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Xie S, Yao Y, Wen H, Li Y, Lyu L, Wang X, Li J, Yan S, Zuo C, Wang Z, Qi X. Function of secretoneurin in regulating the expression of reproduction-related genes in ovoviviparous black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 266:110852. [PMID: 37028701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Secretoneurin (SN), a conserved peptide derived from secretogranin-2 (scg2), also known as secretogranin II or chromogranin C, plays an important role in regulating gonadotropin in the pituitary, which affects the reproductive system. This study aimed to clarify the mode of action of scg2 in regulating gonad development and maturation and the expression of mating behavior-related genes. Two scg2 cDNAs were cloned from the ovoviviparity teleost black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). In situ hybridization detected positive scg2 mRNA signals in the telencephalon and hypothalamus, where sgnrh and kisspeptin neurons were reported to be located and potentially regulated by scg2. In vivo, intracerebral ventricular injections of synthetic black rockfish SNa affected brain cgnrh, sgnrh, kisspeptin1, pituitary lh and fsh and gonad steroidogenesis-related gene expression levels with sex dimorphism. In vitro, a similar effect was found in primary cultured brain and pituitary cells. Thus, SN could contribute to the regulation of gonadal development, as well as reproductive behaviors, including mating and parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yijia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Likang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Administration Department, Weihai Taifeng Seawater Seedling Co., LTD, Weihai, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Eiden LE, Hernández VS, Jiang SZ, Zhang L. Neuropeptides and small-molecule amine transmitters: cooperative signaling in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:492. [PMID: 35997826 PMCID: PMC11072502 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are expressed in cell-specific patterns throughout mammalian brain. Neuropeptide gene expression has been useful for clustering neurons by phenotype, based on single-cell transcriptomics, and for defining specific functional circuits throughout the brain. How neuropeptides function as first messengers in inter-neuronal communication, in cooperation with classical small-molecule amine transmitters (SMATs) is a current topic of systems neurobiology. Questions include how neuropeptides and SMATs cooperate in neurotransmission at the molecular, cellular and circuit levels; whether neuropeptides and SMATs always co-exist in neurons; where neuropeptides and SMATs are stored in the neuron, released from the neuron and acting, and at which receptors, after release; and how neuropeptides affect 'classical' transmitter function, both directly upon co-release, and indirectly, via long-term regulation of gene transcription and neuronal plasticity. Here, we review an extensive body of data about the distribution of neuropeptides and their receptors, their actions after neuronal release, and their function based on pharmacological and genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments, that addresses these questions, fundamental to understanding brain function, and development of neuropeptide-based, and potentially combinatorial peptide/SMAT-based, neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Vito S Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Yao Q, Tong Y, Peng R, Liu Z, Li Y. Associations of serum chromogranin A with depressive symptoms in men with unipolar depressive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 66:120-124. [PMID: 32829062 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the changes of serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels upon depression by investigating the relationship between serum CgA levels and the depressive symptoms assessed by 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-24). METHOD Serum CgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 133 male patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and were compared with those of 47 healthy controls. Then generalized linear regression, logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were performed to examine the association between serum CgA levels and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Serum CgA levels were lower in MDD patients than in controls (P < 0.001) and were inversely associated with scores on HRSD-24 in unadjusted, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, traumatic life events and family history of depression-adjusted and fully adjusted linear regression model. The fully adjusted regression coefficient with 95% confidence intervals was -0.028 (-0.045, -0.010) for serum CgA levels and HRSD-24 score. Serum CgA levels were inversely associated with depressive symptoms (HRSD ≥20) in each logistic regression model. CONCLUSION Serum CgA decrease was noted in male patients of MDD and may be inversely associated with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Valicherla GR, Gupta AP, Hossain Z, Riyazuddin M, Syed AA, Husain A, Lahiri S, Dave KM, Gayen JR. Pancreastatin inhibitor, PSTi8 ameliorates metabolic health by modulating AKT/GSK-3β and PKCλ/ζ/SREBP1c pathways in high fat diet induced insulin resistance in peri-/post-menopausal rats. Peptides 2019; 120:170147. [PMID: 31473204 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in peri-/post-menopause women is mainly due to hormone deficiency and lifestyle. PSTi8 (PEGKGEQEHSQQKEEEEEMAV-amide) is a pancreastatin inhibitor peptide which showed potent antidiabetic activity in genetic and lifestyle induced type 2 diabetic mice. In the present work, we have investigated the antidiabetic activity of PSTi8 in rat models of peri-/post-menopausal IR. 4-vinylcyclohexenediepoxide treated and ovariectomized rats were fed with high fat diet for 12 weeks to develop the peri-/post-menopausal IR. PSTi8 peptide was administered after the development of peri-/post-menopausal IR rats. PSTi8 (1 mg/kg, i.p) improved the glucose homeostasis which is characterized by elevated glycogenesis, enhanced glycolysis and reduced gluconeogenesis. PSTi8 suppressed palmitate- and PST- induced IR in HepG2 cells. PSTi8 treatment enhanced energy expenditure in peri-/post-menopausal IR rats. PSTi8 treatment increased insulin sensitivity in peri-/post-menopausal IR rats, may be mediated by modulating IRS1-2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT-GSK3β and IRS1-2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-PKCλ/ζ-SREBP1c signaling pathways in the liver. PSTi8 can act as a potential therapeutic peptide for the treatment of peri-/post-menopausal IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru R Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Anees A Syed
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shibani Lahiri
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kandarp M Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raibarelly, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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5
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Carbone E, Borges R, Eiden LE, García AG, Hernández‐Cruz A. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1443-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Sahu BS, Mahata S, Bandyopadhyay K, Mahata M, Avolio E, Pasqua T, Sahu C, Bandyopadhyay GK, Bartolomucci A, Webster NJG, Van Den Bogaart G, Fischer-Colbrie R, Corti A, Eiden LE, Mahata SK. Catestatin regulates vesicular quanta through modulation of cholinergic and peptidergic (PACAPergic) stimulation in PC12 cells. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:51-70. [PMID: 30467710 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372) inhibits nicotine-induced secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and chromaffin cells. In the present study, we seek to determine whether CST regulates dense core (DC) vesicle (DCV) quanta (catecholamine and chromogranin/secretogranin proteins) during acute (0.5-h treatment) or chronic (24-h treatment) cholinergic (nicotine) or peptidergic (PACAP, pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide) stimulation of PC12 cells. In acute experiments, we found that both nicotine (60 μM) and PACAP (0.1 μM) decreased intracellular norepinephrine (NE) content and increased 3H-NE secretion, with both effects markedly inhibited by co-treatment with CST (2 μM). In chronic experiments, we found that nicotine and PACAP both reduced DCV and DC diameters and that this effect was likewise prevented by CST. Nicotine or CST alone increased expression of CgA protein and together elicited an additional increase in CgA protein, implying that nicotine and CST utilize separate signaling pathways to activate CgA expression. In contrast, PACAP increased expression of CgB and SgII proteins, with a further potentiation by CST. CST augmented the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but did not increase intracellular NE levels, presumably due to its inability to cause post-translational activation of TH through serine phosphorylation. Co-treatment of CST with nicotine or PACAP increased quantal size, plausibly due to increased synthesis of CgA, CgB and SgII by CST. We conclude that CST regulates DCV quanta by acutely inhibiting catecholamine secretion and chronically increasing expression of CgA after nicotinic stimulation and CgB and SgII after PACAPergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Shankar Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA.
| | - Sumana Mahata
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | | | | | - Chinmayi Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gautam K Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH-IRP, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Chromogranin-A and its derived peptides and their pharmacological effects during intestinal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:315-326. [PMID: 29656116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ that produces a broad range of active peptides. Mucosal changes during inflammation alter the distribution and products of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that play a role in immune activation and regulation of gut homeostasis by mediating communication between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) typically have altered expression of chromogranin (CHG)-A (CHGA), a major soluble protein secreted by EECs that functions as a pro-hormone. CHGA gives rise to several bioactive peptides that have direct or indirect effects on intestinal inflammation. In IBD, CHGA and its derived peptides are correlated with the disease activity. In this review we describe the potential immunomodulatory roles of CHGA and its derived peptides and their clinical relevance during the progression of intestinal inflammation. Targeting CHGA and its derived peptides could be of benefit for the diagnosis and clinical management of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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8
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Eiden LE, Jiang SZ. What's New in Endocrinology: The Chromaffin Cell. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:711. [PMID: 30564193 PMCID: PMC6288183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the intracellular and intercellular features of adrenal chromatin cells as stress transducers are reviewed here, along with their implications for endocrine function in other tissues and organs participating in endocrine regulation in the mammalian organism.
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El-Salhy M, Patcharatrakul T, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Gonlachanvit S. Chromogranin A cell density in the large intestine of Asian and European patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:691-697. [PMID: 28346031 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1305123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Asia show distinctive differences from those in the western world. The gastrointestinal endocrine cells appear to play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBS. The present study aimed at studying the density of chromogranin A (CgA) cells in the large intestine of Thai and Norwegian IBS patients. METHODS Thirty Thai IBS patients and 20 control subjects, and 47 Norwegian IBS patients and 20 control subjects were included. A standard colonoscopy was performed in both the patients and controls, and biopsy samples were taken from the colon and the rectum. The biopsy samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunostained for CgA. The density of CgA cells was determined by computerized image analysis. RESULTS In the colon and rectum, the CgA cell densities were far higher in both IBS and healthy Thai subjects than in Norwegians. The colonic CgA cell density was lower in Norwegian IBS patients than in controls, but did not differ between Thai IBS patients and controls. In the rectum, the CgA cell densities in both Thai and Norwegian patients did not differ from those of controls. CONCLUSIONS The higher densities of CgA cells in Thai subjects than Norwegians may be explained by a higher exposure to infections at childhood and the development of a broad immune tolerance, by differences in the intestinal microbiota, and/or differing diet habits. The normal CgA cell density in Thai IBS patients in contrast to that of Norwegians may be due to differences in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- a Department of Medicine, Section for Gastroenterology , Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital , Stord , Norway.,b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine , National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Tanisa Patcharatrakul
- d Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine , GI Motility Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,e Thai Red Cross Society , King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine , National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine , National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,e Thai Red Cross Society , King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine , National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,f Department of Medicine , National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Sutep Gonlachanvit
- d Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine , GI Motility Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,e Thai Red Cross Society , King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital , Bangkok , Thailand
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10
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Chromogranins: from discovery to current times. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:143-154. [PMID: 28875377 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery in 1953 of the chromaffin granules as co-storage of catecholamines and ATP was soon followed by identification of a range of uniquely acidic proteins making up the isotonic vesicular storage complex within elements of the diffuse sympathoadrenal system. In the mid-1960s, the enzymatically inactive, major core protein, chromogranin A was shown to be exocytotically discharged from the stimulated adrenal gland in parallel with the co-stored catecholamines and ATP. A prohormone concept was introduced when one of the main storage proteins collectively named granins was identified as the insulin release inhibitory polypeptide pancreastatin. A wide range of granin-derived biologically active peptides have subsequently been identified. Both chromogranin A and chromogranin B give rise to antimicrobial peptides of relevance for combat of pathogens. While two of the chromogranin A-derived peptides, vasostatin-I and pancreastatin, are involved in modulation of calcium and glucose homeostasis, respectively, vasostatin-I and catestatin are important modulators of endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, myocardial contractility, and innate immunity. A physiological role is now evident for the full-length chromogranin A and vasostatin-I as circulating stabilizers of endothelial integrity and in protection against myocardial injury. The high circulating levels of chromogranin A and its fragments in patients suffering from various inflammatory diseases have emerged as challenges for future research and clinical applications.
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11
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Rabbi MF, Eissa N, Munyaka PM, Kermarrec L, Elgazzar O, Khafipour E, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Reactivation of Intestinal Inflammation Is Suppressed by Catestatin in a Murine Model of Colitis via M1 Macrophages and Not the Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2017; 8:985. [PMID: 28871257 PMCID: PMC5566981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is growing awareness of a relationship between chromogranin-A (CHGA) and susceptibility to inflammatory conditions, the role of human catestatin [(hCTS); CHGA352–67] in the natural history of established inflammatory bowel disease is not known. Recently, using two different experimental models, we demonstrated that hCTS-treated mice develop less severe acute colitis. We have also shown the implication of the macrophages in this effect. The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether hCTS treatment could attenuate the reactivation of inflammation in adult mice with previously established chronic colitis; (2) whether this effect is mediated through macrophages or the gut microbiota. Quiescent colitis was induced in 7–8-week-old C57BL6 mice using four cycles (2–4%) of dextran sulfate sodium. hCTS (1.5 mg/kg/day) treatment or vehicle started 2 days before the last induction of colitis and continuing for 7 days. At sacrifice, macro- and microscopic scores were determined. Colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and TNF- α], anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF- β), classically activated (M1) (iNOS, Mcp1), and alternatively activated (M2) (Ym1, Arg1) macrophages markers were studied using ELISA and/or RT-qPCR. In vitro, peritoneal macrophages isolated from naïve mice and treated with hCTS (10−5 M, 12 h) were exposed to either lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml, 12 h) to polarize M1 macrophages or to IL-4/IL-13 (20 ng/ml) to polarize M2 macrophages. M1/M2 macrophage markers along with cytokine gene expression were determined using RT-qPCR. Feces and mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) samples were collected, and the V4 region of 16 s rRNA was sequenced. Micro- and macroscopic scores, colonic IL-6, IL-1β, TNF- α, and M1 macrophages markers were significantly decreased in the hCTS-treated group. Treatment did not have any effect on colonic IL-10, TGF-β, and M2 markers nor modified the bacterial richness, diversity, or the major phyla in colitic fecal and MAM samples. In vitro, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, as well as their gene expression, were significantly reduced in hCTS-treated M1 macrophages. hCTS treatment did not affect M2 macrophage markers. These findings suggest that hCTS treatment attenuates the severity of inflammatory relapse through the modulation of the M1 macrophages and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Rabbi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peris M Munyaka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Omar Elgazzar
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children Research Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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13
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Rabbi MF, Munyaka PM, Eissa N, Metz-Boutigue MH, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. Human Catestatin Alters Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2151. [PMID: 28144234 PMCID: PMC5239785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal tract is heavily colonized with a dense, complex, and diversified microbial populations. In healthy individuals, an array of epithelial antimicrobial agents is secreted in the gut to aid intestinal homeostasis. Enterochromaffin cells (EC) in the intestinal epithelium are a major source of chromogranin A (CgA), which is a pro-hormone and can be cleaved into many bioactive peptides that include catestatin (CST). This study was carried out to evaluate the possible impact of CST on gut microbiota in vivo using a mouse model. The CST (Human CgA352−372) or normal saline was intrarectally administered in C57BL/6 male mice for 6 days and then sacrificed. Feces and colonic mucosa tissue samples were collected, DNA was extracted, the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and subjected to MiSeq Illumina sequencing. The α-diversity was calculated using Chao 1 and β-diversity was determined using QIIME. Differences at the genus level were determined using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) was used to predict functional capacity of bacterial community. CST treatment did not modify bacterial richness in fecal and colonic mucosa-associated microbiota; however, treatment significantly modified bacterial community composition between the groups. Also, CST-treated mice had a significantly lower relative abundance of Firmicutes and higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, observed only in fecal samples. However, at lower phylogenetic levels, PLS-DA analysis revealed that some bacterial taxa were significantly associated with the CST-treated mice in both fecal and colonic mucosa samples. In addition, differences in predicted microbial functional pathways in both fecal and colonic mucosa samples were detected. The results support the hypothesis that CST treatment modulates gut microbiota composition under non-pathophysiological conditions, however, the result of this study needs to be further validated in a larger experiment. The data may open new avenues for the development of a potential new line of antimicrobial peptides and their use as therapeutic agents to treat several inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), or other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Rabbi
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peris M Munyaka
- Department of Immunology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Strasbourg, France
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; The Children's Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; The Children's Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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15
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El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH. Abnormalities in endocrine and immune cells are correlated in dextran‑sulfate‑sodium‑induced colitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:12-20. [PMID: 27959399 PMCID: PMC5355736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the gut hormones and the immune system has been suggested to serve an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The aims of the present study were to elucidate the possible abnormalities in the colonic endocrine cells in rats with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, and to determine whether they are correlated with alterations in the immune cells. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Control and DSS-induced colitis. Colonic tissues were harvested via postmortem laparotomy from all of the animals at the end of the experimental period, and fixed and sectioned for histology. The colonic endocrine and immune cells in those tissue samples were immunostained and their densities quantified by computerized image analysis. The densities of chromogranin A, serotonin, peptide YY and oxyntomodulin cells were significantly higher, and those of pancreatic peptide and somatostatin cells were lower in rats with DSS-induced colitis than in the controls. The densities of mucosal leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and mast cells were significantly higher than in the controls, and these changes were closely associated with the aforementioned changes in all endocrine cell types. These observations indicate an interaction between intestinal hormones and the immune system as represented by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, 5416 Stord, Norway
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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16
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El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG. Changes in enteroendocrine and immune cells following colitis induction by TNBS in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4967-4974. [PMID: 27840918 PMCID: PMC5355731 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3.6 million individuals suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the western world, with an annual global incidence rate of 3–20 cases/100,000 individuals. The etiology of IBD is unknown, and the currently available treatment options are not satifactory for long-term treatment. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease present with abnormalities in multiple intestinal endocrine cell types, and a number of studies have suggested that interactions between gut hormones and immune cells may serve a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of IBD. The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in colonic endocrine cells in a rat model of IBD. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were divided into control and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis groups. Colonoscopies were performed in the control and TNBS groups at day 3 following the induction of colitis, and colonic tissues were collected from all animals. Colonic endocrine and immune cells in the obtained tissue samples were immunostained and their densities were quantified. The densities of chromogranin A, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide-producing cells were significantly lower in the TNBS group compared with the control group, whereas the densities of serotonin, oxyntomodulin, and somatostatin-producing cells were significantly higher in the TNBS group. The densities of mucosal leukocytes, B/T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes and mast cells were significantly higher in the TNBS group compared with the controls, and these differences were strongly correlated with alterations in all endocrine cell types. In conclusion, the results suggest the presence of interactions between intestinal hormones and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, 5416 Stord, Norway
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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17
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Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is an established plasma marker of neuroendocrine tumors and has been suggested to also have a role as biomarker in other diseases. Whether CgA has any role as biomarker in diabetes is, however, unresolved, but its widespread distribution in the secretory granules in endocrine tissues including β cells and α cells in pancreas, and the metabolic effects of its peptide fragments suggest that CgA may play a pathophysiological role in diabetes, and thus also be a potential diabetes biomarker. In this review, we summarize the available information on CgA and some of its functional post-translational cleavage products in diabetes, followed by a discussion of its potential as a plasma marker in diabetes and the methodological concerns involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Broedbaek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Li RF, Lu ZF, Sun YN, Chen SH, Yi YJ, Zhang HR, Yang SY, Yu GH, Huang L, Li CN. Molecular Design, Structural Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Derivatives of Peptide CGA-N46. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 8:319-26. [PMID: 27165480 PMCID: PMC4982898 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CGA)-N46, a derived peptide of human chromogranin A, has antifungal activity. To further research the active domain of CGA-N46, a series of derivatives were designed by successively deleting amino acid from both terminus of CGA-N46, and the amino acid sequence of each derivative was analyzed by bioinformatic software. Based on the predicted physicochemical properties of the peptides, including half-life time in mammalian reticulocytes (in vitro), yeast (in vivo) and E. coli (in vivo), instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY), the secondary structure, net charge, the distribution of hydrophobic residues and hydrophilic residues, the final derivatives CGA-N15, CGA-N16, CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The results of bioinformatic analysis showed that CGA-N46 and its derivatives were α-helix, neutral or weak positive charge, hydrophilic, and CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 were more stable than the other derivatives. The results of circular dichroism confirmed that CGA-N46 and its derived peptides displayed α-helical structure in an aqueous solution and 30 mM sodium dodecylsulfate, but α-helical contents decreased in hydrophobic lipid vesicles. CGA-N15, CGA-N16, CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 had higher antifungal activities than their mother peptide CGA-N46. Among of the derived peptides, CGA-N12 showed the least hemolytic activity. In conclusion, we have successfully identified the active domain of CGA-N46 with strong antifungal activity and weak hemolytic activity, which provides the possibility to develop a new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Jie Yi
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuo-Ye Yang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hai Yu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chao-Nan Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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19
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Li RF, Lu YL, Lu YB, Zhang HR, Huang L, Yin Y, Zhang L, Liu S, Lu Z, Sun Y. Antiproliferative effect and characterization of a novel antifungal peptide derived from human Chromogranin A. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2289-2294. [PMID: 26668630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CGA-N46 is a novel antifungal peptide derived from the N-terminus of human Chromogranin A, corresponding to the 31st to 76th amino acids. Further research on its activities and characteristics may be helpful for the application of CGA-N46 in medical or other situations. In the present study, the antifungal spectrum and physicochemical characteristics of CGA-N46 were investigated using an antifungal assay, its antiproliferative effects on cancer and normal cells were assessed using MTT assay and its combinatorial effect with other antibiotics was analyzed using checkerboard analysis. The results showed that CGA-N46 exhibited antifungal activity against the tested Candidas (C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. albicans) at a concentration of <0.8 mM, but had no effect on the growth of filamentous fungi or other types of fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), even at a concentration of 3.2 mM. CGA-N46 had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells and a reversible effect on the growth of normal primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells, but no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes at the minimum inhibitory concentration of CGA-N46 against yeasts. The antifungal activity of CGA-N46 was stable at a temperature <40°C or within a broad pH range (pH 5.0-7.0). Its antifungal activity was enhanced when the peptide was used in combination with fluconazole and terbinafine. The present results indicate that CGA-N46 is a safe, physicochemically stable, antifungal peptide with anticancer cell activity that exhibits an additive effect with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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20
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Li RF, Yan XH, Lu YB, Lu YL, Zhang HR, Chen SH, Liu S, Lu ZF. Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1768-1776. [PMID: 26640548 PMCID: PMC4665730 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species (Candida spp.) are important fungal pathogens, which cause numerous clinical diseases associated with significant mortality and morbidity in healthcare settings. In our previous study, we identified a recombinant peptide, chromogranin A (CGA)-N46, corresponding to the N-terminal Pro31-Gln76 sequence of human CGA, that exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The present study investigated the antifungal activity of CGA-N46, and its underlying mechanism, against numerous Candida spp. CGA-N46 inhibited the growth of all of the tested Candida spp., of which Candida krusei exhibited the greatest sensitivity. CGA-N46 was able to disrupt the stability of the phospholipid monolayer without damaging the integrity and permeability of the outer membrane of C. krusei cells, and induced cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial damage. In addition, treatment of C. krusei with CGA-N46 was associated with decreased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA synthesis inhibition. The results of the present study suggested that CGA-N46 was able to pass through the cell membrane of Candida spp. by temporarily destabilizing the phospholipid membrane, which in turn led to mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Therefore, CGA-N46 may be considered a novel antifungal compound for the treatment of patients with C. krusei infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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21
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Helle KB, Corti A. Chromogranin A: a paradoxical player in angiogenesis and vascular biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:339-48. [PMID: 25297920 PMCID: PMC11113878 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Half a century after the discovery of chromogranin A as a secreted product of the catecholamine storage granules in the bovine adrenal medulla, the physiological role for the circulating pool of this protein has been recently coined, namely as an important player in vascular homeostasis. While the circulating chromogranin A since 1984 has proved to be a significant and useful marker of a wide range of pathophysiological and pathological conditions involving the diffuse neuroendocrine system, this protein has now been assigned a physiological "raison d'etre" as a regulator in vascular homeostasis. Moreover, chromogranin A processing in response to tissue damage and blood coagulation provides the first indication of a difference in time frame of the regulation of angiogenesis evoked by the intact chromogranin A and its two major peptide products, vasostatin-1 and catestatin. The impact of these discoveries on vascular homeostasis, angiogenesis, cancer, tissue repair and cardio-regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Haukelandsvei 1, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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22
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Rabbi MF, Labis B, Metz-Boutigue MH, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Catestatin decreases macrophage function in two mouse models of experimental colitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:386-98. [PMID: 24637240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an alteration of prohormone chromogranin A (CgA) production. The recent demonstration of an implication of CgA in collagenous colitis and immune regulation provides a potential link between CgA-derived peptides (catestatin, CTS) and gut inflammation. Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium or 2, 4 dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid to C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with human (h)CTS or its proximal or distal part was started one day before colitis induction and colonic inflammatory markers were determined. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in peritoneal isolated and bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs); p-STAT3 level was studied. Serum levels of CgA and CTS were assessed in experimental colitis and in a separate study in IBD patients and healthy controls. We show that sera from IBD patients and that in experimental colitis conditions the colonic level of mouse (m)CgA and mCTS are significantly increased. Moreover, in vivo treatment with human (h)CTS reduces the disease onset and suppresses exacerbated inflammatory responses in preclinical settings of colitis associated with an increase of p-STAT3. In vitro, hCTS treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokine release by peritoneal macrophages and BMDMs and increases p-STAT3 levels. These results support the hypothesis that CTS is increased during colitis and that hCTS modulates intestinal inflammation via the macrophage population and through a STAT-3 dependent pathway in a murine model of colitis. Identification of the molecular mechanism underlying the protective role of this peptide may lead to a novel therapeutic option in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Rabbi
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benoit Labis
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Université de Strasbourg, Biomatériaux et Ingénierie tissulaire, INSERM U1121, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba, IBD Clinical and Research Centre and Section of Gastroenterology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; University of Manitoba, IBD Clinical and Research Centre and Section of Gastroenterology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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D'amico MA, Ghinassi B, Izzicupo P, Manzoli L, Di Baldassarre A. Biological function and clinical relevance of chromogranin A and derived peptides. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R45-54. [PMID: 24671122 PMCID: PMC5395093 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA (CHGA)) is the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines and can function as a pro-hormone by giving rise to several bioactive peptides. This review summarizes the physiological functions, the pathogenic implications, and the recent use of these molecules as biomarkers in several pathological conditions. A thorough literature review of the electronic healthcare databases MEDLINE, from January 1985 to September 2013, was conducted to identify articles and studies concerned with CgA and its processing. The search strategies utilized keywords such as chromogranin A, vasostatins 1 and 2, chromofungin, chromacin, pancreastatin, catestatin, WE14, chromostatin, GE25, parastatin, and serpinin and was supplemented by the screening of references from included papers and review articles. A total of 209 English-language, peer-reviewed original articles or reviews were examined. The analysis of the retrospective literature suggested that CgA and its several bioactive fragments exert a broad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis. As some peptides exert similar effects, but others elicit opposite responses, the regulation of the CgA processing is critical to maintain homeostasis, whereas an unbalanced production of peptides that exert opposing effects can have a pathogenic role in several diseases. These clinical implications entail that CgA and its derived peptides are now used as diagnostic and prognostic markers or to monitor the response to pharmacological intervention not only in endocrine tumors, but also in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Valicherla GR, Hossain Z, Mahata SK, Gayen JR. Pancreastatin is an endogenous peptide that regulates glucose homeostasis. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:1060-71. [PMID: 24064537 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00131.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreastatin (PST) is a regulatory peptide containing 49 amino acids, first isolated from porcine pancreas. Intracellular and extracellular processing of the prohormone Chromogranin A (Chga) results various bioactive peptides of which PST has dysglycemic activity. PST regulates glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in liver and adipose tissues. It also regulates the secretion of leptin and expression of leptin and uncoupling protein 2 in adipose tissue. In Chga knockout mice, PST induces gluconeogenesis in the liver. PST reduces glucose uptake in mice hepatocytes and adipocytes. In rat hepatocytes, PST induces glycogenolysis and glycolysis and inhibits glycogen synthesis. In rat adipocytes, PST inhibits lactate production and lipogenesis. These metabolic effects are confirmed in humans. In the dual signaling mechanism of PST receptor, mostly PST activates Gαq/11 protein leads to the activation of phospholipase C β3-isoform, therefore increasing cytoplasmic free calcium and stimulating protein kinase C. PST inhibits the cell growth in rat HTC hepatoma cells, mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP production. Elevated levels of PST correlating with catecholamines have been found in gestational diabetes and essential hypertension. Rise in the blood PST level in Type 2 diabetes suggests that PST is a negative regulator of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Raghavendra Valicherla
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Vaudry H, Metz-Boutigue MH. Granins--peptides derived from the secretory proteins. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2010; 165:1-2. [PMID: 20417667 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Tota B, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. Catecholamines, cardiac natriuretic peptides and chromogranin A: evolution and physiopathology of a 'whip-brake' system of the endocrine heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:3081-103. [PMID: 20802109 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, extensive evidence has shown the ability of vertebrate cardiac non-neuronal cells to synthesize and release catecholamines (CA). This formed the mindset behind the search for the intrinsic endocrine heart properties, culminating in 1981 with the discovery of the natriuretic peptides (NP). CA and NP, co-existing in the endocrine secretion granules and acting as major cardiovascular regulators in health and disease, have become of great biomedical relevance for their potent diagnostic and therapeutic use. The concept of the endocrine heart was later enriched by the identification of a growing number of cardiac hormonal substances involved in organ modulation under normal and stress-induced conditions. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a major constituent of the secretory granules, and its derived cardio-suppressive and antiadrenergic peptides, vasostatin-1 and catestatin, were shown as new players in this framework, functioning as cardiac counter-regulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis, particularly under intense excitatory stimuli, e.g. CA-induced myocardial stress. Here, we present evidence for the hypothesis that is gaining support, particularly among human cardiologists. The actions of CA, NP and CgA, we argue, may be viewed as a hallmark of the cardiac capacity to organize 'whip-brake' connection-integration processes in spatio-temporal networks. The involvement of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system in this configuration is discussed. The use of fish and amphibian paradigms will illustrate the ways that incipient endocrine-humoral agents have evolved as components of cardiac molecular loops and important intermediates during evolutionary transitions, or in a distinct phylogenetic lineage, or under stress challenges. This may help to grasp the old evolutionary roots of these intracardiac endocrine/paracrine networks and how they have evolved from relatively less complicated designs. The latter can also be used as an intellectual tool to disentangle the experimental complexity of the mammalian and human endocrine hearts, suggesting future investigational avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tota
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Helle KB. Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1145-6. [PMID: 21088887 PMCID: PMC3008932 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This commentary is focusing on novel aspects on the secreted CgA- and SgII-derived peptides, vasostatin-I (bovine and human CgA1–76, VS-I), WE-14 (CgA316–329), catestatin (bovine CgA344–366, human CgA352–372, Cts) and the SgII-derived secretoneurin (SgII180–204) as significant regulators of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Miyazaki T, Yamasaki M, Uchigashima M, Matsushima A, Watanabe M. Cellular expression and subcellular localization of secretogranin II in the mouse hippocampus and cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 33:82-94. [PMID: 21044184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretogranin II (SgII), or chromogranin C, is thought to participate in the sorting and packaging of peptide hormones and neuropeptides into secretory granules and large dense-core vesicle (LDCVs), and also functions as a precursor of neuropeptide secretoneurin. Although SgII is widely distributed in the brain and is predominantly localized at terminals of mossy fibers in the hippocampus and cerebellum and climbing fibers in the cerebellum, its cellular expression and ultrastructural localization remain largely unknown. In the present study, we addressed this issue in the adult mouse brain by multiple-labeling fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence and by preembedding and postembedding immunoelectron microscopies. SgII was expressed in various neurons, distributed as either tiny puncta or coarse aggregates in the neuropil, and intensely accumulated in perikarya of particular neurons, such as parvalbumin-positive interneurons and mossy cells in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Coarse aggregates were typical of terminals of mossy fibers and climbing fibers. In these terminals, numerous immunogold particles were clustered on individual LDCVs, and one or two particles also fell within small synaptic vesicle-accumulating portions. SgII was further detected as tiny puncta in neural elements lacking LDCVs, such as parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells, somatodendritic elements of various neurons and Bergmann glia. Thus, SgII is present in LDCV and non-LDCV compartments of various neural cells. The wide subcellular localization of SgII may reflect diverse release sites of neuropeptides and secretorneurin, or suggests its role in the sorting and packaging of molecules other than neuropeptides in non-LDCV compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Sánchez-Margalet V, González-Yanes C, Najib S, Santos-Álvarez J. Reprint of: Metabolic effects and mechanism of action of the chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:71-7. [PMID: 20934461 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreastatin is one of the regulatory peptides derived from intracellular and/or extracellular processing of chromogranin A, the soluble acidic protein present in the secretory granules of the neuroendocrine system. While the intracellular functions of chromogranin A include formation and maturation of the secretory granule, the major extracellular functions are generation of biologically active peptides with demonstrated autocrine, paracrine or endocrine activities. In this review, we will focus on the metabolic function of one of these peptides, pancreastatin, and the mechanisms underlying its effects. Many different reported effects have implicated PST in the modulation of energy metabolism, with a general counterregulatory effect to that of insulin. Pancreastatin induces glycogenolysis in liver and lipolysis in adipocytes. Metabolic effects have been confirmed in humans. Moreover, naturally occurring human variants have been found, one of which (Gly297Ser) occurs in the functionally important carboxy-terminus of the peptide, and substantially increases the peptide's potency to inhibit cellular glucose uptake. Thus, qualitative hereditary alterations in pancreastatin's primary structure may give rise to interindividual differences in glucose and lipid metabolism. Pancreastatin activates a receptor signaling system that belongs to the seven-spanning transmembrane receptor coupled to a Gq-PLCβ-calcium-PKC signaling pathway. Increased pancreastatin plasma levels, correlating with catecholamines levels, have been found in insulin resistance states, such as gestational diabetes or essential hypertension. Pancreastatin plays important physiological role in potentiating the metabolic effects of catecholamines, and may also play a pathophysiological role in insulin resistance states with increased sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain.
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Bartolomucci A, Pasinetti GM, Salton SRJ. Granins as disease-biomarkers: translational potential for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Neuroscience 2010; 170:289-97. [PMID: 20600637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers represents a fundamental medical advance that can lead to an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, and holds the potential to define surrogate diagnostic and prognostic endpoints. Because of the inherent difficulties in assessing brain function in patients and objectively identifying neurological and cognitive/emotional symptoms, future application of biomarkers to neurological and psychiatric disorders is extremely desirable. This article discusses the biomarker potential of the granin family, a group of acidic proteins present in the secretory granules of a wide variety of endocrine, neuronal and neuroendocrine cells: chromogranin A (CgA), CgB, Secretogranin II (SgII), SgIII, HISL-19 antigen, 7B2, NESP55, VGF and ProSAAS. Their relative abundance, functional significance, and secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and the general circulation have made granins tractable targets as biomarkers for many diseases of neuronal and endocrine origin, recently impacting diagnosis of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and schizophrenia. Although research has not yet validated the clinical utility of granins as surrogate endpoints for the progression or treatment of neurological or psychiatric disease, a growing body of experimental evidence indicates that the use of granins as biomarkers might be of great potential clinical interest. Advances that further elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of granins, coupled with improvements in biomarker technology and direct clinical application, should increase the translational effectiveness of this family of proteins in disease diagnosis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolomucci
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
Gut inflammation is characterized by mucosal recruitment of activated cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition to immune cells, inflammation in the gut is associated with an alteration in enteric endocrine cells and various biologically active compounds produced by these cells. Although the change in enteric endocrine cells or their products is considered to be important in regulating gut physiology (motility and secretion), it is not clear whether the change plays any role in immune activation and in the regulation of gut inflammation. Due to the strategic location of enteric endocrine cells in gut mucosa, these gut hormones may play an important role in immune activation and promotion of inflammation in the gut. This review addresses the research on the interface between immune and endocrine systems in gastrointestinal (GI) pathophysiology, specifically in the context of two major products of enteric endocrine systems, namely serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) and chromogranins (Cgs), in relation to immune activation and generation of inflammation. The studies reviewed in this paper demonstrate that 5-HT activates the immune cells to produce proinflammatory mediators and by manipulating the 5-HT system it is possible to modulate gut inflammation. In the case of Cgs the scenario is more complex, as this hormone has been shown to play both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also possible that interaction between 5-HT and Cgs may play a role in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In addition to enhancing our understanding of immunoendocrine interaction in the gut, the data generated from the these studies may have implications in understanding the role of gut hormone in the pathogenesis of both GI and non-GI inflammatory diseases which may lead ultimately to improved therapeutic strategies in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada.
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Sánchez-Margalet V, González-Yanes C, Najib S, Santos-Alvarez J. Metabolic effects and mechanism of action of the chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 161:8-14. [PMID: 20184923 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreastatin is one of the regulatory peptides derived from intracellular and/or extracellular processing of chromogranin A, the soluble acidic protein present in the secretory granules of the neuroendocrine system. While the intracellular functions of chromogranin A include formation and maturation of the secretory granule, the major extracellular functions are generation of biologically active peptides with demonstrated autocrine, paracrine or endocrine activities. In this review, we will focus on the metabolic function of one of these peptides, pancreastatin, and the mechanisms underlying its effects. Many different reported effects have implicated PST in the modulation of energy metabolism, with a general counterregulatory effect to that of insulin. Pancreastatin induces glycogenolysis in liver and lipolysis in adipocytes. Metabolic effects have been confirmed in humans. Moreover, naturally occurring human variants have been found, one of which (Gly297Ser) occurs in the functionally important carboxy-terminus of the peptide, and substantially increases the peptide's potency to inhibit cellular glucose uptake. Thus, qualitative hereditary alterations in pancreastatin's primary structure may give rise to interindividual differences in glucose and lipid metabolism. Pancreastatin activates a receptor signaling system that belongs to the seven-spanning transmembrane receptor coupled to a Gq-PLCbeta-calcium-PKC signaling pathway. Increased pancreastatin plasma levels, correlating with catecholamines levels, have been found in insulin resistance states, such as gestational diabetes or essential hypertension. Pancreastatin plays important physiological role in potentiating the metabolic effects of catecholamines, and may also play a pathophysiological role in insulin resistance states with increased sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain.
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34
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Helle KB. The chromogranin A-derived peptides vasostatin-I and catestatin as regulatory peptides for cardiovascular functions. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:9-16. [PMID: 19640932 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of inflammatory conditions is associated with pathologically high levels of circulating chromogranin A (CgA). This prohormone belongs to the family of uniquely acidic proteins co-stored and co-secreted with other hormones and peptides from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Two highly conserved, CgA-derived peptides, vasostatin-I and catestatin, have been implicated as modulators of a wide range of cells and tissues, including those of the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on links between elevated circulating CgA and cardiovascular dysfunctions in inflammatory conditions in relation to potential beneficial effects of vasostatin-I and catestatin. Characteristic membrane-penetrating properties have been assigned to both peptides, and pertussis toxin sensitivity is shared by a number of their responses, notably in the vascular and cardiac endothelium. Pertussis toxin-sensitive, receptor-independent activation via heterotrimeric G proteins and Galphai/o subunits will be discussed as possible mechanisms for inhibitory effects of vasostatin-I and catestatin on vascular and cardiac responses. The accumulated evidence provides convincing support for vasostatin-I and catestatin as regulatory peptides for the cardiovascular system, converging on alleviation of significant dysfunctions as part of several inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen, Norway.
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Helle KB. Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II as prohormones for regulatory peptides from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010; 50:21-44. [PMID: 20217490 DOI: 10.1007/400_2009_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB), and secretogranin II (SgII) belong to a family of uniquely acidic secretory proteins in elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These "granins" are characterized by numerous pairs of basic amino acids as potential sites for intra- and extragranular processing. In response to adequate stimuli, the granins are coreleased with neurotransmitters and hormones and appear in the circulation as potential modulators of homeostatic processes. This review is directed towards functional aspects of the secreted CgA, CgB, and SgII and their biologically active sequences. Widely different effects and targets have been reported for granin-derived peptides. So far, the CgA peptides vasostatin-I, pancreastatin, and catestatin, the CgB peptides CgB(1-41) and secretolytin, and the SgII peptide secretoneurin are the most likely candidates for granin-derived regulatory peptides. Most of their effects fit into patterns of direct or indirect modulations of major functions, in particular associated with inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Physiology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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Microscopic anatomy of the human islet of Langerhans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:1-19. [PMID: 20217491 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human islets of Langerhans are complex micro-organs responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis. Islets contain five different endocrine cell types, which react to changes in plasma nutrient levels with the release of a carefully balanced mixture of islet hormones into the portal vein. Each endocrine cell type is characterized by its own typical secretory granule morphology, different peptide hormone content, and specific endocrine, paracrine, and neuronal interactions. During development, a cascade of transcription factors determines the formation of the endocrine pancreas and its constituting islet cell types. Differences in ontogeny between the ventrally derived head section and the dorsally derived head, body, and tail section are responsible for differences in innervation, blood supply, and endocrine composition. Islet cells show a close topographical relationship to the islet vasculature, and are supplied with a five to tenfold higher blood flow than the exocrine compartment. Islet microanatomy is disturbed in patients with type 1 diabetes, with a marked reduction in beta-cell content and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. Histopathological lesions in type 2 diabetes are less pathognomonic with a more limited reduction in beta-cell content and occasional deposition of amyloid in the islet interstitial space.
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Cellular distribution of chromogranin A in excitatory, inhibitory, aminergic and peptidergic neurons of the rodent central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 165:36-44. [PMID: 20005907 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoreactivity for both processed and unprocessed forms of chromogranin A (CGA) was examined, using an antibody recognizing the WE14 epitope, among terminal fields and cell bodies of anatomically defined GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, catecholaminergic, and peptidergic cell groups in the rodent central nervous system. CGA is ubiquitous within neuronal cell bodies, with no obvious anatomical or chemically-coded subdivision of the nervous system in which CGA is not expressed in most neurons. CGA expression is essentially absent from catecholaminergic terminal fields in the CNS, suggesting a relative paucity of large dense-core vesicles in CNS compared to peripheral catecholaminergic neurons. Extensive synaptic co-localization with classical transmitter markers is not observed even in areas such as amygdala, where CGA fibers are numerous, suggesting preferential segregation of CGA to peptidergic terminals in CNS. Localization of CGA in dendrites in some areas of CNS may indicate its involvement in regulation of dendritic release mechanisms. Finally, the ubiquitous presence of CGA in neuronal cell somata, especially pronounced in GABAergic neurons, suggests a second non-secretory vesicle-associated function for CGA in CNS. We propose that CGA may function in the CNS as a prohormone and granulogenic factor in some terminal fields, but also possesses as-yet unknown unique cellular functions within neuronal somata and dendrites.
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The antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranin/secretogranin family, new actors of innate immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 165:102-10. [PMID: 19932135 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranins/secretogranins are members of the granin family present in secretory vesicles of nervous, endocrine and immune cells. In chromaffin cells, activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors induces the release, with catecholamines, of bioactive peptides resulting from a natural processing. During the past decade, our laboratory has characterized new antimicrobial chromogranin-derived peptides in the secretions of stimulated bovine chromaffin cells. They act at the micromolar range against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and are non-toxic for the mammalian cells. They are recovered in several biological fluids involved in defence mechanisms (human serum, neutrophil secretions and saliva). These new antimicrobial peptides demonstrate the major role of the adrenal medulla in innate immunity. In this review we focus on the antimicrobial peptides derived from human and bovine chromogranin A (CGA), chromogranin B (CGB) and secretogranin II (SGII) emphasizing their direct action against pathogens and their effects on immune cells.
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Zhang D, Shooshtarizadeh P, Laventie BJ, Colin DA, Chich JF, Vidic J, de Barry J, Chasserot-Golaz S, Delalande F, Van Dorsselaer A, Schneider F, Helle K, Aunis D, Prévost G, Metz-Boutigue MH. Two chromogranin a-derived peptides induce calcium entry in human neutrophils by calmodulin-regulated calcium independent phospholipase A2. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4501. [PMID: 19225567 PMCID: PMC2639705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides derived from the natural processing of chromogranin A (CgA) are co-secreted with catecholamines upon stimulation of chromaffin cells. Since PMNs play a central role in innate immunity, we examine responses by PMNs following stimulation by two antimicrobial CgA-derived peptides. Methodology/Principal Findings PMNs were treated with different concentrations of CgA-derived peptides in presence of several drugs. Calcium mobilization was observed by using flow cytometry and calcium imaging experiments. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy have shown the intracellular localization of the peptides. The calmodulin-binding and iPLA2 activating properties of the peptides were shown by Surface Plasmon Resonance and iPLA2 activity assays. Finally, a proteomic analysis of the material released after PMNs treatment with CgA-derived peptides was performed by using HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS. By using flow cytometry we first observed that after 15 s, in presence of extracellular calcium, Chromofungin (CHR) or Catestatin (CAT) induce a concentration-dependent transient increase of intracellular calcium. In contrast, in absence of extra cellular calcium the peptides are unable to induce calcium depletion from the stores after 10 minutes exposure. Treatment with 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate), a store operated channels (SOCs) blocker, inhibits completely the calcium entry, as shown by calcium imaging. We also showed that they activate iPLA2 as the two CaM-binding factors (W7 and CMZ) and that the two sequences can be aligned with the two CaM-binding domains reported for iPLA2. We finally analyzed by HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS the material released by PMNs following stimulation by CHR and CAT. We characterized several factors important for inflammation and innate immunity. Conclusions/Significance For the first time, we demonstrate that CHR and CAT, penetrate into PMNs, inducing extracellular calcium entry by a CaM-regulated iPLA2 pathway. Our study highlights the role of two CgA-derived peptides in the active communication between neuroendocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
- First Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Benoît-Joseph Laventie
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier André Colin
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Chich
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean de Barry
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UMR 7168 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvette Chasserot-Golaz
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UMR 7168 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse BioOrganique, IPHC-DSA, ULP, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Département de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dominique Aunis
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Prévost
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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40
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Nilsson A, Fälth M, Zhang X, Kultima K, Sköld K, Svenningsson P, Andrén PE. Striatal alterations of secretogranin-1, somatostatin, prodynorphin, and cholecystokinin peptides in an experimental mouse model of Parkinson disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1094-104. [PMID: 19131325 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800454-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal causative pathology of Parkinson disease is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta projecting to the striatum in the brain. The information regarding the expression of neuropeptides in parkinsonism is very limited. Here we have elucidated striatal neuropeptide mechanisms in experimental parkinsonism using the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine model to degenerate dopamine neurons. A thoroughly controlled sample preparation technique together with a peptidomics approach and targeted neuropeptide sequence collections enabled sensitive detection, identification, and relative quantitation of a great number of endogenous neuropeptides. Previously not recognized alterations in neuropeptide levels were identified in the unilateral lesioned mice with or without subchronic 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine administration, the conventional treatment of Parkinson disease. Several of these peptides originated from the same precursor such as secretogranin-1, somatostatin, prodynorphin, and cholecystokinin. Disease-related biotransformation of precursors into individual peptides was observed in the experimental model of Parkinson disease. Several previously unreported potentially biologically active peptides were also identified from the striatal samples. This study provides further evidence that neuropeptides take part in mediating the central nervous system failure associated with Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Cerra MC, Gallo MP, Angelone T, Quintieri AM, Pulerà E, Filice E, Guérold B, Shooshtarizadeh P, Levi R, Ramella R, Brero A, Boero O, Metz-Boutigue MH, Tota B, Alloatti G. The homologous rat chromogranin A1-64 (rCGA1-64) modulates myocardial and coronary function in rat heart to counteract adrenergic stimulation indirectly via endothelium-derived nitric oxide. FASEB J 2008; 22:3992-4004. [PMID: 18697842 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CGA), produced by human and rat myocardium, generates several biologically active peptides processed at specific proteolytic cleavage sites. A highly conserved cleavage N-terminal site is the bond 64-65 that reproduces the native rat CGA sequence (rCGA1-64), corresponding to human N-terminal CGA-derived vasostatin-1. rCGA1-64 cardiotropic activity has been explored in rat cardiac preparations. In Langendorff perfused rat heart, rCGA1-64 (from 33 nM) induced negative inotropism and lusitropism as well as coronary dilation, counteracting isoproterenol (Iso) - and endothelin-1 (ET-1) -induced positive inotropic effects and ET-1-dependent coronary constriction. rCGA1-64 also depressed basal and Iso-induced contractility on rat papillary muscles, without affecting calcium transients on isolated ventricular cells. Structure-function analysis using three modified peptides on both rat heart and papillary muscles revealed the disulfide bridge requirement for the cardiotropic action. A decline in Iso intrinsic activity in the presence of the peptides indicates a noncompetitive antagonistic action. Experiments on rat isolated cardiomyocytes and bovine aortic endothelial cells indicate that the negative inotropism observed in rat papillary muscle is probably due to an endothelial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent nitric oxide release, rather than to a direct action on cardiomyocytes. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that in the rat heart the homologous rCGA1-64 fragment exerts an autocrine/paracrine modulation of myocardial and coronary performance acting as stabilizer against intense excitatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cerra
- B.T., Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Calabria, Italy
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42
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Montero-Hadjadje M, Vaingankar S, Elias S, Tostivint H, Mahata SK, Anouar Y. Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II: evolutionary and functional aspects. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 192:309-24. [PMID: 18005393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranins/secretogranins or granins are a class of acidic, secretory proteins that occur in endocrine, neuroendocrine, and neuronal cells. Granins are the precursors of several bioactive peptides and may be involved in secretory granule formation and neurotransmitter/hormone release. Characterization and analysis of chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB), and secretogranin II (SgII) in distant vertebrate species confirmed that CgA and CgB belong to related monophyletic groups, probably evolving from a common ancestral precursor, while SgII sequences constitute a distinct monophyletic group. In particular, selective sequences within these proteins, bounded by potential processing sites, have been remarkably conserved during evolution. Peptides named vasostatin, secretolytin and secretoneurin, which occur in these regions, have been shown to exert various biological activities. These conserved domains may also be involved in the formation of secretory granules in different vertebrates. Other peptides such as catestatin and pancreastatin may have appeared late during evolution. The function of granins as propeptide precursors and granulogenic factors is discussed in the light of recent data obtained in various model species and using knockout mice strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montero-Hadjadje
- INSERM U413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), UA CNRS, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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43
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Glattard E, Angelone T, Strub JM, Corti A, Aunis D, Tota B, Metz-Boutigue MH, Goumon Y. Characterization of natural vasostatin-containing peptides in rat heart. FEBS J 2006; 273:3311-21. [PMID: 16857014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CGA) is a protein that is stored and released together with neurotransmitters and hormones in the nervous, endocrine and diffuse neuroendocrine systems. As human vasostatins I and II [CGA(1-76) and CGA(1-113), respectively] have been reported to affect vessel motility and exert concentration-dependent cardiosuppressive effects on isolated whole heart preparations of eel, frog and rat (i.e. negative inotropism and antiadrenergic activity), we investigated the presence of vasostatin-containing peptides in rat heart. Rat heart extracts were purified by RP-HPLC, and the resulting fractions analyzed for the presence of CGA N-terminal fragments using dot-blot analysis. CGA-immunoreactive fractions were submitted to western blot and MS analysis using the TOF/TOF technique. Four endogenous N-terminal CGA-derived peptides [CGA(4-113), CGA(1-124), CGA(1-135) and CGA(1-199)] containing the vasostatin sequence were characterized. The following post-translational modifications of these fragments were identified: phosphorylation at Ser96, O-glycosylation (trisaccharide, NAcGal-Gal-NeuAc) at Thr126, and oxidation at three methionine residues. This first identification of CGA-derived peptides containing the vasostatin motif in rat heart supports their role in cardiac physiology by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Glattard
- Inserm U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
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44
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Helle KB. The granin family of uniquely acidic proteins of the diffuse neuroendocrine system: comparative and functional aspects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 79:769-94. [PMID: 15682870 DOI: 10.1017/s146479310400644x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins A (CgA) and B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII) constitute the main members of a family of uniquely acidic secretory proteins in elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These genetically distinct proteins, CgA, CgB, SgII and the less well known secretogranins III-VII are collectively referred to as 'granins' and characterised by numerous pairs of basic amino acids as potential cleavage sites for processing by the co-stored prohormone converting enzymes PC 1/3 and PC2. This review is directed towards comparative and functional aspects of the granins with emphasis on their phylogenetically conserved sequences. Recent developments provide ample evidence of widely different effects and targets for the intact granins and their derived peptides, intracellularly in the directed trafficking of storage components during granule maturation and extracellularly in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine interactions. Most of the effects assigned to the granin derived peptides fit into patterns of direct or indirect inhibitory modulations of major functions. So far, peptides derived from CgA (vasostatins, chromacin, pancreastatin, WE-14, catestatin and parastatin), CgB (secretolytin) and SgII (secretoneurin) are the most likely candidates for granin-derived regulatory peptides, of postulated relevance not only for homeostatic processes, but also for tissue assembly and repair, inflammatory responses and the first line of defence against invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Physiology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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45
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McVicar CM, Cunningham RT, McClure N, Curry WJ. Chromogranin A proteolysis to generate beta-granin and WE-14 in the adenohypophysis during the rat oestrous cycle. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 115:1-10. [PMID: 12873792 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analysis of the male and female rat adenohypophysis revealed that chromogranin A (CgA), beta-granin and WE-14 immunostaining was localised to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) producing cells, while luteinizing hormone (LH) producing cells exhibited chromogranin A and beta-granin immunostaining. The intensity of chromogranin A, beta-granin and WE-14 immunostaining exhibited variation during the oestrous cycle; weak immunostaining was observed during proestrous and oestrous, corresponding with the lowest cellular concentration of luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone. Chromogranin A and beta-granin immunostaining were similar in both the male and female (at dioestrous), however, a larger number of more intense WE-14 immunopositive cells were evident in the male adenohypophysis relative to the female at any stage of the cycle. The tissue and plasma concentrations of beta-granin and WE-14 immunoreactivity fluctuated throughout the oestrous cycle. Maximum and minimum beta-granin and WE-14 tissue concentration counterpoised the latent maximum and minimum plasma concentration. Chromatographic analysis of adenohypophysis extracts revealed the degree of chromogranin A proteolysis throughout the oestrous cycle; in contrast, plasma profiles consistently possessed a large chromogranin A-like immunoreactant. This data suggests that chromogranin A biosynthesis, proteolysis and the secretion of its derived peptides parallels that of the gonadotroph hormones throughout the oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mary McVicar
- School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland, UK.
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46
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Lukinius A, Stridsberg M, Wilander E. Cellular expression and specific intragranular localization of chromogranin A, chromogranin B, and synaptophysin during ontogeny of pancreatic islet cells: an ultrastructural study. Pancreas 2003; 27:38-46. [PMID: 12826904 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200307000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS To get more insight into the differentiation patterns of pancreatic islet neuroendocrine cells and granules during ontogeny, the expression and localization of chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB), synaptophysin, and insulin were ultrastructurally studied with the immunogold technique in porcine and human pancreatic islet neuroendocrine cells. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In porcine pancreas at early fetal stage, CgA was visualized throughout the immature granules in all neuroendocrine cells. Later, CgB also was expressed with the same pattern in most granules in all types of cells. In neonatal islets, CgA was localized in the periphery of immature alpha- and beta-cell granules and throughout the matrix of delta-cell granules; CgB was distributed throughout the matrix of these granules. In adult islets, alpha-cell granules stored CgA in the halo and CgB in both the core and the halo, beta-cell granules stored both CgA and CgB in their cores, and in delta-cell granules, both substances were mixed throughout the matrix. In all ontogenetic stages, synaptophysin was demonstrated in all cell types and granules. Insulin was expressed in early fetal cells of both pigs and humans, and colocalization with CgA, CgB, and synaptophysin was demonstrated. CONCLUSION The early expression of CgA and synaptophysin may reflect a role at early fetal stages, and the individual localization of CgA and CgB upon differentiation indicates individual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Lukinius
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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47
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Brekke JF, Osol GJ, Helle KB. N-terminal chromogranin-derived peptides as dilators of bovine coronary resistance arteries. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 105:93-100. [PMID: 11891009 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal peptides of chromogranin A and B (CGA and CGB) were compared for dilator responses in isolated bovine coronary arteries (bCoA), measuring diameter changes as a function of pressure. bCoA developed and maintained myogenic tone (MYT) at approximately 20% from 50 to 150 mm Hg. In contrast to CGB(1-40), CGA(1-40) and CGA(1-76) (VS-I) both displayed significant intrinsic vasodilator effects. CGA(1-40) reduced myogenic reactivity from 70 to 150 mm Hg (p<0.05, n=6). At 75 mm Hg, CGA(1-40) showed a concentration-dependent dilatation at 0.1 nM-10 microM. The dilator effect of CGA(1-40) persisted at moderately elevated [K(+)](e) (8.4-16 mM). However, this effect was diminished by pertussis toxin (PTX) and abolished by antagonists to several subtypes of K(+) channels (tetraethylammonium, Ba(2+) and glibenclamide). These results demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of CGA has dilator effect in the myogenically active bCoA. We propose that CGA(1-40) and the naturally occurring vasostatin I are regulatory peptides of relevance for the coronary microcirculation and that a G(alphai) sub-unit and K(+) channel activation may be involved in the signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Brekke
- Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, Arstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
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48
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McVicar CM, Cunningham RT, Harriott P, Johnston CF, Buchanan KD, Curry WJ. Analysis of the post-translational processing of chromogranin A in rat neuroendocrine tissue employing an N-terminal site-specific antiserum. J Neuroendocrinol 2001; 13:588-95. [PMID: 11442773 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a complex prohormone expressed as a constituent of the regulated secretory pathway of numerous neuroendocrine cells. Recent investigations have demonstrated that CgA is selectively cleaved to generate distinct peptides in different neuroendocrine tissues. This investigation employed a site-specific antiserum that detects residues 98-106 rat CgA to examine the amino-terminal processing of CgA to generate beta-granin and related peptides in rat neuroendocrine tissues. Immunohistochemistry revealed moderate to intense beta-granin-like immunostaining in cells scattered throughout the anterior pituitary, thyroid, in the islets of Langerhans and in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Variable intensities of immunostaining were observed in distinct clusters of chromaffin cells. Quantitatively, the highest concentration of beta-granin-like immunoreactivity was detected in pituitary extracts. Significantly lower concentrations were detected in adrenal and thyroid glands, brain, ventral and dorsal pancreatic lobes and gastrointestinal tissue extracts. Chromatography resolved three distinct beta-granin-like immunoreactants; a large CgA-like form, an intermediate molecular form presumably corresponding to beta-granin (rat CgA1-128) and small immunoreactants that coeluted with the synthetic peptide. Two beta-granin-like immunoreactants, 21 and 22 kDa, were detected following immunoblot analysis of pituitary extracts. This study has demonstrated that chromogranin A is subject to distinct amino-terminal patterns of tissue-and cell-specific processing to generate a beta-granin-like immunoreactant which is additionally cleaved in pancreatic, fundic and colonic tissue to generate previously unidentified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McVicar
- Department of Medicine, School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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49
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Aunis D, Metz-Boutigue MH. Chromogranins: current concepts. Structural and functional aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 482:21-38. [PMID: 11192582 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46837-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Aunis
- Unité Biologie de la Communication Cullulaire, INSERM U-338 Centre de Neurochimie, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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50
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Helle KB. The chromogranins. Historical perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 482:3-20. [PMID: 11192591 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46837-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K B Helle
- Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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