1
|
González-Jamett A, Maldifassi MC, Cárdenas AM. Isolation and Purification of Chromaffin Granules from Adrenal Glands and Cultured Neuroendocrine Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2565:283-296. [PMID: 36205901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2671-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin granules isolated from adrenal glands constitute a powerful experimental tool to the study of secretory vesicle components and their participation in fusion and docking processes, vesicle aggregation, and interactions with cytosolic components. Although it is possible to isolate and purify chromaffin granules from adrenal glands of different species, bovine adrenal glands are the most used tissue source due to its easy handling and the large amount of granules that can be obtained from this tissue. In this chapter, we describe an easy-to-use and short-term protocol for efficiently obtaining highly purified chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla. We additionally include protocols to isolate granules from cultured bovine chromaffin cells and PC12 cells, as well as a section to obtain chromaffin granules from mouse adrenal glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlek González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Constanza Maldifassi
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ana María Cárdenas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Old and emerging concepts on adrenal chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:1-6. [PMID: 29110079 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla play a key role in the control of circulating catecholamines to adapt our body function to stressful conditions. A huge research effort over the last 35 years has converted these cells into the Escherichia coli of neurobiology. CCs have been the testing bench for the development of patch-clamp and amperometric recording techniques and helped clarify most of the known molecular mechanisms that regulate cell excitability, Ca2+ signals associated with secretion, and the molecular apparatus that regulates vesicle fusion. This special issue provides a state-of-the-art on the many well-known and unsolved questions related to the molecular processes at the basis of CC function. The issue is also the occasion to highlight the seminal work of Antonio G. García (Emeritus Professor at UAM, Madrid) who greatly contributed to the advancement of our present knowledge on CC physiology and pharmacology. All the contributors of the present issue are distinguished scientists who are either staff members, external collaborators, or friends of Prof. García.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cameron RS, Arvan P, Castle JD. Secretory Membranes and the Exocrine Storage Compartment. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
4
|
Commons KG. Translocation of presynaptic delta opioid receptors in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray after swim stress. J Comp Neurol 2003; 464:197-207. [PMID: 12898612 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunolabeling for the delta opioid receptor (DOR) is localized primarily to axon terminals in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). However, rather than on the plasma membrane, DOR immunoreactivity is usually located within the cytoplasmic compartment, often associated with dense-core vesicles. In this study, the hypothesis that a behavioral stimulus, a cold water swim stress (3 minutes at 4 degrees C; CWSS), could initiate the translocation of the DOR was tested. The subcellular distribution of DOR was examined using a preembedding immunogold-labeling method and ultrastructural analysis in control rats and in rats that had a CWSS. In both cases, dense-core vesicles associated with DOR labeling were often within 100 nm of the plasma membrane. When the dense-core vesicles were near the plasma membrane, sometimes electron-dense "tethers" appeared between the vesicle and the plasma membrane. However, in rats exposed to CWSS, there was a decrease in immunolabeling associated with dense-core vesicles that were near the plasma membrane and a significant increase in DOR immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membrane. In addition, there was a significant increase in the fraction of DOR immunoreactivity associated with large clear-core vesicles; possibly early endosomes. Moreover, after a CWSS, dense-core vesicles containing DOR immunoreactivity could be visualized fusing with the plasma membrane of synaptic boutons. These data suggest the involvement of DOR in the vlPAG in the behavioral response to CWSS. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that the cell surface distribution of presynaptic receptors can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner by virtue of transport via dense-core vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Commons
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trifaró JM, Lejen T, Rosé SD, Pene TD, Barkar ND, Seward EP. Pathways that control cortical F-actin dynamics during secretion. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:1371-85. [PMID: 12512942 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021627800918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells possess a mesh of filamentous actin underneath the plasma membrane which acts as a barrier to the chromaffin vesicles access to exocytotic sites. Disassembly of cortical F-actin in response to stimulation allows the movement of vesicles from the reserve pool to the release-ready vesicle pool and, therefore, to exocytotic sites. The dynamics of cortical F-actin is controlled by two mechanisms: a) stimulation-induced Ca2+ entry and scinderin activation and b) protein kinase C (PKC) activation and MARCKS phosphorylation as demonstrated here by experiments with recombinant proteins, antisense olygodeoxynucleotides and vector mediated transient expressions. Under physiological conditions (i.e., cholinergic receptor stimulation followed by Ca2+ entry), mechanism (a) is the most important for the control of cortical F-actin network whereas when Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores (i.e., histamine stimulation) cortical F-actin is regulated mainly by mechanism b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Trifaró
- Secretory Process Research Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aunis D. Exocytosis in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 181:213-320. [PMID: 9522458 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chromaffin cell has been used as a model to characterize releasable components present in secretory granules and to understand the cellular mechanisms involved in catecholamine release. Recent physiological and biochemical developments have revealed that molecular mechanisms implicated in granule trafficking are conserved in all eukaryotic species: a rise in intracellular calcium triggers regulated exocytosis, and highly conserved proteins are essential elements which interact with each other to form a molecular scaffolding, ensuring the docking of granules at the plasma membrane, and perhaps membrane fusion. However, the mechanisms regulating secretion are multiple and cell specific. They operate at different steps along the life of a granule, from the time of granule biosynthesis up to the last step of exocytosis. With regard to cell specificity, noradrenaline and adrenaline chromaffin cells display different receptor and signaling characteristics that may be important to exocytosis. Characterization of regulated exocytosis in chromaffin cells provides not only fundamental knowledge of neurosecretion but is of additional importance as these cells are used for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Aunis
- Biologie de la Communication Cellulaire, Unité INSERM U-338, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tchakarov LE, Zhang L, Rosé SD, Tang R, Trifaró JM. Light and electron microscopic study of changes in the organization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during chromaffin cell secretion. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:193-203. [PMID: 9446826 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromaffin cells cultured for 2 days were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 microM nicotine for 40 sec. Resting and stimulated cells were fixed and either prepared for fluorescence microscopy or treated with Triton X-100 to obtain cytoskeletons for ultrastructural studies. Electron microscopy of cytoskeletons revealed the presence of polygonal areas devoid of actin filaments only in nicotinic receptor-stimulated cells. Staining of these cytoskeleton preparations with rhodamine-phalloidin, a probe for filamentous actin, produced fluorescent patterns and three-dimensional images similar to those obtained from resting or stimulated intact cells prepared directly for fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the percentage of stimulated cells showing disrupted cytoskeleton at the electron microscopic level was similar to the percentage of stimulated cells showing patched rhodamine fluorescence at the fluorescence microscopic level. In addition, cells stimulated with nicotine for 40 sec showed a fivefold increase in amine output and a significant decrease in F-actin levels. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence for nicotinic receptor-evoked chromaffin cell F-actin disassembly and show that the rhodamine-phalloidin-unstained areas observed in fluorescence microscopy represent the areas devoid of filamentous actin observed at the electron microscopic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E Tchakarov
- Secretory Process Research Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vitale ML, Seward EP, Trifaró JM. Chromaffin cell cortical actin network dynamics control the size of the release-ready vesicle pool and the initial rate of exocytosis. Neuron 1995; 14:353-63. [PMID: 7857644 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morphological, biochemical, and membrane capacitance measurements were used to study the role of cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) in exocytosis. Fluorescence and electron microscopy of resting chromaffin cells revealed a cortical actin network that excluded secretory vesicles from the subplasmalemmal area. Phorbol ester (PMA) treatment disrupted cortical F-actin and increased both the number of vesicles within the 0-50 nm subplasmalemmal zone and the initial rate of stimulated catecholamine release. In PMA-pretreated cells, membrane capacitance studies showed an increased number of vesicles fusing with the plasmalemma during the first two depolarizations of a train. PMA did not affect voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx. The total number of vesicles fused with the plasma membrane correlated well with the number of vesicles occupying the 0-50 nm cortical zone. Therefore, cortical F-actin disassembly allows translocation of vesicles to the plasmalemma in preparation for exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Vitale
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hays RM, Franki N, Simon H, Gao Y. Antidiuretic hormone and exocytosis: lessons from neurosecretion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 267:C1507-24. [PMID: 7810592 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.6.c1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many cells, both single and epithelial, are programmed for exocytosis. In most cases, the contents of cytoplasmic vesicles are delivered rapidly and directly to the extracellular fluid. The process has been intensively studied in the chromaffin cell and the nerve terminal, where, as in other cells, exocytosis is under a complex type of cytoskeletal control. An array of vesicle-associated proteins mediates attachment of the vesicles to the cytoskeleton, their release, and their fusion with the plasma membrane. Two functional pools of vesicles, the releasable and reserve pool, carry out immediate and long-term secretory activity. Some of the mediators of neurotransmitter vesicle fusion, originally thought to be restricted to neurosecretory cells, have now been found in nonneuronal cells. The mammalian collecting duct and the amphibian bladder are also engaged in exocytosis. In both epithelia, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) induces the transfer of water channels from cytoplasmic vesicles to the apical cell membrane. The process is slower than in the nerve terminal and ends with channel placement rather than the extrusion of vesicular contents. Nevertheless, there are several respects in which cytoskeletal control, vesicle positioning in the cell, docking, and fusion may prove to resemble the events in neurosecretion. This review begins with a survey of cytoskeletal structure and function in the erythrocyte, the chromaffin cell, and the nerve terminal and then presents current studies of ADH-induced exocytosis, emphasizing common themes in cytoskeletal control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Hays
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uehara K, Miyoshi M, Miyoshi S. Function of the cytoskeleton in cells with microridges from the oral epithelium of the carp Cyprinus carpio. Cell Tissue Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00354783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Dallai R. Cytoskeleton of larval and adult salivary glands of the dipteranceratitis capitata.Implication of microfilaments and microtubules in saliva discharge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009409355854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Trifaró JM, Vitale ML, Rodríguez Del Castillo A. Cytoskeleton and molecular mechanisms in neurotransmitter release by neurosecretory cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 225:83-104. [PMID: 1348034 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(92)90088-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of exocytosis is a fascinating interplay between secretory vesicles and cellular components. Secretory vesicles are true organelles which not only store and protect neurotransmitters from inactivation but also provide the cell with efficient carriers of material for export. Different types of secretory vesicles are described and their membrane components compared. Associations of several cytoplasmic proteins and cytoskeletal components with secretory vesicles and the importance of such associations in the mechanism of secretion are discussed. A description of possible sites of action for Ca2+ as well as possible roles for calmodulin, G-proteins and protein kinase C in secretion are also presented. Important aspects of the cytoskeleton of neurosecretory cells are discussed. The cytoskeleton undergoes dynamic changes as a result of cell stimulation. These changes (i.e. actin filament disassembly) which are a prelude to exocytosis, play a central role in secretion. Moreover, advanced electrophysiological techniques which allow the study of secretory vesicle-plasma membrane fusion in real-time resolution and at the level of the single secretory vesicle, have also provided a better understanding of the secretory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Trifaró
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Benfenati F, Valtorta F, Chieregatti E, Greengard P. Interaction of free and synaptic vesicle-bound synapsin I with F-actin. Neuron 1992; 8:377-86. [PMID: 1739463 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90303-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin I is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that binds to small synaptic vesicles and F-actin in a phosphorylation-dependent fashion. We have found that dephosphorylated synapsin I induces a dose-dependent increase in the number of actin filaments, which at high ionic strength is abolished by synapsin I phosphorylation. The increase in filament number appears to be due to a nucleating effect of synapsin I and not to a barbed-end capping/severing activity. Synaptic vesicle-bound synapsin I was as effective as free synapsin I in increasing the number of filaments. These data support the view that synapsin I is involved in the regulation of the dynamics of the actin-based network during the exo-endocytotic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Benfenati
- Institute of Human Physiology, University of Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henderson SC, Locke M. The redeployment of F-actin in silk glands during moulting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.970210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
The pivotal intracellular message for triggering catecholamine release from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is an elevation in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Studies using video-imaging techniques have shown that a rise in [Ca2+]i at the cell periphery, that is due to Ca2+ entry, is the major activating signal for exocytosis. The cytoskeleton has been identified as a major regulatory site of exocytosis, with Ca(2+)-induced disruption of the cortical actin network being required in order that previously restrained granules may have access to their exocytotic sites. The Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-dependent annexin protein, calpactin, has been strongly implicated in a late stage of interaction between granules and the plasma membrane by both ultrastructural and biochemical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Cheek
- AFRC Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pollard HB, Rojas E, Pastor RW, Rojas EM, Guy HR, Burns AL. Synexin: molecular mechanism of calcium-dependent membrane fusion and voltage-dependent calcium-channel activity. Evidence in support of the "hydrophobic bridge hypothesis" for exocytotic membrane fusion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 635:328-51. [PMID: 1660240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb36503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Pollard
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- R W Holz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0626
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawasaki Y, Saitoh T, Okabe T, Kumakura K, Ohara-Imaizumi M. Visualization of exocytotic secretory processes of mast cells by fluorescence techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1067:71-80. [PMID: 1868104 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory processes via exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells were visualized by two complementary fluorescence techniques; one staining pre-exocytotic granules with a basic probe and the other staining post-exocytotic granules with acidic probes. Granules within mast cells were selectively stained with acridine orange and emitted orange yellow fluorescence. Upon stimulation with compound 48/80, release of acridine orange from granules was observed both in population and single cell measurements. This release was seen in some localized area of mast cells. Opening of pores between plasma membranes and granule membranes was monitored using acidic fluorescence probes such as 6-carboxyfluorescein or lucifer yellow CH. Not only granules located at peripheral region, but also granules near the core region participated in exocytosis. The existence of junctions between these granules was suggested. TMA-DPH, a lipophilic membrane probe, which was localized at plasma membrane before stimulation, diffused into granule membranes after stimulation. This shows that after stimulation, some constituents of plasma and granule membranes were mixed. Even after extensive degranulation, mast cells extruded acidic probes, indicating the plasma membranes still play a role of barrier. Activation of lateral motion of granules preceding to exocytosis was not observed. It was concluded that the visualization of secretory processes by fluorescence and image processing techniques will be useful for the study of molecular mechanisms underlying exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawasaki
- Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Burgoyne RD. Control of exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:174-202. [PMID: 1649638 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90024-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Burgoyne
- Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hegmann TE, Schulte DL, Lin JL, Lin JJ. Inhibition of intracellular granule movement by microinjection of monoclonal antibodies against caldesmon. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1991; 20:109-20. [PMID: 1751965 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, C2, C9, C18, and C21, against chicken gizzard caldesmon (called high molecular weight isoform) were shown to crossreact with a low molecular weight isoform of caldesmon in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). These antibodies were used in a microinjection study to investigate the in vivo function of caldesmon in nonmuscle cell motility. Injected cells did not appear to change their morphology significantly; the cells displayed a flat appearance and were able to ruffle and locomote normally. However, in the C21 injected cells, saltatory movements of granules and organelles appeared to be greatly inhibited. This inhibition of granule movement was reversible, so that by 3 hr after injection, granules in injected cells had already recovered to normal speed. The inhibition of granule movement in cells injected with C2, C9, or C18 antibody, or with C21 antibody preabsorbed with caldesmon, were not significantly different from that in uninjected cells. In a previous epitope study, we demonstrated that, of the antibodies used in this study, only C21 antibody was able to compete with the binding of caldesmon to Ca++/calmodulin and to F-actin, although both C21 and C2 antibodies recognized the same carboxyl-terminal 10K fragment of gizzard caldesmon [Lin et al., 1991: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 20:95-108]. The caldesmon distribution in C21 injected cells changed from stress-fiber localization to a more diffuse appearance, when the injection was performed at 10-30 mg/ml of C21 antibody. We have previously shown that a monoclonal anti-tropomyosin antibody exhibited motility-dependent recognition of an epitope, and that microinjection of this antibody specifically inhibited intracellular granule movements of CEF cells [Hegmann et al., 1989: J. Cell Biol. 109:1141-1152]. Therefore, it is likely that tropomyosin and caldesmon may both function in intracellular granule movement by regulating the contractile system in response to [Ca++] change inside nonmuscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Hegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fishkind DJ, Bonder EM, Begg DA. Subcellular localization of sea urchin egg spectrin: evidence for assembly of the membrane-skeleton on unique classes of vesicles in eggs and embryos. Dev Biol 1990; 142:439-52. [PMID: 2257977 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90366-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A recent study from our laboratory on the sea urchin egg suggested that spectrin was not solely restricted to the plasma membrane, but instead had a more widespread distribution on the surface of a variety of membranous inclusions. (E. M. Bonder et al., 1989, Dev. Biol. 134, 327-341). In this report we extend our initial findings and provide experimental and ultrastructural evidence for the presence of spectrin on three distinct classes of cytoplasmic vesicles. Immunoblot analysis of membrane fractions prepared from egg homogenates establishes that spectrin coisolates with vesicle-enriched fractions, while indirect immunofluorescence microscopy on cryosections of centrifugally stratified eggs demonstrates that spectrin specifically associates with cortical granules, acidic vesicles, and yolk platelets in vivo. Immunogold ultrastructural localization of spectrin on cortices isolated from eggs and early embryos details the striking distribution of spectrin on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane and the membranes of cortical granules, acidic vesicles, and yolk platelets, while quantitative studies show that relatively equivalent amounts of spectrin are present on the different membrane surfaces both before and after fertilization. These data, in combination with the localization of numerous spectrin crosslinks between actin filaments in surface microvilli, suggest that spectrin plays a pivotal role in structuring the cortical membrane-cytoskeletal complex of the egg and the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Fishkind
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02130
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morimoto T, Ogihara S, Takisawa H. Anchorage of secretion-competent dense granules on the plasma membrane of bovine platelets in the absence of secretory stimulation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1990; 111:79-86. [PMID: 2365736 PMCID: PMC2116172 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.111.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructural changes in electropermeabilized bovine platelets that accompany the Ca2(+)-induced secretion of serotonin were investigated in ultra-thin sections of chemically fixed cells. Such preparations permitted us to study both the localization of and the structures associated with serotonin-containing dense granules. Localization of dense granules within cells was examined by measuring the shortest distances between the granular membranes and the plasma membrane. About 40% of total granules were located close to the plasma membrane at an average distance of 10.8 +/- 1.6 nm. 71% of the total number of granules were localized at a similar average distance of 12.5 +/- 2.7 nm in intact platelets. The percentage of granules apposed to the plasma membrane corresponded closely to the percentage of total serotonin that was maximally secreted after stimulation of the permeabilized (38 +/- 4.9%) and the intact platelets (72 +/- 3.6%). Furthermore, the percentage of granules anchored to the membrane, but not of those in other regions of permeabilized cells, decreased markedly when cells were stimulated for 30 s by extracellularly added Ca2+. The decrease in the numbers of granules in the vicinity of the plasma membrane corresponded to approximately 22% of the total number of dense granules that were used for measurements of the distances between the two membranes and corresponded roughly to the overall decrease (15%) in the average number of the granules per cell. Most dense granules were found to be associated with meshwork structures of microfilaments. Upon secretory stimulation, nonfilamentous, amorphous structures found between the plasma membrane and the apposed granules formed a bridge-like structure that connected both membranes without any obvious accompanying changes in the microfilament structures. These results suggest that the dense granules that are susceptible to secretory stimulation are anchored to the plasma membrane before stimulation, and that the formation of the bridge-like structure may participate in the Ca2(+)-regulated exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Morimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eberhard DA, Cooper CL, Low MG, Holz RW. Evidence that the inositol phospholipids are necessary for exocytosis. Loss of inositol phospholipids and inhibition of secretion in permeabilized cells caused by a bacterial phospholipase C and removal of ATP. Biochem J 1990; 268:15-25. [PMID: 2160809 PMCID: PMC1131385 DOI: 10.1042/bj2680015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We directly manipulated the levels of PtdIns, PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 in digitonin-treated adrenal chromaffin cells with a bacterial phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis and by removal of ATP. The PtdIns-PLC acted intracellularly to cause a large decrease in [3H]inositol- or [32P]phosphate-labelled PtdIns, but did not directly hydrolyse PtdInsP or PtdInsP2. [3H]PtdInsP and [3H]PtdInsP2 levels declined markedly, probably because of the action of phosphatases in the absence of synthesis. Removal of ATP also caused marked decreases in [3H]PtdInsP and [3H]PtdInsP2. The decrease in polyphosphoinositide levels by PtdIns-PLC treatment or ATP removal was reflected by the inhibition of the production of inositol phosphates upon subsequent activation of the endogenous PLC by Ca2(+)-dependent catecholamine secretion from permeabilized cells was strongly inhibited by PtdIns-PLC treatment and by ATP removal. Ca2(+)-dependent secretion was similarly correlated with the sum of PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 when the level of these lipids was changed by either manipulation. PtdIns-PLC inhibited only the ATP-dependent component of secretion and did not affect ATP-dependent secretion. Both PtdIns-PLC and ATP removal inhibited the late slow phase of secretion, but had little effect on the initial rapid phase. Although we found a tight correlation between polyphosphoinositide levels and secretion, endogenous phospholipase C activity (stimulated by Ca2+, guanine nucleotides and related agents) was not correlated with secretion. Additional experiments indicated that neither the products of the PtdIns-PLC reaction (diacylglycerol and InsP1) nor the inability to generate products by subsequent activation of the endogenous PLC is likely to account for the inhibition of secretion. Incubation of permeabilized cells with neomycin in the absence of ATP maintained the level of polyphosphoinositides and more than doubled subsequent Ca2(+)-dependent secretion. The data suggest that: (1) Ca2(+)-dependent secretion has a requirement for the presence of inositol phospholipids; (2) the enhancement of secretion by ATP results in part from increased polyphosphoinositide levels; and (3) the role for inositol phospholipids in secretion revealed in these experiments is independent of their being substrates for the generation of diacylglycerol and InsP3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0626
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zaks WJ, Creutz CE. Evaluation of the annexins as potential mediators of membrane fusion in exocytosis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1990; 22:97-120. [PMID: 2184163 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a central event in the process of exocytosis. It occurs between secretory vesicle membranes and the plasma membrane and also among secretory vesicle membranes themselves during compound exocytosis. In many cells the fusion event is regulated by calcium. Since the relevant membranes do not undergo fusion in vitro when highly purified, much attention has been paid to possible protein mediators of these calcium-dependent fusion events. The annexins comprise a group of calcium-dependent membrane-aggregating proteins, of which synexin is the prototype, which can initiate contacts between secretory vesicle membranes which will then fuse if the membranes are further perturbed by the addition of exogenous free fatty acids. This review discusses the secretory pathway and the evidence obtained from in vitro studies that suggests the annexins may be mediators or regulators of membrane fusion in exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Zaks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schessner M, Schnorr B. Actin cytoskeleton and calcium-ATPase in the process of abomasal mucus secretion in cattle. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 260:109-16. [PMID: 2140297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00297495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of actin filaments in pyloric gland cells of cattle was studied with respect to their functional significance in the process of exocrine secretion by use of rhodamine-phalloidin labelling and immunogold-electron microscopy based on the biotin-streptavidin bridge technique. Actin concentrates on the filamentous network of the luminal-cell cortex. Membranes of secretory vesicles accumulating in the cell cortex are also labelled for actin. The present results support the concept of a barrier function of cortical microfilaments entrapping vesicles and linking them to the cytoskeleton. In addition, intracellular localization of calcium-ATPase activity was determined. Enzyme activity associated with the microfilamentous cortical matrix is supposed to be of cytoskeletal nature indicating participation of myosin (-like) structures in the dynamic secretion event. Deposition on the interior aspect of secretory vesicle membranes points to an ATPase transporting calcium into these organelles and enabling them to participate via storage of the cation in intracellular calcium homeostasis, thereby influencing the functional architecture of the cortical cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schessner
- Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, -Histologie und -Embryologie, Universität Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sakurai T, Ohmi K, Kurokawa H, Nonomura Y. Distribution of a gelsolin-like 74,000 mol. wt protein in neural and endocrine tissues. Neuroscience 1990; 38:743-56. [PMID: 2176721 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90067-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A Ca2(+)-dependent actin binding protein with a molecular weight of 74,000, was purified from bovine adrenal medulla by using deoxyribonuclease I affinity chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. This protein broke actin filaments into fragments and promoted nucleation of actin polymerization in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner as effectively as gelsolin. Proteolytic and immunological comparison with gelsolin which is widely distributed actin-severing protein, indicated that the 74,000 mol. wt protein is a distinct protein, but its domain structure resembles that of gelsolin. Immunoblotting using antibody against this protein showed a tissue-specific distribution. The protein was detected in various endocrine, neuroendocrine and nervous tissues, but not in muscle tissues and plasma which contained relatively large amounts of cytoplasmic and plasma gelsolin. This fact might indicate that this actin-severing protein is involved in the regulation of the secretory process of endocrine and nervous tissues. In the exocytotic process regulated by Ca2+, this protein probably plays a role to free secretory organelles like vesicles from the cytoskeletal network, mainly F-actin, which prevents the movement of secretory vesicles in the resting state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ivanenkov VV, Minin AA, Ozerova SG. Phalloidin inhibits cortical granule exocytosis and ooplasmic segregation in loach eggs. CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS 1990; 29:21-35. [PMID: 2105826 DOI: 10.1016/0922-3371(90)90021-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injections of phalloidin under the surface of loach eggs, followed by activation of the eggs in tap water, result in local inhibition of cortical granule (CG) exocytosis. Light and electron microscopy revealed that in the region where exocytosis is inhibited the thickness of the microfilamentous cortex (MC) separating CGs from the plasma membrane (PM) is increased significantly, and many CGs are detached and have moved away from the MC. Injections of phalloidin also inhibit ooplasmic segregation in fertilized eggs. The experiments suggest that in intact eggs the MC represents a physical barrier to CG exocytosis, and that interactions of the MC with the PM and CGs are crucial for the retention of CGs near the sites of fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Ivanenkov
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Atlas D. The role of calcium in neurotransmitter release: existing models and new approaches to evaluate possible mechanisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1990; 31:129-59. [PMID: 1978824 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152831-7.50005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Atlas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hegmann TE, Lin JL, Lin JJ. Probing the role of nonmuscle tropomyosin isoforms in intracellular granule movement by microinjection of monoclonal antibodies. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:1141-52. [PMID: 2670955 PMCID: PMC2115770 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.109.3.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells were microinjected with several different monoclonal antibodies that recognize certain nonmuscle isoforms of tropomyosin. Immediately after injection, cells were recorded with a time-lapse video imaging system; later analysis of the tapes revealed that particles in cells injected with one of these antibodies (CG1, specific for CEF tropomyosin isoforms 1 and 3) showed a dramatic decrease in instantaneous speed while moving, distance moved per saltation, and proportion of time spent in motion. Injection of Fab fragments of CG1 resulted in similar changes in the pattern of granule movement. This inhibition of granule movement by CG1 antibody was reversible; at 2.5 h after injection, granules in injected cells had already reached three-fourths of normal speed. The speed of granule movement in cells injected either with antibody specific for tropomyosin isoforms not present in CEF cells, or with CG1 antibody preabsorbed with tropomyosin, was not significantly different from the speed of granules in uninjected cells. When cells were injected with CG1 or Fab fragments of CG1, fixed, and counter-stained with rabbit antibodies to reveal the microtubule, microfilament, and intermediate filament systems, no obvious differences from the patterns normally seen in uninjected cells were observed. Examination of the ultrastructure of injected cells by EM confirmed the presence of apparently intact and normal microtubule, actin, and intermediate filament networks. These experiments suggest that tropomyosin may play an important role in the movement of vesicles and organelles in the cell cytoplasm. Also, we have shown previously that the CG1 determinant can undergo a motility-dependent change in reactivity, that may be important for the regulatory function of nonmuscle tropomyosin (Hegmann, T. E., J. L.-C. Lin, and J. J.-C. Lin. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 106:385-393). Therefore, in addition to postulated microtubule-based motors, microfilaments may play a critical role in regulating granule movement in nonmuscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Hegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vater CA, Jackson RC. Purification and characterization of a cortical secretory vesicle membrane fraction. Dev Biol 1989; 135:111-23. [PMID: 2767332 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A membrane fraction has been prepared by sucrose density gradient fractionation of purified cortical secretory vesicles from the eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The purified cortical vesicle membrane fraction has a phospholipid to protein ratio of 1.76 and exhibits a morphology typical of biological membranes as seen by electron microscopy. The protein composition of the purified membranes was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shown to be distinct from that of eggs, cell surface complex, cortical vesicles, fertilization product, and yolk platelets. Alkaline extraction (pH 11.0) of peripheral membrane proteins increased the phospholipid to protein ratio to 2.55 and removed several polypeptides. Immunoblot analysis of the isolated cortical vesicle membrane fraction revealed low levels of contamination with two major cortical vesicle content proteins. Fractions enriched in egg plasma membranes and yolk platelet membranes also have been isolated and compared with the cortical vesicle membranes by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein compositions of the three membrane fractions were found to contain very little overlap, indicating that the cortical vesicle membrane preparation is relatively free of contamination from these likely noncortical vesicle sources of membrane. Both the plasma membrane and cortical vesicle membrane samples were found by immunoblotting to contain actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Vater
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kondo H. The cytoplasmic matrix of the adrenal chromaffin cells of rats under normal and stressed conditions. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1989; 12:356-63. [PMID: 2769436 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In embedment-free electron microscopy with polyethylene glycol embedding and subsequent deembedding, the conventional cytoplasm of the chromaffin cells was revealed to consist of a three-dimensional lattice of microtrabeculae and gives the impression that the chromaffin granules are held in place by the lattice. After the restraint stress, a substantial number of chromaffin cells were almost free of granules, and the microtrabecular lattice was much more compact than that in cytoplasmic regions occupied with remaining granules or increased mitochondria. In immunocytochemistry, actin immunofluorescence was confined to the subplasmalemmal regions, while tubulin and tropomyosin immunofluorescence appeared throughout the entire cytoplasm of normal chromaffin cells. After the stress, the immunofluorescence for actin and tubulin increased in intensity, while that for tropomyosin decreased. Immunogold labelings for actin and tubulin were found mainly on the thinner subplasmalemmal microtrabeculae and the thicker perikaryal ones, respectively, while some were deposited in the form of small aggregates on portions of microtrabeculae. No specific association between the gold labelings for actin or tubulin and the chromaffin granules was found, even in the subplasmalemmal regions. A hypothetical interpretation was proposed in which a more compact lattice of the microtrabeculae in spatial association with a looser lattice represents a gelated state of the cytoplasm. The significance of the gel-sol transition of the cytoplasmic matrix in relation to the secretory mechanism was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kondo
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sakai M, Araki N, Ogawa K. Lysosomal movements during heterophagy and autophagy: with special reference to nematolysosome and wrapping lysosome. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1989; 12:101-31. [PMID: 2668454 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on lysosomal movements during heterophagy and autophagy performed in our laboratory for the past several years were reviewed; methods for the investigation of lysosomes and the cytoskeleton in these studies mainly involved electron microscopic cytochemistry. Lysosomal movements during heterophagy were observed in cultured rat alveolar macrophages taking up horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rat peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) by fluid-phase pinocytosis and adsorptive pinocytosis, respectively. A characteristic lysosomal change which was induced by the pinocytosis was the appearance of long, threadlike lysosomes (nematolysosomes) in the cytoplasm. The effects of actin filament destabilizer and antimicrotubular drug on lysosomal changes revealed that the appearance of nematolysosomes was dependent on the presence of both actin filaments and microtubules. The close morphological relationship between lysosomes and cytoskeletal elements, such as actin filaments and microtubules in the alveolar macrophages, supports the participation of the cytoskeletal system in the regulatory mechanism of lysosomal movements. In the study of the lysosomal wrapping mechanism (LWM), which is one type of lysosomal movement that occurs during autophagy, it was found that the occurrence of LWM was dependent on energy--namely, the supply of ATP--and on the presence of actin filaments. However, deconstruction of microtubules induced or favored the occurrence of LWM. It is conceivable that the LWM is also related to the cytoskeletal system. We conclude that intracellular dynamics of lysosomes during heterophagy and autophagy are largely a consequence of complicated modulation by the cytoskeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maekawa S, Toriyama M, Hisanaga S, Yonezawa N, Endo S, Hirokawa N, Sakai H. Purification and characterization of a Ca2+-dependent actin filament severing protein from bovine adrenal medulla. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
34
|
Pollard HB, Burns AL, Rojas E, Schlaepfer DD, Haigler H, Brocklehurst K. Purification and biochemical assay of synexin and of the homologous calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins, endonexin II and lipocortin I. Methods Cell Biol 1989; 31:207-27. [PMID: 2528669 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Pollard
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Strittmatter WJ. Molecular mechanisms of exocytosis: the adrenal chromaffin cell as a model system. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1988; 8:19-25. [PMID: 3042141 DOI: 10.1007/bf00712907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and enzymes involves exquisitely regulated events which ultimately result in the fusion of the secretory vesicle with the cell's plasma membrane, releasing the vesicle contents into the extracellular space. 2. The biochemical and cellular mechanisms mediating exocytosis have been extensively studied in a model system of primary cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. 3. This paper briefly reviews current understanding, and directions of future studies in exocytosis using this model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- J H Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nir S, Stutzin A, Pollard HB. Effect of synexin on aggregation and fusion of chromaffin granule ghosts at pH 6. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 903:309-18. [PMID: 2443172 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of chromaffin granule ghosts was induced by synexin at pH 6, 37 degrees C, in the presence of 10(-7) M Ca2+. To study the kinetics and extent of this fusion process we employed two assays that monitored continuously mixing of aqueous contents or membrane mixing by fluorescence intensity increases. In both assays chromaffin granule ghosts were either labeled on the membrane or in the included aqueous phase. The ratios of blank to labeled chromaffin granule ghosts were varied from 1 to 10. The results were analyzed in terms of a mass action kinetic model, which views the overall fusion reaction as a sequence of a second-order process of aggregation followed by a first-order fusion reaction. The model calculations gave fare simulations and predictions of the experimental results. The rate constants describing membrane mixing are more than 2-fold larger than those for volume mixing. The analysis also indicated that the initial aggregation and fusion processes, up to dimer formation, were extremely fast. The rate constant of aggregation was close to the limit in diffusion-controlled processes, whereas the fusion rate constant was about the same as found in fastest virus-liposome fusion events at pH 5. A small increase in volume was found to accompany the fusion between chromaffin granule ghosts. Using ratios of synexin to chromaffin granule ghost protein of 0.13, 0.41 and 1.15 indicated that the overall fusion rate was larger for the intermediate (0.41) case. The analysis showed that the main activity of synexin was an enhancement of the rate of aggregation. At intermediate or excessive synexin concentrations it, respectively, promoted moderately, or inhibited the actual fusion step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nir
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, NIADDK, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
Morita K, Teraoka K, Oka M. Interaction of cytoplasmic tyrosine hydroxylase with chromaffin granule. In vitro studies on association of soluble enzyme with granule membranes and alteration in enzyme activity. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
41
|
Burgoyne RD, Cheek TR. Reorganisation of peripheral actin filaments as a prelude to exocytosis. Biosci Rep 1987; 7:281-8. [PMID: 3315026 DOI: 10.1007/bf01121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented, from studies on the adrenal chromaffin cell, that reorganisation of the cortical actin network is necessary to allow granules to reach exocytotic sites in stimulated cells. This reorganisation may involve changes in actin filament cross-linking, assembly and interactions with secretory granule and plasma membranes. The possibility is discussed that cytoskeletal elements including the membrane-binding proteins caldesmon, p70 and p36 may be involved in granule-plasmalemmal interactions immediately prior to exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Burgoyne
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aunis D, Bader MF, Langley OK, Perrin D. Tubulin- and actin-binding proteins in chromaffin cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 493:435-47. [PMID: 3035985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb27229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
43
|
Lelkes PI, Friedman JE, Rosenheck K, Oplatka A. Destabilization of actin filaments as a requirement for the secretion of catecholamines from permeabilized chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett 1986; 208:357-63. [PMID: 3536577 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the search for a functional role of cytoskeletal proteins in the mechanism(s) of stimulus-secretion coupling, we have previously demonstrated that the actomyosin system might be involved in the transport of cations across the plasma membrane of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells [(1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5745-5750]. To establish whether actin and myosin might also be involved in later stages of the cellular response, we have examined the possible effects of various actin-specific reagents on the calcium-mediated secretion of catecholamines from digitonin-permeabilized cells. F-Actin-destabilizing agents, such as cytochalasin D or DNase 1, were found to promote Ca2+-stimulated (as well as basal) secretion. By contrast, stabilizers, like phalloidin, produced the opposite effect. It is concluded that stimulus-secretion coupling in chromaffin cells might require the reorganization of actin for modulating both ion transport across the plasma membrane and exocytotic secretion per se.
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheek TR, Burgoyne RD. Nicotine-evoked disassembly of cortical actin filaments in adrenal chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett 1986; 207:110-4. [PMID: 3770186 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using rhodamine-phalloidin staining it was found that actin filaments are concentrated in the cortex of resting chromaffin cells. Cortical actin filaments were disassembled 15 s after stimulation by nicotine and had reassembled 30 s later. Actin filament disassembly following nicotinic stimulation was also detected using the DNase I inhibition assay. Disassembly was independent of external calcium, insensitive to trifluoperazine and was not elicited by high K+, muscarinic agonists or phorbol ester. Disassembly of cortical actin filaments may allow access of secretory granules to exocytotic sites and act in conjunction with a rise in intracellular free calcium to bring about the full secretory response due to nicotinic agonists.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cheek TR, Hesketh JE, Richards RC, Burgoyne RD. Assembly and characterisation of a multi-component cytoskeletal gel from adrenal medulla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 887:164-72. [PMID: 3719007 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(86)90051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of bovine adrenal medullary cytoplasmic extracts results in the formation of three-dimensional supramolecular gels. Ultrastructurally, the gels display a network of fibres similar in appearance to the cytoskeleton within intact chromaffin cells. Analysis of the protein composition using both electrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques indicates that the gels are composed exclusively of cytoskeletal elements; microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filament proteins have been identified as having a number of actin-associated proteins. Among the latter class of components the following polypeptides have been identified: filamin (300 kDa), fodrin (240 kDa), a 235 kDa polypeptide, myosin (200 kDa), caldesmon (70 kDa) and tropomyosins (39 kDa). All of these polypeptides co-sedimented with F-actin when gels were assembled in the absence of Ca2+. When gelation was performed in the presence of 10 microM Ca2+ actin, the 235 kDa polypeptide, 70 kDa caldesmon and tropomyosin were all absent from the gels. These results may suggest that the 235 kDa polypeptide, 70 kDa caldesmon and tropomyosins could act either individually or as a functional regulatory unit in controlling the Ca2+-activated reorganisation of the actin network in the cytoplasmic gels.
Collapse
|
46
|
Schwartz MA, Luna EJ. Binding and assembly of actin filaments by plasma membranes from Dictyostelium discoideum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 102:2067-75. [PMID: 2423531 PMCID: PMC2114255 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.6.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of native, 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled actin to purified Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membranes was measured using a sedimentation assay. Binding was saturable only in the presence of the actin capping protein, gelsolin. In the presence of gelsolin, the amount of actin bound at saturation to three different membrane preparations was 80, 120, and 200 micrograms/mg of membrane protein. The respective concentrations of actin at half-saturation were 8, 12, and 18 micrograms/ml. The binding curves were sigmoidal, indicating positive cooperativity at low actin concentrations. This cooperativity appeared to be due to actin-actin associations during polymerization, since phalloidin converted the curve to a hyperbolic shape. In kinetic experiments, actin added as monomers bound to membranes at a rate of 0.6 microgram ml-1 min-1, while pre-polymerized actin bound at a rate of 3.0 micrograms ml-1 min-1. Even in the absence of phalloidin, actin bound to membranes at concentrations well below the normal critical concentration. This membrane-bound actin stained with rhodamine-phalloidin and was cross-linked by m-maleimidobenzoyl succinimide ester, a bifunctional cross-linker, into multimers with the same pattern observed for cross-linked F-actin. We conclude that D. discoideum plasma membranes bind actin specifically and saturably and that these membranes organize actin into filaments below the normal critical concentration for polymerization. This interaction probably occurs between multiple binding sites on the membrane and the side of the actin filament, and may be related to the clustering of membrane proteins.
Collapse
|
47
|
Bader MF, Trifaró JM, Langley OK, Thiersé D, Aunis D. Secretory cell actin-binding proteins: identification of a gelsolin-like protein in chromaffin cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 102:636-46. [PMID: 3003118 PMCID: PMC2114078 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.2.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromaffin cells, secretory cells of the adrenal medulla, have been shown to contain actin and other contractile proteins, which might be involved in the secretory process. Actin and Ca++-sensitive actin-binding proteins were purified from bovine adrenal medulla on affinity columns using DNase-I as a ligand. Buffers that contained decreasing Ca++ concentrations were used to elute three major proteins of 93, 91, and 85 kD. The bulk of the actin was eluted with guanidine-HCl buffer plus some 93- and 91-kD proteins. These Ca++-sensitive regulatory proteins were shown to inhibit the gelation of actin using the low-shear falling ball viscometer and by electron microscopy. Actin filaments were found to be shortened by fragmentation. Using antibody raised against rabbit lung macrophage gelsolin, proteolytic digestion with Staphylococcus V8 protease and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the 91-kD actin-binding protein was shown to be a gelsolin-like protein. The 93-kD actin-binding protein also showed cross-reactivity with anti-gelsolin antibody, similar peptide maps, and a basic-shift in pHi indicating that this 93-kD protein is a brevin-like protein, derived from blood present abundantly in adrenal medulla. Purification from isolated chromaffin cells demonstrated the presence of 91- and 85-kD proteins, whereas the 93-kD protein was hardly detectable. The 85-kD protein is not a breakdown product of brevin-like or gelsolin-like proteins. It did not cross-react with anti-gelsolin antibody and showed a very different peptide map after mild digestion with V8 protease. Antibodies were raised against the 93- and 91-kD actin-binding proteins and the 85-kD actin-binding protein. Antibody against the 85-kD protein did not cross-react with 93- and 91-kD proteins and vice versa. In vivo, the cytoskeleton organization of chromaffin secretory cells is not known, but appears to be under the control of the intracellular concentration of free calcium. The ability of calcium to activate the gelsolin-like protein, and as shown elsewhere to alter fodrin localization, provides a mechanism for gel-sol transition that might be essential for granule movement and membrane-membrane interactions involved in the secretory process.
Collapse
|
48
|
Burgoyne RD, Cheek TR, Norman KM. Identification of a secretory granule-binding protein as caldesmon. Nature 1986; 319:68-70. [PMID: 3941739 DOI: 10.1038/319068a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of adrenal chromaffin cells results in a rise in the concentration of intracellular free calcium which initiates catecholamine secretion by exocytosis. An understanding of the molecular basis of exocytosis will require knowledge of the sites of action of calcium. A role for calmodulin has been implicated in secretion from chromaffin cells, and isolated granule membranes bind both calmodulin and a series of cytosolic proteins in a calcium-dependent fashion. Here, we demonstrate that one of the cytosolic granule-binding proteins with a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 70,000 (70K) is a form of the calmodulin-regulated actin-binding protein caldesmon, first isolated from smooth muscle. Cytoplasmic gels assembled from an adrenal medullary extract in the absence of Ca2+ contained actin and the 70K protein. The association of both of these proteins with the cytoplasmic gel was inhibited by a micromolar concentration of Ca2+. In addition, we have demonstrated that the 70K protein is localized at the periphery of chromaffin cells. These results are consistent with the notion that 70K protein (caldesmon) has a role in regulating the organization of actin filaments of the cell periphery during the secretory process.
Collapse
|
49
|
Small DH, Wurtman RJ. Association of serotonin, dopamine, or noradrenaline with an actin-like component in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. J Neurochem 1985; 45:825-31. [PMID: 4031865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line was used to examine the possibility that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine), or noradrenaline may be associated with cytoplasmic actin, as was suggested by previous in vitro binding studies on an actin-like protein from rat brain synaptosomes. When PC12 cells were incubated with [3H]serotonin. [3H]dopamine, or [3H]noradrenaline for 30 min at 37 degrees C, approximately 2-4% of the radioactivity present in the cells was found to be associated with a high-molecular-weight (actin-like) component in supernatant fractions. Evidence relating this monoamine binding component to actin filaments includes: (a) its strong absorption by myosin filaments at low ionic strength: (b) a decrease in its affinity for myosin in the presence of 1 mM ATP, which lowers the affinity of authentic actin for myosin: (c) displacement of bound [3H]serotonin from it by DNase I, which binds strongly to actin and which inhibits [3H]serotonin binding to actin in vitro; (d) an increase in its binding of each monoamine (by 25-40%) after PC12 cells were preincubated with 10 microM cytochalasin B (a drug that induces depolymerization of F-actin). These findings suggest that serotonin, dopamine, or noradrenaline may associate with actin filaments in vivo.
Collapse
|
50
|
|