welcome integration of the two fields requires the construction of mechanistic models of cognition and cognitive development that explain key phenomena in individual differences research. In this paper, we argue that network modeling is a promising approach to integrate the processes of cognitive development and (developing) intelligence into one unified theory. Network models are defined mathematically, describe mechanisms on the level of the individual, and are able to explain positive correlations among intelligence subtest scores-the empirical basis for the well-known g-factor-as well as more complex factorial structures. Links between network modeling, factor modeling, and item response theory allow for a common metric, encompassing both discrete and continuous characteristics, for cognitive development and intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han L J Van Der Maas
- Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Marsman
- Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Claire E Stevenson
- Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Richardson GB, Sanning BK, Lai MHC, Copping LT, Hardesty PH, Kruger DJ. On the Psychometric Study of Human Life History Strategies. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704916666840. [PMID: 28152627 PMCID: PMC10457209 DOI: 10.1177/1474704916666840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article attends to recent discussions of validity in psychometric research on human life history strategy (LHS), provides a constructive critique of the extant literature, and describes strategies for improving construct validity. To place the psychometric study of human LHS on more solid ground, our review indicates that researchers should (a) use approaches to psychometric modeling that are consistent with their philosophies of measurement, (b) confirm the dimensionality of life history indicators, and (c) establish measurement invariance for at least a subset of indicators. Because we see confirming the dimensionality of life history indicators as the next step toward placing the psychometrics of human LHS on more solid ground, we use nationally representative data and structural equation modeling to test the structure of middle adult life history indicators. We found statistically independent mating competition and Super-K dimensions and the effects of parental harshness and childhood unpredictability on Super-K were consistent with past research. However, childhood socioeconomic status had a moderate positive effect on mating competition and no effect on Super-K, while unpredictability did not predict mating competition. We conclude that human LHS is more complex than previously suggested-there does not seem to be a single dimension of human LHS among Western adults and the effects of environmental components seem to vary between mating competition and Super-K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blair K. Sanning
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark H. C. Lai
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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