1
|
Li X, Lafit G, van Aubel E, Vaessen T, Hiekkaranta AP, Houben M, Beijer-Klippel A, de Haan L, Schirmbeck F, Reininghaus U, Myin-Germeys I. Emotion regulation in daily life in early psychosis: The role of contextual appraisals. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:130-138. [PMID: 37722209 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether and how contextual appraisals relate to emotion regulation (ER) strategy use across the ultra-high risk and first episode stages of psychosis. The present study extends previous research by investigating the extent to which different appraisal dimensions of the most negative and positive events of the day are associated with ER strategy use in individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) and first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHOD Sixty-eight UHR individuals and fifty-five FEP individuals filled out an experience sampling evening questionnaire for six consecutive days, in which their appraisal of intensity, importance and perceived control concerning the most negative or positive event of the day, and the ER strategies they deploy in response to these events were measured. RESULTS Multilevel mixed effect models showed that intensity appraisal was most closely associated with ER strategy use, as opposed to importance and controllability appraisals. Higher intense negative events were associated with more rumination and social sharing, while less intense negative events were associated with more reappraisal. Higher intense positive events were associated with a greater number of deployed strategies and more efforts in using savoring, expression and social sharing. The UHR and FEP individuals did not significantly differ regarding effects of above-mentioned appraisal dimensions on ER. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence supporting ER flexibility in early psychosis, and event intensity emerged as the dimension most strongly associated with ER. Future research should better account for other situational factors (such as social context) that might affect ER use in psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ginette Lafit
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Evelyne van Aubel
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vaessen
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Center for eHealth and Well-being Research, Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Twente 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Anu P Hiekkaranta
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marlies Houben
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Annelie Beijer-Klippel
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 GT, the Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Lifespan Psychology, Open University, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raugh IM, Bartolomeo LA, Zhang L, James SH, Strauss GP. Deconstructing emotion regulation in schizophrenia: The nature of abnormalities at the selection and implementation stages. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2023; 132:908-920. [PMID: 37668572 PMCID: PMC10592206 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties with emotion regulation are observed across psychiatric diagnoses, including psychotic disorders. Past studies using trait self-report indicate that people with schizophrenia (SZ) are less likely to use adaptive emotion regulation strategies and more likely to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies than controls (CN). However, more recent evidence using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) indicates that regulation effectiveness and adaptiveness may vary across strategies. The present study aimed to systematically understand abnormalities in state-level emotion regulation strategy selection, effectiveness, and adaptiveness in SZ compared to CN using EMA. Participants (n = 50 SZ; n = 53 CN) completed 6 days of EMA surveys assessing emotional experience, emotion regulation, and symptoms. Results indicated that SZ selected interpersonal emotion regulation and avoidance more often than CN, while both groups selected reappraisal and distraction more often than avoidance and suppression. Overall, strategies were effective at reducing negative emotion and adaptive for reducing delusions over time. Reappraisal, avoidance, and suppression all significantly down-regulated delusions over time. Although some selection abnormalities were present in terms of rate of selection and effort exertion, people with SZ select strategies which are effective and adaptive in the short term. The present results have implications for how cognitive therapy for psychosis may target delusions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Raugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
| | | | - Luyu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raugh IM, Strauss GP. Deconstructing emotion regulation in schizophrenia: the nature and consequences of abnormalities at the identification stage. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1061-1071. [PMID: 34716486 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that emotion regulation is abnormal in schizophrenia and associated with undesirable clinical outcomes. However, this literature is based predominantly on trait self-report and does not indicate which stages of emotion regulation (identification, selection, implementation) are impaired. The current study focused on determining the nature of abnormalities at the identification stage using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants included clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ; n = 48) and healthy controls (CN; n = 52) who completed 6 days of EMA. The EMA surveys assessed emotional experience, emotion regulation, and symptoms. Results indicated that SZ identified the need to regulate at a higher rate than CN. Specifically, SZ displayed an inefficient threshold for identifying the need to regulate, such that they regulated too much when negative affect was low and too little when negative affect was high. Emotion regulation effort exertion was also inefficient, such that effort was too high at low levels of negative affect and too low at high levels of negative affect in SZ. These identification stage abnormalities also demonstrated differential associations with positive and negative symptoms. Findings suggest that identification stage abnormalities may create a bottleneck that feeds forward and impacts subsequent stages of emotion regulation in SZ that are critically related to symptoms. Targeting the psychological processes underlying these identification stage abnormalities might offer a novel means of treating positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Raugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gregory P Strauss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clayson PE, Wynn JK, Jimenez AM, Reavis EA, Lee J, Green MF, Horan WP. Intact differentiation of responses to socially-relevant emotional stimuli across psychotic disorders: An event-related potential (ERP) study. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:250-257. [PMID: 35843157 PMCID: PMC10413986 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies of motivated attention in schizophrenia typically show intact sensitivity to affective vs. non-affective images depicting diverse types of content. However, it is not known whether this ERP pattern: 1) extends to images that solely depict social content, (2) applies across a broad sample with diverse psychotic disorders, and (3) relates to self-reported trait social anhedonia. We examined late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes to images involving people that were normatively pleasant (affiliative), unpleasant (threatening), or neutral in 97 stable outpatients with various psychotic disorders and 38 healthy controls. Both groups showed enhanced LPP to pleasant and unpleasant vs. neutral images to a similar degree, despite lower overall LPP in patients. Within the patients, there were no significant LPP differences among subgroups (schizophrenia vs. other psychotic disorders; affective vs. non-affective psychosis) for the valence effect (pleasant/unpleasant vs. neutral). Higher social anhedonia showed a small, significant relation to lower LPP to pleasant images across all groups. These findings suggest intact motivated attention to social images extends across psychotic disorder subgroups. Dimensional transdiagnostic analyses revealed a modest association between self-reported trait social anhedonia and an LPP index of neural sensitivity to pleasant affiliative images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William P Horan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VeraSci, Durham, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hudak J, Bernat EM, Fix ST, Prince KC, Froeliger B, Garland EL. Neurophysiological Deficits During Reappraisal of Negative Emotional Stimuli in Opioid Misuse. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:1070-1078. [PMID: 35393080 PMCID: PMC9167218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid misuse is hypothesized to compromise the ability to regulate negative emotions, as manifested through visceral and peripheral physiological signals. However, neurophysiological impairment of top-down cognitive emotion regulation in opioid misuse has not previously been shown. METHODS Patients with chronic pain who had been taking opioids for 90 days or longer (N = 149; female, n = 98) underwent a negative emotion regulation task with electroencephalography. Participants were instructed to view or reappraise negative images presented for 3 seconds. Using a validated cutoff score on the Current Opioid Misuse Measure, participants were classified as exhibiting aberrant drug-related behavior consistent with opioid misuse (MISUSE+) or as being low risk for opioid misuse (MISUSE-). Participants reported their craving in response to negative emotions over the past week. RESULTS We observed a group × condition interaction (p = .003) such that the MISUSE- group decreased the late positive potential of the electroencephalography during reappraisal, whereas the MISUSE+ group showed increased late positive potential during reappraisal. This deficit in negative emotion regulation remained significant after controlling for an array of potential confounding variables, including opioid dose, pain, and depression. Heightened late positive potential during reappraisal was associated with more severe opioid craving. CONCLUSIONS Opioid misuse may occasion top-down deficits in emotional regulation that begin as early as 400 ms after presentation of negative stimuli. It remains unknown whether emotion dysregulation is the cause, correlate, or consequence of opioid misuse. Nonetheless, targeting emotion dysregulation in opioid misuse with reappraisal-focused interventions may represent an important treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hudak
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward M Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Spencer T Fix
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kort C Prince
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Eric L Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Veterans Health Care Administration VISN 19 Whole Health Flagship, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Xu Y, Lv J, Liu Y. Self- and Situation-Focused Reappraisal are not homogeneous: Evidence from behavioral and brain networks. Neuropsychologia 2022; 173:108282. [PMID: 35660514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy which can be divided into self- and situation-focused subtypes. Previous studies have produced inconsistent findings on the moderating effects and neural mechanisms of reappraisal; thus, further research is necessary to clarify these inconsistencies. In this study, a total of 44 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. 23 participants were assigned to the self-focused group, while 21 participants were assigned to the situation-focused group. The participants' resting EEG data were collected for 6 minutes before the experiment began, followed by an emotional regulation task. During this task, participants were asked to view emotion-provoking images under four emotion regulation conditions (View, Watch, Increase, and Decrease). Late positive potential (LPP) was obtained when these emotional images were observed. LPP is an effective physiological indicator of emotion regulation, enabling this study to explore emotion regulation under different reappraisal strategies, as well as the functional connectivity and node efficiency within the brain. It was found that, in terms of the effect on emotion regulation, situation-focused reappraisal was significantly better than self-focused reappraisal at enhancing the valence of negative emotion, while self-focused reappraisal was significantly better than situation-focused reappraisal at increasing the arousal of negative emotion. In terms of neural mechanisms, multiple brain regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus, parts of the temporal lobe, and parts of the parietal lobe were involved in both reappraisal processes. In addition, there were some differences in brain regions associated with different forms of cognitive reappraisal. Self-focused reappraisal was associated with the posterior cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and lingual gyrus, and situation-focused reappraisal was associated with the parietal lobule, anterior central gyrus, and angular gyrus. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that self- and situation-focused reappraisal are not homogenous in terms of their effects and neural mechanisms and clarifies the uncertainties over their regulatory effects. Different types of reappraisal activate different brain regions when used, and the functional connectivity or node efficiency of these brain regions seems to be a suitable indicator for assessing the effects of different types of reappraisal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lv
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China; Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Visual Affective Stimulus Database: A Validated Set of Short Videos. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12050137. [PMID: 35621434 PMCID: PMC9138138 DOI: 10.3390/bs12050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and ninety-nine videos representing four categories (people, animals, objects, and scenes) were standardized using Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2018, with a unified duration of 3 s, a resolution of 1080 pixels/inch, and a size of 1920 × 1080 mm2. One-hundred and sixteen participants (mean age 22.60 ± 2.06 years; 51 males) assessed the videos by scoring, on a self-reported 9-point scale, three dimensions of emotion: valence, arousal, and dominance. The content was attributed a specific valence (positive, neutral, or negative) if more than 60% of the participants identified it with an emotion category. Results: In total, 242 short videos, including 112 positive videos, 47 neutral videos, and 83 negative videos, were retained in the video stimuli database. In the three-dimensional degree of emotion, the distribution relationship between them conformed to the fundamental characteristics of emotion. The internal consistency reliability coefficient for valence, arousal, and dominance was 0.968, 0.984, and 0.970. The internal consistency reliability of the emotional dimensions for people and faces, animals, objects, and scenes ranged between 0.799 and 0.968. Conclusions: The emotion short-video system contains multi-scene dynamic stimuli with good reliability and scoring distribution and is applicable in emotion and emotion-related research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Trotti RL, Abdelmageed S, Parker DA, Sabatinelli D, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Keedy SK, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, McDowell JE, Clementz BA. Neural Processing of Repeated Emotional Scenes in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1473-1481. [PMID: 33693875 PMCID: PMC8379546 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired emotional processing and cognitive functioning are common in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorders, causing significant socioemotional disability. While a large body of research demonstrates abnormal cognition/emotion interactions in these disorders, previous studies investigating abnormalities in the emotional scene response using event-related potentials (ERPs) have yielded mixed findings, and few studies compare findings across psychiatric diagnoses. The current study investigates the effects of emotion and repetition on ERPs in a large, well-characterized sample of participants with schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes. Two ERP components that are modulated by emotional content and scene repetition, the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), were recorded in healthy controls and participants with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and bipolar disorder without psychosis. Effects of emotion and repetition were compared across groups. Results displayed significant but small effects in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, with diminished EPN amplitudes to neutral and novel scenes, reduced LPP amplitudes to emotional scenes, and attenuated effects of scene repetition. Despite significant findings, small effect sizes indicate that emotional scene processing is predominantly intact in these disorders. Multivariate analyses indicate that these mild ERP abnormalities are related to cognition, psychosocial functioning, and psychosis severity. This relationship suggests that impaired cognition, rather than diagnosis or mood disturbance, may underlie disrupted neural scene processing in schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Trotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sunny Abdelmageed
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David A Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dean Sabatinelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohammed AR, Kosonogov V, Lyusin D. Expressive suppression versus cognitive reappraisal: Effects on self-report and peripheral psychophysiology. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 167:30-37. [PMID: 34157337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effectiveness of various emotion regulation (ER) strategies have received much attention in recent research. Among the most studied ER strategies are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. However, the evidence of their effectiveness is controversial and depends on the measures used. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies of ER via different measures such as self-report, facial expressions (zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii electromyography), and physiological assessment (skin conductance response and heart rate deceleration). Participants were presented with intensely unpleasant or neutral pictures and performed ER tasks. We expected that the implementation of ER strategies would reduce negative emotions, and cognitive reappraisal would produce greater reduction in negative emotions compared to expressive suppression. Self-report data showed that reappraisal had a greater effect on the reduction of negative emotions compared to suppression. There was no difference between reappraisal and suppression assessed with skin conductance response and electromyography. Curiously, heart rate deceleration increased while participants tried to suppress their emotional expressions, which could reflect efforts exerted in the attempt to suppress. The ER strategies reduced negative emotions during the presentation of unpleasant pictures partially in skin conductance response and heart rate deceleration. Overall, reappraisal is more effective in changing subjective experience, whereas the physiological reactions do not differ substantially between the two ER strategies explored. We therefore recommend that the assessment of ER strategies in the laboratory should accommodate more than one type of measures to come to more reliable conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry Lyusin
- School of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Emotion regulation strategy of self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal and their impact on subsequent cognitive control. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Wang Y, Liao C, Shangguan C, Shang W, Zhang W. Individual differences in emotion differentiation modulate electrocortical dynamics of cognitive reappraisal. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13690. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Hangzhou China
| | - Caizhi Liao
- College of Education Science Chengdu University Chengdu China
| | - Chenyu Shangguan
- Department of Psychology Education College Shanghai Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Department of Psychology Chengde Medical College Chengde China
| | - Wenhai Zhang
- Mental Health Center Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng China
- The Big Data Centre for Educational Neuroscience and AI Hengyang Normal University Hengyang China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Emotion regulation dysfunction is characteristic of psychotic disorders, but little is known about how the use of specific types of emotion regulation strategies differs across phases of psychotic illness. This information is vital for understanding factors contributing to psychosis vulnerability states and developing targeted treatments. Three studies were conducted to examine emotion regulation across phases of psychosis, which included (a) adolescent community members with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; n = 262) and adolescents without PLEs (n = 1,226); (b) adolescents who met clinical high-risk criteria for a prodromal syndrome (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 29); and (c) outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ; n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 67). In each study, participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and measures of psychiatric symptoms and functional outcome. The three psychosis groups did not differ from each other in reported use of suppression; however, there was evidence for a vulnerability-related, dose-dependent decrease in reappraisal. Across each sample, a lower use of reappraisal was associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Findings indicate that emotion regulation abnormalities occur across a continuum of psychosis vulnerability and represent important targets for intervention.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ford BQ, Feinberg M. Coping with Politics: The Benefits and Costs of Emotion Regulation. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
14
|
Kim M, Hwang WJ, Park J, Kim T, Oh S, Kwon JS. Neurophysiological Correlate of Emotion Regulation by Cognitive Reappraisal and Its Association With Psychotic Symptoms in Early Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:87-96. [PMID: 32609340 PMCID: PMC7825098 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation is crucial to both poor social functioning and psychotic symptom formation in patients with schizophrenia. The efficient use of emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, has been less frequently observed in the early phases of psychotic disorder. It is unknown whether neurophysiological responses related to emotion regulation by cognitive reappraisal are altered in early psychosis. METHODS Fifty-four patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 34 subjects at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) participated in event-related potential recordings during a validated emotion regulation paradigm to measure the effect of cognitive reappraisal on emotion regulation. Late positive potentials (LPPs), which reflect emotional arousal, were compared across the groups and the 3 conditions (negative, cognitive reappraisal, and neutral). The relationship among LPP modulation by cognitive reappraisal and social/role functioning and severity of psychotic symptoms was investigated in the early psychosis group. RESULTS The FEP and CHR participants showed comparably larger LPP amplitudes in the negative and cognitive reappraisal conditions than in the neutral condition, whereas the HCs presented larger LPPs in the negative condition than in the cognitive reappraisal and neutral conditions. LPP modulation by cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with positive symptom severity in the FEP patients and with disorganization severity in the CHR subjects. CONCLUSIONS Inefficient use of cognitive reappraisal may be related to the impaired emotion regulation and psychotic symptoms from the very beginning of psychotic disorder. This study provides the first neurophysiological evidence regarding current concepts of emotion regulation in early psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Jeong Hwang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-no, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03080; tel: +82-2-2072-2972, fax: +82-2-747-9063, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bartolomeo LA, Culbreth AJ, Ossenfort KL, Strauss GP. Neurophysiological evidence for emotion regulation impairment in schizophrenia: The role of visual attention and cognitive effort. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 129:670-676. [PMID: 32525326 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) display emotion regulation abnormalities that are critically linked to increased symptom severity and poor functional outcome. However, processes contributing to the aberrant implementation of various strategies are unclear. The current study took a multimodal approach to identifying mechanisms underlying the impaired implementation of 2 strategies: reappraisal and distraction. Participants included 25 individuals with SZ and 25 healthy controls (CN) who completed separate event-related potential and eye-tracking/pupil dilation tasks. On each task, participants were required to either passively view unpleasant or neutral stimuli or reduce negative affect using reappraisal or distraction emotion regulation strategies. The late positive potential (LPP) event related potential component was used as an objective neurophysiological indicator of emotion regulation effectiveness. Eye tracking and pupil dilation were used to determine whether the implementation of reappraisal and distraction were associated with abnormal patterns of visual attention and reduced cognitive effort, respectively. Results indicated that CN could effectively decrease the amplitude of the LPP for both reappraisal and distraction compared with unpleasant passive viewing; however, individuals with SZ showed comparable LPP amplitude among conditions, indicating a failure to effectively implement these strategies. In CN, successful down-regulation of negative affect was associated with different patterns of visual attention across regulation strategies. During reappraisal, there was an increase in fixations to arousing scene regions, whereas distraction was associated with reduced attention to arousing interest areas. In contrast, individuals with SZ made fewer fixations to arousing interest areas during reappraisal and more fixations to arousing interest areas during distraction. Furthermore, pupil dilation results suggested that individuals with SZ failed to exert adequate effort while implementing reappraisal. Collectively, these findings suggest that individuals with SZ are ineffective at implementing reappraisal and distraction; dysfunctional patterns of visual attention and low cognitive effort may contribute to these difficulties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
16
|
Kimhy D, Lister A, Liu Y, Vakhrusheva J, Delespaul P, Malaspina D, Ospina LH, Mittal VA, Gross JJ, Wang Y. The impact of emotion awareness and regulation on psychotic symptoms during daily functioning. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:7. [PMID: 32210232 PMCID: PMC7093537 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are ubiquitous among individuals with schizophrenia and have been hypothesized to contribute to stress sensitivity and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in this population. However, the evidence supporting this link is equivocal, potentially due to previous studies' reliance on retrospective assessments of ER and psychosis, as well as lack of consideration of putative moderators such as emotion awareness. To address these limitations, we employed experience sampling method using mobile electronic devices to investigate the links between momentary in vivo use of ER strategies (mER), emotion awareness, and psychotic symptoms during daily functioning. Fifty-four individuals with schizophrenia completed assessment of mER and psychotic symptoms, along with traditional retrospective measures of ER and symptoms. Use of mER suppression predicted significant increases in momentary experiences of thought insertion, mind reading, auditory and visual hallucinations. Use of mER reappraisal predicted significant increases in momentary experiences of suspiciousness, thought insertion, and mind reading. Emotion awareness, driven primarily by difficulties identifying feelings, moderated the impact of ER on psychotic symptoms. There were no associations between retrospective measures of ER and symptoms. Our results indicate that, among individuals with schizophrenia, emotion awareness significantly impacts the relationship between use of ER and exacerbations in psychotic symptoms during the course of daily functioning. Our results highlight the need to incorporate emotion awareness and regulation difficulties into the development of treatment models and interventions for psychosis. In addition, our results underscore the need to employ in vivo, high time-resolution assessment methods to study dynamic clinical phenomena such as ER and psychotic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- MIRECC, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Amanda Lister
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Philippe Delespaul
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luz H Ospina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J. Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:146-161. [PMID: 31059632 PMCID: PMC6502429 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia involves a broad array of nonsocial and social cognitive domains. It is a core feature of the illness, and one with substantial implications for treatment and prognosis. Our understanding of the causes, consequences and interventions for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia has grown substantially in recent years. Here we review a range of topics, including: a) the types of nonsocial cognitive, social cognitive, and perceptual deficits in schizophrenia; b) how deficits in schizophrenia are similar or different from those in other disorders; c) cognitive impairments in the prodromal period and over the lifespan in schizophrenia; d) neuroimaging of the neural substrates of nonsocial and social cognition, and e) relationships of nonsocial and social cognition to functional outcome. The paper also reviews the considerable efforts that have been directed to improve cognitive impairments in schizophrenia through novel psychopharmacology, cognitive remediation, social cognitive training, and alternative approaches. In the final section, we consider areas that are emerging and have the potential to provide future insights, including the interface of motivation and cognition, the influence of childhood adversity, metacognition, the role of neuroinflammation, computational modelling, the application of remote digital technology, and novel methods to evaluate brain network organization. The study of cognitive impairment has provided a way to approach, examine and comprehend a wide range of features of schizophrenia, and it may ultimately affect how we define and diagnose this complex disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA,Veterans Affairs Program for Enhancing Community Integration for Homeless VeteransLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - William P. Horan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA,Veterans Affairs Program for Enhancing Community Integration for Homeless VeteransLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA,Veterans Affairs Program for Enhancing Community Integration for Homeless VeteransLos AngelesCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Visser KF, Esfahlani FZ, Sayama H, Strauss GP. An ecological momentary assessment evaluation of emotion regulation abnormalities in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2337-2345. [PMID: 29361997 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies using self-report questionnaires and laboratory-based methods suggest that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in emotion regulation (i.e. using strategies to increase or decrease the frequency, duration, or intensity of negative emotion). However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities reflect poor emotion regulation effort or adequate effort, but limited effectiveness. It is also unclear whether dysfunction results primarily from one of the three stages of the emotion regulation process: identification, selection, or implementation. METHOD The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to address these questions in the context of everyday activities. Participants included 28 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 28 demographically matched healthy controls (CN) who completed 6 days of EMA reports of in-the-moment emotional experience, emotion regulation strategy use, and context. RESULTS Results indicated that SZ demonstrated adequate emotion regulation effort, but poor effectiveness. Abnormalities were observed at each of the three stages of the emotion regulation process. At the identification stage, SZ initiated emotion regulation efforts at a lower threshold of negative emotion intensity. At the selection stage, SZ selected more strategies than CN and strategies attempted were less contextually appropriate. At the implementation stage, moderate to high levels of effort were ineffective at decreasing negative emotion. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that although SZ attempt to control their emotions using various strategies, often applying more effort than CN, these efforts are unsuccessful; emotion regulation abnormalities may result from difficulties at the identification, selection, and implementation stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Sayama
- Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering,Binghamton University,NY,USA
| | | |
Collapse
|